REPORT

ON
FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURES

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the

Requirement for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Architecture

Submitted by
AZIZ SHEIKH

Guided by
Prof. S.M. AKHTAR
Er. Adil Ahmed
Ar. MANSI BEDI

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS

JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA
NEW DELHI-110025
2020-21

Faculty of Architecture & Ekistics,

Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
 CERTIFICATE
In the partial fulfilment of the B.Arch. degree program, this is to certify that
AZIZ SHEIKH has worked on the Report entitled FOLDED PLATE SHELL
STRUCTURE under our guidance and supervision.

Ar. MANSI Prof. HINA ZIA

Dissertation Guide Dean

Er. ADIL AHMED Prof. S.M. AKHTAR

Dissertation Guide Head

External Examiner(s)
DECLARATION
I, AZIZ SHEIKH, hereby declare that the Report entitled FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURE
submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Architecture is my original research work and that the information taken from secondary
sources is given due citations and references.
 AZIZ SEIKH
Roll. No: 17BAR041

Date: 04/12/2020 B.Arch.IV Year

Place: NEW DELHI 2019-20 FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURE

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would firstly like to thank Almighty God, without which this project work would not be completed. I
feel pleasure in expressing my deep sense of gratitude to my dissertation guides, Prof. S.M. Akhtar,
Ar. Mansi Bedi Mangla for their valuable guidance, constant encouragement, constructive criticism
and valuable suggestions throughout the course of the present study. I would like to express my
gratitude towards my parents for their advice and active support and all those persons who gave me
the possibility to complete and submit the project on time. I want to thank the department of
Architecture & Ekistics, JMI for giving me permission to commence on this project in the first
instance, to do the necessary work and to accesses the departmental data.

Aziz Sheikh

B.Arch. 4th Year

F/O Architecture and Ekistics

Jamia Millia Islamia

 2 JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA

CONTENTS

1. CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION __________________________ 1-3

I. INTRODUCTION_____________________________________________ 1
II. DEVELOPMENT______________________________________________2
III. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES____________________________3
2. CHAPTER 2 – FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURES _________ 4-11
I. WHAT IS FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURE_______________________4
II. THE PRINCIPLE OF FOLDING____________________________________4
III. STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF FOLDING SHELLS____________________7
IV. TYPES OF FOLDING PLATE STRUCTURE___________________________7
(1) V- SHAPED PLATE____________________________________________7
(2) BUTTERFLY- SHAPED FOLDING PLATES ___________________________7
(3) THROUGH SHAPED TYPE FOLDING PLATES________________________7
(4) TAPRED FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURE_____________________________7
(5) FOLDING PLATES TRUSS_______________________________________8
(6) RIGID FRAME________________________________________________8
V. APPLICATION_________________________________________________9
(1) ROOF FOLDED STRUCTURES MADE OF REIN-FORCED CONCRETE________9
(2) ROOF FOLDED STRUCTURES MADE OF WOOD_______________________9
(3) ROOF FOLDED STRUCTURES MADE OF GLASS_______________________9
(4) ROOF FOLDED STRUCTURES MADE OF STEEL________________________9
(5) ROOF FOLDED STRUCTURES MADE OF POLYESTER RESIN______________10
(6) FLOOR FOLDED STRUCTURES MADE OF WOOD______________________10
3. CHAPTER 3 – CONCLUSION______________________________12
I. DESIGNING A FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURE____________________12
4. CHAPTER 4 - CASE STUDY OF LOTUS TEMPLE ____________ 13-17
I. INTRODUCTION _______________________________________________ 13
II. STRUCTURE ________________________________________________ 14-15
III. CONSTRUCTION _______________________________________________16
5. REFERENCES _________________________________________ 18
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG.
NO. NAME REFERENCE
1 NATURAL SHELLS GOOGLE IMAGES

