重庆科技学院

畢業設計（論文）

题 目 巴基斯坦卡拉奇光伏充電站設計
院 （系） 　 电气工程学院
专业班级 電動自我推銷 2017-01

学生姓名 曹博士 学号 2017490216

指导教师 魏 钢 职称 正高级工程师
评阅教师 张海燕 职称 副教授

2021 年 5 月 20 日
 注意專案
1. 設計內容（論文）包括：
1） 封面（由教育部開發的標準封面格式製作）。
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7） 參考文獻
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2. 關於要求的字數：科學和工程設計（論文），正文數量不少於10，000字（不包括圖
紙、節目清單等），文科論文數量不少於120，000字。
3. 附件包括：任務書、開場報告、外文翻譯、原文翻譯（副本）。
4. 文字、圖表要求：
1）文字流暢，語言流暢，筆跡完畢，印刷字體大小符合要求，無錯別字，不要求
他人代寫
2） 工程設計主題圖紙要求部分尺規由計算機繪製，所有圖紙應符合國家技術標準
圖表乾淨，佈局合理，文字註釋必須用工程字書寫，不得徒手畫
3） 畢業論文必須印在 A4 的一側和 50 頁以上的論文上
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5） 軟體工程主題應有一個程式清單，並提供電子文檔
5. 綁定順序
1） 設計（紙張）。
2）附件：根據任務書的順序、開篇報告、外文翻譯、翻譯原文（副本）進行裝訂
3） 其他

學生畢業設計（論文）的原始陳述。
 我公信力地宣佈，提交的畢業設計（論文）是在導師的指導下進行的
設計（研究）工作並取得的結果，設計（論文）是指他（她）的人的文獻
資料、圖紙、資料都有明確標識，論文的結論和結果為本人獨立完成，不
包含他人和 重慶理工大學等教育機構的學位或材料使用證書。我的同志們
對這個設計（研究）所做的任何貢獻，在論文中都作了明確規定，並表示
感謝

研究生設計（論文）作者（簽名）：
年、月、 日

摘錄

全球變暖的驚人狀況要求完全採用可再生能源為基礎的運輸系統。然而，確保它們在
大規模執行中的長期生存能力使工作變得具有挑戰性。隨著電動汽車數量的增長和光伏
發電技術的進步，電動汽車可以通過用電替代石油來解決環境問題，並促進光伏產業的
增長和進步。該專案的主要目標是在卡拉奇建設一個利用光伏、電力和儲能混合電源的
新能源光伏充電站，分析該地區各種一次能源。白天有光，由光伏系統發電，供電充電
樁，超優先給電池充電，電池已滿，然後供應電廠用電負荷使用（如照明、發電設備
等），市政用電作為補充能源。充電站儲能系統容量建設1600kWH，車載光伏容量
14×28千瓦。充電站配備了5個60千瓦直流充電樁、5個90千瓦直流充電樁、3個120千瓦
直流充電樁和10個7千瓦交流充電樁。根據上述要求，在車站選擇變壓器的連接方案，
並考慮經濟因素和運行穩定性因素。此外，由於卡拉奇的沙漠氣候炎熱，夏季長，受到
阿拉伯海海洋影響的影響。該市的年平均降水量較低，大部分在7月的季風季節下降。
根據卡拉奇的地理位置，對該系統進行了調整和優化。

3
 ABSTRACT

T h e a l a r m i n g c o n d i ti o n o f g l o b a l w a r m i n g r e q u i r e s t h e c o m p l e t

renewable energy-based transportation system. However, ensuring their long-term viability

i n a l a r g e - s c a l e i m p l e m e n t a ti o n h aE sl e m
c tardi ec cv h
eha li lc el en sg i cn ag n. a d d r

e nvi ron m e nta l i ss ue s by re pl a c i ng o i l w i th e l e c t r i c i t y, a s w e l l a s fa c i l i tate t he g ro w t h a

a d v a n c e m e n t o f t h e p h o t o v o l t a i c i n d u s t r y, a s t h e n u m b e r o f e l e c t r i c v e h i c l e s g r o w

photovoltaic p g owert eneration

a T m gechnology
o t p i t dvances.
b

a n e w e n e r g y p h o t o v o l t a i c c h a r g i n g s ta ti o n i n Ka ra c h i u s i n g p h o t o v o l t a i c , e l e c t r i c i t y

energy storage mixed power supply aft er analyzing various primary energy sources in the

region. During the day there is light, by the photovoltaic system power generati on, supply

charging piles, excess priority to charge the battery, the battery is full, and then supply the

p l a n t e l e c t r i c i t y l o a d u s e ( s u c h a s l i g h ti n g , p o w e r g e n e ra ti o n e q u i p m e nt , e tc . ) , m u n i

electricity as a supplementary energy. The charging station energy storage system capacity

construction 1600kWH, carport photovoltaic capacity of 14 x 28 kW. The charging station is

equipped with five 60 kw DC charging piles, five 90 kw DC charging piles, three 120 kw dc

c h a r g i n g p i l e s , a n d t e n 7 k w A C c h a rI gni nv gi e pwi l oe fs .t h e p r e c e d i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s ,

t h e c o n n e c ti o n s c h e m e o f a t r a n s f o r m e r i s s e l e c t e d i n t h e s t a ti o n , a n d

e c o n o m y a n d o p e r a ti o n s t a b i l i t y a. r Fe ucr ot hn es irdmeor reed, s i n c e K a r a c h i h a s a h o t

desert climate with a long summer season that is moderated by the Arabian Sea's oceanic

influence. T c h he
al a ity a as p ow l nnualw m verage
o i f d recipitation

t h e m o n s o o n s e a s o n o f J u l y A u g u s t . A cgceoorgdrianpgh ti o
c a l l o c a ti o n o f K a r a c h i , t h i s

system has been adjusted and optimized.

