C ABOT SP E C I A LT Y F L U I D S F O RM ATE TECH N ICAL M AN UAL

CH EMIC AL AND PH Y S ICAL PR OPE R T IE S

Section A7
Thermophysical Properties

A7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................2

A7.2 Practical importance ..............................................................................2

A7.3 Coefficient of thermal conductivity ........................................................2

A7.3.1 Medium temperature range ............................................................3
A7.3.2 Lower temperature range (<10°C / 50°F) ........................................3
A7.3.3 Higher temperature range (>68°C / 150°F) .....................................3
A7.3.4 Pressure dependence . ...................................................................3

A7.4 Specific heat capacity . ..........................................................................4

A7.4.1 Medium temperature range ............................................................4
A7.4.2 Lower temperature range (<10°C / 50°F) ........................................4
A7.4.3 Higher temperature range (>70°C / 160°F) . ....................................5

References .......................................................................................................5

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 C ABO T S PE C I A LT Y F L U I D S FORMAT E T EC HNI C AL MANUA L

A7.1 Introduction
Heat can be transferred by three means: conduction,
convection, and radiation. Conduction and convection
are important properties in well operations.
When comparing the properties of two fluids,
higher heat transfer coefficients indicate a greater
ability to move heat.

• Conduction is the movement of heat through a A7.2 Practical importance

substance by the collision of molecules. Conductive
heat transfer occurs when two objects at different For drilling fluid applications, high thermal conductivity
temperatures are in contact with each other. and high specific heat capacity are favorable as
Heat flows from the warmer to the cooler object they contribute to lower bottom hole circulating
until they are both at the same temperature. temperatures. Low bottom hole circulating
• Convective heat transfer is usually the most temperatures provide the following benefits:
efficient heat transfer method in liquids and
gasses. Convection occurs when warmer bodies • Prevents exposure of logging / MWD tools to high
of a liquid or gas rise to cooler areas in the liquid temperatures
or gas. As this happens, cooler liquid or gas takes • Protects polymers from thermal degradation
the place of the warmer bodies which have risen • Allows quicker temperature equalization when
higher. This cycle results in a continuous circulation the well is left static, resulting in much faster well
pattern and heat is transferred to cooler areas. stabilization. This means that flow checks can be
completed in a shorter period
There are several dimensionless numbers used in
calculations of heat transfer in fluids: Water-based fluids, such as formate brines, have a
relatively high thermal conductivity and specific heat
• The Nusselt number (Nu) is a function of the pipe capacity. Therefore they are better than oil-based
diameter, the convective heat coefficient, and the muds at maintaining a low bottom hole circulating
fluid’s thermal conductivity. This number relates temperature. Field experience with formate-based
to the heat transfer properties of a specific fluid in drilling fluids has shown that they provide lower
a specific system. bottom hole circulating temperatures than OBMs
• The Prandtl number (Pr) is the number used to and, when the well is left static, the temperature
describe a fluid’s heat transfer properties and is a equalizes much quicker.
function of the fluid’s heat capacity, viscosity, and
thermal conductivity.
• The Reynolds number (Re) is a function of a
.U fluid’s
# 2EM density,
0R N viscosity, flowing velocity, and pipe
diameter. This number assists in defining a flow
regime for a specific fluid in a specific system.
M
.U  # 2EH$ 0R N
The.U following
 correlation applies:
K

M N
.U .U  #M2E
# 2E 0R N 0R (1)
H$
.U 
K
where
ρ$υ
2E  « H$
.U
H$
.U  K is the Nusselt number, (2)
K
ρ$υ
2E  «
is the Reynolds number, (3)

#P «
=  ρ$υ is the Prandtl number, and
0R 2E (4)
ρ$υK «
2E  «
Where:
#P «
h
0R = = convective heat transfer coefficient
K  1 D ™ , K! ™= Δ4internal
pipe diameter
# «
k 0R = P = coefficient of thermal conductivity
# P « K = heat capacity
0R C=p
K  1 ρ ™ , K  ! ™= Δ4fluid
density
μ = fluid viscosity
K  1ν ™ ,  != 4 velocity
™ Δfluid
K  1 ™ ,  ! ™ Δ4
C, m, n = correlation parameters

PAGE 2 SECTION A7 V E R SION 1 – 0 7 / 0 7

 .U  # 2EM 0R N
SECTION A: CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CABO T S P ECIALTY FLUIDS