2 TYPES OF SHELL SELF GENERATED

STRUCTURES
3 FOLDED PAPER https://www.sciensation.org/hands-
HOLDING LOAD on_experiments/e5059p_paperBridges.html
4 FOLDED https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ORIGAMI-Folded-Plate-
STRUCTURES Structures
MODEL
5 FOLDED https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Threefold-Load-bearing-Action-
STRUCTURES of-a-Folded-Plate-Folded-plate-structures-combine_fig6_283079349
LOAD
DISTRIBUTION
6 FOLDED https://civilityandtruth.com/2017/ 02/18/creating-the-chrysalis-shell-
STRUCTURES structure/
TYPES
7 AIR FORCE https://americanhomefront.wunc.org/post/
ACADEMY
CHAPEL, USA
8 ELEMENT OF THE http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0354-4605/2012/0354-
“KIELSTEG” 46051201001S.pdf
CONSTRUC-TION
9 AIR FORCE - https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/the-air-force-
ACADEMY academy-cadet-chapel
CHAPEL, USA
10 PLAN - https://www.archdaily.com/63449/ad-classics-usafa-cadet-chapel-
skidmore-owings-merrill-2
11 SECTION https://www.archdaily.com/63449/ad-classics-usafa-cadet-chapel-
INTERIOR skidmore-owings-merrill-2
TETRAHEDRON
STRUCTURE
12 CHAPEL https://www.archdaily.com/63449/ad-classics-usafa-cadet-chapel-
INTERIOR skidmore-owings-merrill-2/5037e12e28ba0d599b0001a4-ad-classics-
usafa-cadet-chapel-skidmore-owings-merrill-2-photo
13 CHAPEL https://www.usafa.af.mil/News/Commentaries/Article/646724/cadet-
CONSTRUCTION chapel-serves-cadets-academy-staff-for-52-years/)

14 CHAPEL https://www.pinterest.com/pin/546342998539337241
CONSTRUCTION
MODEL
FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURE

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

I. INTRODUCTION

Shell structures are also called plate structures. They are lightweight constructions using shell
elements.

These elements, typically curved, are assembled to make large structures.

Typical applications include aircraft fuselages, boat hulls, and the roofs of large buildings.

A thin shell is defined as a shell with a thickness which is small compared to its other dimensions and
in which deformations are not large compared to thickness.

A primary difference between a shell structure and a plate structure is that, in the unstressed state,
the shell structure has curvature as opposed to the plate’s structure which is flat.

Where a flat plate acts similar to a beam with bending and shear stresses, shells are analogous to a
cable which resists loads through tensile stresses.

The ideal thin shell must be capable of developing both tension and compression.

PERL EGG HUMAN

NAUTILUS SHELL SKULL
SHELL

FIG. 1 – NATURAL SHELLS

(SOURCE – GOOGLE IMAGES)
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FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURE

II. DEVELOPMENT

The development of masonry domes and vaults in the middle Ages made possible the construction
of more spacious buildings. In more recent times the availability of reinforced concrete has
stimulated interest in the use of shells for roofing purposes. Power and chemical engineering.
Construction of suitable boilers.
These thin shells were constructed from plates suitable formed and joined by riveting. Structural
engineering. An important problem in the early development of steel for structural purposes was to
design compression members against buckling.
A striking advance was the use of tubular members in the construction of the Forth railway bridge
in 1889 steel plates were riveted together to form reinforced tubes as large as 12 feet in diameter,
and having a radius/thickness ratio of between 60 and 180. Vehicle body structures.
The construction of vehicle bodies in the early days of road transport involved a system of
structural ribs and non-structural paneling or sheeting. The modern form of vehicle construction, in
which the skin plays an important structural part, followed the introduction of sheet-metal
components, preformed into thin doubly curved shells by large power presses, and firmly
connected to each other by welds along the boundaries.
The use of the curved skin of vehicles as a load bearing member has similarly revolutionized the
construction of railway carriages and aircraft. In the construction Composite construction. The
introduction of fiberglass and similar lightweight composite materials has impacted the
construction of vehicles ranging from boats, racing cars, fighter and stealth aircraft.
The exterior skin can be used as a strong structural shell. Miscellaneous Examples. Other examples
of the impact of shell structures include water cooling towers for power stations, grain silos, armor,
arch dams, tunnels, submarines, and so forth.