Table of Content

Excerpts
ABSTRACT
1 Introduction
1.1 The background and significance of the topic
1.2 Worldwide Status of Solar Energy
1.3 D e v e l o p m e n t o f
Pakistan
1.4 The main content of this topic
2 Photovoltaic charging station
2.1 Components of the charging station
2.1.1 The Inverter
2.2 Energy storage equipment for charging stations
2.2.1 Battery Selection
2.3 Load calculation of charging equipment
2.4 Reactive power compensation
2.5 Transformer installation scheme
2.6 Charging station
3 System and equipment protection
5
 3.1 Relay protection devices
3.1.1 The adjustment of the relay protection device
3.1.2 Selection of relay protection devices……………………………………………………………………
28
3.2 High and low voltage side guide cables
3.2.1 Selection of high and low voltage bus
3.2.2 Selection and verification of the distribution
3.3 Design of lightning protection and grounding devices
3.3.2 Design of the grounding device
4 Conclusion
bibliography

1 Introduction

1. 1 The background and significance of the topic

Renewable technology is now seen to minimize CO2 pollution from energy generation,

a s w e l l a s a r o a d t o a h e a l t h i e r, l e s s t o x i c w o r l d . O n e o f, i f n o t t h e m

d i s a d v a n t a g e s o f m o s t o f t h e s e g e n e r a ti o n i n n o v a ti o n s i s t h e i r i n a b i l i t y t o b e m

Photovoltaic devices produce electricity based on the amount of sunlight available at any

given time. PV technology is one of the most suitable renewable energy sources for shifting

electricity p froduction
af l c rom f ew
t m arge,
s d entralized
a aciliti

distributed systems, thereby minimizing environmental impac

output in remote areas.

W h e n t h e P V i n s t a l l e d p o w e r i s l o w i n a g i v e n a r e a , t h e d i s r u p ti o n s c a u s

variability o e pf nergy
a i fl roduceda n a p nd wts b uctuations
e re
production and consumption, but when the energy generated by non-manageable sources

increases, t d his bisequilibrium

m i A aecomes
r a a ore
n b mportant.

m a d e t o fi n d s o l u ti o n s t h a t w i l l i m p r o v e t h e m a n a g e a b i l i t y o f P V s y s t e m g e n

e ffi c i e n t , t h i s w o u l d a l l e v i a t e g r i d t e n s i o n a n d m a k e i t e a s i e r t

p e r c e n t a g e o f r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y. S o m e g r i d o p e r a t o r s h a v e d e m a n d e d t h e s e

steps in order to link the plant without causing manageability issues. So far, the soluti ons

tend to be based on energy storage systems that are efficient (ESS).

T h i s s t u d y f o c u s e s o n b a tt e r y s y s t e m s c o n n e c t e d w i t h P V g e n e r a ti o n p l a n

r e s i d e n ti a l l e v e l i n o r d e r t o o p ti m i z e s e l f - c o n s u m p ti o n . T h i s o p e r a ti o n s t r a t e g y

smooths the interacti on of a residenti al PV system with the grid, and it also results in an

indirect overall load shift ing effect due to the existence of PV demand (daytime peak) and

d o m e s ti c l o a d p r o fi l e ( e v e n i n g p e a k ) . I n t h e a c a d e m i c a n d c o m m e r c i a l w

s u p p o r t a n d s y n e r g y f r o m s t o r a g e i s a h o t t o p i c w h e n i t c o m e s t o P V g e n e r a ti o n . M

studies have examined the impact of storage devices on the profi tability of residenti al PV

projects, w m ith
r b ixed
t a c esults, t i ut chey c ll t ontribute
w o

m a ke t h e o v e r a l l i n v e s t m e n t a tt r a c ti v e . D u e t o h i g h e l e c t r i c i t y p r i c e s a t a ti m e w h e

module c w osts
f G ere a alling,
I w a ermany
t fi c nd t a taly g ere mon

parity.
T h e a i m o f i n s t a l l i n g P V- b a tt e r y s y s t e m s i n p r i v a t e h o m e s i s t o i n c r e a s e P V e n e

consumption a t t h nd hus s he omeowner’s

P s a p elf-sufficiency.
t

be profitable in a few years even without incentives now that PV generation incentives are

being phased out and the amount of energy that can be fed into the grid is being reduced.
A c co rdi n g to a n Ita l i a n a na l ys i s, e n e rg y stora ge a s so c i ate d w i t h PV syste m s i s u s ef

only when the supply-demand relati onship allows them to cause a substanti al increase in

energy self-consumpti on. Another study based on the Italian electricity sector found that

P V - b a tt e r y s t o r a g e s y s t e m s a r e l e s s c o s t - e ff e c ti v e t h a n P V - o n l y s y s

metering scheme. Even if the PV incentive programmed did not exist, the cost of installing

energy storage would have to drop dramati cally to make the additi on of storage feasible.

7
S i m i l a r l y , c o n s i d e r i n g r e c e n t c o s t r e d u c ti o n s , a P o r t u g u e s e s t u d

c o n s u m p ti o n i s s ti l l a p p e a l i n g , b u t s t o r a g e i s n o t a p r o fi t a b l e o p ti o

i n v e s t m e n t i s s ti l l t o o h i g h . S m a l l - s c a l e P V - b a tt e r

e c o n o m i c a l l y f e a s i b l e i n 2 0 1 3 w i t h o u t a p r e m i u m p a y m e n t f o r P V g e n e r a ti o n

c o n s u m p ti o n i n c e n ti v e , a c c o r d i n g t o a G e r m a n r e p o r t , a l t h o u g h h i g h e r e l e c

prices and lower electricity wholesale prices added viability to such systems,

batt ery capacity and PV sizes of the opti mum confi gurati on. PV-batt ery storage systems in

the commercial sector in the United Kingdom have been assessed on both economic and

environmental grounds, with the finding that PV will be commercially attractive on its own

b y 2 0 2 0 , e v e n w i t h o u t i n c e n ti v e s . O n l y i f c o s t s w e r e r e d u c e d e n o u g h w o

b a tt e r y b o o s t o v e r a l l e c o n o m i c e ffi c i e n c y . O n e o f t h e m o s t r e c e n t U

p r o fi t a b i l i t y o f d o m e s ti c P V - b a tt e r y s y s t e m s c r i ti c i z e s a l l p r e v i o u s s t

account for battery degradation properly, and concludes that, in addition to the device not

being profitable under current conditions, factoring in battery degradation greatly worsens

the outcome. Electrical power generation, vehicle power supply and other needs are relied

o n f o s s i l f u e l e n e r g y f o r a l o n g ti m e , e s p e c i a l l y t h e a u t o m o b i l e . A t t h e s a m e

demand for these energy is increasing with the acceleration of industrialization. At results,

there a m re a more C ( nd d ore a r O2 i carbon

t a ioxide)
w i a re elea

king of greenhouse gas and leads to the global warming and climate disasters.
This subject chooses a photovoltaic charging stati on as the charging stati on's primary

energy source, resulting in signifi cant reducti ons in fossil energy usage and emissions. The

charging s etation'se c lectric

b a t tnergy
c s an e e llocated
a a o h

f a i r d e s i g n . T h e n e g a ti v e e ff e c t o f n e w e n e r g y a c c e s s o n t h e p o w e r s y s

weakened if charging faciliti es and new energy generati on could be incorporated into the

power s ystem.
A t p ccording
l r o a revious
d a K iterature
i s esearch

at a en levation
o 1 m a f s 8l eters
K c bovei d ea K evel. r arachi's

almost n r do ain
t y uring
K h a hea ear.
a t arachi o 2 as ° t n7 verage

° F. T h e a n n u a l r a i n f a l l i s a b o u t 1 4 5 m m a n d 5 . 7 i n c h . I n t h e s e c l i m a ti c c o n d

constructi on of a photovoltaic charging stati on will fully uti lize the abundant solar energy,
e n s u r i n g n o t o n l y m a x i m u m u ti l i z a ti o n o f e l e c t r i c e n e r g y b u t a l s o e n e r g y e ffi c i e

pollution reduction.
In Pakistan, China and other nations, photovoltaic power generation is used in electric

v e h i c l e c h a r g i n g s t a tiTohnes .c h a r g i n g s t a ti o n u s e d i n t h i s p r o j e c t i s p h o t o v o l t a i c p o w e r

s u p p l y , u n l i k e t h e t r a d i ti o n a l g r i d c h a r g i n g s t a ti o n , t h i s t r a d i ti o n a l c h a r

br ings a cer tain am ount of energy consumpti on, not environm ental protec ti on. Bas ed o

the s hortage
o t cf raditional
s t t harging
s p tations,
c s his opic

as the main energy supply of charging stati ons, which greatly reduces the consumpti on of

resources and polluti on to the environment. As we all know, the most important factor of

photovoltaic charging stati on is solar energy, solar charging stati on not only avoid energ

consumption, after a reasonable design, the power of the charging station can be allocated

t o t h e c a r c h a r g i n g s t a ti o n c a n a l s o b e u s e d t o p o w e r t h e r e s t o f t h e c h a r g i

equipment. The variety of raw materials available for new energy generation and the wide

availability of zero polluti on will ease the pressure on power plants and the enti re power

i n d u s t r Iyf. t h ce h a r g i n g f a c i l i ti e s a n d n e w e n e r g y p o w e r g e n e r a ti o n m o

reasonably connected to the power system, it can reduce the load generated by charging

e q u i p m e n t , r e d u c e t h e i m p a c t o n t h e p o w e r g r i d , i m p r o v e t h e u ti l i z a ti o n

e n e r g y , m u l ti - t e c h n o l o g y c o m b i n a ti o n c a n e ff e c ti v e l y p r o m o t e t h e i m p r o

environment and the development of new energy.

1.2 Worldwide Status of Solar Energy

The global solar photovoltaic (PV) installed capacity reached 402 GW at the end of 2018,

according t t r o he g enewable’s
s r I 2 ulobal
t 9 G otatus
s P c eport. n 0

was added, bringing the total installed capacity to 303 GW at the end of 2016. T

displays t t t hec op i t en o ountries

c s P np erms
i Tf umulative
1s

that t hese
c h ountries
i 8 p ave o t nstalled
w t s 6P c ercentw t f he

rest of the world accounting for just 14 percent.

9
 Table 1 world's total solar PV capacity

Country Total End 2017 Added during 2018 Total End 2018
China 78.1 53.1 131.1
US 40 10 51.1
Japan 42 7 49
Germany 40 1.7 42.4
Italy 19 0.4 19.7
India 9.2 9.1 18.9
UK 11.8 0.9 12
France 7.2 0.9 8
Australia 6 1.3 7.1
Spain 5.5 0.1 5.6
Rest of the World 43 14 57
Total Top 10 260 85 345
World Total 303 98 402

1.3 Development of photovoltaic power generation in Pakistan

Pa ki sta n has so la r powe r pl ants i n Ka shm ir, Punj ab, S indh, a nd Ba lu chi sta n. T he Qu ai d-

Azam Solar Power Park (QASP) in the Cholistan Desert, Punjab, will be the world's largest

s o l a r p o w e r p a r k , w i t h a 1 G W c a p a c i t y, b y 2 0 1 7 . A p l a n t o f t h i s s c a l

approximately 320,000 homes. Pakistan is in the sun belt and receives a large amount of

sunlight d t uring
y I i i he tear.
u e t ss mportant
e i o i o se t xisting

solve c urrent
e i Inergy
t m ssues.
p a pn hes eantime,
s i c t ublic n

realizing its full potential. Many researchers have concentrated on solar energy in order to

a s s e s s i t s p o t e n ti a l f o r e ff e c ti v e u s e i n t h e r e g i o n . E n e r g y i s e s s e n ti

socioeconomic d P evelopment.
l m o d akistan,
n r ikee any ther
on conventional fossil fuels to fulfil its energy needs.
T h e r e i s a h u g e d e m a n d f o r e n e r g y d u e t o t h e c o u n t r y ' s l a r g e p o p u l a ti o

i n d u s t r i a l g r o w t h . I n t h e m e a n ti m e , P r i c e s f o r f o s s i l f u e l s h a v e r e c e n t l y

c o u n t r y h a s n o o t h e r m e a n s o f g e n e r a ti n g e l e c t r i c i t y . A s a r e s u l t , t h e r e

s h o r t a g e s . T h e d i s p a r i t y b e t w e e n s u p p l y a n d d e m a n d

d ra m a ti c a l l y. A l l a s p e c t s o f l i fe h a v e b e e n s e v e r e l y i m p a c te d b y t h e g r o w i n g e n e r g y

P o l i c y m a k e r s a r o u n d t h e w o r l d a r e s e a r c h i n g f o r a l t e r n a ti v e e n e r g y s o u r c e

energy shortage issues. In Pakistan, a variety of alternati ve and renewable energy sources

a re b e i n g i nve sti gate d. B a se d o n p r i c e , ave ra ge l i fe s pa n , e m i s si o n o f ha r mf u l ga s e s , f

c o n s u m p ti o n , o p e r a ti n g a n d m a i n t e n a n c e c o s t s , w e c o m p a r e d v a r i o u s r e n e w a b l e e n e

s o u rc e s, su ch as s o l ar a n d w in d . We d i s co ve re d t h at s o l ar e n e rg y is t h e b e st s

renewable energy for addressing all the energy challenges because it is less

requires no operation or maintenance, and has a longer average life cycle than wind energy.
Furthermore, good wind speed is only available for 5 to 6 months of the year, while solar

r a d i a ti o n i s a v a i l a b l e a l l y e a r. S o l a r e n e r g y h a s t h e p o t e n ti a l t o r e l i e v e t h e s t r a i n

nati onal budget that is currently be ing used to im port costly fossil fuels, es pec ially oil.

Pakistan, solar energy is limited to solar photovoltaics, solar water heaters, solar geysers

solar cookers, and solar pumps.

2
2
1
1 supply
demand

0
-
-1

11
 Figure 1 Development of solar energy in Pakistan

Though, with the development of the Quaid-e-Azam solar park and other similar ventures,

people a b re m ecoming
a o s e ore a i ware
b H f olar
i c nergy nd

to the country's overall energy mix has been marginal until now. Pakistan's topography and

climate m i p ake f ht erfects e or t i arnessing

f p F olar
w h g nergy o

some policy implications to resolve the obstacles to solar energy, raise public awareness of

the country's current energy problems, and encourage local and foreign investors to invest

in s olar
p p ower b e rojectsa e y ndorsing
s e p ndT s ncouraging

solar energy can quickly resolve Pakistan's energy crisis.

1.4 The main content of this topic

Design a n e ewc nergy

s w hharging
p s tation
o p ith p ybrid o

grid and energy storage based on the data collection of Karachi in Pakistan. In the daytime,

t h e p h o to vo l ta i c sy ste m g e n e ra t e s e l e c t r i c i t y to s u p p l y t h e c h a r g i n g p i l e a n d t h e e l e

loads in the station (such as lighting, equipment power supply, etc.). The surplus electricity

c h a r g e s t h e b a tt e r y p r e f e r e n ti a l l y , t h e n s u p p l y t o t h e g r i d a ft e r t h e b a tt e r y

powered by storage batt eries at night, and the grid is uti lized as a supplementary energy

source at the same ti me. The capacity of energy storage system of the charging stati on is

1600 kWh. The photovoltaic capacity of vehicle shed is 14 * 28kW. The charging stati on is

equipped with five 60 kW DC charging piles, five 90 kW DC charging piles, three 120 kW DC
charging p a tiles,7 k A nd
c enp T W
c Ct nharging a p iles. o he apa

charging p i t iles
c ns he c bharging
d a tation t t l an a en etermined

The relevant parameters in the project's design are chosen in stric

applicable national laws, regulations, and norms, taking into account the power grid's safe

and economical operation, as well as the reliability and advancement of related technology

i n t h e p o w e r s u p p l y, t h u s m a i n t a i n i n g t h e p o w e r q u a l i t y o f t h e c o n s u m e r s i d e . A n

design plan should be determined based on the project's c

construction planning, as well as the regional power supply conditions. The main electrical

e q u i p m e n t c o m p o s i ti o n a n d s e l e c ti o n o f t h e s u b s t a ti o n s p a c e , t h e m a i n w i r i n g s

relay safety, and line lamination are all part of the charging station design system.

2 Photovoltaic charging station

2.1 Components of the charging station

This p roject
w i t ill e nvolve
f t s aking
p b nergy
s p aromc he un rov

it to an AC voltage that can power most electronic devices. A system for keeping track of

voltage is needed for the project. The project must provide a system for monitoring voltage

levels and protecting the system from being overused or overcharged. It must also be able

to monitor its solar performance and maintain the highest amount of solar energy possible

under the specified environmental and weather conditions.

The most significant constraint

13
f o r t h i s p r o j e c t w o u l d b e t o o p ti m i z e s o l a r e ffi c i e n c y t o p r o v i d e t h e m o s t p o w e r

device that the solar panels will produce. When calculating the efficiency and performance

of solar panels, weather and solar cycles must be taken into consideration.
Clouds, moisture, haze, pollen, and smog can all reduce the output power of the stati on's

panel c ollection.
For m aximum
p t roductivity,
m a o s he
p ost
s b mount

obtained during the day. Different solar panel upgrades, such as adding solar concentrators

or a solar tracking system, may be required, increasing the cost.

W e a r e c u r r e n t l y c o n d u c ti n g r e s e a r c h o n t h e s e d e v i c e s t o i n t e g r a t e t h e m i n t o

p r o d u c t a s w e t e s t t h e

Another c onstraint
i e t b s s nsuringr whe w attery
b u t s ystem's
t elia

e n e r g y g e n e r a t e d b y t h e s o l a r p a n e l s . O v e r c h a r g i n g t h e b a tt e r i e s c a n d a m a g e t

p r e c a u ti o n s m u s t b e t a k e n . D e e p c y c l e b a tt e r i e s w i l l b e u s e d b e c a u s e o f t h e i r a b

accommodate both charging and discharging.

Another r estriction
b o t e ased
d i en hep lectrical
s r esign
a s ns

m e t , b u t t h e o v e r a l l c o n fi g u r a

Building and safety codes must be researched and implemented. A stand -alone structure

poses signifi cantly less risk regarding fi re safety when proper precauti ons are taken during

site preparation. We have not yet conducted research into the structure of the system, but

upon t s he uccessful
t o t e estingt w b f a m he f lectronics,
o t fi p his ill

Not o dnlyw w o a s e ant

p b w
uccessful
w t m s roduct,
i i e a i ut
s e ant

for all.

2.1.1 The Inverter

Photovoltaic inverters use direct current provided by photovoltaic modules to convert

it to 50 Hz alternati ng current, which can be use d for com mercial transmis sion or off -gri

power g eneration.
O p ff-grid
i a u hotovoltaic
i t d a g nverters re

photovoltaic inverters are divided into centralized and serial types. A centralized inverter is

chosen based on the subject's current situati on. This inverter increases power generati on
e ffi c i e n c y a n d g r i d s t a b i l i t y w h i l e l o w e r i n g c o s t s a n

S e l e c ti n g t h e p h o t o v o l t a i c i n v e r t e r o f t h e c h a r g i n g s t a ti o n m u s t b e b a s e d o n t h e

situation in the station. the basic parameters of which are such as Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Basic parameters
Parameters Value (unit)
Max. DC Voltage 1000 V
Max. DC Current 610 A
MPP(T) Voltage Range 450~850 V
No of MPP Trackers 1
Max. AC Power 250 kW
Output AC Voltage Range 304~498 V
Max. AC Current 360 A
Frequency Range 49.5-60.5 Hz
Frequency 50, 60 Hz
Power Factor (cosθ) 0.99
Distortion (THD) <2%
No of feed-in phases 3
Efficiency 95%

2.1.2 Photovoltaic Modules

Types of photovoltaic modules are following:

(1) Silicon solar Panel

The purest solar panels are those made of monocrystalline silicon. Because of the

high purity of silicon, this type of solar panel has one of the highest efficiency rates,

with the most recent models exceeding 20%.

M o n o c r y s t a l l i n e p a n e l s p ro d u c e t h e m o st e l e c t r i c i t y, t a ke u p t h e l e a s t a m o u n t

room, and last the longest. Of course, this implies that they are the most expensive

o f t h e g r o u p . A n o t h e r b e n e fi t t o r e m e m b e r i s t h a t , a s o p p o s e d t o p o l y c r y s t a l l

plates, they are slightly less affected by high temperatures.

15
 (2) Concentrated solar panel
Co n c e nt rate d ph o tovo l ta i c c e l l s p ro d uc e e l e c t r i c i t y i n th e sa m e way a s tra d i ti on

photovoltaic s d T ystems
m o. s hese
p h aulti-junction
e r o olar

to 41%, which is the best among all photovoltaic systems so far. CVP cells get their

n a m e f r o m w h a t m a ke s t h e m s o e ff e c ti v e r e l a ti v e t o o t h e r t y p e s o f s o l a r p a n e

curved mirror surfaces, lenses, and even cooling systems are used to bundl

sun's r a ayst nd
i hereby
t p mprove
C c h heir
b oerformance.
o t

most powerful solar panels because of this, with a high performance and effi ciency

rate of up to 41%.

(3) Thin-film solar Panel

T h i n - fi l m s o l a r p a n e l s a r e m a d e b y a p p l y i n g o n e o r m o r e p h o t o v o l t a i c fi l m s

substrate (such as silicon, cadmium, or copper). These solar panels are the simplest

to m anufacture,
a e o nd
s m conomies
t l e ft cale
a ake hem

due to the reduced amount of material required. They are also adaptable, wh

means they can be used in a variety of ways, and they are less infl uenced by high

temperatures. T c b a g hey c an
w t e i a l ood
o r t hoice
c f hen her

among the various types of solar panels.

According t t a or he ctual
o t t equirements
t p c of v his s opic, he

i s 1 4 * 2 8 k W , t h e s i n g l e c r y s t

S F M - 2 8 0 - 3 6i t, h a s n o m i n a l p o w e r o f 2 8 0 I n a n d o p e rati n g vo l ta g e i s 3 6 . 2 5 V w i t h 1 6 %

efficiency.
379/V ÷36 .25 /V =10

I t i s c a l c u l a t e d t h a t 1 0 p h o t
PV array.

2.2 Energy storage equipment for charging stations

2.2.1 Battery Selection

2.2.1.1 Lead-acid Batteries

M e t a l l i c l e a d , l e a d d i o x i d e , l e a d s u l p h a t e , a n d

c o m p o n e n t s o f l e a d – a c i d b a tt e r i e s . T h e n e g a ti v e e l e c t r o d e s a r e m a d e o

metallic l w ead
t a ith o c race ti amounts
a T pf alcium,

electrodes are made of different formulations of lead oxides. According to

international h a e ealth g nd nvironmental

l a l o a uidelines,

classifi ed as hazardous heavy metal materials. A concentrated soluti on of

sulfuric acid (35–40%) s e r v e sL e aa sd –t ha ce i de l be ac ttt r eo rl yi et es

c o n ti n u e t o p l a y a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n a u t o m o ti v e a p p l i c a ti o n s

W h e n t h e e n g i n e i s t u r n e d o ff , t h e v e h i c l e ' s b a tt e r y m u s t s u s t a i

increasing electrical feature content, such as power seats, power-operated

tailgates, power sliding doors, and fuel-operated parking heaters.

2.2.1.2 Colloidal Battery

Colloidal battery is a type of lead-acid battery that improves on traditional

l e a d - a c i d b a tt e r i e s b y u s i n g c o l l o i d a l e l e c t r o l y t e i n s t e a d o f s u

electrolyte to improve protection, power storage, discharge efficiency, and

s e r v i c e l i f e . C o l l o i d a l b a tt e r i e s a r e n o w c o m m o n l y u s e d i n a

a r e a s , i n c l u d i n g p o w e r g e n e r a ti o n , c o m m u n i c a ti

emergency lighting.
According to the information gathered, colloidal and lead-acid batteries are the most used

batteries o t m n Che barket. i olloidal

a m e attery e nclusions
a re

environmentally friendly, and lead-acid batteries perform less well than colloidal batteries

that have been in use for a long time, and their energy recovery is 1.0 percent lower than

colloidal batteries. Comprehensively, the device chooses to use colloidal battery, selecting

KE colloidal batt ery OSS12-100 12V100AH, photovoltaic system power generati on system
17
operati ng voltage of 36V, discharge depth, so choose to store 208 OSS12-100 12V100AH

model battery, energy storage system actual capacity of 1248kWH, according to the actual

situation in the local needs to consider.

Total appliances use = (18 W x 4 hours) + (60 W x 2 hours) + (75 W x 12

hours)

  Nominal battery voltage = 36 V

Days of autonomy = 3 days

Battery capacity = [(18 W x 4 hours) + (60 W x 2 hours) + (75 W x 12

hours)]x 3

                                         (0.85 x 0.6 x 36)

    Total Ampere-hours required 535.29 Ah.

2.2.2 Choose a photovoltaic controller

A s o l a r c h a r g e c o n t r o l l e r, a l s o k n o w n a s a s o l a r r e g u l a t o r, i s a s o l a r b a tt e r y c h a r g e

connects the solar panel(s) to the battery. Its role is to control the battery charging process

so t hat
t b he i p attery c sa roperly
m i harged,
n o Snd c ost mportan

controllers with DC coupling have been used in almost all small-scale off -grid solar power

systems f d or Photovoltaic
ecades. c i a ontroller
v i c s oery
p mportant

system , the us e of photovoltaic c ontroller can e nsur e t

photovoltaic array work.

The e fficiency
o p fm hotovoltaic
c b i b a odules
o a ant u eo ncreased

the controller, making the uti lizati on of the system more fully reduced losses. The system

s e l e c t s t h e M PsPoTl a r c h a r g i n g c o n t r o l l e r , w h o s e b a s i c p a r a m e t e r s a r e s h o w n i n T a

2.2.
 Table 2.2 Basic parameters of solar controller

Parameter numeric value

voltage 24V (DC)
load current 20A
charging current 10S
temperature －20~50℃

2.3 Load calculation of charging equipment

The most basic and primary work in the design of power supply and di
e n g i n e e r i n g i s t h e p o w e r l o a d c a l c u l a ti o n ; t h e l o a d c a l c u l a ti o n r e s u l t s a r e a n i m
basis i t np hed ower e istribution
f e ngineering
s c sollow-up
a s i n t r a n s f o r m e r c a p a c i t y a n d o t h e r e l e c t r i c a l e q u i p m e n t , t h e c a b l e s e c ti o n a n d
selection basis, but also according to the cal.
The calculation load method is more diversified, the main characteristics are different
between different methods, and the conditions of use are different, which can be selected
according t t a o n he T ctual p u teeds.n c he m rojectt c sest he ee
charging station related load.
（2. 1）
（2. 2）

（2. 3）

Calculated power:
A c

Reactive power

Power

19
 Calculate the current

2.4 Reactive power compensation

The re l ia bil ity of the power suppl y m e c hani sm is no r ma ll y e nsure d i n power system
systems by adjusti ng to minimize a porti on of the loss in the power system, and reacti ve
compensation i a t st e echnology
t p s eo nhancei t p heg ower
As a result, selecting the reactive power compensation device to build in the power system
is critical to reduce some of the losses in the power supply operation of the power grid and
i n c r e a s e t h e q u a l i t y o Tf h pe o fwo er rm u s ul ap pf loy r. c a l c u l a ti n g r e a c
compensation is give below:
Q = P14(tan∅1-tan∅2) =∆qP14 （2. 4）

Δq- Reactive compensation rate.

Q - Reactive power compensation capacity.
Reactive c ompensation
a c d nd
s ompensation
T t c l b evice electio
r e a c ti v e c o m p e n s a ti o n f o r t h e c h Sa 1
r g4i =n 3g 2 s1t ka Vti Ao npa oni w
d
s er factor is
cos∅=0.99.

2.5 Transformer installation scheme

Considering the nature of the load in this design and the power supply, choose the number

of units required for the main transformer and the capacity size of the main transformer

a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s y s t e m Tchaep ac coirtey . o f a n o i l - i m m e r s e d d e l i v e r y t r a n s f o r m

stacked with imported high-quality cold-rolled silicon steel

decreases no-load current and binds the core to ensure compactness and noise reduction.
H i g h a n d l o w v o l t a g e w i n d i n g w i t h o x y g e n - f r e e c o p p e r w i n d i n g i s u s e d f o r 5 0 0 k VA

b e l o w, w h i l e l o w v o l t a g e w i n d i n g d o u b l e c y l i n d e r a r r a n g e m e n t i s u s e d f o r 5 0 0 k

below.
The coi l i s m ade of a fl at coppe r coin or a co pper k not ma de of hig h- qual it y non -oxyge

c o p p e r r o d , a n d i t c o m e s i n a va r i e t y o f s h a p e s a n d s i ze s , i n c l u d i n g c i rc u l a r s i m p l e t y

continuous type, modern spiral type, split type, and so on. It possesses adequate electrical,
mechanical, and heat dissipation capabilities.
W h e n i n s t a l l i n g a t r a n s f o r m e r, s e l e c t t h e t r a n s f o r m e r w i t h a c
200kVA.
A comparison of the two transformer installation scenarios is shown in Table 2.3 and 2.4.

Table 2.3 Basic parameters of transformer(315kVA)

Parameter Value
M a x . a m b i e n t a i r 50 t e m p .
(Deg.C)
M i n . a m b i e n t a i 7.5
r t e m p .
(Deg.C)
Total weight 1.2
No load loss(W) 480
Load loss (W) 3830/3650
Voltage Ratio 11000/433
Range of variation ±5%

Table 2.4 Basic parameters of transformer (200kVA)

Parameter Value
M a x . a m b i e n t a i r 50 t e m p .
(Deg.C)
M i n . a m b i e n t a i r-5 t e m p .
(Deg.C)
Total weight 0.8
No load loss(W) 340
Load loss (W) 2730/2600
Voltage Ratio 33000/415
Range of variation +3 to -9 %

21
 Figure 2 A main transformer main wiring diagram

2.6.2 Types of charging station wiring

T h e t wo w i r i n g m e t h o d s o f b u s a n d b u s l e s s a r e t h e t w o b a s i c fo r m s o f e l e c t r ic a l m a i n w i r i n g a n d ca n
divided i t nto
t f wo
t w ypes
m w orb the i s iring b w ode
a d b ithw us,
T s hat s, ingle
has selected a bus wiring method, there are several types of bus is basically introduced as follows:
(1) Single-bus wiring:
The easiest and most affordable is the single bus system. As seen in this diagram, all feeders and
transformer are linked to a single bus.
Figure 3 Single bus

 Advantages of Single Bus

 The layout is simple.
 This is a low-cost scheme.
  This is extremely simple to use.

(1) Double Bus wiring

Two similar bus bars are used in a double bus bar configuration so that any outgoing or incoming
feeder can be taken from any of the buses. As shown in the diagram, each feeder is connected to
both
buses in parallel through an individual isolator. The feeder can be connected to the associate
Figure 4 Double bus

d bus by closing any of the isolators. Both buses have been energized, and the total feeders have been
split into two classes, one fed by one bus and the other buses. However, any feeder can be moved from
one b t usa o a a nother
ti D bt t ny tme. i o uring
b c b us t ransfers,
s b h here s
ti g h t . T o p e r f o r m a s w i t c h , fi r s t t u r n o ff t h e b u s c o u p l e r c i r c u i t b r e a k e r , t h e n t u
associated w t b ith
t w he
t f us w bo t hich a he
fi teeder
o t i ill a e ransferred,
with the bus from which the feeder will be transferred.
 Advantages of Double Bus
 The use of a double bus bar arrangement improves the system's versatility.
 This scheme is costly.

2.6.3 Short-circuit current

Short circuit the two main issues that can arise in electrical systems. It is m

b e c a u s e i t c a n r e s u l t i n e x t r e m e l y h i g h f a u l t c u r r e n t s , w h i c h c a n h a v e s i g n i fi c a n t

( t h e r m a l h e a ti n g a n d e l e c t r o m e c h a n i c a l f o r c e s ) o n e q u i p m e n t , n e c e s s i t a ti n g

replacement and possibly causing fi res and other similar resulti ng eff ects in the electrica

system. To avoid problems caused by short circuits, electrical protecti on systems must be

designed to detect irregular fault currents and then take remedial measures to isolate the

defective portion of the system in the shortest ti me possible while keeping the severity of

t h e s h o r t c i r c u i t f a u l t c u r r e n t l e v e l i n m i n d . T h i s n e c e s s i t a t e s t h e p r e d i c ti o n o f t h

23
current for any given positi on in the circuit system. As a result, we must develop methods

for calculating faults.

All elements, including source impedances, must be measured in the one line diagram

by an appropriate impedance in per unit values when measuring fault curren

constant for the utility supply (a stiff power source), but there is a time-varying impedance

f o r t h e m o t o r s d e p e n d i n g o

We must use the sub-transient reactance for fault current within the fi rst few cycles, the

t r a n s i e n t r e a c t a n c e f o r f a u l t c u r r e n t u p t o a f r a c ti o n o f a s e c o n d , a n d t h e s y n

reactance f f l or l aults t a asting

f o a songer ( han
s raction
r f

i s n o t n e c e s s a r y a s t h e p r o t e c ti o n s h o u l d o p e r a t e

The system's equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 5 Short circuit fault

In t he
a pctual t p roject,
l l he
t p ower
r ine
c ength,
s o che b ower c esistance
off capacity is given below:
l=5 km

X 0  0.35  km
2.6 Charging station

The charging station consists of:

 Distribution room provide power for the charging station equipment.
 M o n i t o r i n g a r e a s m o n i t o r t h e v a r i o u s c o n d i ti o n s i n t h e s t a ti o n t o
better management.
 Charging area is the parking area .
 When the battery of an electric vehicle runs out of power, it is used to replace
the battery.
25
  Battery maintenance and repair
I nt he
d aytime,
t p she ghotovoltaic
e t s ystem
t c enerates
p a lect

the e lectric
l i t soads ( n a l he etation p suchs es Tighting,
s quipmen

electricity charges the battery preferentially, then supply to the grid after the battery is full.

It i ps owered
b s b y atorage
n a t atteries
g i u a ats ight, end he rid

source at the same ti me. The capacity of energy storage system of the charging stati on is

1600 kWh. The photovoltaic capacity of vehicle shed is 14 * 28kW. The charging stati on is

equipped with five 60 kW DC charging piles, five 90 kW DC charging piles, three 120 kW DC

charging p a tiles,7 k A nd
c enp T W
c Ct nharging a p iles. o he apa

charging piles in the charging station can be determined according to the local actual needs.

According to the requirements of the project charging pile selected th

models:

Table 2.5 Basic parameters of charging piles

Models Power Maximum Output Rated Standby pow Factor
(kW) number of current voltage consumption
support (A) er
guns

60 kW DC 60 2 120 100 10 0.99

charging
piles
90 kW DC 90 2 380 250 8 0.99
charging
piles
120 k DW 120 C 2 380 300-750 5 0.99
charging
piles
7 k W A C7 1 220 32 3 0.99
charging
piles

3 System and equipment protection

3.1 Relay protection devices

B y c o n ti n u o u s l y m e a s u r i n g e l e c t r i c a l q u a n ti ti e s t h a t a r e d i ff e r e n t u n d e r n a t u r a

f a u l t c o n d i ti o n s , t h e P r o t e c ti v e R e l a y d e t e c t s i r r e g u l a r c o n d i ti o n s

Voltage, c f urrent, a p requency,

a a a e nd q hase t c ngle
s w re ll lec

there i a f s T fault. s the p aults f ignal

a p heir
t t p resence,r b orm,

changing one or m ore of these quanti ti e s. The relay closes the trip circuit of the breake

after d etecting
t f A a c he ault. t b s i o onsequence,
a t d c he reaker

is disconnected. There are several basic requirements for relay protection:

1. S e l e c ti v i t y : T h e d e f e n s i v e s y s t e m ' s a b i l i t y t o a c c u r a t e l y i d e n ti f y t h e

system that is malfunctioning and disconnect the defective part without disrupting

the rest of the system.

2. Speed: T r he
m elay s echanism
d t d hould
s a qisconnect
a he

possible. For the following reasons,

 I f e l e c t r i ca l e q ui p m e nt i s d e si g n e d to h ol d fa u l t c ur re nt s fo r a n exte n de d

period, it can be affected.

 A d e v i c e f a i l u r e r e s u l t s i n a s i g n i fi c a n t d r o p i n s y s t e m

defecti ve secti on is not disconnected as soon as possible, the low voltage

caused by the fault can cause consumers' motors to shut down and t

system's generators to become unstable.

 The h igh- sp eed relay system redu ces th e likelih ood of one for m of

progressing to a more serious one.

3. Sensitivity: This refers to the relay system's capacity to work with a small actuating
amount. The volt-amperes input to the coil of the relay required to allo

operate determines its sensiti vity. The more sensiti ve the relay is, the smaller the

v o l t- a m p e r e i n p u t n e e d e d t o a l l o w i t t o o p e r a t e . A s a r e s u l t , a 1 VA r e l a y h a s

h i g h e r s e n s i ti v i t y t h a n a 3 V A r e l a y . I t i s d e s i r a b l e t h a t t h

responsive enough to work with low volt-ampere input values.

27
 4. Simplicity: The relaying mechanism should be easy in order to be managed easily.

Simplicity and reliability are inextricably linked. The more st

security system, the more reliable it would be.

5. Reliability: The Protective Relay system's ability to function under pre-determined

conditions. The defense would be made largely ineffective and could even become

a liability if it lacked reliability.

Figure 6 Relay protection

3.1.1 The adjustment of the relay protection device

F o r t h e s y s t e m ' s p o w e r d i s t r i b u ti o n l i n e s , a ti m e - b o u n d o v e r c u r r e n

current break protection with instantaneous action are chosen.

For overcurrent safety, the current relay start-up current should avoid the line's maximum

load current to avoid the system in the line causing the maximum load current by incorrect

b e h a v i o r. T h e r e t u r n c u r r e n t o f t h e c u r r e n t r e l a y s h o u l d n o t b e l e s s t h a n t

current of the line in order to eliminate the device in the event of short circuit mis tripping.

Overcurrent protection action current adjustment calculation formula:

 f rel ⋅ f w
I oc = I (3.1)
f ℜ ⋅ f i L ⋅max
I f ⋅ min
Sop= (3.2)
I oc ⋅1

Calculated I oc =1.02 A ,
S0 p=223＞ 1.5

3.1.2 Selection of relay protection devices

(1) The choice of automatic recloser
The charging stati on is designed to be 10kV grade, according to the load level of the
c h a r g i n g s t a ti o n a n d t h e i n s t a l l a ti o n m o d e o f a u t o m a ti c r e c l o s e r o f t h
c o n d i ti o n s i s a r e c l o s e r, i n o rd e r to e n s u re t h a t t h e b u s v o l t a g e o n t h e o u t l e t l e d b y
d i s t r i b u ti o n a n d m e e t t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e f a s t c u t f a u l t , t h e r e c l o s e r w i t h t h e
protection i c n w onjunction
t u o t f ( T ith c ohei se m f hed 2) he
and measuring instrument
The system is planned as a small current grounding system because the system power
distribution line is short, and the voltage level and load properti es of the system are poor.
T h e s y s t e m m u s t b e fi tt e d w i t h a n i n s u l a ti o n m o n i t o r i n g d e v i c e t h a t c a
personnel to system failures and quickly correct the problem, ensuring the system's secure
and stable operati on. Figure 7 depicts the insulati on control device's wiring diagram. Th
confi gurati on wiring diagram of the measuring and energy metering meters of the power
distribution institute is shown in Figure 8 and Figure 9.

29
 Figure 7 Insulation monitor wiring diagram

Figure 8 power meter wiring diagram

Figure 9 measurement wiring diagram

3.2 High and low voltage side guide cables

3.2.1 Selection of high and low voltage bus

Depending o t r n p he elevant
o t s t arameters
s o t h f 1 he ystem,

side s election
b i 4 × us i s t 0mm
b m i 4mm,
L ( .e.,l v he 3 Tus odel

size of the 80V side bus is 40mm×4mm,i.e., the bus model is LMY-3 (40×4) and 40×4.

3.2.2 Selection and verification of the distribution

The l aying
m o t ethod
h ns ohet 1 igh-pressure
i o a t f ide
l f he

is to be selected as the LJ aluminum stranding wire.

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r i n c i p l e o f l i n e s e l e c ti o n , fi r s t o f a l l , a c c o r d i
conditions o t p f s he I 14=I 1 N ⋅T =18.2
brimary A and t
election, l he a yocal t mbient emp

of 2 0degre es C,the high-press ure feed line is propose d as the L J-1 6 alum inum stra

w i r e , t h e m o d e l i s r a t e d c r o s s - 2sw
,
eh
c tie no nt h1e6 m
e nmt r y w o r k i n g e n v i r o n m e n t

20degrees C, it, I al=110 A> I 14to meet the heating conditions.

L i n e m e c h a n i c a l s t r e n g t h v e r i fi c a ti o n : a ft e r d a t a r e v i e w , 1 0 k V s i d e o f t h

cross-section of the feed line, so according to the Amin  35mm heating conditions selected
2

model does not meet the conditions, so re-elected to LJ-35.

3.3 Design of lightning protection and grounding devices

3.3.1 Lightning protection

Lightning is a brief atmospheric discharge of tens to hundred

Amperes of electrical energy that passes through objects on their way to ground or on to

other objects on parallel paths to ground. A ground fault occurs when a h

ungrounded current-carrying conductor, such as the Hot / Line / Live

transformer, fails. Owing to a fault in the system, the power system (transm

voltage can reach 500 KV or 500, 000V) contacts the Earth Ground.
As a result, massive quantities of current can be pumped through the Earth's surface.

These fault currents can also produce conditi ons like those experienced during a lightning

strike. Since the atmospheric overvoltage caused by lightning can cause significant damage

to the electrical equipment in the power supply and distribution system, a lightning safety

d e v i c e i s m o u n t e d i n t h e p o w e r s u p p l y a n d d i s t r i b u ti o n s y s t e m t o e n s u r

operation o t e f ehe lectrical

i t s a quipment
m e nl he d tystem, v

lightning shock. A valve-type lightning protector installed in the

installed to protect the main transformer and other important electrical equipment, while

paying attention to the structural stability of the ground lead to ensure the conduction and

discharge capacity of the ground lead, and the main installation of lightning protection for

overhead lines.
31
3.3.2 Design of the grounding device

Ground resistance requirements: access to data to obtain the system power

distribution
office ground resistance should be R g ≤ 5 Ωsatisfied.
Calculated
V
R g= =5.1 Ω
I

The ground resistance of the system is therefore 5 Ω.

W h e n d e s i g n i n g a g r o u n d i n g s y s t e m f o r n e w i n s t a l l a ti o n s ( g r e e n fi e l d a p p l i c a

resisti vity is needed to meet the ground resistance requirements. In an ideal world, you'd

fi nd a spot with the least amount of oppositi on. More complex grounding systems can be

used to resolve poor soil conditions. Soil resistivity is affected by soil composition, moisture

content, and temperature. Soil resistivity varies geographically and at different depths, and

i t i s ra r e l y h o m o g e n e o u s . M o i st u r e c o nt e nt va r i e s a c c o r d i n g to t h e n a t u re o f t h e e a r

sublayers and the depth of the permanent water table, and it changes seasonally.
Grounding d d evice
c b m esign b t s an c e easured
i i c t yt he ystem

steel p i ipe
u a as g sed d s a i rounding
v w evice
ad ond
5 nstalled

a length of 2.7m and is laid in a ring around the building. The number of ground steel pipes

is 1 5,
t u he ctilization o t g oefficient
b i 0 df heb round
t g ody s

bodies is 5m,and the buried depth is 0.8m, medium  - ground body utilization coefficient
According to the following formula to verify whether it is qualified:
R g (1 )
n≥ (3. 7)
η Rg

ρ
R g ( 1) = (3. 8)
l
ρ = 2 π A R

where:

ρ = the average soil resistivity

depth A in ohm-cm.

π = 3.14

R = the measured resistance value in ohm from the test instrument.

l - The length of the ground body

Calculated
R g=4.456 Ω

Since the device is located on the Karachi Pakistan, lightning safety measures for the

system's electrical components should be implemented, with surge protectors mounted in

all a ctive
c onductors
t a m l of void
l s assivea t p ossesc i rom ightnin

electrically connected.

4 Conclusion

T h e d e s i g n o f a p h o t o v o l t a i c c h a r g i n g s t a ti o n f o r p o w e r d i s t r i b u ti o n

power generati on and relay protecti on, according to the design requirements and related

parameters provided by the teacher are completed.

The charging stati on is equipped with

fi ve 60 kw DC charging piles, fi ve 90 kw DC charging piles, three 120 kw dc charging piles,

33
and t 7en
k A c w p C F harging t s iles.i fi urthermore,
w ac c r he tation

that c t an t srack a ahe ti tation

b o i d t ny a w mea a b aseda an ts ynami

and a battery replacement area to assist users with electric vehicle energy storage systems.

F u r t h e r m o r e , s i n c e t h e c h a r g i n g s t a ti o n i n t h i s s t u d y i s l o c a t e d a t a h i g h a l ti t u d

Yunnan region, the system's lightning level has been modifi ed, as well as the selecti on of

suitable high-altitude lightning architecture, in order to avoid lightning attacks and the loss

of people's lives and property. With the current state of the energy situation, photovoltaic

c h a r g i n g s t a ti o n c o n s t r u c ti o n a n d i n v e s t m e n t w i l l d e v e l o p , a n d c h a r g i n g s t

design will gradually improve. This system is adjusted a

geographical location of Karachi, Pakistan.

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