The grounding system helps the passage of the

fault current and its leakage to the ground in the

event of a fault occurring in the system .

Earth's surface resistance (∞) , It varies with

depth, meaning that the resistance value is
affected by the depth, humidity, temperature, and
.chemical content of the soil
Typical values for resistivity range from (10 to
1000 Ωm )
Exceptional values for resistivity from (1 to
10,000 Ωm )
: Grounding resistance is made
-. Resistance of matel electrode
Contact resistance between the electrode -
. and the soil
It is a property that varies from one chemical to
another, and it is called specific electrical
resistivity or resistivity, and it is denoted by the
Latin letter (ρ)
R=ρL/A
R = resistance
ρ = Resistivity
L = Conductor length
A = area
Methods for measuring resistance to soil
differences, as the depth differs and the area
expands
WENNER -1
SCHLUMBERGER -2
DRIVEN ROD -3

The Winner method shown in the figure is -

the most commonly used
It is on a straight line and the dimensions
are equal, a current is supplied between the
outer electrodes and the voltage is measured
.between the inside
 4 π awR( )
a 2a = ρE
1− 2 2
+ 2 2
√a + b √a + 4b
ρE = resistivity

a = The distance between the electrodes

b = The depth of the electrodes

resistance of wenner = )RW (

If b is small compared to a, then the relationship

can be written with the following formula ;

. ρ E = 2 π a (RW)

-The Schlumberger they were developed to

increase the signal voltage

π = ρ E )RS (
c (c+ a )
a

a =The distance between the electrodes of voltage

c = the distance between electrodes of voltage and current

RS = Schlumberger Resistance
-The Driven rod: It is suitable for underground
transmission line conditions and difficult terrain
due to shallow penetration in practical situations
- Inaccuracies encountered in two-layered soils