AD 2000-Merkblatt

ICS 23.020.30 May 2006 edition

Design AD 2000-Merkblatt
of Design of plain rectangular tubes
pressure vessels and sectional headers B 5/1

The AD 2000-Merkblätter are prepared by the seven associations listed below who together form the “Arbeitsgemeinschaft Druck-
behälter” (AD). The structure and the application of the AD 2000 Code and the procedural guidelines are covered by AD 2000-Merk-
blatt G 1.
The AD 2000-Merkblätter contain safety requirements to be met under normal operating conditions. If above-normal loadings are to be
expected during the operation of the pressure vessel, this shall be taken into account by meeting special requirements.
If there are any divergences from the requirements of this AD 2000-Merkblatt, it shall be possible to prove that the standard of safety of
this Code has been maintained by other means, e.g. by materials testing, tests, stress analysis, operating experience.
Fachverband Dampfkessel-, Behälter- und Rohrleitungsbau e.V. (FDBR), Düsseldorf
Hauptverband der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften e.V., Sankt Augustin
Verband der Chemischen Industrie e.V. (VCI), Frankfurt/Main
Verband Deutscher Maschinen- und Anlagenbau e.V. (VDMA), Fachgemeinschaft Verfahrenstechnische Maschinen und
Apparate, Frankfurt/Main
Stahlinstitut VDEh, Düsseldorf
VGB PowerTech e.V., Essen
Verband der Technischen Überwachungs-Vereine e.V. (VdTÜV), Berlin
The above associations continuously update the AD 2000-Merkblätter in line with technical progress. Please address any proposals for
this to the publisher:

Verband der Technischen Überwachungs-Vereine e.V., Friedrichstraße 136, 10117 Berlin

Contents

0 Foreword 4 Required wall thicknesses

1 Scope 5 Calculation against mainly static loading
2 Calculation quantities and units due to internal pressure
3 General 6 Minimum permitted wall thickness
7 Literature

0 Foreword without rows of holes. The design rules apply principally

to ductile materials (δ5 ≥ 14 %). They can also be used for
The AD 2000 Code can be applied to satisfy the basic
less ductile materials if account is taken of the lower duc-
safety requirements of the Pressure Equipment Directive,
tility by having a higher safety factor and a wall thickness
principally for the conformity assessment in accordance
≤ 30 mm.
with modules “G” and “B + F”.
The AD 2000 Code is structured along the lines of a self- 1.2 The design rules take into account only loadings
contained concept. If other technical rules are used in caused by internal pressure. Any considerable additional
accordance with the state of the art to solve related prob- loads and moments shall be taken into account sepa-
lems, it is assumed that the overall concept has been rately. In this case, the manufacturer indicates the magni-
taken into account. tude of the loads and moments and provides evidence
The AD 2000 Code can be used as appropriate for other that these have been noted.
modules of the Pressure Equipment Directive or for differ-
ent sectors of the law. Responsibility for testing is as
specified in the provisions of the relevant sector of the
law.
© Beuth Verlag GmbH, D-10772 Berlin

1 Scope
1.1 The following design rules apply to the design of
2 Calculation quantities and units
plain rectangular tubes and sectional headers with and See AD 2000-Merkblatt B 0. Table 1 applies in addition.
AD 2000 Code - Issue 2011-01

www.beuth.de

AD 2000-Merkblätter are protected by Copyright. The rights of use, particularly of any translation, reproduction, extract of figures, transmission by
photomechanical means and storage in data retrieval Systems, even of extracts, are reserved to the author. Carl Heymanns Verlag has taken all reason-
able measures to ensure the accuracy of this translation but regrets that no responsibility can be accepted for any error, omission or inaccuracy. In
cases of doubt or dispute, the latest edition of the German text only is valid.
 AD 2000-Merkblatt
Page 2 AD-2000-Merkblatt B 5/1, 05. 2006 edition

