What’s More - II

1. Food processing and preservation

a. Fermentation: A chemical reaction in which sugars are converted to organic
acids.
b. Irradiation: The process by which some substance, such as a food, is exposed to
some form of radiation, such as gamma rays or X rays.
c. Oxidation: A chemical reaction in which oxygen reacts with some other
substance.
2. Fire control
a. Photosynthesis requires a large amount of heat which is furnished by the
sun.  The Combustion process releases this heat.  The tremendous amount of
heat that is produced in the burning process is the major reason that the
suppression of wildfires is such a difficult task and why the use of prescribed fire
is a complex and exacting process requiring knowledgeable and experienced
people. 
b. The combustion process or fire is sometimes called rapid oxidation.  It is similar
to the formation of rust on iron or the decay of dead wood in the forest, except
that the process is drastically speeded up. 
c. Fire begins with ignition.  The match is a common ignition device.  Friction
creates sufficient heat to ignite the phosphorus on the end of the
match.  Combustion occurs and the match flames. 

3. Corrosion Control
a. Corrosion, wearing away due to chemical reactions, mainly oxidation. It occurs
whenever a gas or liquid chemically attacks an exposed surface, often a metal,
and is accelerated by warm temperatures and by acids and salts.
b. The chemical reactions that take place in corrosion processes are specifically
reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions. Such reactions require a species of
material that is oxidized (the metal), and another that is reduced (the oxidizing
agent).
c. Corrosion takes place when iron metal reacts with oxygen in the presence of
moisture to form hydrated iron oxide and iron metal combines with oxygen in the
presence of moisture to corrode. Therefore, it has a combination reaction.

4. Photochemical Smog
a. Photochemical smog is a mixture of pollutants that are formed when nitrogen
oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react to sunlight, creating a
brown haze above cities.
b. Smog is formed when sunlight interacts with hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides
released into the air by cars and power plants. A highly reactive compound of
oxygen and hydrogen called a hydroxyl radical kick starts that reaction.
c. Photochemical smog is a type of air pollution due to the reaction of solar
radiation with airborne pollutant mixtures of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile
organic compounds (hydrocarbons). Smog is a byproduct of modern
industrialization.

5. Formation of ozone layer in the stratosphere

a. Ozone is formed when heat and sunlight cause chemical reactions between
oxides of nitrogen (NOx ) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), which are
 also known as Hydrocarbons. This reaction can occur both near the ground and
high in the atmosphere.
b. Stratospheric ozone is formed naturally through the interaction of solar ultraviolet
(UV) radiation with molecular oxygen (O2). The "ozone layer," approximately 6
through 30 miles above the Earth's surface, reduces the amount of harmful UV
radiation reaching the Earth's surface.
c. Each oxygen atom then quickly combines with an oxygen molecule to form
an ozone molecule: O + O2 → O. The ozone–oxygen cycle:
the ozone molecules formed by the reaction above absorb radiation having an
appropriate wavelength between UV-C and UV-B.

6. formation of acid rain

a. Acid rain results when sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) are
emitted into the atmosphere and transported by wind and air currents. 
b. Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compounds like
sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the air. These substances
can rise very high into the atmosphere, where they mix and react with water,
oxygen, and other chemicals to form more acidic pollutants, known as acid rain.
c. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides dissolve very easily in water and can be
carried very far by the wind. As a result, the two compounds can travel long
distances where they become part of the rain, sleet, snow, and fog that we
experience on certain days.