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A STUDY ON COLLECTION, COMPOSITION AND BUSINESS-WISE

CONTRIBUTION OF GST IN INDIA

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Sambodhi ISSN: 2249-6661
(UGC Care Journal) Vol-44 No.-01(XIII) : 2021
A STUDY ON COLLECTION, COMPOSITION AND BUSINESS-WISE CONTRIBUTION
OF GST IN INDIA

Dr. A. Jagan Gopu Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Guru Nanak College
(Autonomous), Chennai -45
Dr. R. Ravikumar Assistant Professor and Head (i/c), Department of Economics, PSG College of
Arts & Science, Coimbatore -14

Abstract
In India, Governments are at two levels such as centre and states, for the division of powers
between the centre and states there are three lists given in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution
which gives the subjects each level has jurisdiction in Union List, State List, and Concurrent List.
Hence the taxation comes under the centre and state with due respect which their subject matters.
The unified GST which implemented in 2017 is been under severe critics from various quarters
starting from political to the ordinary citizens not only within the Country from outside the Country
also, in this background there is a need to look into the design and rates of GST and whether it fit to
the country like India since it has dual government multiple taxes and different rates need to study.
In this paper an attempt is initiated to look at the composition, collection and business wise
contribution of GST in India. It was found the highest tax collection came from IGST which
registered around 50 percent in the total collection of GST followed by which SGST constituted
around 25 percent. The CGST constitutes 16 – 19 percent for the period 2017 – 2021. In addition to
the GST 8 percent of cess is charged uniformly. It was found that the registered Public limited
company as tax payers is just 0.62 percent but in terms of contribution to the total GST collection
was 35.29 percent.
Key Words: GST, Federal Structure, Cess, Collection, Contribution

Introduction
Taxation is an important fiscal policy tool for the government to contain macroeconomic
imbalances and improve economic performance of any nation. The preference of direct over indirect
taxation is axiomatic to the optimal design of the tax structures since these may influence differently
the policy goals of efficiency, equity and sustainability (NP Singh et al 2018)1. Goods & Service Tax
(GST) is the biggest tax reform in Independent India which aims at uniform tax rate across India
under the policy of one tax one nation. The objectives of the GST regime have tried to dismantle all
the inter-state barriers with respect to trade. The GST has converted India into a unified market for
the diversified 1.35 billion of its citizens and it is a value-added tax levied on most goods and
services sold for domestic consumption and also the incidence of GST is paid by consumers, but it is
remitted to the government by the businesses selling the goods and services because it is indirect tax.
Fundamentally, the $2.4-trillion economy is attempting to transform itself by doing away with the
intra state tariff barriers and subsuming central, state and local taxes into a unified GST.
The Goods and Services Tax (GST) was introduced in India on 1st July, 2017, after more
than adecade of efforts. It replaced an existing system of fragmented and complex indirect taxes,
consisting ofmultiple central and state taxes. Under the earlier tax system, states unilaterally levied
entry taxes on allgoods that entered its territory, resulting in inefficiencies and huge costs to the
economy. The new GSTwas designed to bring about a common policy and administrative framework
for taxation of the supply ofgoods and services across the entire country while causing minimum tax-
based restrictions on trade, besides harmonizing the rates on goods and services2.
GST subsumes various indirect taxes and seeks to reduce cascading of taxes (tax on tax) with
greater efficiency in the supply of products, enhanced flow of tax credits, removal of border check
posts, and changes in tax rates with the assumption that the prices of goods and services may come

1
NP Singh et al 2018 Agricultural Economics Research Review 2018, 31 (2), 175-185 DOI: 10.5958/0974-0279.2018.00035.6
2
Implementation of India’s Goods and Services Tax: Design and International
Comparisonhttps://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/918831542619297197/pdf/GST-final-IDU.pdf
Copyright © 2021 Authors 21
Sambodhi ISSN: 2249-6661
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down. The idea behind implementation of GST across the country is that, it would offer a win-win
situation among the stakeholders.

