Network Device and Configuration: Baessa K

Network device and configuration
DHCP
Baessa K.
Mettu University
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Information Technology
Target Group — B.Sc in Information Technology Students
July 13, 2021

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 1 / 40
Lecture Topics : #
1 Introduction
Components of DHCP
2 DHCPv4
DHCPv4 Operation
DHCPv4 Message Format
DHCPv4 Discover and Offer Messages
Configuring a Basic DHCPv4 Server
Benefits of DHCP

Introduction
Outline
1 Introduction
Components of DHCP
2 DHCPv4
DHCPv4 Operation
Benefits of DHCP

Introduction
Introduction
• Every device that connects to a network needs a unique IP address.

• Network administrators assign static IP addresses to routers, servers,
printers, and
• …other network devices whose locations (physical and logical) are not
likely to change.
• These are usually devices that provide services to users and devices on
the network;
• therefore, the addresses assigned to them should remain constant.
• Additionally, static addresses enable administrators to manage these
devices remotely.
• It is easier for network administrators to access a device when they
can easily determine its IP address.

Introduction
Introduction …
• However, computers and users in an organization often change

locations, physically and logically.
• It can be difficult and time consuming for administrators to assign
new IP addresses every time an employee moves.
• Additionally, for mobile employees working from remote locations,
manually setting the correct network parameters can be challenging.
• Even for desktop clients, the manual assignment of IP addresses and
other addressing information presents an administrative burden,
especially as the network grows

Introduction
Introduction …
• Introducing a DHCP server to the local network simplifies IP address

assignment to both desktop and mobile devices.
• DHCP is a client/server protocol that automatically provides an
Internet Protocol (IP) host
• …with its IP address and other related configuration information such
as the subnet mask and default gateway.
• DHCP allows hosts to obtain required TCP/IP configuration
information from a DHCP server.
• Using a centralized DHCP server enables organizations to administer
all dynamic IP address assignments from a single server.
• This practice makes IP address management more effective and
ensures consistency across the organization, including branch offices
• DHCP is available for both IPv4 (DHCPv4) and for IPv6 (DHCPv6)

Introduction
Introduction …
• Introducing a DHCP server to the local network simplifies IP address

assignment to both desktop and mobile devices.
• DHCP is a client/server protocol that automatically provides an
Internet Protocol (IP) host
• …with its IP address and other related configuration information such
as the subnet mask and default gateway.
• DHCP allows hosts to obtain required TCP/IP configuration
information from a DHCP server.
• Using a centralized DHCP server enables organizations to administer
all dynamic IP address assignments from a single server.
• This practice makes IP address management more effective and
ensures consistency across the organization, including branch offices
• DHCP is available for both IPv4 (DHCPv4) and for IPv6 (DHCPv6)

Introduction Components of DHCP
Outline
1 Introduction
Components of DHCP
2 DHCPv4

Components of DHCP
1 DHCP server
• A networked device running the DCHP service that holds IP addresses
and related configuration information.
• This is most typically a server or a router but could be anything that
acts as a host, such as an SD-WAN appliance.
2 DHCP client
• The endpoint that receives configuration information from a DHCP
server.
• This can be a computer, mobile device, IoT endpoint or anything else
that requires connectivity to the network.
3 IP address pool
• The range of addresses that are available to DHCP clients.
• Addresses are typically handed out sequentially from lowest to highest.

Components of DHCP
1 DHCP server
2 DHCP client
server.
3 IP address pool

Components of DHCP
1 DHCP server
2 DHCP client
server.
3 IP address pool

Components of DHCP …
4 Subnet
• IP networks can be partitioned into segments known as subnets.
• Subnets help keep networks manageable.
5 Lease
• The length of time for which a DHCP client holds the IP address
information.
• When a lease expires, the client must renew it.

Components of DHCP …
4 Subnet
• IP networks can be partitioned into segments known as subnets.
• Subnets help keep networks manageable.
5 Lease
• The length of time for which a DHCP client holds the IP address
information.
• When a lease expires, the client must renew it.

DHCPv4
Outline
1 Introduction
Components of DHCP
2 DHCPv4
DHCPv4 Operation
Benefits of DHCP

DHCPv4
Basic Idea
• All hosts in a network require an IP configuration.