Table 1. Calculation quantities with symbols and units

Symbol Calculation quantity Unit
b half inside width of the rectangular mm
tube parallel to the wall to be calculated
dA1 diameter of the openings or inside mm
diameter of the branches
e distance of the opening under mm
consideration or of the row of openings
from the centre line of the side to be
calculated
l half inside width of the rectangular mm
tube perpendicular to the wall to be
calculated
r1 inside corner radius mm
sv wall thickness of the rectangular tube mm
with weakening point and no allowances
t1 centre-to-centre distance of adjacent mm
openings in the axial direction
tϕ centre-to-centre distance of adjacent mm
openings less than angle ϕ
VA ligament efficiency for a single opening –
VL ligament efficiency for a single opening –
in tha axial direction
Vϕ ligament efficiency for two openings –
with a diagonal pitch less than angle ϕ
BK, BW, BZ design factors
δ5 elongation at fracture (measured ratio 5) % Figure 1. Plain rectangular tube with rows of holes
ϕ angle of the connecting line of two °
openings to the axial direction of the
rectangular tube 5.2 According to the designs in 5.1, the wall thickness is
determined
(1) in the corners as

3 General s0 =
p· b
Bz2 +
4 · BK · 10 · K / S
(4)
10 · K / S p
This AD 2000-Merkblatt shall be applied only in conjunc-
tion with AD 2000-Merkblatt B 0. (2) in the middle of a side as
2
p· b l 4 · BW · 10 · K / S
sv = 2
+ (5)
10 · K / S b p
4 Required wall thicknesses
(3a) in the ligament between two openings in the middle
The required wall thicknesses shall be determined accord-
of the side (Figure 1 (section I-I) as
ing to clause 9 of AD 2000-Merkblatt B 0. In this:
s = sv + c1 + c2 (1) p· b l
2
4 · BW · 10 · K / S · vL
sv = 2
+ (6)
and 10 · K / S · vL b p

s = s0 + c1 + c2 (2) (3b) in the diagonal ligaments (Figure 1, section II-II) as

For the recalculation of completed components with wall
p·b
thickness se, sv = · cos ϕ x
10 · K / S · vϕ
sv = se – c1 – c2 (3) (7)
2
x l · cos 2 ϕ + 4 · BW · 10 · K / S · vϕ
b2 p
5 Calculation against mainly static loading
(3c) in the ligaments with eccentric rows of openings
due to internal pressure (Figure 1, section III-III) where e shall not exceed 0,5 b
AD 2000 Code - Issue 2011-01

5.1 Maximum loading values can occur:

(1) in the corners, p· b 2
sv = l + 4 · 10 · K / S · vL x
(2) in the middle of the side, 10 · K / S · vL b2 p (8)
(3) in the ligament between two openings with the calcu- 2
lations for the points designated I to III in Figure 1 to be e
x BW – ( BW + BK ) ·
carried out according to the arrangement of the openings. b2
 AD 2000-Merkblatt
AD-2000-Merkblatt B 5/1, 05. 2006 edition Page 3

5.3 The ligament efficiency for two adjacent openings

according to Figure 1, section I-I or III-III is
tl – dAi
vL = (9)
tl
according to Figure 1, section II-II

Design factor BZ
t ϕ – dAi
vϕ = (10)
tϕ
and for a single opening
dAi
vA = 1 – (11)
2· b
5.4 If a higher values result from equation (9) and/or (10)
than from equation (11), then VA from equation (11) is to
be inserted in equations (6) to (8) instead of VL from equa-
tion (9) and Vϕ from equation (10). l/b
5.5 Design factors BK, BW and BZ are to be taken from Figure 4. Design factor BZ for calculating the wall thick-
Figures 2, 3 and 4. ness of rectangular tubes

6 Minimum permitted wall thickness

The minimum permitted wall thickness se is 3 mm.
Design factor BW

7 Literature
[1] Schwaigerer, S: Festigkeitsberechnung von Bauele-
menten des Dampfkessel-, Behälter- und Rohrleitungs-
baues. (Strength calculation for components for steam
boiler, vessel and pipework construction). 2nd revised
edition (1970), Springer-Verlag.
[2] TRD Technische Richtlinie Dampfkessel (Technical
Figure 2. Design factor BW for calculating the wall thick- Guidelines for Steam Boilers) – TRD 320 – April 1975
ness of rectangular tubes edition. Carl Heymanns Verlag.
[3] WBV Werkstoff- und Bauvorschriften für Anlagen der
Dampf- und Drucktechnik (Material and construction
requirements for steam and pressure equipment. BV 12-
9/74. VEB-Verlag Technik, Berlin
Design factor BK

Figure 3. Design factor BK for calculating the wall thick-

ness of rectangular tubes
AD 2000 Code - Issue 2011-01
 Publisher: Source of supply:

Beuth Verlag GmbH
AD 2000 Code - Issue 2011-01

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