GST in the Global Perspective

The global experiences on GST provide a mixed picture in their performance. Historically
France was the first country which implemented GST in the year 1954 with the objective to reduce
the tax evasion. Many European countries they followed a standardised tax system among the trade
block. Since then, all over the world more than 160 countries have implemented and practiced GST
with single and some countries have dual GST system. For an example Canada following dual GST
but Canada give option to the provinces to go for state or central GST. Several Southeast Asian
countries to mention few Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand have adopted consumption
taxes, such as the VAT/GST based on value addition in the 1980s and 1990s. Singapore introduced
GST in 1994 and experienced a sharp rise in inflation soon after. Australia implemented GST in the
year 2000 and the prices of many goods and services increased as a result of the indirect tax reforms,
although prices of some commodities remained largely unchanged or even declined (Valadkhani and
Layton, 2004)3. However, the prices of most investment goods and services fell as the embedded cost
of previous indirect taxes on business inputs was removed.
Malaysia implemented GST in April 2015 and experienced a sharp spurt in tax collections,
but inflation rose and cost of living was negatively impacted. As a result, Malaysia has abolished
GST on May 16th 2018 (Dilasha Seth, 2018)4. The Philippines and Thailand experienced a reduction
in gross domestic product (GDP) by 16.43 percent and 7.90 percent respectively after
implementation of GST (Venkadasalam, 2014)5. New Zealand (adopted in 1986) and Canada
(adopted in 1991) also experienced a sharp rise in inflation post GST, however, the inflationary
impact faded away soon. The Canadian experience on GST revealed that the conflict between
provincial governments and federal government increased after its implementation, and later the
states were allowed to administer their own VAT alongside the federal GST (Singhal, 2016)6.
Brazil had a mixed experience owing to multiple rates and weak tax administration and
coordination at central and state levels (Singh 2016)7. According to a Crisil Report, when
implemented in many countries, the GST caused a sudden spike in inflation lasting for about a year
(Deepalakshmi et al 2014)8. However, duration of the impact on retail sales varied, with consumers’
spending growth normalizing within three months in Japan, Australia and China, and twelve months
in Singapore. The USA is the only major economy that does not have GST while States in USA has
enjoyed high autonomy in taxation.9

The First Step Towards GST in India

Shri. VP Singh the then finance minister in India who first initiated the concept of unified tax
structure for the entire nation in the year 1986, he stated that the existing taxation system must be
overhauled. Later in the year 2000 a empower committee setup under the chairmanship of Asim
Dasgupta followed by Vijay Kelkar the then chairman of 13 finance commission recommended that
3
Valadkhani, A., & Layton, A. P. (2004). Quantifying the effect of the GST on Inflation in Australia’s Capital Cities: An Intervention
Analysis. Australian Economic Review, 37(2), 125-138.
4
Dilasha Seth, 2018, Malaysia scraps GST, experts advise caution to Indian govt
https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/malaysia-scraps-gst-experts-advise-caution-to-indian-govt-
118051700090_1.html
5
Venkadasalm, S. (2014). Implementation of Goods and Service Tax (GST): An Analysis on ASEAN States using Least Squares
Dummy Variable Model (LSDVM). International Conference on Economics, Education and Humanities (ICEEH’14) Dec. 10-11,
2014 Bali (Indonesia)
6
Singhal, R. (2016). Key GST lessons from the world. Retrieved from http://www.gatewayhouse.in/key-gstlessons-from-the-
world/(11 August).
7
Singh, R. (2016). International report card: impact GST has had on global peers. Retrieved from: https://
www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/ international-report-card-impact-gst-has-hadglobalpeers-980657.html
8
Deepalakshmi et al (2014). The GST of IT. Retrieved from: https:// www.thehindu.com/migration_catalog/
article14544050.ece/BINARY/The%20GST%20of% 20it:%20Your%20queries%20on%20the%20Goods%20a
nd%20Services%20Tax%20answered%20by%20 The%20Hindu
9
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/a-look-at-how-gst-was-rolled-out-in-other-
countries/articleshow/59359815.cms?from=mdr
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GST should be replaced with existing tax regime. The empower committee submitted its report titled
a model and roadmap of goods and services tax (GST) in India during April 2008 and also submitted
a discussion paper in the public domain on GST welcoming debate in November 2009.

Constitutional Provision of GST

To get the legal sanction of GST 115th Amendment Bill was introduced the Lok Sabha in
period 2011. The same which was send to the standing committee on finance since majority of the
members wanted the bill to be reviewed and resubmit. the Constitutional Amendment Bill 122 which
paved the way to implement the present GST regime in 2014. The Bill passed in Lok Sabha in May
2015 and Rajya Sabha in August 2016 and finally GST has legal sanction in the 101stconstitutional
amendment act enacted and implemented across India on 1st July 2017. The Indian GST design
follows Canadian model of dual GST system.