FIG. 2 – TYPES OF SHELL STRUCTURES

FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURE

2 JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA

III. ADVANTAGES OF SHELL STRUCTURES

The main advantages of reinforced concrete shell structures are the following: their efficient resistant
mechanism allows that the maximum structural advantage, in terms of both internal forces and
displacements, is obtained with a minimum of materials; their architectonic value is characterized by
being able to cover large columns-free areas with an aesthetical and functional structure.

Advantages Disadvantages

Very light form of construction. To span Shuttering and sealing problem easily occurs,
30.0 m shell thickness required is 60mm 2. Concrete being the porous material may

Lead to the problem of seepage.

Dead load can be reduced economizing Greater accuracy in formwork is required as it

foundation and supporting system is trickier to construct.

They further take advantage of the fact that Skilled labor and supervision is required.
arch shapes can span longer.

Aesthetically it looks good over other forms of It is impossible to build a story that has a
construction. shell roof, thus shells are always used as a

“terminating roof”

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FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURE

CHAPTER 2 FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURES

I.WHAT IS FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURE

Folded plate structures are composed of a number of flat plates connected to each other. They have
many uses: in roofing of large spans in an architecturally appealing appearance; as box girders in
bridges and overpasses; as bunkers in silo structures.

Folded plates are assemblies of flat plates rigidly connected together along their edges in such a way
that the structural system capable of carrying loads without the need for additional supporting beams
along mutual edges. Engineer Eugene Freyssinet performed the first roof with the folded structure in
1923 as an aircraft hangar at Orly Airport in Paris.

The principle of folding as a tool to develop a general structural shape has been known for a long time.
Folded structure systems which are analogous to several biological systems such as found at
broadleaf-tree leaves, petals and foldable insect wings, are adopted to be employed in a new,
technical way. Leaf of Palm Tree Beetle Insect With Foldable Wings Seashell.

II. THE PRINCIPLE OF FOLDING

Folding system represent one category of plane structural surfaces, alongside with plates and slabs.
Their special structural behavior is due to their structural subdivision arrangement in pairs which
correlate with each other and so they are connected through a shear connection. The structural
characteristics of folding structure depends on the shape of the folding, on their geometrical basic
shape, on its material, on the connection of the different folding planes and on the design of the
bearings. The characteristics of the folding structures are interactive related to each other.

The structural characteristics of folding structures depend on:

• The pattern of the folding.

• Their geometrical basic shape.
• Its material.
• The connection of the different folding planes.
• The design of the bearings.
• Movable form work can be employed.
• Form work required is relatively simpler.
• Design involves simpler calculations.
FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURE

FIG. 3 – FOLDED PAPER HOLDING LOAD

(SOURCE -https://www.sciensation.org/hands-on_experiments/e5059p_paperBridges.html)

FIG. 4 – FOLDED STRUCTURES MODEL

(SOURCE - https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ORIGAMI-Folded-Plate-Structures)

5 JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA

FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURE

FIG. 5 – FOLDED STRUCTURES LOAD DISTRIBUTION

(SOURCE - https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Threefold-Load-bearing-Action-of-a-Folded-
Plate-Folded-plate-structures-combine_fig6_283079349)
FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURE

III. STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR OF FOLDING SHELL

Load Distribution process:

At first, the external forces are transferred to the shorter edge of one folding element.
There, the reaction as an axial force is divided between the adjacent elements.
Then the forces transferred to the bearings.

Classification of folded structures based on the material they are made of:

• Folded structures made of reinforced concrete

• Metal folded structures
• Folded structures of wood
• Folded structures of glass
• Folded structures of plastic materials
• Folded constructions made in combination of different materials

IV. TYPES OF FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURE

1) V- SHAPED PLATE
This folding plates are commonly used for short spans, it does not provide enough area for concrete,
the top and bottom to resist compressive stresses.

2) BUTTERFLY- SHAPED FOLDING PLATES

They are common, used to cover factory roof and petrol pump roof, it also makes provisions for
windows.

3) THROUGH SHAPED TYPE FOLDING PLATES

They are used for a long time and provide sufficient area for concrete at the top as well as to
resist compressive stresses at the bottom.

