Training Report MEPCO Multan

Submitted By:

Muhammad Shahid Javed (2K17-ELET-010)

Muhammad Bilal Khan (2K17-ELET-012)
Sift-e-Elahi (2K17-ELET-021)
Muhammad Nouman (2K17-ELET-039)

Supervised By:
Engr. Abdul Rauf

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

NFC INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, MULTAN

Training report in Multan Electric Power Company Multan

This thesis is presented by.
Muhammad Shahid Javed 2K17-ELET-010
Muhammad Bilal Khan 2K17-ELET-012
Sift-e-Elahi 2K17-ELET-021
Muhammad Nouman 2K17-ELET-039

Under the guidance of our supervisor, and approved by all the members of the
committee, has been presented to and accepted by the NFC Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Multan in fulfillment of the requirements of the four year degree of BS
Electrical Engineering Technology.

_______________________________________ __________________________________________

Engr. Abdul Rauf Khan Dr. Kamran Liaqat Bhatti

(Program IN-Charge) (Head of Department)
(Electrical Engineering)

Date: __________________
 TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

Certificate of Internship Letter

It is certified that

Name Roll No.

Muhammad Shahid Javed 2K17-ELET-010

Muhammad Bilal Khan 2K17-ELET-012

Sift-e-Elahi 2K17-ELET-021

Muhammad Nouman 2K17-ELET-039

Students of B.S Electrical Engineering & Technology from NFC Institute of

Engineering & Technology Multan has done internship report in our organization.

We will wish him best of luck in feature.

___________________

Rana Muhammad Sarfaraz

Asstt. Director (T&MP)
MEPCO H/Qs Multan
 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

Name Roll No.

Muhammad Shahid Javed 2K17-ELET-010
Muhammad Bilal Khan 2K17-ELET-012
Sift-e-Elahi 2K17-ELET-021
Muhammad Nouman 2K17-ELET-039

Industrial Training Course: BS Electrical Engineering Technology

Training Period: 16 Weeks
Training Organization: Multan Electric Power Company Multan
 Acknowledgement

First of all, I will like to thank Allah, who blessed us with ability and wisdom to
complete this project. Especially, thanks to MEPCO who provided us an opportunity of
enhancing our professional experience and their members and especially workers so that
they have cooperated with us. I also want to thanks to my worthy teachers, then I
thankful to staff who cooperated with me.
 Abstract
Now a days everything up on the power. So, give reliable supply to the consumer. In
distribution systems one of the major parts is “Substations”. An electrical substation is a
subsidiary station of an electricity, generation, transmission & distribution where voltage
is transformed from high to low level & vice versa. Supply the regular maintenance &
checking is necessary from that we conclude weather it is suitable or not for the desired
operation.

Concepts we build by studying theory in classroom, & dimensions while observing &
analyzing the activities in real world. Practical internship and research work on Technical
studies is an integral part of BS Electrical Engineering Technology program. To become
an expert to understand all concerning issues concerning Ethics, only theoretical
knowledge does not provide a concrete base. Research work, report writing, internship
reports also considered a significant task along with theoretical knowledge therefore we
were assigned a visit report on 132KV Grid Station MEPCO Multan, so that we gain a
clear insight of the real world.
Table of Content
Chapter No.1...........................................................................12
Backgrounds of Training Organization...............................12
1.1 Introduction..................................................................................................12
1.2 Inputs and Outputs of MEPCO..........................................................................12
1.2.1 Inputs.....................................................................................................................................13
1.2.2 Outputs..................................................................................................................................13
1.3 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF MEPCO..........................................13
1.4 MEPCO Jurisdiction Map.................................................................................15
1.5 Objectives Of Studying The Organization........................................................15
1.6 Mission..............................................................................................................16
1.7 MEPCO Organizational Chart...........................................................................16
Chapter No 02.........................................................................17
Schedule of Training & Duties as Trainee...........................17
2.1 Schedule of Training.........................................................................................22
2.2 Duties as a trainee..............................................................................................22
Chapter No 3...........................................................................23
Working Experience...............................................................23
3.1 Get Hands-on Electrical Training...................................23
3.2 Problems encountered during training...............................................................23
3.3 Problem solving process approach....................................................................23
3.3.1 Impact of Power Quality Problems.......................................................................................23
3.3.2 Voltage surges/spikes............................................................................................................23
3.3.3 Voltage Dips..........................................................................................................................24
3.3.4 Under voltages.......................................................................................................................24
3.4 Productivity can be further enhanced in a giving system..................................24
3.5 Safety works at grid station...............................................................................24
3.5.1 Safety standards contain requirements for............................................................................25
3.6 Rules to provide.................................................................................................25
3.6.1 Rule no. 1 (Clearance)...........................................................................................................25
3.6.2 Rule no. 2 (Minimum height)................................................................................................25
3.6.3 Rule no. 3 (Illumination).......................................................................................................26
3.6.4 Rule no. 4 (Passageways)......................................................................................................26
3.6.5 Rule no. 5 (Evacuation routes)..............................................................................................26
 3.6.6 Rule no. 6 (Grounding, as always):-......................................................................................26
3.7 Grid and the Sub Station....................................................................................26
3.7.1 Advantages of the Grid System.............................................................................................27
3.7.2 Disadvantages of the Grid System....................................................................................27
3.8 Single Line Diagram of 132KV Grid Station Multan.......................................28
3.9 Functions of a Grid Station................................................................................28
3.10 Grid Station Equipment’s................................................................................29
3.11 Power Transformers........................................................................................29
3.11.1 Power Transformer Design.................................................................................................30
3.11.2 Power Transformer Specifications......................................................................................32
3.11.3 Power Transformer Applications........................................................................................32
3.11.4 Tests of Power Transformer................................................................................................32
3.12 CURRENT TRANSFORMER........................................................................33
3.12.1 Properties of current transformer........................................................................................33
3.12.2 Testing of Current Transformer..........................................................................................34
3.13 Potential transformer.......................................................................................34
3.13.1 Need potential transformer..................................................................................................35
3.13.2 Test of Potential Transformer..............................................................................................35
3.14 Conductors.......................................................................................................35
3.15 Insulators.........................................................................................................36
3.16 Isolators...........................................................................................................37
3.16.1 Test of isolator.....................................................................................................................37
3.17 Bus bars...........................................................................................................37
3.18 Lightning Arrester...........................................................................................38
3.18.1 Test of Lightning Arresters.................................................................................................39
3.19 Circuit Breakers...............................................................................................39
3.19.1 SF6 Circuit Breaker..............................................................................................................39
3.19.2 Test of Circuit Breaker........................................................................................................40
3.20 Some important protection relays....................................................................40
3.20.1 Over current relay................................................................................................................40
3.20.2 Over Voltage Relay.............................................................................................................41
3.20.3 Distance Relay.....................................................................................................................41
3.20.3.1 Distance Protection Relay for Transmission Lines......................................................42
3.20.4 Electromagnetic relay..........................................................................................................42
3.21 Function of Relay............................................................................................43
3.22 Earthing Switch...............................................................................................45
3.22.1 Technical Features...............................................................................................................45
 3.23 Battery Room...................................................................................................46
3.23.1 Used of battery in sub-station..............................................................................................46
3.24 Other grid related Testing................................................................................47
3.24.1 Test of power transformer:..................................................................................................47
3.24.2 Test of 132kv C.B...............................................................................................................47
3.24.3 Test of 132kv CTS..............................................................................................................47

Chapter No. 04........................................................................48

Conclusion...............................................................................................................48
Reference.................................................................................49
Table of Figures
Figure 1.2 MEPCO Jurisdiction Map.............................................................................................................15
Figure 1.3 MEPCO Organization Chart.........................................................................................................16
Figure 3.4 Single Line Diagram.....................................................................................................................28
Figure 3.5 Power Transformer.......................................................................................................................30
Figure 3.6 Power Transformer Design...........................................................................................................31
Figure 3.7 Current Transformer.....................................................................................................................33
Figure 3.8 Potential Transformer...................................................................................................................35
Figure 3.9 Conductors....................................................................................................................................36
Figure 3.10 Insulators.....................................................................................................................................36
Figure 3.11 Isolator........................................................................................................................................37
Figure 3.12 Bus Bars......................................................................................................................................38
Figure 3.13 Lightning Arrester.......................................................................................................................38
Figure 3.14 SF6 Circuit Breaker....................................................................................................................39
Figure 3.15 Relay Process..............................................................................................................................40
Figure 3.16 Over Current Relay.....................................................................................................................41
Figure 3.17 Over Voltage Relay.....................................................................................................................41
Figure 3.18 Distance Relay............................................................................................................................42
Figure 3.19 Distance relay..............................................................................................................................42
Figure 3.20 Electromagnetic Relay................................................................................................................43
Figure 3.21 Relay Panel................................................................................................................................44
Figure 3.22 Earthing Switch...........................................................................................................................45
Figure 3.23 Battery Room..............................................................................................................................46

Table
Table 1.2 Operation Circles............................................................................................................................18
Table 1.3 G.S.O Circles..................................................................................................................................19
Table 1.4 Grid Station....................................................................................................................................19
Table 1.5 Power Transformer.........................................................................................................................19
Table 1.6 Length of Transmission Line.........................................................................................................20
Chapter No.1

Backgrounds of Training Organization

1.1 Introduction

Multan Electric Power Company Limited is a public limited company

incorporated in Pakistan. The Company was established to take over all the
properties, rights, assets, obligations and liabilities of Multan Area electricity
Board (MAEB) owned by Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority
(WAPDA) and such other assets and liabilities as agreed.
The Company got the certificate of incorporation of business on 14th May, 1998
and the certificate of commencement of business on 01 July, 1998. After that the
company started the commercial operations, the principal activity of the company
is distribution and supply of electricity to public within defined geographical
boundaries.
The Company also provides the Electricity in rural areas, under the project called
“Village Electrification and European Commission “Through these projects’
electricity has been provided in mostly rural areas.
MEPCO's area of responsibility covers Multan, Khanewal, Sahiwal, Pakpattan,
Bahawalnager, Lodhran, Bahawalpur, R.Y. Khan, Vehari, Muzaffargarh, D.G.
Khan, Layyah, and Rajanpur.

1.2 Inputs and Outputs of MEPCO

MEPCO Multan Electric Power Company is an electricity distributing company

that distributes electricity. Multan Electric Power Company buys electricity from
either WAPDA the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority and
NEPRA or produce their own electricity by using thermal power station and
distributes it to the consumers through grids and power stations.
1.2.1 Inputs
The inputs of MEPCO includes the raw form of electricity coming from the
power stations and WAPDA and the purchased electricity from NEPRA. The then
distribute this electricity throughout the Multan division.

1.2.2 Outputs

The output of MEPCO is the processed form of electricity that is in the state of
distribution and is distributed through grid stations and transformer. They
distribute this electricity through out Multan division to various sub divisions.

1.3 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF MEPCO

It comprises of the following eight (08) distribution Operation Circles as detailed

below:-

Table 1.2 Operation Circles

Operation Circles

1 Multan Circle 6 Divisions / 33 Sub Divisions

2 D.G Khan Circle 3 Divisions /12 Sub Divisions

3 Vehari Circle 3 Divisions /13 Sub Divisions

4 Bahawalpur Circle 3 Divisions / 17 Sub Divisions

5 Sahiwal Circle 4 Divisions /18 Sub Divisions

6 R.Y. Khan Circle 3 Divisions /15 Sub Divisions

7 Muzaffargarh 3 Divisions /16 Sub Divisions

8 Bahawalnagar Circle 3 Divisions / 13 Sub Divisions

Table 1.3 G.S.O Circles

G.S.O Circles 6 Divisions

1. Multan Circle

2. Sahiwal Circle

Table 1.4 Grid Station

Grid Station
1 132/11KV 74 Nos.
2 66/11KV 30 Nos.
3 Consumer Grid 07 Nos.
(132/11KV=04,
220/132/11KV=01)
Total 111

Table 1.5 Power Transformer

POWER TRANSFORMERS

1. 132/66KV. 13

2. 132/11KV 127

3. 66/11KV 44
184

Total
Total installed Capacity 2858MVA

Table 1.6 Length of Transmission Line

Length of Transmission Lines

1.132 KV 2809KM
2. 66 KV 1479 KM

HT/LT LINES
a) 11KV Feeders 821Nos.
b) Length of 11KV Lines 53353.309KM
c) Length of LT Lines 32183.324KM
d) Transformers (Different Capacity) 89074 Nos.

1.4 MEPCO Jurisdiction Map

Figure 1.1 MEPCO Jurisdiction Map

1.5 Objectives Of Studying The Organization

1. To play an active role to make “SarSabaz and Roshan” Pakistan
2. To facilitate agriculture and industrial sector
3. To ensure un-interrupted & stable power supply to all our customers
4. State-of-art customer care for entire satisfaction of customers
5. To provide electricity to every village in jurisdiction of company
6. To establish, construct and operate reliable electricity distribution network
1.6 Mission

To ensure convenient availability of high quality power in area of responsibility,

in order to alleviate the poverty, improve quality of life and make the Industrial
and Agriculture Sector competitive in the World Market.

1.7 MEPCO Organizational Chart

Figure 1.2 MEPCO Organization Chart

Chapter No 02

Schedule of Training & Duties as Trainee

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING LOG BOOK

TRAINING INFORMATION (Personal Details)

Student Name : Muhammad Shahid Javed
Student Roll No. : 2K17-ELET-010
House # 870,Street # 3, Shah Town
Address :
Phase 2, Multan.
Email : Shahidj763@gmail.com
BS Electrical Engineering
Course of Study :
Technology
Year/Semester of Study : 4 year study
Training Start Date : 03-03-2021
Training End Date : 02-07-2021

Address : MEPCO Multan

Contact Person : Chief Executive MEPCO

Contact Number : 061-9210380
 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING LOG BOOK

TRAINING INFORMATION (Personal Details)

Student Name : Muhammad Bilal Khan Niazi

Student Roll No. : 2K17-ELET-012
PO/BOX, Khas Bohar, Tehsil
Address :
Multan, Dist.Multan.
Email : niazibilalkhan29@gmail.com
BS Electrical Engineering
Course of Study :
Technology
Year/Semester of Study : 4 year study
Training Start Date : 03-03-2021
Training End Date : 02-07-2021

Address : MEPCO Multan

Contact Person : Chief Executive MEPCO

Contact Number : 061-9210380
 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING LOG BOOK

TRAINING INFORMATION (Personal Details)

Student Name : Sift-e-Elahi

Student Roll No. : 2K17-ELET-021
Shadman Colony, Near Multan High
Address :
Court, Multan.
Email : mesifty@gmail.com
BS Electrical Engineering
Course of Study :
Technology
Year/Semester of Study : 4 year study
Training Start Date : 03-03-2021
Training End Date : 02-07-2021

Address : MEPCO Multan

Contact Person : Chief Executive MEPCO

Contact Number : 061-9210380
 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING LOG BOOK

TRAINING INFORMATION (Personal Details)

Student Name : Muhammad Nouman

Student Roll No. : 2K17-ELET-039
Street # 15, Muhallah Khawaja
Address : Gareeb Nawaz, Near 132kv Grid
Stadium Vehari Chowk Multan.
Email : Chaudhrynouman786@gmail.com
BS Electrical Engineering
Course of Study :
Technology
Year/Semester of Study : 4 year study
Training Start Date : 03-03-2021
Training End Date : 02-07-2021

Address : MEPCO Multan

Contact Person : Chief Executive MEPCO

Contact Number : 061-9210380
 Daily Training Log

Training Week: 16 Weeks

Date Time Assignment Given

Overview Grid and the Sub Station
03-03-2021 08:00 AM
Power Transformers
To To
02-07-2021 05:00 PM Operation of Circuit Breaker, Isolator etc.
Operation of Protection Relays
2.1 Schedule of Training

1. Training duty was assigned in general duty with timing from 08:00 hrs. to
14:00 hrs. Having lunch break from 11:30 hrs.to 12:00 hrs.
2. Regular Morning Meeting of SS&T Grid station held on every schedule
day at 08:30 hrs. This is supervised by the SS&T SSO-I in which every
operation is discussed with relevant department with Standard Operating
Procedure (SOP) with full safety.
3. After meeting, each maintenance department follows the routine with
having permits on online replacement like Relays , Breakers C.T’s
&P.T’s. Permit is issued by the safety controller and isolation is done by
the designated person which is from operation department.

4. After the work by the maintenance team, isolation is removed by the

operation department and checks the replacing or repairing equipment
whether working properly or not. If working is fine then permit is
cancelled by the safety controller.

2.2 Duties as a trainee

1. In SS&T, I recorded the feeders reading in every hours. I examine the

Active Power, Reactive Power, Power Factor, Inductive/Capacitive,
Incoming, outgoing, and relays reading, Overall voltages an transformer
reading. Also includes to turn on/off feeders and when the feeders trips
due to any fault then again on the feeders for continuity of supply.
2. In M&T-I, I learned about different types of meter like old meter
electromechanical, today usage meter like digital meter & new meter like
LT/HT or 3 phase digital, GSM and MDI meter, and learns about their
construction and their working processing/reading.
3. In T&I , how the test is performed on the different equipment’s in the grid
stations
4. In the construction division, visit different sites that how the lines are run
to the consumers end and how the line conductor are replaced. How the
lines are tighten on the poles.
Chapter No 3

Working Experience

3.1 Get Hands-on Electrical Training

This Electrical training system covers the basic concepts of electricity, electrical
measurements, and circuit analysis. This system includes various industrial
quality components including a circuit module assembly, breaker module
assembly, fuse module assembly, circuit breaker module assembly, and much
more! This system also includes a heavy-duty workstation with built-in power
supply that allows learners to easily connect components and build hands-on
skills.

3.2 Problems encountered during training

1. According to MEPCO (Multan Electric Power Company), the grid station

had a technical malfunction due to which the electricity was suspended in
some areas.
2. Feeder Incoming Cable is burst which cut off the in many areas.
3. Sources told that hot and muggy weather is overloading the system and
causing the technical glitches.

3.3 Problem solving process approach

3.3.1 Impact of Power Quality Problems

Without the proper power, an electrical device may malfunction, fail prematurely
or not operate at all. There are many ways in which electric power can be of poor
quality and many more causes of such poor quality power. Some of the most
common power supply problems and their likely effect on sensitive equipment

3.3.2 Voltage surges/spikes

 Voltage surges/spikes are the opposite of dips – a rise that may be nearly
instantaneous (spike) or takes place over a longer duration (surge). A voltage
surge takes place when the voltage is 110% or more above normal. The most
common cause is heavy electrical equipment being turned off. Under these
conditions, computer systems and other high tech equipment can experience
flickering lights, equipment shutoff, errors or memory loss. Possible Solutions are
surge suppressors, voltage regulators, uninterruptable power supplies, power
conditioners.

3.3.3 Voltage Dips

Short duration under-voltages are called “Voltage Sags” or “Voltage Dips [IEC]”.
Voltage sag is a reduction in the supply voltage magnitude followed by a voltage
recovery after a short period of time. The major cause of voltage dips on a supply
system is a fault on the system, i.e. sufficiently remote electrically that a voltage
interruption does not occur. Other sources are the starting of large loads and,
occasionally, the supply of large inductive loads.

3.3.4 Under voltages

Excessive network loading, loss of generation, incorrectly set transformer taps

and voltage regulator malfunctions, causes under voltage. Loads with a poor
power factor or a general lack of reactive power support on a network also
contribute. Under voltage can also indirectly lead to overloading problems as
equipment takes an increased current to maintain power output (e.g. motor loads)

3.4 Productivity can be further enhanced in a giving system

A system can be improved by using good quality equipment. They can be use
carefully and their maintained can be done monthly.
3.5 Safety works at grid station
 The main mission of all these regulations is safeguarding of personnel from
hazards arising from the installation, maintenance or operation of substation
equipment.

3.5.1 Safety standards contain requirements for

1. Enclosure of electrical equipment

2. Rooms and spaces
3. Illumination
4. Floors, floor openings, passageways, stairs Exits
5. Installation of equipment Protective grounding Guarding live parts
6. Working space above electrical equipment
7. Specific rules for installation of all typical substation equipment.

3.6 Rules to provide

Substation safety rules are following:

3.6.1 Rule no. 1 (Clearance)

Enough clearance from energized parts should be provided to avoid accidental

contact with them. If that can’t be met, live parts should be guarded or enclosed.

3.6.2 Rule no. 2 (Minimum height)

A minimum height from the ground to any ungrounded part of an electrical

installation should be 8’-6”, so a person staying on the ground can’t touch a
substation element or its part which may become energized accidentally.
For example, the bottom of a post insulator supporting an energized bus
does not normally have any potential.
However, if bus flashover to the ground over insulator occurs, touching the
bottom of the insulator may become unsafe. That’s why an 8’-6” distance from
the bottom of insulator to the ground should be provided.
3.6.3 Rule no. 3 (Illumination)

There should be sufficient illumination for personnel to clearly see their

surroundings and perform any work safely. Required illumination levels
are specified in grid.

3.6.4 Rule no. 4 (Passageways)

All passageways and stairs should be wide enough for personnel to navigate them
safely, adequate railing should be provided, and floor openings should have
guard rails.

3.6.5 Rule no. 5 (Evacuation routes)

Exits should be clearly marked and evacuation routes should be free from
obstructions. Depending on the function of the building (for example, control
house), it may require several exits to avoid personnel being trapped during
equipment fault, fire, etc.

3.6.6 Rule no. 6 (Grounding, as always):-

All substation metallic structures, fences, and equipment tanks should be

connected to a station ground grid which should be designed to ensure that step
and touch potential values are lower than the ones stipulated in the applicable
standards.
3.7 Grid and the Sub Station

An electrical power substation is a conversion point between transmission level

voltages (such as 500KV) and distribution level voltages (such as 11KV). A
substation has one or more step- down transformers and serves a regional area
such as part of a city or neighborhood. Substations are connected to each other by
the transmission ring circuit system by equipments. An electrical grid station is an
 interconnection point between two transmission ring circuits, often between two
geographic regions. They might have a transformer, depending on the possibly
different voltages, so that the voltage levels can be adjusted as needed.

The interconnected network of sub stations is called the grid, and may ultimately
represent an entire multi-state region. In this configuration, loss of a small section,
such as loss of a power station, does not impact the grid as a whole, nor does it
impact the more localized neighborhoods, as the grid simply shifts its power flow
to compensate, giving the power station operator the opportunity to effect repairs
without having a blackout.

3.7.1 Advantages of the Grid System

1. Any time electricity is available for the consumers at lower cost.

2. Flow of electrical energy is continuous and sure.
3. It is possible to fulfill the emergency demand of power.
4. Better regulation of the voltages.
5. Improved power factor
6. It is possible to govern the generator according to the load.
7. Safe transmission system.
8. Reduced fault timings.
9. Controlled frequency range.

3.7.2 Disadvantages of the Grid System

1. Cost of the control system is increased and their maintenance is

complicated.
2. Power system is affected from the environmental factors.
3. This system is unsafe during the war.
4. Extended system is going to complexity.
5. Due to the expensive equipment’s, additional load occurred on the
consumers.
6. During short circuit condition it is impossible to maintain the continuity of
 power.
7. High initial and maintenance cost.
8. During load shedding, capacity of industries connected with the grid is
reduced which cause to industrial development problem.
9. For maintenance, qualified staff is required and for that reason our country
has to spend more money to call expert engineers from other countries.

3.8 Single Line Diagram of 132KV Grid Station Multan

Figure 3.3 Single Line Diagram

3.9 Functions of a Grid Station

A Grid Station has the following functions…

1. Supply of required electrical power.
2. Maximum possible coverage of the supply network.
 3. Maximum security of supply.
4. Shortest possible fault-duration.
5. Optimum efficiency of plants and the network.
6. Supply of electrical power within targeted frequency limits, (49.5Hz and
50.5 Hz).
7. Supply of electrical power within specified voltage limits.
8. Supply of electrical energy to the consumers at the lowest cost.

