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Overview of the Use of
Composite Rebars as
Reinforcement in Geopolymer
Concrete Structure
Ginghis B. Maranan
PhD Candidate,
School of Civil Engineering and Surveying
University of Southern Queensland – Toowoomba
Co‐Authors: Allan C. Manalo, Warna Karunasena, Brahim
Benmokrane, Priyan Mendis, Darren Lutze
Composites Australia and
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Outline of Presentation
• Issues and Concerns
• Current Solutions
• FRP Bars and FRP‐RC
• Geopolymer Concrete and S‐RGC
• Research gap and motivation
• Bond‐slip behaviour
• Flexural behaviour
• Future Works
• Conclusions
Composites Australia and
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Issues and Concerns
• Rust products ~ 6‐10 times of
the steel volume
Steel
Corrosion • Early strength degradation
• Loss of serviceability
• 1.5 tonne of raw materials per
tonne of OPC
Cement • 1 tonne cement : 1 tonne CO2
Sustainability
• 5‐8% worldwide yearly emission
of CO2
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Current Solutions
Replacement of steel bars Replacement of OPC concrete with
with Fibre Reinforce Polymer (FRP) geopolymer concrete
bars
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FRP BARS
Benefits
Ehsani et al. 1997
Castro et al. 1998 • Corrosion resistant
Masmoudi 2003
Micelli & Nanni 2004 • High tensile strength & fatigue endurance
Nkurunziza 2005
• Lightweight & Durable
Gangarao et al. 2007
ISIS Canada 2007 • Electromechanical neutral
Mufti 2007
Wang et al. 2007 Limitations
Kemp & Blowers 2011
• Low elastic modulus & shear strength
V‐Rod® Australia
• Do not exhibit yielding before rupture (brittle)
• Fire resistance can be less than adequate
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FRP-REINFORCED CONCRETE (FRP-RC)
In comparison with conventional reinforced concrete
Nawy et al. 1971 (RC), FRP‐RC have:
Malvar 1995
• Similar structural behaviour
Benmokrane et al. 1996
Almussalam 1997 • Similar or lower bond strength
Achillides & Pilakoutas
2004 • Greater or comparable flexural strength
Balendran et al. 2004
Farghaly et al. 2009 • Similar or lower shear strength
De Luca et al. 2010
• Comparable compression strength
Farghaly & Benmokrane
2013
• Wider cracks and greater deflection
Mohamed 2014
• More brittle failure
ACI 440.1R‐03, CAN/CSA S806‐02, CAN/CSA S6‐06, ISIS
CANADA 2001a, JSCE
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GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
Compared to OPC concrete of the same grade
• Better fire and chemical resistance
Bilodeu & Malhotra (1998); 80%
Hardjito et al. (2005); • Durable, lower creep and shrinkage
Lloyd & Rangan (2009, CO2
2010); • High early strength development
Concrete Institute of
Australia (2011); • Comparable or higher tensile and flexural strength
Sakulich (2011)
• Comparable or lower elastic modulus
Aldred & Day (2012);
Aleem & Arumairaj (2012); • Similar behaviour, elastic properties, and failure
Kambic & Hammaker mode
(2012);
Mechanical properties are suitable for structural
applications
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STEEL-REINFORCED GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE
(S-RGC)
Compared RC
• Similar behaviour (load‐deflection characteristics,
Rangan et al. 2006 crack pattern, and failure modes)
Sumajouw & Rangan 2006
• Computational methods in RC can be extended to
Sofi et al. 2007 RGC,
Sumajouw et al. 2007
Dattatreya et al. 2011 • Better first crack load and ultimate load (better
energy absorption capacity)
Ambily et al. 2012
Abraham et al. 2013
• Better flexural strength
Kumaravel &
Thirugnanasambandam • Exhibit more ductile failure and more narrow cracks
2013 with a close spacing
Murgavel 2014
S‐RGC is found to perform adequately as structural
components
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RESEARCH GAP AND MOTIVATION
High
Sustainability
Geopolymer
Concrete
Reinforced with
FRP Bars
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DIRECT PULLOUT TEST
12.7 mm, 15.9 mm,
Bar diameter (Ø)
19.0 mm
Embedment length
0Ø, 5Ø, 10Ø, 15Ø
(ld)
With and without
Anchorage system
anchor head
Number of
69 bond‐slip specimens
specimens
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BOND-SLIP BEHAVIOUR
25
15
10 12.7mm
15.9mm
5 19.0mm
16mm (Steel Bar)
0
0 5 10 15
ld/Ø
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FOUR-POINT STATIC BENDING TEST
12.7 mm, 15.9 mm,
Bar Diameter (Ø)
19.0 mm
Reinforcement
Ratio (ρ) 1.0%, 1.18%, 2.12%
With and without
Anchorage System
anchor head
Flexure Test Setup
Number of
Specimens 6 beam specimens
First cracking moment, crack width and
propagation, capacity & failure mode, midspan
Results
deflection, load‐deflection response, strain
distribution
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FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR
250
200
Load (kN)
150
2‐19.0
100
3‐15.9
4‐12.7
50 5‐15.9
3‐16.0(S)
0
0 25 50 75 100
Midspan Deflection (mm)
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FUTURE WORKS
Investigate the structural behaviour of geopolymer concrete beams and columns internally
reinforced with glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars
Bond‐slip Behaviour
Flexure Behaviour
Shear Behaviour
Compression Behaviour
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CONCLUSION
• Sufficient bond exists between the sand‐coated GFRP bar and
the geopolymer concrete to secure a composite action.
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THANK YOU!!!
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