4) TAPERED FOLDED PLATE STRUCTURES

They are used for aesthetic purposes, Z-shaped folding plates are used exclusively for factory
construction as it provides a north-light roof.
• Folded plate structures may be built with tapered elements and only one of the many possible
combinations is shown here.
• The height of the shells at the center of the span is the critical dimension for bending strength.
Therefore, the structure is not very efficient and not suitable for long spans because of the
excess height required for the large ends.
• Another weak element in this design is the transfer of shear from the small end of the
triangular plate to the large end. If a large number of units are used in each span, the transfer
of loads may be difficult.

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FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURE

• A folded plate may be used for walls as a thin structural element by casting each plate flat on
the floor and grouting the joints full of concrete. a wall of this type can be made much thinner
than a flat wall.

5) FOLDING PLATES TRUSS

• The term "folded plate truss" is intended to indicate the structural action of this structure.
• There are horizontal ties across the width only at the ends of the building.
• The thrusts from the triangular crossed arches are carried lengthwise to the ends.
• The top chord of the inclined truss is formed by the ridge member.
• The bottom chords are the ties at the base of the side gables and the diagonals are formed by
the sloping valleys at the intersection of the gables and the triangular plates.
• This is truly a space structure and its structural action is as shown and, therefore, the
architectural appearance is more subtle that the usual shell structure.

6) RIGID FRAME
• An arch with straight segments is sometimes called a Rigid Frame.
• It is not as efficient as the curved arch because the bending moments are greater.
• Ties across the plates are required at the knees and at the crown in order to distribute the
forces at the ends of each segment.

FOLDED PLATE TRUSS

RIGID FRAM

CANOPIES

CONTINIOUS WALLS

TAPERED FOLDED PLATES

EDGE SUPPORT

FIG. 6– FOLDED STRUCTURES TYPES

(SOURCE - https://civilityandtruth.com/2017/ 02/18/creating-the-chrysalis-shell-structure/)

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FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURE

V. APPLICATIONS
There are several benefits of folded plate construction. They are simpler to manufacture than other
shells such as cylindrical shells, with relatively simple formwork required, and usually use less
material. However, folded plates require more materials than curved shells since there is normally
more bending involved.

Folded plate structures have an intrinsic rigidity and high load-carrying capacity which makes them
economical over long spans that need to be free of internal columns and other obstructions.

(1) Roof folded structures made of rein-forced concrete

Reinforced concrete is a material that allows the formation of folds of full panel elements, and
as a stiffening truss reinforced concrete diaphragm can be applied. The largest number of
examples of roof folded structures has been realized in this material.

(2) Roof folded structures made of wood

Folded structures formed of wood represent constructions that are easy to transport,
manipulation and installation. This type of prefabricated folds on the basis of the primary
support structure of the fold segment can be categorized as: panel, truss.
Elements of folded structure can be formed of wooden trusses. By combining the trusses we can
get different forms of folded structures. Connection of trusses is done on site. Band sticks in the
deflections and hips of this older structure and infilling bars are made of solid timber or glued
laminated wood.

(3) Roof folded structures made of glass

Glass as a building material has found greater use as a structural element. By using glass
independently or in combination with other materials, wall, roof and floor constructions can be
made. Independent glass plate under the force of pressure is deformed. Folded structures can
be made from the plate glass elements joined together and set to stiffen each other. Nowadays
the production of folded structures of glass does not have wider application in practice,
however, there is research on this issue.

(4) Roof folded structures made of steel

Folded structures performed in steel can surmount a large span. Creases on the basis of the
primary load-bearing steel structures of the fold segment can be divided into: panel and lattice.
9 JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA
FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURE

One of the most significant buildings constructed as a folded form is the Air Force Academy
Chapel in Colorado Springs, in the U.S. Folded construction of this building consists of 100
tetrahedral elements, triangular plates metal panels mounted on the spot.

FIG. 7– AIR FORCE ACADEMY CHAPEL, USA

(SOURCE - https://americanhomefront.wunc.org/post/)

(5) Roof folded structures made of polyester resin

Products made of polyester resin had been widely used in the second half of the twentieth
century. There are examples in practice of the folded structures derived from a single at plate-
like elements or in combination of spatial elements of folds with at plate elements.
Instead of applying a single material, roof folded structures can also be made in combination of
two materials: glass and metal and polyester resin (used for folded rhomboid plates) and steel
(used for reinforcement of the structure) has been documented in building practice.

