Benghazi University

Faculty of Engineering
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Department

Power system protection lab

Experiment Name:
Undergound

_________________________________________
__________________________________
Student’s Name: ‫ايمن محمد حسين‬
Student no: 25853
Day: monday
TEST THREE: UNDERGROUND TRANSMISSION LINE

1.OBJECTIVES:
This exercise will investigate the investigate the inherent limitation of high voltage
,underground cables because of the shunt capacitive effect and will simulate
typical corrective measures in present us.

2.INTRODUCTION:
Electric power can also be transmitted by underground power cables instead of
overhead
power lines. They can assist the transmission of power across:

-Densely populated urban areas

-Areas where land is unavailable or planning consent is difficult
-Rivers and other natural obstacles
-Land with outstanding natural or environmental heritage
-Areas of significant or prestigious infrastructural development
-Land whose value must be maintained for future urban expansion and rural
development

Some other advantages of underground power cables:

• • Less subject to damage from severe weather conditions (mainly
lightning, wind and freezing)
• • Greatly reduced emission, into the surrounding area, of electromagnetic
fields (EMF). All electric currents generate EMF, but the shielding provided by the
earth surrounding underground cables restricts their range and power. See
section below, health concerns.
• • Underground cables need a narrower surrounding strip of about 1–10
meters to install, whereas an overhead line requires a surrounding strip of about
20–200 meters wide to be kept permanently clear for safety, maintenance and
repair.
• • Underground cables pose no hazard to low flying aircraft or to wildlife,
and are significantly safer as they pose no shock hazard (except to the unwary
digger).
• • Much less subject to conductor theft, illegal connections, sabotage, and
damage from armed conflict.

Some disadvantages of underground power cables:

• • Undergrounding is more expensive, since the cost of burying cables at
transmission voltages is several times greater than overhead power lines, and
the underground/ overhead installation cost ratio can exceed 10/1 in many cases.
• • Whereas finding and repairing overhead wire breaks can be
accomplished in hours, underground repairs can take days or weeks .
• • Underground power cables, due to their proximity to earth, cannot be
maintained live, whereas overhead power cables can be.
• • Operations are more difficult since the high reactive power of
underground cables produces large charging currents and so makes voltage
control more difficult.

The advantages can in some cases outweigh the disadvantages of the higher
investment cost, and more expensive maintenance and management.
Most high voltage cables for power transmission that are currently sold on the
market are insulated by a sheath of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE). Some
cable may have a lead or aluminum jacket in conjunction with XLPE insulation to
allow for fiber optics to be seamlessly integrated within the cable,
Before 1960, underground power cables were insulated with oil and paper and
ran in a rigid steel pipe, or a semi-rigid aluminum or lead jacket or sheath. The oil
was kept under

pressure to prevent formation of voids that would allow partial discharges within
the cable insulation.
A significant characteristic of all underground cables is the high capacitance
resulting from the close phase to neutral spacing at high voltages. For a typical
115 KV system this capacitive reactance in modest amounts is beneficial to
compensate for low power factor loads. However, at 345 KV the capacitive
current at no load (charging current) can approach the current carrying capacity
of the cable. At 345 KV, this occurs at a cable length of approximately 25 miles at
this voltage must employ compensating shunt inductive reactors at appropriate
intervals. Since the inductive current is 90° lagging it will be 180° out phase with
the 90° leading capacitive current and thus will cancel it.
This experiment will simulate the effect of shunt capacitance on a cable at its
critical distance by introducing phase to ground capacitance. The compensatory
effects of a shunt inductive reactance connected phase to ground will also be
shown.
Line D1-11 will be used to simulated a 345KV pipe type cable of a length equal to
its critical distance. Source voltage (E) will supplied from station 11. In part I, the
effects of line parameters at no load will be observed. In part II after
compensation at no load, normal load currents will be allowed to flow.

3.PROCEDURE

Part I
Se board to simulate line D1-11 as a pip-type cable as discussed. Assume the
maximum ampacity is about one ampere.
2. On each phase of line D1-11, insert impedances as follows:
 Series:
R=25 ohms
X=15.7 ohms at 50HZ
 Shunt:
Insert 8µf. To ground from each phase.

3. Open disconnects at station 1 to simulate no load conditions.

4. Set voltage (Es) at station 11 at 600 volts and energize line.

5. Read following values and enter in Table (1) :
6. Receiving voltage (ER) at station 1.
 Fig.2

Part II
1. Simulate parallel resonance by inserting 0.9 HY from each phase to ground.
2. Keep line at no load conditions, set Es at 600 volts and energize line.
3. Read value as in part I, 5 above.

Fig.

Vfl = 450V L-L L = 7.8j Z = 1000+500j

Table 1 calculations
Set line Z measure Calculatio
Par Set Se d n
t load t
Z Es
(Ω) (V)

Serie Serie Shun Shun Er V.R%

s s t t (V)
XL XL XC XL
(Ω) (Ω)

open 25 15.7 8µf 600 560 16.6%

I --
 open 25 15.7 8µf 0.9 HY 600 510 6.25%
II

COMMENT:

Voltag Regulation
V.R = 16.6 % we not expect because high voltage cable V.R = ±5%

Voltage Regulation
V.R = 6.25% not expect because for high voltage V.R = ±5%

4.Calculation
Vl−Vfl 560−480
The V.R% for part I V.R = X100% = X 100% = 16%
Vfl 480

Vl−Vfl 510−480
The V.R% for part II V.R = X100% = X 100% = 6.25%
Vfl 480

5. Questions
Q.1. Did you measure a voltage drop at no load? Explain the difference between
part I
and part IIA .

-yes, the voltage drop occurs when we interred the shunt inductance

Q.2. Discuss the basic differences between series and parallel resonance?

- he main difference between series and parallel resonance is that series

resonance occurs when the arrangement of the components creates the
minimum impedance whereas parallel resonance occurs when the arrangement
of components creates the largest impedance.

Q.3. Why shunt reactors are used for at no loads?

- To control the voltage and keep it constant and to maintains the stability of the
network.

Q.4. Calculate the shunt compensation facto

BL 2 πfL 1
- shunt compensation factor = = = 0.71= 71%
Bc 2 πfc
f=50Hz
L=0.9H
C=8uf
6. Conclusion
- At this experiment of studies, the underground transmission line and the effect of the
series and shunt reactors.
- And its components such as conductors and transformers which are used beside the
station to step up the voltage to the transmission and near to the load to step down the
voltage.
- Series resonance refers to the resonance that occurs in circuits where capacitors and
inductors are connected in series, whereas parallel resonance refers to the resonance that
occurs in circuits where the capacitors and inductors are connected in parallel. The main
difference between series and parallel resonance is that series resonance occurs when the
arrangement of the components creates the minimum impedance, whereas parallel
resonance occurs when the arrangement of components creates the largest impedance.
- When we interred the inductive reactance, the voltage decreased and we interred the
capacitive reactance the voltage increased.