H$
.U 
K
A7.3 Coefficient of thermal A7.3.2 Lower temperature range
conductivity (<10°C / 50°F)

ρ$υ
Some data is available in the literature for water
2E  «
Thermal conductivity is defined as the quantity [2] and diluted single salt potassium formate brine
of heat, Q, transmitted through a thickness, L, in used in the coolant industry [3][4]. These are plotted
a direction normal to a surface of area A, due to in Figure 2 along with the TPRL data for the same
a temperature difference ΔT, under steady state density brines. The spread in these data makes it
#P «
0R =
conditions K and when the heat transfer is dependent difficult to determine if the linear relationship is valid
only on the temperature gradient. in the lower temperature range.

K  1 ™ ,  ! ™ Δ4 (5)
Where:
k = coefficient of thermal conductivity (Wm-1K-1)
Q = heat flow rate (W)
L = distance (m)
A = area (m2)
ΔT = temperature gradient (K)
A7.3.1 Medium temperature range
Thermal conductivity coefficients have been
measured on 12 formate brines / blends by the
Thermophysical Research Laboratory (TPRL) [1].
These were single salt sodium formate brines in
the lower density range, blends of concentrated
sodium and potassium formate brines in the middle
density range, and blends of concentrated cesium
and potassium formate brines in the higher density
range. Exact compositions of the brines are shown
in Table 1. Figure 1 shows thermal conductivity
coefficients as a function of fluid density at the
three test temperatures. Table 2 lists thermal
conductivity at 10°C / 50°F as a function of fluid
density with linear temperature corrections. This
data is guaranteed within an experimental error
of +/- 7%.
A7.3.3 Higher temperature range
(>68°C / 150°F)
No reliable data have been found for the conductivity
of formate brines in the higher temperature range.
The only data that have been found are for water
[5] and zinc chloride brine [6]. The available data
for these fluids systems are shown in Figure 3. Both
fluids show a maximum thermal conductivity at
about 140°C / 284°F. Previous thermal conductivity
data for other aqueous salt solutions have shown
that the thermal conductivity-temperature curves at
constant concentration are parallel to those of pure
water [6]. It is likely that this would also be the case
for formate brines.
A7.3.4 Pressure dependence
No pressure dependence data is available in the
literature for the thermal conductivity of formate
brines. A study of zinc chloride (up to 25%wt) [6]
at pressures up to 100 MPa / 14,500 psi has shown
that the thermal conductivity increases linearly with
pressure at all isotherms for each concentration,
typically in the range of 0.0003 – 0.0006 W/m/k/MPa.
Based on this, one could assume that the thermal
conductivity also increases with pressure in
formate brines.

Table 1 Compositions for 12 formate brines used for testing of thermophysical properties at the Thermophysical Properties Research
Laboratory (TPRL).

Sodium formate Potassium formate Cesium formate

Brine Freshwater (1.33 s.g. / (1.57 s.g. / (2.2 s.g. /
11.25 ppg) 13.08 ppg) 18.33 ppg)
s.g. [ppb] [mL] [g] [mL] [g] [mL] [g] [mL] [g]
Water 1.0
Na formate 1.1 9.16 71.43 71.43 28.57 38.57 - - - -
Na formate 1.2 10.00 42.86 42.86 57.14 77.14 - - - -
Na formate 1.3 10.93 14.29 14.29 85.71 115.71 - - - -
Na/K formate 1.4 11.66 - - 77.27 104.32 22.73 35.68 - -
K/Na formate 1.5 12.50 - - 31.82 42.95 68.18 107.05 - -
K/Cs formate 1.6 13.33 - - - - 95.24 149.52 4.76 10.48
K/Cs formate 1.7 14.16 - - - - 79.37 124.60 20.64 45.40
K/Cs formate 1.8 14.99 - - - - 63.49 99.68 36.51 80.32
Cs/K formate 1.9 15.83 - - - - 47.62 74.76 52.38 115.24
Cs/K formate 2.0 16.66 - - - - 31.75 49.84 68.25 150.16
Cs/K formate 2.1 17.49 - - - - 15.87 24.92 84.13 185.08
Cs/K formate 2.2 18.33 - - - - - - 100.00 220.00

V ER S IO N 1 – 07 / 07 SECTION A7 PAGE 3
 C ABO T S PE C I A LT Y F L U I D S FORMAT E T EC HNI C AL MANUA L

Table 2 Coefficient of thermal conductivity as a function of formate brine density. The temperature correlations are valid in the temperature
range 10 – 68°C / 50 – 150°F. The data is based on measurements of single salt sodium formate in the lower density range, blends of
concentrated sodium and potassium formate in the medium density range, and blends of concentrated potassium and cesium formate
in the higher density range.

METRIC FIELD
Spec. Temperature correction K at 50°F Temperature correction
K at 10 °C Density
gravity Increase per 10°C [BTU/hr/ increase per 10°F
W/m/K [ppg]
(s.g.) Valid in the range 10 – 68°C ft/°F] Valid in the range 50 – 150°F
1.0 0.584 0.014 8.337 1.0111 0.01319
1.1 0.555 0.013 8.5 1.0016 0.01306
1.2 0.524 0.013 9.0 0.9713 0.01263
1.3 0.492 0.011 9.5 0.9395 0.01216
1.4 0.462 0.010 10.0 0.9068 0.01164
1.5 0.434 0.009 10.5 0.8738 0.01110
1.6 0.401 0.008 11.0 0.8411 0.01053
1.7 0.389 0.007 11.5 0.8094 0.00995
1.8 0.373 0.007 12.0 0.7792 0.00938
1.9 0.361 0.006 12.5 0.7509 0.00882
2.0 0.351 0.006 13.0 0.7250 0.00829
2.1 0.344 0.006 13.5 0.7015 0.00780
2.2 0.338 0.005 14.0 0.6806 0.00735
14.5 0.6622 0.01319
15.0 0.6462 0.00658
15.5 0.6323 0.00626
16.0 0.6205 0.00598
16.5 0.6105 0.00575
17.0 0.6020 0.00555
17.5 0.5949 0.00538
18.0 0.5890 0.00523
18.340 0.5855 0.00515

A7.4 Specific heat capacity
Heat capacity is a physical quantity that characterizes
the ability of a body to store heat. It is defined as
the amount of heat required at the given conditions
and state of the body (foremost temperature) to
raise its temperature by one degree. The specific
heat capacity (Cp) of a substance is defined as
heat capacity per unit mass, which is the amount
of energy required to raise the temperature of one
kilogram of the substance by one Kelvin. Water has
the highest heat capacity of all common substances.
A7.4.1 Medium temperature range
Specific heat capacity as a function of formate
brine density is shown in Table 3 and Figure 4. The
data are based on measurements carried out by
Thermophysical Research Laboratory (TPRL) on
brines covering the whole formate density range [6].
These were single salt sodium formate brines in
the lower density range, blends of concentrated
sodium and potassium formate brines in the middle
density range, and blends of concentrated cesium
and potassium formate in the higher density range.
Exact compositions of the brines are shown in
Table 1. The data, which were measured with a
Perkin-Elmer DSC-2 instrument, is guaranteed to
be valid within an experimental error of +/- 7% in the
temperature range 10 – 70°C / 50 – 160°F. Within this
temperature range, the temperature dependence
has been found to be insignificant compared to the
dependence on the brine composition.
A7.4.2 Lower temperature range
(<10°C / 50°F)
Some specific heat capacity data is available in the
literature for diluted single salt potassium formate
brines used in the coolant industry [3][4]. These
data are shown in Figure 5 together with the data
measured by TPRL. Both these data sets, which
indicate a slight decrease in heat capacity with
decreasing temperature, seem to show some
more temperature dependence, also in the medium
temperature range. This is not consistent with the
measurements conducted by TPRL or with reference
data on water. The reliability of these data sets is

PAGE 4 SECTION A7 V E R SION 1 – 0 7 / 0 7

SECTION A: CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CABO T S P ECIALTY FLUIDS

Table 3 Heat capacity as a function of brine density for formate brines. The data is based on heat capacity data measured on diluted
single salt sodium formate in the lowest density range, blends of concentrated sodium and potassium formate brines in the medium
density range, and blends of concentrated potassium and cesium formate brines in the highest density range. Temperature dependence
is insignificant in the temperature range where the measurements are performed, i.e. 10 – 70°C / 50 – 160°F.

METRIC FIELD
Spec. Density Cp [BTU/
Cp [J/g/K]
gravity (s.g.) [ppg] lb/°F]
1.0 4.18 8.34 0.999
1.1 3.84 8.50 0.985
1.2 3.42 9.00 0.936
1.3 2.99 9.50 0.879
1.4 2.60 10.00 0.818
1.5 2.27 10.50 0.755
1.6 2.02 11.00 0.695
1.7 1.82 11.50 0.638
1.8 1.68 12.00 0.588
1.9 1.57 12.50 0.543
2.0 1.49 13.00 0.505
2.1 1.43 13.50 0.472
2.2 1.38 14.00 0.444
14.50 0.421
15.00 0.401
15.50 0.385
16.00 0.371
16.50 0.360
17.00 0.350
17.50 0.342
18.00 0.335
18.35 0.331

therefore uncertain. The data do, however, indicate References

that diluted potassium formate brine has a lower
heat capacity than diluted sodium formate brine of
the same density.
A7.4.3 Higher temperature range
(>70°C / 160°F)
There is no specific heat capacity data on formates
available in the higher temperature range. Reference
data available for water up to 100°C / 212°F [1] is
plotted in Figure 5 together with the heat capacity
data from TPRL. From this, one could expect that at
least for low density formate brines the temperature
dependence, also in the higher temperature range,
is negligible compared with the dependence on the
brine composition / density.
[1] Gembarovic, J. and Taylor, R.E.: “Thermophysical
Properties of Twelve Water Solutions”, report
# 2965, Thermophysical Research Laboratory Inc.,
April 2003.
[2] CRC Press: “Handbook of Chemistry and
Physics”, 60th edition.
[3] HYCOOL, Product information, www.hycool.net.
[4] Freezium, product information.
[5] Water reference (From jjj.JacobCHR.com).
[6] Abdulagatov, I.M. and Magomedov, U.B.:
“Thermal Conductivity of Aqueous ZnCl2 Solutions
at High Temperatures and High Pressures”, Ind.
Eng. Chem. Res., 1998, 37, 4883 – 4888.

V ER S IO N 1 – 07 / 07 SECTION A7 PAGE 5
 C ABO T S PE C I A LT Y F L U I D S FORMAT E T EC HNI C AL MANUA L

METRIC
Thermal conductivity vs. density
0.70
Thermal conductivity vs. density
0.70
0.65
NaFo

0.65
0.60
NaFo
k [W/m/K]

N a K Fo
0.60
0.55
k [W/m/K]

N a K Fo
68°C
conductivity,

22°C
0.55
0.50 10°C
68°C
conductivity,

22°C K C s Fo
0.50
0.45 10°C
ThermalThermal

K C s Fo
0.45
0.40

0.40
0.35

0.35
0.30
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2
0.30 Specific gravity (s.g.)
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2
Specific gravity (s.g.)

Thermal conductivity vs. density

FIELD
1.2
Thermal conductivity vs. density
1.2 N aFo
1.1

N aFo
1.1
1.0
k [W/m/K]

N aK Fo

1.0
k [W/m/K]

0.9 N aK Fo
71.6°F
conductivity,

50°F 150.8°F
0.9
71.6°F
0.8
conductivity,

50°F 150.8°F K Cs Fo
ThermalThermal

0.8
0.7 K Cs Fo

0.7
0.6

0.6
0.5
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0.5 Density [ppg]
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Density [ppg]

Figure 1 Coefficient of thermal conductivity (metric and field units) as a function of formate density. The data are based on single salt
sodium formate in the lower density range, blends of concentrated sodium and potassium formate in the medium density range, and
blends of concentrated cesium and potassium formate in the higher density range.

PAGE 6 SECTION A7 V E R SION 1 – 0 7 / 0 7

SECTION A: CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CABO T S P ECIALTY FLUIDS

METRIC
Thermal conductivity temperature dependence (low temperatures, low density brines)

0.70 Thermal conductivity temperature dependence (low temperatures, low density brines)
Water – C R C H andbook
0.70
Water 1.0 s .g.
0.65
Water – C R C H andbook
NaFo 1.1 s.g.
k [W/m/K]

Water 1.0 s .g.

0.65 NaFo 1.2 s.g.
0.60 NaFo 1.1 s.g.
NaFo 1.3 s.g.
k [W/m/K]

NaFo 1.2 s.g.

conductivity

Na/K Fo 1.4 s .g.

0.60
NaFo 1.3 s.g.
0.55 K /N aFo 1.5 s .g.
conductivity

Na/K Fo 1.4 s .g.

K Fo 1.20 s.g. (H YC OOL)
K /N aFo 1.5 s .g.
ThermalThermal

0.55 K Fo 1..25 s.g. (H YC OOL)

0.50 K Fo 1.20 s.g. (H YC OOL)
K Fo 1.30 s.g. (H YC OOL)
K Fo 1..25 s.g. (H YC OOL)
0.50 K Fo 1.32 s.g. (H YC OOL)
K Fo 1.30 s.g. (H YC OOL)
0.45 K Fo 1.35 s.g. (H YC OOL)
K Fo 1.32 s.g. (H YC OOL)
K Fo 1.34 s.g. (Freezium)
0.45 K Fo 1.35 s.g. (H YC OOL)
0.40
K Fo 1.34 s.g. (Freezium)
-5 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0.40 Temperature [°C]
-5 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Temperature [°C]

Thermal conductivity temperature dependence (low temperatures, low density brines)

FIELD
1.20 Thermal conductivity temperature dependence (low temperatures, low density brines)

1.15 Water – C R C H andbook

1.20
Water 8.33 ppg
1.10
1.15 Water – C R C H andbook
NaFo 9.16 ppg
k [W/m/K]

1.05 Water 8.33 ppg

1.10 NaFo 10.00 ppg
NaFo 9.16 ppg
NaFo 10.93 ppg
k [W/m/K]

1.00
1.05
NaFo 10.00 ppg
conductivity

Na/K Fo 11.66 ppg

0.95
1.00 NaFo 10.93 ppg
K/Na Fo 12.50 ppg
conductivity

0.90 Na/K Fo 11.66 ppg

0.95 KFo 10.00 ppg (HYCOOL)
ThermalThermal

0.85 K/Na Fo 12.50 ppg

KFo 10.42 ppg (HYCOOL)
0.90
KFo 10.00 ppg (HYCOOL)
0.80 KFo 10.84 ppg (HYCOOL)
0.85 KFo 10.42 ppg (HYCOOL)
KFo 11.01 ppg (HYCOOL)
0.75 KFo 10.84 ppg (HYCOOL)
0.80 KFo 11.26 ppg (HYCOOL)
0.70 KFo 11.01 ppg (HYCOOL)
0.75 KFo 11.17 ppg (Free zium )
KFo 11.26 ppg (HYCOOL)
0.65
0.70 KFo 11.17 ppg (Free zium )
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
0.65 Temperature [°F]
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Temperature [°F]

Figure 2 Comparison of thermal conductivity data for low-density formate brines (1.0 – 1.35 s.g. / 8.34 – 11.3 ppg) over the
low – medium temperature range.

V ER S IO N 1 – 07 / 07 SECTION A7 PAGE 7
 C ABO T S PE C I A LT Y F L U I D S FORMAT E T EC HNI C AL MANUA L

METRIC
M E T R IC
Thermal conductivity temperature dependence (high temperatures)

M E0T.7R0I C
Thermal conductivity temperature dependence (high temperatures)
W a te r – C R C H a n d b o o k
00..6750 W a te r r e f e r e n c e
k [BTU/hr/ft/F]

W
Waatteerr 1–. 0C sR.C g . H a n db o o k
N
WaaFtoe r1r.e1fes r. g
e.n c e
00..6605
k [BTU/hr/ft/F]

N
WaaFto
e r11. 2. 0ss. g. g. .
N
NaaFFoo 11..31 ss..gg..
00..5650
N
Naa/FKoF1
o. 2
1 .s4 . g
s. g.
conductivity,

K
N/aNFaoF1o. 3
1 .s5 . g
s. g.
00..5505 K
N/aC/K
s FFoo 11..64 ss..gg..
conductivity,

K
K//C
NsaFFoo 11..75 ss..gg..
ThermalThermal

00..4550 K
K//C
CssFFoo 11..86 ss..gg..
C
Ks/C
/KsFFoo 11..97 ss..gg..

00..4405 C
Ks/C
/KsFFoo 21..08 ss..gg..
C
Css//K
K FFoo 21..19 ss..gg..
CCss//K
K FFoo 22..20 ss..gg..
00..3450
ZCnsC/K
l 2 F1
o52% . 1 wst. g .
ZCnsC/K
l 2 F2
o52%
. 2 wst. g .
00..3305 Zn C l 2 1 5 % w t
0 20 40 60 80 10 0 12 0 1 40 16 0 180 2 00 22 0
Zn C l 2 2 5 % w t
0 .3 0 Temperature [°C]
0 20 40 60 80 10 0 12 0 1 40 16 0 180 2 00 22 0

Temperature [°C]

FIELD Thermal conductivity temperature dependence (high temperatures)

1.2 Thermal conductivity temperature dependence (high temperatures)

W a te r – C R C H a n d b o o k
1.2 W a te r r e f e r e n c e
1.1
W
Waatteerr 8–. 3C3RpCp gH a n db oo k
k [BTU/hr/ft/F]

N
WaaFto
e r9r.e1f6e rpepngc e
1.1
1.0 N
WaaFto
e r180..3030 ppppgg
k [BTU/hr/ft/F]

N
NaaFFoo 190. 1.963ppppgg
1.0 N
Naa/FKoF1
o01.0
10. 6p
6ppgp g
0.9
K
N/aNFaoF1
o01.9
23. 5p
0ppgp g
conductivity,

K
N/aC/K
s FFoo 1131..3636 ppppgg
0.9 K
K//C
NsaFFoo 1142..1560 ppppgg
conductivity,

0.8
K
K//C
CssFFoo 1143..9393 ppppgg
ThermalThermal

0.8 C
Ks/C
/KsFFoo 1154..8136 ppppgg
0.7 C
Ks/C
/KsFFoo 1164..6969 ppppgg
C
Css//K
KFFoo 1175..4893 ppppgg
0.7
Thermal Conductivity, k [BTU/hr/ft/F] CCss//K
KFFoo 1186..3636 ppppgg
0.6
ZCnsC/K
l 2 F1
o51%7 .w4 9t pp g
Thermal Conductivity, k [BTU/hr/ft/F] ZCnsC/K
l 2 F2
o51%
8 .w
3 3t pp g
0.6
0.5 Zn C l 2 1 5 % w t
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Zn C l 2 2 5 % w t
0.5 Temperature [°F]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Temperature [°F]

Figure 3 Thermal conductivity for various water and brine systems as a function of temperature in the high temperature range. Data for
water and zinc chloride are taken from the literature.

PAGE 8 SECTION A7 V E R SION 1 – 0 7 / 0 7

SECTION A: CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CABO T S P ECIALTY FLUIDS

METRIC

Cp vs. density 10 – 70°C

4.5
Cp vs. density 10 – 70°C
4.5
4.0

N a Fo
4.0
Cp [J/gKk]

3.5
N a Fo
Cp [J/gKk]

3.5
3.0
heat capacity

N a K Fo
3.0
heat capacity

2.5
N a K Fo
SpecificSpecific

2.5
2.0
K C s Fo

2.0
1.5 K C s Fo

1.5
1.0
1 1 .1 1.2 1 .3 1.4 1 .5 1.6 1 .7 1.8 1 .9 2 2 .1 2.2
1.0 Specific gravity [s.g.]
1 1 .1 1.2 1 .3 1.4 1 .5 1.6 1 .7 1.8 1 .9 2 2 .1 2.2
Specific gravity [s.g.]

FIELD Cp vs. density 50 – 100°F

1 .1
Cp vs. density 50 – 100°F

1
1 ..1
0

1
0 ..0
9
N a Fo
Cp [BTU]

0
0 ..9
8
N a Fo
Cp [BTU]
heat capacity

0
0 ..8
7
N a K Fo
heat capacity

0
0 ..7
6
N a K Fo
SpecificSpecific

0
0 ..6
5
K C s Fo

0
0 ..5
4
K C s Fo

0
0 ..4
3
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 .3 Density [ppg]
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Density [ppg]

Figure 4 Heat capacity as a function of density for typical formate brines. The brines are diluted single salt sodium formate in the lowest
density range (red curve), blends of saturated sodium formate and saturated potassium formate in the middle density range (purple
curve), and blends of saturated potassium and saturated cesium formate in the higher density range (black curve), and it is valid for these
exact brines and blends only. The temperature dependence is insignificant within the temperature range where the measurements are
performed, i.e. 10 – 70°C / 50 – 160°F.

V ER S IO N 1 – 07 / 07 SECTION A7 PAGE 9
 C ABO T S PE C I A LT Y F L U I D S FORMAT E T EC HNI C AL MANUA L

METRIC

Specific heat capacity vs. temperature

Water – CRC Handbook

4.2 Specific heat capacity vs. temperature
Water 1.0 s.g.
4 W
NaaFte
or1–.1CsR.gC. Handbook
4..8
3 2
W
NaaFte
or11.2.0ss.g.g. .
3. 64 NaFo 1.1
3 s.g.
Cp [J/g/K]

3..4
3 8 NaF
/KoF1o.21.s4.gs..g.
3..2
3 6 Ka
N/NFaoF1o.31.s5.gs..g.
Cp [J/g/K]

3. 43 N
Ka
/C/K
sFo 1.4
6 s.g.
heat capacity

3.. 8
2 K/N
Ca
sFo 1.5
7 s.g.
2
K/CsFo 1.6
8 s.g.
2. 63
heat capacity

Cs/C/K
K 9 s.g.
sFo 1.7
2..4
2 8
K
Cs/C/K
sFo 1
2.8
0 s.g.
SpecificSpecific

2 .
2.2 6
Cs/KFo 1
2.9
1 s.g.
2. 42
Cs/KFo 2.0
2 s.g.
2.. 8
1 2 C
KsF/oK1F.o202.s1.gs..g( H
. YCOOL)
1. 62 C
KsF/oK1F2o52s.2.gs. .(gH. YCOOL)
1..4
1 8 30 s.g. ( HYCOOL)
KFo 1.2
1 . 6 KFo 12
.352ss.g
.g..((H
HYYC
COOO
OLL))
1.2
1. 4- 50 - 40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 KFo 1.30
5 s.g. ( HYCOOL)
Temperature [°C] KFo 1.32
4 s.g. ( H
FrYeC
eO
ziuOm
L)
1.2
- 50 - 40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 KFo 1.35 s.g. ( HYCOOL)
Temperature [°C] KFo 1.34 s.g. ( Freezium)

Specific heat capacity vs. temperature

FIELD
1 .1 Water – CRC Handbook
Specific heat capacity vs. temperature
Water 8.33 ppg
1 .11 WaaFto
N er9–.1C
6RpC
pgHandbook
W
NaaFte
or180.3
.030ppppgg
Cp [BTU/lb.°F]

0 .91 NaFo 9
1.01.6
93ppg
pg
NaF
/KoF1o01.010.6p6ppgpg
8
Cp [BTU/lb.°F]

0 .9 N
Ka
/NFaoF1o01.923.5p0ppgpg
N/aC/K
K 1.3
sFo 13 63
6 ppg
7
0 .8
heat capacity

NsaFo 14
K/C 2.1
56
0 ppg
3.9
K/CsFo 14 39
3 ppg
6
0 .7
heat capacity

Ks/C/K
C sFo 15
4.8
13
6 ppg
Ks/C/K
C sFo 14
6.9
69
6 ppg
5
0 .6
SpecificSpecific

Cs/KFo 15
7.8
43
9 ppg
Cs/KFo1186..3636ppppgg
4
0 .5
C
KsF/oK1F0o.0107.p4p9gp(pHgYCOOL)
C
KsF/oK1F0o.1482.3p3pgpp( H
gYCOOL)
3
0 .4
KFo 10.8
04
0 ppg ( HYCOOL)
0.0
KFo 11 41
2 ppg ( HYCOOL)
2
0 .3
- 60 - 40 - 20 0 20 40 60 80 10 0 12 0 14 0 16 0 18 0 20 0 0.2
KFo 11 86
4 ppg ( HYCOOL)
KFo 11.0
11
7 ppg ( H
FrYeC
eO
ziuOm
L)
0 .2 Temperature [°F]
- 60 - 40 - 20 0 20 40 60 80 10 0 12 0 14 0 16 0 18 0 20 0 KFo 11.26 ppg ( HYCOOL)

Temperature [°F] KFo 11.17 ppg ( Freezium)

Figure 5 Comparison of specific heat capacity data from CRC Handbook (water reference), TPRL, and other heat capacity data
available on formate brines as a function of temperature.

PAGE 10 SECTION A7 V E R SION 1 – 0 7 / 0 7