(6) Floor folded structures made of wood

Ceiling between the stories is constructed as a wooden folded structure and it represents a
trapezoidal crease whose elements are of veneer or composite OSB boards, and horizontal parts
of a folded structure of solid wood. One example of this type of ceiling can be applied to spans
of up to 30 m; as a ceiling structure in family homes and as a roof construction for industrial
buildings.
Ceiling between the stories can be made of trapezoidal steel sheet. Trapezoidal sheet may
independently receive and transmit load; and together with concrete is a composite structure.

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FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURE

FIG. 8 - ELEMENT OF THE “KIELSTEG” CONSTRUC-TION

(SOURCE - http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0354-4605/2012/0354-46051201001S.pdf)

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FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURE

CHAPTER 3 CONCLUSION

I. DESIGNING A FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURE

A shell is bounded by two curved surfaces, the faces and the surface which passes midway between
Architecturally the concept of utilizing one structure for both external and internal spatial form
means that the structure defines the architectural form and identity and this may not be suitable
in all contexts, but when e.g. a unique, iconic expression is the aim, it could be argued from a
tectonic viewpoint that the interior would gain from following where the exterior and its structure
go.

The principle of folding structures is an established principle of construction in nature whose potential
has rarely been used in architecture. Based on folding structures, high stressed and wide-spanning
light weight structures can be realized. More than the complex requirements for their constructive
detailing, the limited possibilities to describe them geometrically with mathematical geometric
functions have constraint their realization.

After the development of the software tools the research has now to aim to approach the application
of folding structures in context of the sustainable use of material and to gain new impulses for this
principle of structure shaping.

FIG. 8 – FOLDED STRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT USING 3D SOFTWARES

(SOURCE -
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/50838835_The_application_of_folded_plate_principles_o
n_spatial_structures_with_regular_irregular_and_free-form_geometries)
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FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURE

CHAPTER 4 AIR FORCE ACADEMY CHAPEL, USA

FIG. 9 – AIR FORCE ACADEMY CHAPEL, USA

(SOURCE - https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/the-air-force-academy-cadet-chapel)

I. INTRODUCTION
At an elevation of 6500 feet on the East of the Rocky Mountains, the 3,000 acre Academy also contains
housing for 8,000 people, a supply center, a hospital, an airfield, and an academic complex rising up
the slope of the site. This program is split on three levels due to the slope, with the Administration
Building, the Social Center, and the Cadet Chapel on the uppermost level. These spaces are used by
both cadets and visitors, which with the beautiful peaks of of the Chapel rising towards the sky,
attracts more than a million a year.

Designed by SOM as part of the Master Plan and design of the entire U.S. Air Force Academy campus,
the Cadet Chapel was created as a single symbolic religious structure that accommodates the
individuality of three major American faiths, thus requiring three distinct chapels.

In creating a monumental religious building, the design incorporated a monumental structure system.
Seventeen rows of spires rise 150 feet high coming to seventeen points shooting towards the sky
above, using repetition to enhance the powerful essence of each massive spire. These spires are used
with a tubular steel frame of 100 identical tetrahedrons that make up the structure.
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FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURE

II. STRUCTURE
The tetrahedrons are each 75 feet long and weigh five tons. They are enclosed with aluminum panels and
spaced a foot apart. The gaps in between these tetrahedrons are filled with colored glass, reflecting the light
of the chapel.

FIG. 10 – PLAN
(SOURCE - https://www.archdaily.com/63449/ad-classics-usafa-cadet-chapel-skidmore-owings-
merrill-2/5037e10728ba0d599b00019c-ad-classics-usafa-cadet-chapel-skidmore-owings-merrill-2-
image?next_project=no)

The south facade is the entrance of the chapel, which begins with a granite stairway climbing to a one-story
landing that leads to a band of gold anodized aluminum doors. Although a single building, the chapel houses
three distinct main worship areas on two main levels, a Protestant Chapel, Catholic Chapel, and Jewish
Chapel, along with two all-faiths rooms and two meeting rooms. The Protestant Chapel is located on the
upper level and the Jewish and Catholic chapels and one all-faiths room are located beneath it. Another level
below lies the larger all-faiths room and the meetings rooms.