• Although some devices will have their IP configuration statically
assigned, most devices will use DHCP to acquire a valid IP
configuration.
• Therefore, DHCP is a vital feature that must be managed and
carefully implemented

DHCPv4 DHCPv4 Operation
Outline
1 Introduction
2 DHCPv4
DHCPv4 Operation
Benefits of DHCP

Introducing DHCPv4
• DHCPv4 assigns IPv4 addresses and other network configuration

information dynamically.
• The client requests an IP configuration from a DHCP server.
• The server replies and negotiates an IP configuration with the DHCP
client.

Introducing DHCPv4 …
• Because desktop clients typically make up the bulk of network nodes,

DHCPv4 is an extremely useful and timesaving tool for network
administrators.
• DHCP is scalable and relatively easy to manage.
• Most organizations have dedicated DHCPv4 servers deployed.
• However,Cisco IOS software supports an optional, full-featured
DHCPv4 server.
• In asmall branch or SOHO location, a Cisco router can be configured
to provide DHCPv4 services.
• This provides a cost saving because there is no need for a dedicated
server.

• Because desktop clients typically make up the bulk of network nodes,

DHCPv4 is an extremely useful and timesaving tool for network
administrators.
• DHCP is scalable and relatively easy to manage.
• Most organizations have dedicated DHCPv4 servers deployed.
• However,Cisco IOS software supports an optional, full-featured
DHCPv4 server.
• In asmall branch or SOHO location, a Cisco router can be configured
to provide DHCPv4 services.
• This provides a cost saving because there is no need for a dedicated
server.

• The DHCPv4 server dynamically assigns, or leases, an IPv4 address

from a pool of addresses for a limited period of time chosen by the
server,
• or until the client no longer needs the address
• Clients lease the information from the server for an administratively
defined period.
• Administrators configure DHCPv4 servers to set the leases to time
out at different intervals.
• The lease is typically anywhere from 24 hours to a week or more.
• When the lease expires, the client must ask for another address,
although the client is typically reassigned the same address

• The DHCPv4 server dynamically assigns, or leases, an IPv4 address

from a pool of addresses for a limited period of time chosen by the
server,
• or until the client no longer needs the address
• Clients lease the information from the server for an administratively
defined period.
• Administrators configure DHCPv4 servers to set the leases to time
out at different intervals.
• The lease is typically anywhere from 24 hours to a week or more.
• When the lease expires, the client must ask for another address,
although the client is typically reassigned the same address

DHCPv4 Operation
• DHCPv4 works in a client/server mode.

• When a client communicates with a DHCPv4 server, the server
assigns or leases an IPv4 address to that client.
• The client connects to the network with that leased IP address until
the lease expires.
• The client must contact the DHCP server periodically to extend the
lease.
• This lease mechanism ensures that clients that move or power off do
not keep addresses that they no longer need.
• When a lease expires, the DHCP server returns the address to the
pool where it can be reallocated as necessary.

DHCPv4 Operation …

• When the client boots (or otherwise wants to join a network), it
begins a four step process to obtain a lease.
1 DHCP Discover (DHCPDISCOVER)
• A client starts the process with a broadcast DHCPDISCOVER message
that has its own MAC address to discover available DHCPv4 servers.
• The DHCPDISCOVER message finds DHCPv4 servers on the network.
• Because the client has no valid IPv4 information at bootup, it uses
Layer 2 and Layer 3 broadcast addresses to communicate with the
server.
2 DHCP Offer (DHCPOFFER)
• When the DHCPv4 server receives a DHCPDISCOVER message, it
reserves an available IPv4 address to lease to the client.
• The server also creates an ARP entry consisting of the MAC address of
the requesting client and the leased IPv4 address of the client.
• The DHCPv4 server sends the binding DHCPOFFER message to the
requesting client.
• The DHCPOFFER message is sent as a unicast, using the Layer 2
MAC address of the server as the source address and the Layer 2 MAC
address of the client as the destination.
• When the client boots (or otherwise wants to join a network), it
begins a four step process to obtain a lease.
1 DHCP Discover (DHCPDISCOVER)
• A client starts the process with a broadcast DHCPDISCOVER message
that has its own MAC address to discover available DHCPv4 servers.
• The DHCPDISCOVER message finds DHCPv4 servers on the network.
• Because the client has no valid IPv4 information at bootup, it uses
Layer 2 and Layer 3 broadcast addresses to communicate with the
server.
2 DHCP Offer (DHCPOFFER)
• When the DHCPv4 server receives a DHCPDISCOVER message, it
reserves an available IPv4 address to lease to the client.
• The server also creates an ARP entry consisting of the MAC address of
the requesting client and the leased IPv4 address of the client.
• The DHCPv4 server sends the binding DHCPOFFER message to the
requesting client.
• The DHCPOFFER message is sent as a unicast, using the Layer 2
MAC address of the server as the source address and the Layer 2 MAC
address of the client as the destination.
3 DHCP Request (DHCPREQUEST)