Composition of GST
Under the GST regime there are four components in force namely Central Goods and
Services Tax (CGST), State Goods and Services Tax (SGST), Integrated Goods and Services Tax
(IGST), and Union Territory Goods and Services Tax (UTGST) since its inception.
Central Goods and Services Tax
CGST is charged on the intra state supply of goods and services. The Central Government
levies CGST and it is governed by the Central Goods and Services Tax Act. CGST has effectively
replaced all the previous Central taxes such as Central Excise Duty, Customs Duty, Service Tax,
Special Additional Duty, Central Sale Tax and others. It is charged no taxpayers along with SGST.
The rate at which CGST is charged is usually the same as the SGST rate, and the revenue collected
under CGST is remitted to the Central Government.
State Goods and Services Tax
SGST, like CGST, is charged on the sale of goods and services within a state. The State
Government is responsible for the levy of SGST. This tax replaces all the previous taxes such as
Entry Tax, Value Added Tax, Entertainment Tax, State Sales Tax, cess, and surcharges. The revenue
collected under SGST is remitted to the State Government.
CESS: GST Compensation Cess is levied by the Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States)
Act 2017. The object of levying this cess is to compensate the states for the loss of revenue arising
due to the implementation of GST on 1st July 2017 for a period of five years or such period as
recommended by the GST Council.
Integrated Goods and Services Tax
IGST is charged on inter-state transactions of goods and services. It is also levied on imports
as per. The Central Government collects IGST and shares the revenue with all the states as they are
real stakeholders. IGST is levied when goods and services are transacted from one state to another.
The tax was implemented in such a way that states would only have to deal with the Union
Government rather than dealing with other states.
Union Territory Goods and Services Tax
UTGST is levied on the supply of goods and services in the following union territory of
India. Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Lakshadweep, and
Chandigarh. UTGST is levied along with CGST.

GST Council
GST is constituted under under Article 279A of the constitution of India. In order to make
recommendations to the Union and State Governments on issues related to Goods and Service Tax.
The GST Council is chaired by the Union Finance Minister along with the Union State Minister of
Revenue or Finance and Ministers in-charge of Finance or Taxation of all the States as members. It is
considered as a federal body where both the centre and the states get due representation. Every
decision of the Goods and Services Tax Council shall be taken at a meeting by a majority of not less
than three-fourth of the weighted votes of the members present and voting, in accordance with the
following principles, namely, the vote of the Central Government shall have a weightage of one third
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of the total votes cast, and the votes of all the State Governments taken together shall have a
weightage of two-thirds of the total votes cast, in that meeting. The GST Council for its cooperative
federalism technology expected to bring centre and state together to implement many of the policy
reforms in line with the economic growth and development.

Different Slabs of GST

The GST has different tax rates in India they are 5, 12, 18, and 28 percent. Further, there are
several goods and services that are exempted from GST (zero rated), which allows exporters to claim
refund for taxes paid on inputs. The details of items come under different rates are given in Table - 1.
The GST excludes small firms with turnover below INR 2 million, and only taxpayers with turnover
of INR 15million or more charged GST on sales at the prescribed rates and can deduct GST paid on
their purchases. Taxpayers who have turnover from INR 2 million to INR 15 million have the option
of participating in a composition scheme whereby they pay a tax on turnover instead on value added.
It is noted that, the design and the rates of Indian GST are considered to be different and highest in
the world comparing the system and rates those prevailing in other country. The highest rate of GST
charged in India is 28 percent which is the second highest among of 115 countries implemented
GST10.
Table 1: The Gist of Tax Rates for Goods and Services as Approved by the GST Council
Rate Type Types of Goods or Services
Goods – Over 200 goods will be taxes at a rate of 28%. The goods which will
be part of this category under GST are sunscreen, pan masala, dishwasher,
weighing machine, paint, cement, vacuum cleaner. Other items include
28% Higher automobiles, hair clippers, motorcycles.
Services – As mentioned above, five-star hotels, whose actual bill of hotel stay
above INR 7,500, racing, movie tickets and betting on casinos and racing will
come under this category.
Goods – As mentioned above, most of the items are part of this tax slab. Some
of the items are binoculars, brief case, cartridges, chewing gum, chocolate,
cocoa butter, compressors, cookers, cutlery, deodorants, detergent, electrical
boards, fans, fat, furniture, glassware, goggles, Hair Curlers, Hair Dryers, hair
shampoo, Hair Shavers, ice cream, leather clothing, light fitting, etc.
18% Standard
Services – Restaurants located inside hotels with tariffs of INR 7,500 and
above, outdoor catering (input tax credit to be available), movie tickets priced
above INR 100, actual bill of hotel stay below INR 7,500, IT and Telecom
services and financial services along with branded garments will be part of this
tax slab.
Goods – Items coming are the tax slab of 12% include Art ware of iron, Brass
Kerosene Pressure Stove, butter, cheese, cell phones, frozen meat products, fruit
juices, ghee, Handbags including pouches and purses, instant food mix,
jewellery box, man-made yarn, medicine, mirrors etc, namkeen, tooth powder,
12% Standard
Ornamental framed mirrors, photographs, pickles, sausage, sewing machine,
umbrella, Wooden frames for painting, etc.
Services – Business class air tickets will attract a tax of 12% under GST. The
slab also includes movie tickets priced under INR 100
Goods – The goods which will attract a taxation of 5% under GST include
agarbatti, ayurvedic medicines, cashew nuts, coal, coffee, Ethanol- Solid biofuel
pellets fertilizers, fish fillet, frozen vegetables, Hand-made braids and
5% Reduced ornamental trimming in the piece etc.
Services – Small restaurants along with transport services like railways and
airways, Standalone ACs non-ACs Restaurants and those which serve liquor,
Takeaway Food, Restaurants in hotels with a room tariff less than INR 7,500
10
Ernst & Young (2017) Worldwide VAT, GST and Sales Tax Guide and World Bank Staff Calculations.
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(no input credit for these restaurants), will come under this category. Special
flights for pilgrims (Economy Class) come under 5%
Goods – No taxes will be levied on goods like bangles, besan, bindi, bread,
curd, eggs, flour, fruits, handloom, judicial papers, natural honey, newspapers,
printed books, raw material used in brooms, Saal leaves and fortified milk, salt,
0% Reduced sanitary napkins, sindoor, stamps, vegetables,
Services – All hotels and lodges who carry a tariff below INR 1,000 are
exempted from taxes under GST. The list also includes IMM courses and bank
charges on savings account, Jan Dhan Yojana
Source: GST Council Press Release, Central Board for Excise and Customs 2020
Certain items such as alcohol for human consumption, and petroleum products such as petrol,
diesel and natural gas not included in the GST regime rather they are still left old method of sale tax.
In addition to these, the GST Council has also classified certain items under the 0% tax rate,
implying that GST will not be levied on them. This list includes items of daily use that is primary
food articles such as wheat, rice, milk, eggs, fresh vegetables, meat and fish. Some services such as
education and healthcare will also be exempted under GST.

Statement of the Research Problem

The Constitution of India establishes a federal system of government as it contains all the
usual features of a federation that is dual administration, division of powers, written Constitution,
supremacy of Constitution, rigidity of Constitution, independent judiciary and bicameralism.
However, the Indian Constitution also contains a large number of unitary or non-federal features.
Moreover, Article 1 of the Indian constitution describes India as a ‘Union of States. While India is
described as ‘Union’, its constitution is federal in structure. According to Dr B R Ambedkar, the
phrase ‘Union of States’ has been preferred to ‘Federation of States’ for two reasons: one, the Indian
Federation is not the result of an agreement among the states like the American Federation; and two,
the states have no right to secede from the federation. The federation is a Union because it is
indestructible. In India, Governments are at two levels such as centre and states, for the division of
powers between the centre and states there are three lists given in the Seventh Schedule of the
Constitution which gives the subjects each level has jurisdiction in Union List, State List, and
Concurrent List. Hence the taxation comes under the centre and state with due respect which their
subject matters. The unified GST which implemented in 2017 is been under severe critics from
various quarters starting from political to the ordinary not only within the Country from outside the
Country also in this background there is a need to look into the design and rates of GST and whether
it fit to the country like India since it has dual government multiple taxes and different rates need to
study. In this paper an attempt is initiated to look at the composition, collection and business wise
contribution of GST in India.