FIG. 11 – SECTION SHOWING INTERIOR TETRAHEDRON STRUCTURE

(SOURCE - https://www.archdaily.com/63449/ad-classics-usafa-cadet-chapel-skidmore-owings-merrill-
2/5037e0fb28ba0d599b00019a-ad-classics-usafa-cadet-chapel-skidmore-owings-merrill-2-image)
14 JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA
FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURE

FIG. 12 –CHAPEL INTERIOR

(SOURCE - https://www.archdaily.com/63449/ad-classics-usafa-cadet-chapel-skidmore-owings-merrill-
2/5037e12e28ba0d599b0001a4-ad-classics-usafa-cadet-chapel-skidmore-owings-merrill-2-photo)

The Protestant Chapel is the largest chapel and is designed to seat 1200 people. The nave is 92 feet tall at its
highest peak, and measures 64x168 feet. The tetrahedrons form the walls of the chapel with stained glass
windows in between them that progress from darker to lighter as they approach the altar, creating a
beautifully lit majestic space.

The Catholic Chapel below the main level seats 500 people, and contains arches and stonework that suggest
the architecture of the Romanesque Cathedral. The Jewish Chapel is distinguished with a round wooden
screen that hides all of the structure, which is unlike what occurs in the Protestant Chapel above it.

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FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURE

III. CONSTRUCTION
• The most striking aspect of the Chapel is its row of seventeen spires. The original design called for
twenty- one spires, but this number was reduced due to budget issues.
• The structure is a tubular steel frame of 100 identical tetrahedrons, each 75 feet (23 m) long, weighing
five tons, and enclosed with Aluminum panels. Architect: Walter Netsch, Length: 280 ft., Height: 150
ft., Width: 84 ft.

FIG. 13 –CHAPEL CONSTRUCTION

(SOURCE - https://www.usafa.af.mil/News/Commentaries/Article/646724/cadet-chapel-serves-cadets-
academy-staff-for-52-years/)
• The tetrahedrons are spaced a foot apart, creating gaps in the framework that are filled with 1-inch-
thick (25 mm) colored glass.
• The tetrahedrons comprising the spires are filled by triangular Aluminum panels, while the
tetrahedrons between the spires are filled with a mosaic of Colored glass in Aluminum frame.
• The Cadet Chapel itself is 150 feet (46 m) high, 280 feet (85 m) long, and 84 feet (26 m) wide. The front
façade, on the south, has a wide granite stairway with steel railings capped by Aluminum handrails
leading up one story to a landing.
• At the landing is a band of gold anodized Aluminum doors, and gold anodized aluminum sheets
apparently covering original windows.

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FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURE

FIG. 14 –CHAPEL CONSTRUCTION MODEL

(SOURCE - https://www.pinterest.com/pin/546342998539337241/)

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FOLDED PLATE SHELL STRUCTURE

REFERENCES
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286984155_Application_of_folded_structures_in
_modern_architecture_and_engineering_constructions
 https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Folded_plate_construction#:~:text=There%20are
%20several%20benefits%20of,is%20normally%20more%20bending%20involved.
 https://constructionor.com/folded-plate-structures/
 https://inspiration.detail.de/sportausbildungszentrum-muelimatt-in-bruggwindisch-
106155.html
 https://www.ketchum.org/ShellTandF/
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265054137_FOLDED_PLATE_STRUCTURES_AS_B
UILDING_ENVELOPES
 http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0354-4605/2012/0354-46051201001S.pdf
 https://faculty.arch.tamu.edu/media/cms_page_media/5409/lect25_U5AtQtU.pdf
 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-1227-
9_11#:~:text=Folded%20plate%20structures%20are%20composed,silo%20structures%3B%20
as%20sheet%20piles.
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/50838835_The_application_of_folded_plate_prin
ciples_on_spatial_structures_with_regular_irregular_and_free-form_geometries

18 JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA