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TECHNOLOGY
STACK: DIGITAL
BACKBONE
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Contents
3 Introduction
If change is a constant anywhere, it is a constant in the treasury industry. It’s hard to even
talk shop without discussing the changes, the shifts, and the coming horizons.
The Structure of This Ebook:
Change, however, proves twofold. It is not only external, with different waters flowing past
at each new moment, but also internal: the man stepping into the river grows. Similarly, the
expectations and challenges treasury faces are in a constant state of flux, which prompts
internal change, as the treasury industry grows and develops in its ability to face them.
WHAT IS A DIGITAL
A main area of growth for treasury has been in the adoption of new technology, and 01 BACKBONE?
especially in the use of treasury management systems, or TMS. Since more and more
departments are looking to these solutions to help them overcome outward challenges,
we created this eBook series to help treasury professionals understand the complicated
waters of the TMS.
WHY DO WE NEED A
02 DIGITAL BACKBONE?
The first eBook in this series discussed the business case for a TMS and served as a guide
for treasury professionals seeking to communicate with key decision-makers about the
need for a TMS and the benefits to all departments involved.
HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF
Here, in this eBook, we shift our attention to the crucial place a TMS can occupy in a 03 TREASURY TECHNOLOGY
treasury department, serving as a part or whole of a digital backbone in the technology
stack. This understanding will also prove helpful in addressing the material of the third and
fourth eBooks, which will relate to TMS selection (third eBook) and implementation (fourth
eBook).
MODERN TECHNOLOGY
04 CHANGES & IMPACTS
No man ever steps in the same river twice, for it’s not the 05 THE ECONOMIC & STRATEGIC
MODEL OF THE DIGITAL BACKBONE
same river, and he’s not the same man.
– Heraclitus
“Connectivity” became an industry buzzword years ago, but like “change,” it has
both external and internal applications for corporates. Externally, PSD2 and the rise
of open banking are revolutionizing the interactions corporates have with outside The Digital Backbone
sources of financial information. Internally, corporates are recognizing the importance
of the connected enterprise, and many are embracing the concept of open treasury:
interconnected technological components that can follow tasks from start to finish with
fewer manual kick-off points.
For our purposes, the “backbone” symbolizes one main thing: In order for treasury’s
varied components to work properly, they must be connected through a core system in an
integrated structure, as the limbs and head are all connected via the backbone.
TMS
T MS
The digital backbone may also involve extensive use of APIs, an elegantly simple
technology that has already changed the landscape of external connectivity by enabling
open banking. An API, or Application Programming Interface, works to retrieve and
consolidate information from various outside sources into a whole. To give a brief
example, when you use a service such as Uber or Lyft, you are likely to view an app on your
phone that displays a map with the locations of the drivers. These apps use an API to fetch The “ backbone” symbolizes one main thing:
map information, another API to fetch GPS information, and so forth. In order for treasury’s varied components to work
properly, they must be connected through a core
system in an integrated structure, as the limbs
and head are all connected via the backbone.
The user experience remains seamless. You don’t have to piece together a map from one
source, GPS coordinates from another source, and your pick-up information elsewhere. To
do so, in fact, would be such a hassle that few (if any) customers would bother with it.
Treasury professionals today, however, constantly face such a piecemeal user experience
as they attempt to manually consolidate information and functionality from various
components. APIs, as well as the digital backbone in general, can help.
These components—TMS, ERP, and APIs—will likely make up the majority of the digital
backbone itself. Ultimately, however, the most important element is ensuring that your
technology stack is built with that open, integrated, seamless structure by whatever means
make sense for your organization.
While this eBook series primarily aims to educate treasury about TMS, this particular
installment is covering the broader role of the TMS in the technology stack. Since its
participation in the digital backbone is the most crucial role a TMS can play in treasury, we
will focus on the digital backbone in general for most of this eBook. Understand that while
we may mention the TMS rarely, the importance we place on the digital backbone always
applies to the role the TMS plays.
A TMS running on an architecture that supports open APIs connects to an FX rate provider allowing for a far faster
connection implementation than an FTP file transfer process setup.
OPEN API
FTP
TMS TMS Communications Hub/FTP Job Scheduler FX Rate Provider Communications Hub/FTP Job Scheduler FX Rate Provider
The demands on treasury have escalated and continue to escalate rapidly. This is the “water” Five Key Challenges for Treasury
of the river that changes and flows by constantly—the external change. Some demands
spring from negative sources, such as the increased risk of fraud, but many other challenges
represent steps towards greater mastery and quality in the industry at large.
Whatever the source, however, excelling in such a demanding environment can seem
daunting, especially given that staffing resources, while increasing somewhat, are not
keeping pace with the demands on treasury. We need not sugarcoat it: without the right FLEXIBILITY
tools and the proper planning, excelling would prove impossible. This, however, is where
the internal change occurs. The tools and resources available to treasury have risen to the
challenges.
Consider the following areas that challenge treasury to excel beyond the expectations of
prior decades, coupled with the ways in which a digital backbone can help: INSIGHT
] Flexibility
CHALLENGE: DIGITAL BACKBONE:
VISIBILITY
The constant change itself presents Allowing for flexibility that can
a challenge for treasury. Maintaining skyrocket as fast as demands do may
equilibrium and trending toward well be one of the most crucial roles
excellence in an industry where a digital backbone plays in treasury. EFFICIENCY
standards, technology, and so many With a properly structured digital
other factors shift like sand can be backbone, treasury can replace or
overwhelming. In order to maintain a plug in new pieces of technology
competitive edge, the modern treasury as needed, upgrading on the go
must master flexibility. Departments without having to start from square
CONTROL
at large must be able to scale and one and restructure at each change.
adapt their technology, and treasury This flexibility affects every other
professionals individually must be able area of treasury as well, allowing for
to adjust their methods to account for adaptation and unhindered growth.
rapidly changing situations.
] Insight
CHALLENGE: DIGITAL BACKBONE: Top Corporate Operational Challenges
“Insight” represents a longstanding The digital backbone immediately Top six responses shown
challenge for treasury: synthesis and enables greater insight simply by
analysis of data and the ability to make enabling greater visibility. In addition, Manual processes Risk of payments
connections and to forecast. This is however, the digital backbone can aid Staff fraud/cyber
capabilities security threats
and always has been crucial. However, in handling big data. With more data
and/or size
with other factors (many of which have than ever at their fingertips and fewer
already been mentioned, such as risk, integration problems holding up the
57% Regulatory
33% requirements
exposure, and complexity) growing process, treasury professionals can and changes
43%
at almost alarming rates, gaining much more easily and accurately run
insight becomes more difficult. The analyses and forecasts.
appearance of big data contributes 33% 28%
27%
to the challenge, inflating the tasks of
synthesizing and accurately analyzing
Lack of technology Rising interest
data into monumental undertakings. or investment in rates/economic
the operations uncertainty
] Visibility
CHALLENGE: DIGITAL BACKBONE: Visibility
Corporates today see more complexity With more seamless access to
and more international expansion, information and more integration
TMS: GTREASURY
leading to more risk and exposure. between data sources, visibility gains Business Intelligence
With rising exposure comes the accuracy and immediacy. As with
increased need for immediate, efficiency, visibility is extremely difficult External
Data
complete, accurate visibility of to fully achieve when the user experience API Sources
Core TMS Additional
where those risks and exposures consists of trying to force pieces to Data Data Internal
lie. Simultaneously, the complexity fit together. A digital backbone allows API Data
Sources
that caused the need makes gaining for the much more integrated view so
visibility all the more difficult. sought-after in visibility.
Data pulled into the tables accessible by the TMS or data sent
to a company datalake to leverage internal BI processes.
] Efficiency
CHALLENGE: DIGITAL BACKBONE: Exposures & Efficiency
Not only do other departments need Perhaps one of the challenges to which
more information from treasury on a a digital backbone is most obviously Slow APIs Provide: Faster
SITUATIONS
- Faster connections
tighter timeline, but positive changes applicable, efficiency is inevitably increased - More updated
in the business world have also led by the seamless user experience alone. Incomplete information More Complete View
- Fewer handoffs/transfers
to higher efficiency standards. Many With an unstructured technology stack,
treasury departments are raising their the burden of piecing together disparate Error-Prone End-to-End Higher Accuracy
Automation:
own standards of excellence, which components and trying to pull complete - Fewer handoffs
raises the industry standard. In order information from incomplete sources falls - Controls in the system
- Speed for better
to remain competitive, we must aim entirely on the staff, of whom there are decisions
higher. We want to reach Six Sigma, probably too few for such an undertaking.
not just Three or Four. With a digital backbone shouldering the Limits Decisions Reduced Defects Efficiency
RESULTS
burden of consolidation and allowing Errors/Loss Lower Costs Accuracy
treasury professionals to devote their Time Drain Greater Scalability
efforts to more high-level tasks, Six Sigma Lack of Confidence
becomes much more attainable.
methods of fraud are all rising at eliminating systems. This reduces Check/cheque forgery
an alarming rate. Technological the points of exposure. Establishing
advancement, while alleviating consistent processes and controls Payment Diversion
many other pain points for treasury, reduces exception processing and Check/cheque conversion fraud
often creates difficulties both in improves quality while increasing
System-level fraud
preventing fraudulent activity and in security.
maintaining effective internal control. ACH fraud
When treasury’s processes become Example: APIs port content from
Ransomware Some attempt(s), no success
convoluted and scattered amongst multiple admin systems into the TMS
Yes, we suffered a loss
several unconnected components, it for payment approval. Users only Card fraud (P-card)
Yes, we suffered a loss. Atleast one
becomes tempting to bypass standard access one payment system. person was terminated or let go
Wire fraud
processes.
In learning how to consider and interact with the changes in technology we encounter, it will prove helpful to reflect
on some of the technological highlights that have brought treasury through the past several decades. Each advance
brought new functionality, but in different ways and with different results. Some added unnecessary complexity,
whereas others brought welcome flexibility or simplified overly convoluted processes from previous innovations.
While the dizzying turnover rates of new technology can sometimes make us feel unstable, there is a stability to the
constancy of change itself when we take a bird’s-eye view and consider the steady forward movement we find there.
In addition, observing how each of these advances led into the next and brought incredible opportunities to the
industry can open our eyes to the opportunities before us and to the excitement of the present era.
In the following pages, we’ll consider first the progression of connectivity and then the progression of systems from
manual to cloud.
CONNECTIVITY
At this stage, connectivity had With the emergence of digital Many variations of If H2H is having separate Application Programming
not truly even emerged as a technology, bank portals Host-to-Host (H2H) phones, networks are Interfaces (APIs), which we
separate element. It simply appeared. Still used connections have been used, equivalent to having one have discussed in more
consisted of the same extensively today in smaller including the prevalent File phone for all your calling detail earlier in this guide, are
process as systems—paper businesses and personal Transfer Protocol (FTP), and needs. Networks such as the next generation of
bank statements and teletype. bank accounts, bank portals many are still used today. SWIFT and EBICS began in connectivity. If networks are
consist simply of a web page H2H connections are direct, the 1970s with banks seeking having a single phone that
where the client can log in, with corporates leasing to simplify payments and can call various people, APIs
pull information via download dedicated lines to banks to information transfers across are not needing to pick up
or print-off, and see relatively send and receive information. borders. Over the following the phone at all. You push a
current cash positions for Treasury can schedule certain decades, corporates adopted button from whatever device
that account. activities, such as balance their use, and networks you’re already using, and the
updates or statement progressed from innovative API fetches and integrates
downloads. Still, H2H to the standard. the information into what
connections can be you’re viewing.
characterized as clunky. One
might compare them to
having a separate phone for
each person you need to call.
SYSTEMS
Until the 1970s, treasury Processes: As various As digital technology grew, Application Service Providers, Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
received all of its bank industries slowly acclimated installed computer systems or ASPs, took a significant took the ASP model and
information either via paper to the revolutionary added many functionalities but insufficient step towards elegantly modified it into
bank statements or teletype functionality of computers, we would expect to see in solving the upgrade problem. what has become the current
machines. Teletype machines, digital systems emerged to modern treasury systems, These systems were hosted, standard for treasury. SaaS is
which operated on the same present new solutions to old such as accounting and but unlike SaaS, they offered a multi-tenant, cloud-hosted
technology as telegraphs, problems. Computer forecasting. single instances of the model. The functionality is
involved the bank wiring programs developed, running hosted system. highly scalable, providing
information to the machine, on DOS, that allowed treasury However, these systems customization, but the
which would print out, line by to pull bank data. tended to become While ASP attempted to provider implements
line, information in a prompt problematic over time. Staff combine the best of both upgrades for all users as
and response fashion. These early installed systems frequently put off upgrades worlds by giving treasury the soon as they are available,
Staff manually organized, were revolutionary in many for various reasons, allowing ability to customize their preventing the issue of
analyzed, and handled all ways, but they were extremely patches and updates to system while also having backlogged updates. In
information on paper liable to problems. There accumulate. By the time someone else hosting and addition, when the developers
spreadsheets until Lotus 1-2-3 were no processes in place to anyone realized that it had helping maintain it, the create new functionality to
was released for DOS (Disc handle any issues and become an issue, the problem upgrades were still not account for advances in the
Operating System) computers exceptions the software was massive: the system was enforced, and even with the industry, users are able to
in 1983. Even then, processes encountered, so the only years behind, and bringing it updates, the technology gain access to this without
remained heavily manual. option when the frequent up to speed was tantamount tended to fall behind. undergoing a new
problem appeared was to to a reimplementation. implementation.
start over, essentially
rebooting the program. Key Points:
1] Self-updating asset
(non-obsolete) with vendor-
tested updating vs. self-
obsoleting system.
2] Outsourced, simplified &
resilient connections vs.
do-it-yourself & maintain
-it-yourself connections.
3] Focus of development &
support on one platform vs.
dilution via numerous
versions.
4] End-to-end process focus
vs. system-contained view.
We believe that the digital backbone is the next step. In the wake N-Tier Architecture Model
of the corporate cloud conversion, treasury is surrounded by cloud
system after cloud system, tool after externally connected tool. UI - Presentation Layer
Now we need them to be interoperable. We need open treasury,
an externally and internally connected treasury department whose Business Layer
digital navigation no longer resembles a maze with trick locks at
every turn, but instead resembles a single, healthy body, brought Data Access Layer
together in seamless functionality by a digital backbone.
Database Layer
Connectivity Monthly Mailed Statements Teletype Machines TTY Emulation With Dial Up Web Portals FTP/SFTP/MDM SWIFT Networks Open APIs
Formats Paper Statements Screen Reports MT940/942, BAI2 MT101, Fedwire EDI Portal Exports: CSV, XLS XML: pain XML: camt
Technology Searches, Lookup Queries Reporting Dashboards Massive In-Memory Computing Business Intelligence: Self-Discovery
In this diagram, we track the progression of treasury technology along four different lines: connectivity, formats, technology,
and solutions. Each section shows the oldest processes and tools starting at the lefthand side of the track, with consecutive
innovations to the right. Typically several layers coexist for lengthy time periods as the new technology gains followers and
becomes dominant, while the older technology works and remains in a long-tail runoff over years or decades.
CONNECTIVITY
We begin at the left with highly manual and inefficient methods. The SWIFT and network era is
active and certainly does not feel vintage, as emulation with dial up does, but open APIs have
nonetheless begun to grow rapidly and are even influencing networks like SWIFT, continuing the
trajectory of increasingly efficient connectivity.
FORMATS
Treasury formats progressed with just a few stops from pure paper printouts to CSV and the ability
to download data from portals. Currently, new advancements in XML provide users with a far richer
data experience (the data comes along with tags that describe the data) that can continue to expand
or have other data added in without breaking the processing systems on the receiver’s end. This is
supplanting location dependent data from the legacy formats born in an era of ultrahigh-cost data
transmissions.
Note the blue text running along the top and bottom of the formats chart. Above the chart,
we see that the first several formatting processes were costly to transmit, not to mention
much slower and less efficient. The final innovations (so far) come with significantly
reduced length of time and cost for data transmission.
The text below the formats track indicates that the earliest processes focused on
transmitting data in one direction, from financial institution to treasury. Following
innovations developed two-way transmissions and standardized confirmation messaging,
allowing treasury to request and confirm their data transmissions for completeness and
accuracy.
TECHNOLOGY
This portion of the diagram is split into two rows. On the top, we observe the progressions
of treasury’s processes for acquiring and processing data. As noted in the text running
above this top row, processing power efficiency is doubling every 18 months, leading to
rapid growth in this area. Current innovations in business intelligence are making full use
of the incredible computing power of modern technology, with analyses that help staff
leverage massive amounts of data, allowing for rapid insight and predictive analytics while
providing the user with self-discovery capabilities that free them from day-to-day reliance
on database professionals.
The bottom row shows the progression of treasury’s ability to store and access data,
moving from simple matrix structures to increasingly complex structured and unstructured
data sets with massive storage capabilities. As noted in the text running below the bottom
row, increased storage capacity is made absolutely essential by data hyper-growth rates of
40 percent each year.
SOLUTIONS
The most comprehensive of the four categories, Solutions combines the other technologies
and processes available into single digital structures for treasury management. The top
section—CPM, DOS/UNIX, and Windows—shows operating system progression, while the
bottom section begins tracking tier flexibility. See the diagram and accompanying text on
page 11 for more information on the meaning, implications, and history of the different
tiered architecture models.
As discussed in the first eBook in this series, the business case for a TMS is strongly
rooted in the deep value it brings to an organization over time. The total value proposition
for a digital backbone runs along similar lines. When considering investing in a digital
backbone, it is important to understand that doing so is vastly different from the tradition
of spending on obsoleting technology. Economic & Strategic Benefits
of the Digital Backbone
Keeping in mind all that we have discussed regarding rapid technology turnover, constant
changes in the industry, frequent hikes in the expectations placed upon treasury, and
the flux and innovations in treasury technology, it is easy to imagine how quickly most
treasury technology can depreciate if no one takes steps to avoid it. While the adoption of
the SaaS model for individual components has alleviated this pressure greatly, even that
does not eradicate the problem on every level. However, if a department takes the time 01 SCALABLE INNOVATION
to organize all components around a SaaS-based core system, building connectivity at
each junction, the technology stack as a whole can not only avoid obsolescence, but can
actually appreciate.
This is the economic and strategic model of the digital backbone: develop a commitment 02 SEAMLESS FLEXIBILITY
to managing an appreciating asset instead of investing in obsoleting technology.
03 COST EFFICIENCY
GTreasury offers a digital TMS platform that connects Strategic Treasurer provides consulting, research, and professional
treasury’s ecosystem for new and smarter ways of working. services for treasury management, security, technology, and
With GTreasury, organizations can implement a single compliance. Since 2004, corporate clients, banks, and fintech
SaaS solution for end-to-end cash, payments and risk, providers throughout the world have relied on their deep
creating a single source of truth for treasurers. GTreasury is awareness of current practices, plans, and perceptions through
headquartered in Chicago, with offices in North America, their annual surveys and decades of treasury experience.
EMEA (London) and APAC (Sydney).
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