Objectives of the Present Study

1. To study the collection and composition of the GST in India
2. To study business –wise contribution to GST in India.

Methodology of the Study

The present study is based on secondary data which is collected from published sources by
PIB periodically and the data were analysed with simple statistical tools such as CAGR and
percentage for the period from 2017-18 to 2020-21 since the implementation of the GST.

Formula for calculating the Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)

CAGR = [(Ending Value/Beginning Value) ^ (1/N)]-1
CAGR = [(2021/2018) ^ (1/2)]-1, CAGR for 2017-19 to 2020-21 CAGR = [(2021/2017) ^ (1/3)]-1

Result and Discussion

Table: 2 Volume of Monthly GST Collection from 2017-18 to 2020-21
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Month/ Year 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21 CAGR
April - 1,03,459 1,13,865 19,602 -0.56
May - 94,061 1,00,289 44,867 -0.31
June - 95,610 99,939 74,590 -0.12
July 21,572 96,483 1,02,083 66,284 0.45
August 95,633 93,960 98,202 66,597 -0.11
September 94,064 94,442 91,916 72,248 -0.08
October 93,333 1,00,710 95,379 80,845 -0.05
November 83,780 97,637 1,03,491 81,345 -0.01
December 84,314 94,726 1,03,184 87,146 0.01
January 89,825 1,02,503 1,10,818 91,565 0.01
February 85,962 97,247 1,05,361 88,102 0.01
March 92,167 1,06,577 97,590 91,870 0.00
Total 7,40,649 11,77,370 12,22,117 7,73,190 0.02
GR -- 58.96 3.8 - 36.73
Source: PIB Various Publications.
The above table reveals that the highest GST collection of Rs. 12, 22, 117 registered in the
year 2019-20 and in the subsequent year GST collection was decreased to Rs. 7,73,190. The year
2017-18 registered the lowest GST collection of Rs. 7, 40, 649 as the GST was first implemented
only in the month of July in that year. However, from October 2020 onwards the GST collection
remarkably set the bench mark of monthly collection crossing One lakh crore consecutively even
amid lock down during this pandemic due to the wide spread of the COVID-19, which shows that
certain businesses particularly telecommunication, power corporations and medical and medicines
performed well during this lockdown to revamp GDP in India. However, the relationship of GST and
GDP need to study in the lock down period. Their relationship may establish the canon of taxation.
The compounded annual growth (CAGR) of overall GST collection is estimated as 0.02 percent for
the period from 2017 – 2021.
Chart: 1 Collection of GST
CAGR
0.60

0.45
0.40

0.20

0.00 -0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

-0.05
-0.12 -0.11 -0.08
-0.20
-0.31
-0.40

-0.60 -0.56

-0.80

Table: 3 The Composition of the GST in terms of CGST, SGST, IGST & CESS
Particulars 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
CGST 1,18,876 2,02,444 2,27,447 1,86,686
(16) (17) (19) (24)
SGST 1,71,803 2,78,817 3,09,234 2,43,184
(23) (24) (25) (31)
IGST 3,87,356 5,98,739 5,86,703 2,71,995
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(52) (51) (48) (35)
CESS 62,614 97,369 98,749 71,324
(8) (8) (8) (9)
Total 7,40,649 11,77,369 12,22,133 7,73,190
Note: Figures in parenthesis represent percentage to total
Source: PIB
As found in table 3. The highest tax collection came from IGST which is registered around
50 percent in the total collection of GST followed by which SGST constituted around 25 percent.
The CGST constitutes 16 – 19 percent for the period 2017 – 2021. In addition to the GST 8 percent
of cess is charged uniformly.
Chart: 2 the Composition of the GST