• When the client receives the DHCPOFFER from the server, it sends
back a DHCPREQUEST message.
• This message is used for both lease origination and lease renewal.
• When used for lease origination, the DHCPREQUEST serves as a
binding acceptance notice to the selected server for the parameters it
has offered
• …and an implicit decline to any other servers that may have provided
the client a binding offer.
4 DHCP Acknowledgment (DHCPACK)
• On receiving the DHCPREQUEST message, the server verifies the
lease information with an ICMP ping to that address to ensure it is not
being used already,
• …creates a new ARP entry for the client lease, and replies with a
unicast DHCPACK message


• When the client receives the DHCPOFFER from the server, it sends
back a DHCPREQUEST message.
• This message is used for both lease origination and lease renewal.
• When used for lease origination, the DHCPREQUEST serves as a
binding acceptance notice to the selected server for the parameters it
has offered
• …and an implicit decline to any other servers that may have provided
the client a binding offer.
• On receiving the DHCPREQUEST message, the server verifies the
lease information with an ICMP ping to that address to ensure it is not
being used already,
• …creates a new ARP entry for the client lease, and replies with a
unicast DHCPACK message

• Lease Renewal
• Before the lease expires, the client sends a DHCPREQUEST message
directly to the DHCPv4 server that originally offered the IPv4 address.
• If a DHCPACK is not received within a specified amount of time, the
client broadcasts another DHCPREQUEST so that one of the other
DHCPv4 servers can extend the lease
• On receiving the DHCPREQUEST message, the server verifies the lease
information by returning a DHCPACK

DHCPv4 DHCPv4 Message Format
Outline
1 Introduction
2 DHCPv4
DHCPv4 Operation
Benefits of DHCP

• The DHCPv4 message format is used for all DHCPv4 transactions.

• DHCPv4 messages are encapsulated within the UDP transport
protocol.
• DHCPv4 messages sent from the client use User Datagram Protocol
(UDP) source port 68 and destination port 67.
• DHCPv4 messages sent from the server to the client use UDP source
port 67 and destination port 68.

DHCPv4 Message Format …

DHCPv4 DHCPv4 Discover and Offer Messages
Outline
1 Introduction
2 DHCPv4
DHCPv4 Operation
Benefits of DHCP

• If a client is configured to receive its IPv4 settings dynamically and

wants to join the network, it requests addressing values from the
DHCPv4 server.
• The client transmits a DHCPDISCOVER message on its local network
when it boots or senses an active network connection.
• Because the client has no way of knowing the subnet to which it
belongs, the DHCPDISCOVER message is an IPv4 broadcast
(destination IPv4 address of 255.255.255.255).
• The client does not have a configured IPv4 address yet, so the source
IPv4 address of 0.0.0.0 is used

DHCPv4 Discover and Offer Messages …
• The client IPv4 address (CIADDR), default gateway address

(GIADDR), and subnet mask are all marked to indicate that the
address 0.0.0.0 is used
• The DHCP client sends an IP broadcast with a DHCPDISCOVER

packet.
• The server notes the GIADDR field is blank; therefore, the client is on
the same segment.
• The server also notes the hardware address of the client in the request
packet.
• When the DHCPv4 server receives the DHCPDISCOVER message, it
responds with a DHCPOFFER message.
• This message contains initial configuration information for the client,
• …including the IPv4 address that the server offers, the subnet mask,
the lease duration, and the IPv4 address of the DHCPv4 server
making the offer

• The DHCP client sends an IP broadcast with a DHCPDISCOVER

packet.
• The server notes the GIADDR field is blank; therefore, the client is on
the same segment.
• The server also notes the hardware address of the client in the request
packet.
• When the DHCPv4 server receives the DHCPDISCOVER message, it
responds with a DHCPOFFER message.
• This message contains initial configuration information for the client,
• …including the IPv4 address that the server offers, the subnet mask,
the lease duration, and the IPv4 address of the DHCPv4 server
making the offer


• The DHCP server responds to the DHCPDISCOVER by assigning
values to the CIADDR and subnet mask.
• The frame is constructed using the client hardware address
(CHADDR) and sent to the requesting client.