3.10 Grid Station Equipment’s

The substation is an assembly of the following major electrical equipment’s:

1. Electrical Power transformers (auto transformer)
2. Current Transformer
3. Potential Transformer
4. Conductors& Insulators
5. Isolators
6. Bus bars
7. Lightning arresters
8. Circuit breakers
9. Relays
10. Capacitor banks
11. Earthling Switch

3.11 Power Transformers

The Power transformer is a one kind of transformer, that is used to transfer

electrical energy in any part of the electrical or electronic circuit between the
generator and the distribution primary circuits. These transformers are used in
distribution systems to interface step up and step down voltages. The common
type of power transformer is liquid immersed and the life span of these
transformers is around 30 years. Power transformers can be classified into three
 types based on the ranges. They are small power transformers, medium power
transformers and large power transformers.
1. The range of small power transformers can be from 500-7500kVA
2. The range of medium power transformers can be from -100MVA
3. The range of large power transformers can be from 100MVA & beyond

Figure 3.4 Power Transformer

These transformers transform the voltage. It holds a low voltage, high current
circuit at one side of the transformer and on the other side of the transformer it
holds high voltage low current circuit. Power transformer depends on the principle
of Faradays induction. They describe the power system into zones where every
gear connected to the system is sized per the ratings set by the power transformer.

3.11.1 Power Transformer Design

The skeleton of the power transformer is designed with metal which is laminated
by sheets. It is fixed into either a core type or shell type. The skeletons of the
transformer are wound and connected using conductors to make three 1-phase or
one 3-phase transformer. Three 1-phase transformer requires each bank isolated
from the additional and thus offer continuity of service when one bank flops. A
single 3phase transformer, whether the shell or core type, will not function even
with one bank out of service. The 3-phase transformer is inexpensive to make and
it has a smaller footprint, and functions comparatively with higher efficiency.

Figure 3.5 Power Transformer Design

The skeleton of the transformer is absorbed in a fire retardant protecting oil inside
a tank. The conservatory on top of the oil tank lets for the increasing oil to fall
into it. The charger of the load taps to the side of the tank changes the no of turns
on the high voltage-low current winding for superior voltage regulation. The
bushings of the tank permit for conductors to carefully enter and exit the tank
without stimulating the outer shell. The power transformer can be worked beyond
its small rating as long as it stays within the 65ºC rise of the temperature. To
allow the above nominal operation, transformers are built-in with fans that cools
the core of the transformer to a point below the indicated temperature.
3.11.2 Power Transformer Specifications

Power transformers can be designed as either a single phase or a three phase

configuration. There are numerous important specifications to identify when
searching for power transformers. The specifications of power transformer
include a maximum power rating, maximum secondary current rating, maximum
voltage rating and o/p type. Power transformer specifications mainly include
1. Phase is 3Ø
2. Frequency if 60Hz,50Hz
3. Primary Voltage is 22.9 kV
4. Secondary Voltage is 6.6/3.3 kV
5. Tap Voltage 23.9-R22.9-21.9-20.9-19.9kV
6. Vector Dd0, Dyn11, etc.

3.11.3 Power Transformer Applications

1. Power transformers are used in the high voltage transmission network to

step up and step down the voltage. These transformers are generally used
for the purpose of transmission of heavy loads.

2. These transformers are big in size compared with distribution

transformers, that are used in producing station and transmission
substation. Power transformers are used in the transmission n/w. So they
do not connect directly connect to the consumers. So load fluctuations of
transformer are less.

3. These transformers are used as a step up devices for transmission, so that

the I2r loss can be reduced to a specified power flow.

3.11.4 Tests of Power Transformer

1. Megger (Insulation Resistance)

2. C&DF (Capacitance & Dissipation Factor)
 3. Bushing CTs Ratio
4. TTR (Transformer Turn Ratio)
5. Open Circuit
6. Short Circuit
7. Winding Resistance
8. DES (Di-Electric Strength) of Oil
9. Vector Group Verification

3.12 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

The Current Transformer ( C.T. ), is a type of “instrument transformer” that is

designed to produce an alternating current in its secondary winding which is
proportional to the current being measured in its primary. Current transformers
reduce high voltage currents to a much lower value and provide a convenient way
of safely monitoring the actual electrical current flowing in an AC transmission
line using a standard ammeter. The principal of operation of a basic current
transformer is slightly different from that of an ordinary voltage transformer.

Figure 3.6 Current Transformer

3.12.1 Properties of current transformer

1. In C.T primary side winding will be thin wire which results having low
 rotation.
2. In C.T secondary side winding will be thick wire which results having
high rotation.
3. The C.T system can reduce the current which can be required the meters
and relays.
4. In C.T system the secondary side cannot be opened. If secondary side is
opened than heavy voltage will be produced and they cause to damage or
blast the C.T.

3.12.2 Testing of Current Transformer

1. Megger (Insulation Resistance)

2. C&DF (Capacitance & Dissipation Factor)
3. Ratio Test
4. Hi-Pot Test
5. Winding Resistance Test
6. Knee Point (Magnetization Curve)

3.13 Potential transformer

Potential transformer or voltage transformer gets used in electrical power system

for stepping down the system voltage to a safe value which can be fed to low
ratings meters and relays. Commercially available relays and meters used for
protection and metering, are designed for low voltage. This is a simplest form of
potential transformer definition. Voltage transformers (VT), also called potential
transformers (PT), are a parallel connected type of instrument transformer. They
are designed to present negligible load to the supply being measured and have an
accurate voltage ratio and phase relationship to enable accurate secondary
connected metering.
 Figure 3.7 Potential Transformer

3.13.1 Need potential transformer

While a potential transformer (PT) used to reduce the voltage to lower values and
to provide isolation between high voltage power network and the relays and the
other instruments that are connected to their secondary’s. CT is used for current
measurement and PT is used for voltage measurement.

3.13.2 Test of Potential Transformer

1. Megger (Insulation Resistance)

2. C&DF (Capacitance & Dissipation Factor)

3. Ratio Test

4. Winding Resistance Test

3.14 Conductors

The material or object that obeys the electrical property conductance (mostly
made of metals such as aluminum and copper) and that allows the flow of electric
charge is called conductor. Conductors permit free movement of the flow of
 electrons through them. These are used for the transmission of power or electrical
energy from one place (generating station) to another place (consumer point
where power is consumed by the loads) through substations. Conductors are of
different types and mostly aluminum conductors are preferred in practical power
systems.

Figure 3.8 Conductors

3.15 Insulators

The metal which does not allow free movement of electrons or electric charge is
called as an insulator. Hence, insulators resist electricity with their high resisting
property. There are different types of insulators such as suspension type, strain
type, stray type, shackle, pin type and so on.

Figure 3.9 Insulators

A few types of insulators are shown in the above figure. Insulators are used for
insulation purpose while erecting electric poles with conductors to avoid short
circuit and for requirements.
3.16 Isolators

Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch that isolates the faulty section
or the section of a conductor or a part of a circuit of substation meant for repair
from a healthy section in order to avoid occurrence of more severe faults. Hence,
it is also called as a disconnector or disconnecting switch. There are different
types of isolators used for different applications such as single-break isolator,
double break isolator, bus isolator, line isolator, etc.

Figure 3.10 Isolator

3.16.1 Test of isolator

1. Megger(insulation Resistance
2. Hi-Pot
3. Contact Resistance

3.17 Bus bars

In RYK switch yard there are two 132 KV bus bars. By using these bus bars
export and import electric power to WAPDA. The main purpose of installing two
bus bars is that if any fault occurs in one bus bar then we can use second bus bar
without interrupting our power supply. And if we want to does maintenance work
so we also use second bus bar.
 Figure 3.11 Bus Bars
These are different types like single bus, double bus and ring bus.

3.18 Lightning Arrester

A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems and

telecommunications systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the
system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester
has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal.

Figure 3.12 Lightning Arrester

3.18.1 Test of Lightning Arresters

1. Megger (Insulation Resistance)

2. Hi-pot

3.19 Circuit Breakers

For the protection of substation and its components from the over currents or
overload due to short circuit or any other fault the faulty section is disconnected
from the healthy section either manually or automatically. If once the fault is
rectified, then again the original circuit can be rebuilt by manually or
automatically. Different types of circuit breakers are designed based on different
criteria and usage.

3.19.1 SF6 Circuit Breaker

A circuit breaker in which the current carrying contacts operate in Sulphur gases
known as an SF6 circuit breaker. SF6 has excellent insulating property. SF6 has
high electro-negativity. That means it has high affinity of absorbing free electron.
Whenever a free electron collides with the SF6 gas molecule, it is absorbed by that
gas molecule and forms a negative ion.

Figure 3.13 SF6 Circuit Breaker

3.19.2 Test of Circuit Breaker

1. Megger (Insulation Resistance)

2. Hi-pot
3. Timming
4. Contact resistance
5. SF6 Gas Purity + Dew Point

3.20 Some important protection relays

A protection relay is a smart device that receives inputs, compares them to set
points,. Inputs can be current, voltage, resistance, or temperature. Outputs can
include visual feedback in the form of indicator lights and/or an alphanumeric
display, communications, control warnings, alarms, and turning power off and on.
A diagram answering the question what is a protection relay is shown below.

Figure 3.14 Relay Process

3.20.1 Over current relay

A relay that operates or picks up when it's current exceeds a predetermined value
(setting value) is called Overcurrent Relay. Overcurrent protection protects
electrical power systems against excessive currents which are caused by short
circuits, ground faults, etc.
 Figure 3.15 Over Current Relay

3.20.2 Over Voltage Relay

Over voltage protection is a power supply feature which shuts down the supply, or
clamps the output, when the voltage exceeds a preset level. Most power supplies
use an over-voltage protection circuit to prevent damage to the electronic
components.

Figure 3.16 Over Voltage Relay

3.20.3 Distance Relay

There is one type of relay which functions depending upon the distance of fault in
the line. More specifically, the relay operates depending upon the impedance
between the point of fault and the point where relay is installed. These relays are
known as distance relay or impedance relay.
 Figure 3.17 Distance Relay

3.20.3.1 Distance Protection Relay for Transmission Lines

Figure 3.18 Distance relay

The 7SA522 incorporates several protective functions usually required for
transmission line protection. These are
1. High-resistance earth fault protection
2. Phase over current protection
3. STUB bus over current stage
4. Overvoltage protection
5. Automatic re-closure
6. Synchro check
7. Circuit breaker failure protection

3.20.4 Electromagnetic relay

A relay is an electromagnetic switch operated by a relatively small electric current

that can turn on or off a much larger electric current. The heart of a relay is an
 electromagnet (a coil of wire that becomes a temporary magnet when electricity
flows through it)

Figure 3.19 Electromagnetic Relay

3.21 Function of Relay

A relay performs three functions.

1. Sensing
2. Comparing
3. Tripping

It senses the “fault”. This is done by the relay to “respond” to the change if any, in
the currents passing through it.
It compares the current through it with the designed value of current. It responds
only if the current through it is different from its designed current rating.
If the current through it is different from its designed current rating, it sends
information to the circuit breaker for tripping.
Figure 3.20 Relay Panel
3.22 Earthing Switch

The Earthing Switch is a manually operated device with safety interlocking

keys, designed to ground electrical circuit on both side of AC Vacuum Circuit
Breaker when the AC Vacuum Circuit Breaker is open. This ensures the
safety of the maintenance personnel during maintenance and routine
checking.

Figure 3.21 Earthing Switch

3.22.1 Technical Features

1. Compact design.
2. Rugged construction with proven performance under severe operating
condition of the Electric Traction Vehicle.
3. Minimum maintenance requirement.
4. Manually operated from inside the vehicle.
5. Interlocking with KEY arrangement for safe operation.
6. Ensure high Electrical and Mechanical Endurance.
3.23 Battery Room

Batteries are very important part of the grid. It works as a standby storage
device, that provides D.C power to the grid’s dc supply equipment in case of
failure of A.C supply. Different protection devices i.e relays, circuit breakers
and other control equipment of relay room, 11KV control room, 132KV
control room and yard operates on 110 D.C volt supply that is normally
supplied by a rectifier. In case of failure of A.C power batteries works as a
standby source of 110 D.C supply. No. of cells installed = 552 Volt/cell, 150
AH
1. Total Output Voltage = 110 Volt.
2. Recommended Float Voltage = 202 Volt/cell at 25 C
3. Recommended Boost Voltage = 2.4 Volt/cell, Minimum=2.8Volt/cell
Maximum Total Float Voltage = 121 Volt

Figure 3.22 Battery Room

3.23.1 Used of battery in sub-station

Storage battery system is used in emergency situation for the working of

electrical equipment’s:
1. To open and close the switch gear
2. For indication and control
3. Emergency lighting
4. Relay and interlocking equipment’s
 5. For working of alarm circuit.
3.24 Other grid related Testing

3.24.1 Test of power transformer:

1. IR (Insulation resistance or magger)

2. C&DF (Capacitance and Dissipation factor)
3. TTR (Transformer turn ratio)
4. Short Circuit
5. Open Circuit
6. Winding Resistance
7. DES of transformer oil

3.24.2 Test of 132kv C.B

1. Timing Test
2. Contact Resistance test
3. Gas Purity Test

3.24.3 Test of 132kv CTS

1. Current Stepdown
2. Protection
3. Metering
Chapter No. 04
Conclusion

Now from this report we can conclude that electricity plays an important role
in our life. We are made aware of how the transmission the transmission of
electricity is done. We too came to know about the various parts of the
substation system. The three wings of electrical system viz. generation,
transmission and distribution are connected to each other and that too very
perfectly.
Thus, for effective transmission and distribution a substation must:
1. Ensure steady state and transient stability.
2. Effective voltage control.
3. Prevention of loss of synchronism.
4. Reliable supply by feeding the network at various points.
5. Fault analysis improvement in respective field.
6. Establishment of economic load distribution.
Reference

 Backgrounds of Training Organization “Abdul Salam” (Substation

Operator Qasim Bagh Multan )
 Transformer “Abdul Salam” ( Substation Operator Qasim Bagh Multan)
 Protection Relays “Haroon” ( SDO T&I MEPCO Multan)