COMPOSITION OF GST
CGST % SGST % IGST % CESS % Total

1,222,133
1,177,369

773,190
740,649

598,739

586,703
387,356

309,234
278,817

271,995
243,184
227,447
202,444

186,686
171,803
118,876

98,749
97,369

71,324
62,614

35.17
31.45

9.22
24
16

23

52

17

51

19

25

48

24
8

2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21

Table: 4 Business Wise Contributions to the GST

Sl.No Contribution of Business % of Total Registration % of Total Collection
(1) (2) (3) (4)
1 Public Limited Company 0.62 35.29
2 Private Limited Company 5.87 27.51
3 Proprietorship 80.18 13.35
4 Public Sector Undertaking 0.02 9.12
5 Partnership 10.78 7.35
6 Others 0.24 2.35
7 Society/Club/Trust/AOP 0.94 1.35
8 Government Department 0.06 1.06
9 Limited Liability Partnership 0.57 0.99
10 Statutory Body 0.01 0.75
11 Foreign Company 0.01 0.43
12 Hindu Undivided Family 0.66 0.26
13 Local Authority 0.05 0.19
Total percentage 100 100
Source: 3 Years of GST, https://www.gst.gov.in/download/gststatistics
Note: Status as on 1st July 2020; Return period accounted up to March 2020
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The above table reveals that business wise contribution to the GST in terms of percentage of
registration and percentage of tax collection in the year 2020. It is shows that 80.18 % of the
registered concerns were the proprietorship however their contribution in total collection accounted
only 10.78%. Whereas, there was only 0.62 percent of total registered Public Limited Companies
contributes as much as 35.29 percent in the percent of total collection. The percentage of total
registration and total collection for the following companies: private limited companies 5.87 and
27.51 percent; Public Sector Undertaking 0.02 and 9.10 percent; and Partnership Units 10.78 and
7.35 percent respectively.

Chart: 3 Business Wise Percentage of the Total Tax Payer in 2020 GST
0.01%
0.06% 0.57% % of Total Tax Payers
0.94% 0.01%
0.66% 0.05% 0.62%
0.24% Public Limited Company
5.87% Private Limited Company
0.02% 10.78%
Proprietorship
Public Sector Undertaking
Partnership
Others
Society/Club/Trust/AOP
Government Department
Limited Liability Partnership
80.18%
Statutory Body
Foreign Company

Chart: 4 Business Wise Percentage of the Total Tax Collection in 2020 GST

Major Findings
 Highest GST collection of Rs. 12, 22, 117 registered in the year 2019-20 and in the subsequent
year GST collection was decreased to Rs. 7, 73, 190. The year 2017-18 registered a lowest GST
collection of Rs. 7, 40, 649 as the GST was first implemented only in the month of July in that
year.
 Found that the compounded annual growth (CAGR) of overall GST collection is estimated as
0.02 percent for the period from 2017 – 2021.

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 It is observed that the CAGR of GST collection rose from a negative of -0.56 to positive growth
of 0.1 percent.
 It was found the highest tax collection came from IGST which registered around 50 percent in
the total collection of GST followed by which SGST constituted around 25 percent. The CGST
constitutes 16 – 19 percent for the period 2017 – 2021. In addition to the GST 8 percent of cess is
charged uniformly.
 It was found that the registered Public limited company as tax payers is just 0.62 percent but in
terms of contribution to the total GST collection was 35.29 percent.
 The business wise contribution to the GST in terms of percentage of registration and percentage
of tax collection in the year 2020 shows that 80.18 percent of the registered concerns were the
proprietorship however their contribution in total GST collection accounted only 10.78 percent.
Whereas, there was only 0.62 percent of total registered Public Limited Companies contributed
as much as 35.29 percent in the percent of total GST collection.
 It was noted that the percentage of total registration and total collection for the following
companies: private limited companies 5.87 and 27.51 percent; Public Sector Undertaking 0.02
and 9.10 percent; and Partnership Units 10.78 and 7.35 percent respectively.
 It is revealed that only 0.76% of the different government sector registration contributed around
46.41% of the overall GST collection which show the Indian economy rely on the public and
other government bodies contribution as the major sources of income.

References
1. NP Singh, et al, (2018), Agricultural Economics Research Review 2018, 31 (2), 175-185
2. Implementation of India’s Goods and Services Tax: Design and International
Comparisonhttps://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/918831542619297197/pdf/GST-final-IDU.pdf
3. Valadkhani, A, & Layton, A. P. (2004), Quantifying the effect of the GST on Inflation in Australia’s
Capital Cities: An Intervention Analysis. Australian Economic Review, 37(2), 125-138.
4. Dilasha Seth, 2018, Malaysia scraps GST, experts advise caution to Indian govt
https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/malaysia-scraps-gst-experts-advise-caution-
to-indian-govt-118051700090_1.html
5. Ernst & Young (2017), Worldwide VAT, GST and Sales Tax Guide and World Bank Staff Calculations.
6. Venkadasalm, S. (2014), Implementation of Goods and Service Tax (GST): An Analysis on ASEAN
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