• The DHCP server picks an IP address from the available pool for that
segment, as well as the other segment and global parameters.
• The DHCP server puts them into the appropriate fields of the DHCP
packet.
• The DHCP server then uses the hardware address of A (in CHADDR)
to construct an appropriate frame to send back to the client
• The client and server send acknowledgment messages, and the
process is complete

DHCPv4 Configuring a Basic DHCPv4 Server
Outline
1 Introduction
2 DHCPv4
DHCPv4 Operation
Benefits of DHCP


• A Cisco router running Cisco IOS software can be configured to
provide DHCPv4 server services.
• The Cisco IOS DHCPv4 server assigns and manages IPv4 addresses
from specified address pools within the router to DHCPv4 clients.

Step 1. Excluding IPv4 Addresses

• The router functioning as the DHCPv4 server assigns all IPv4
addresses in a DHCPv4 address pool unless configured to exclude
specific addresses.
• Typically, some IPv4 addresses in a pool are assigned to network
devices that require static address assignments.
• Therefore, these IPv4 addresses should not be assigned to other
devices.
• Excluded addresses should include the addresses assigned to routers,
servers, printers, and other devices that have been or will be manually
configured.
• To exclude specific addresses, use the ip dhcp excluded-address
low-address [high-address] global configuration command.
• A single address or a range of addresses can be excluded by specifying
the low address and high address of the range.
Step 1. Excluding IPv4 Addresses

• The router functioning as the DHCPv4 server assigns all IPv4
addresses in a DHCPv4 address pool unless configured to exclude
specific addresses.
• Typically, some IPv4 addresses in a pool are assigned to network
devices that require static address assignments.
• Therefore, these IPv4 addresses should not be assigned to other
devices.
• Excluded addresses should include the addresses assigned to routers,
servers, printers, and other devices that have been or will be manually
configured.
• To exclude specific addresses, use the ip dhcp excluded-address
low-address [high-address] global configuration command.
• A single address or a range of addresses can be excluded by specifying
the low address and high address of the range.
Step 2. Configuring a DHCPv4 Pool
• Configuring a DHCPv4 server involves defining a pool of addresses to

assign.
• DHCP specifics are configured in DHCP configuration mode.
• Use the ip dhcp pool pool-name command to create a pool with the
specified name and enter DHCPv4 configuration mode

Step 3. Configuring DHCP

• Some of the DHCPv4 configuration commands :

Step 4 : Assign IP address to DHCP Server

interface(gateway)
• Typically, the gateway is the LAN interface of the router closest to

the client devices.

DHCPv4 Example
• R1 is configured as a DHCPv4 server for the 192.168.10.0/24 and
192.168.11.0/24 LANs using the example topology
1 R1( config )# ip dhcp excluded-address 192.168.10.1
192.168.10.9
2 R1( config )#
3 R1( config )# ip dhcp pool LAN-POOL-1
4 R1( dhcp-config )# network 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0
5 R1( dhcp-config )# default-router 192.168.10.1
6 R1( dhcp-config )# dns-server 192.168.11.5
7 R1( dhcp-config )# domain-name meu.edu.et
8 R1( dhcp-config )# exit
9 R1( config )#
192.168.10.9
12 R1( config )#
13 R1( config )# ip dhcp pool LAN-POOL-2
14 R1( dhcp-config )# network
Baessa K. (Mettu University)
192.168.11.0 255.255.255.0
04 DHCP July 13, 2021 36 / 40
Disabling DHCPv4
• The DHCPv4 service is enabled by default.

• To disable the service, use the no service dhcp global configuration
mode command.
• Use the service dhcp global configuration mode command to
re-enable the DHCPv4 server process.
• Enabling the service has no effect if the parameters are not configured.

Verifying DHCPv4
• The operation of DHCPv4 can be verified using the show ip dhcp

binding and the show ip dhcp server statistics commands.
1 R1# show ip dhcp binding
2 R1# show ip dhcp server statistics
• The show ip dhcp binding command displays a list of all IPv4 address
to MAC address bindings that have been provided by the DHCPv4
service.
• The show ip dhcp server statistics command verifies that messages
are being received or sent by the router.
• This command displays count information regarding the number of
DHCPv4 messages that have been sent and received.

Verifying DHCPv4
• The operation of DHCPv4 can be verified using the show ip dhcp

binding and the show ip dhcp server statistics commands.
1 R1# show ip dhcp binding
2 R1# show ip dhcp server statistics
• The show ip dhcp binding command displays a list of all IPv4 address
to MAC address bindings that have been provided by the DHCPv4
service.
• The show ip dhcp server statistics command verifies that messages
are being received or sent by the router.
• This command displays count information regarding the number of
DHCPv4 messages that have been sent and received.

DHCPv4 Benefits of DHCP
Outline
1 Introduction
2 DHCPv4
DHCPv4 Operation
Benefits of DHCP

Benefits of DHCP
1 Reliable IP address configuration

• DHCP minimizes configuration errors caused by manual IP address
configuration, such as typographical errors,
• or address conflicts caused by the assignment of an IP address to more
than one computer at the same time.
2 Reduced IP address conflicts
• Each connected device must have an IP address
3 Automation of IP address administration:
• Without DHCP, network administrators would need to assign and
revoke addresses manually.
4 Efficient change management
• The use of DHCP makes it very simple to change addresses, scopes or
endpoints.

Benefits of DHCP
1 Reliable IP address configuration

• DHCP minimizes configuration errors caused by manual IP address
configuration, such as typographical errors,
• or address conflicts caused by the assignment of an IP address to more
than one computer at the same time.
2 Reduced IP address conflicts
• Each connected device must have an IP address
3 Automation of IP address administration:
• Without DHCP, network administrators would need to assign and
revoke addresses manually.
4 Efficient change management
• The use of DHCP makes it very simple to change addresses, scopes or
endpoints.

Network Device and Configuration: Baessa K

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Network device and configuration

Target Group — B.Sc in Information Technology Students

July 13, 2021

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 2 / 40

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 3 / 40

• Every device that connects to a network needs a unique IP address.

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 4 / 40

• However, computers and users in an organization often change

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 5 / 40

• Introducing a DHCP server to the local network simplifies IP address

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 6 / 40

• Introducing a DHCP server to the local network simplifies IP address

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 6 / 40

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 7 / 40

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 8 / 40

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 8 / 40

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 8 / 40

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 9 / 40

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 9 / 40

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 10 / 40

• All hosts in a network require an IP configuration.

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 11 / 40

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 12 / 40

• DHCPv4 assigns IPv4 addresses and other network configuration

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 13 / 40

• Because desktop clients typically make up the bulk of network nodes,

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 14 / 40

• Because desktop clients typically make up the bulk of network nodes,

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 14 / 40

• The DHCPv4 server dynamically assigns, or leases, an IPv4 address

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 15 / 40

• The DHCPv4 server dynamically assigns, or leases, an IPv4 address

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 15 / 40

• DHCPv4 works in a client/server mode.

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 16 / 40

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 17 / 40

3 DHCP Request (DHCPREQUEST)

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 19 / 40

3 DHCP Request (DHCPREQUEST)

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Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 20 / 40

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 21 / 40

DHCPv4 Message Format

• The DHCPv4 message format is used for all DHCPv4 transactions.

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 22 / 40

DHCPv4 Message Format …

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DHCPv4 Discover and Offer Messages

• If a client is configured to receive its IPv4 settings dynamically and

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 25 / 40

DHCPv4 Discover and Offer Messages …

• The client IPv4 address (CIADDR), default gateway address

DHCPv4 Discover and Offer Messages …

• The DHCP client sends an IP broadcast with a DHCPDISCOVER

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 27 / 40

DHCPv4 Discover and Offer Messages …

• The DHCP client sends an IP broadcast with a DHCPDISCOVER

Baessa K. (Mettu University) 04 DHCP July 13, 2021 27 / 40

DHCPv4 Discover and Offer Messages …

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