TD – 607

ENERGY SOURCES & THEIR UTILIZATION

ASSIGNMENT – 1

SUBMITTED TO:

Dr. PRIYADARSHINI JADHAV

SUBMITTED BY:

SASHWAT GHAI

21335T005

CTARA
TD-607 Assignment - 1

Question 1

What does the paper say about the illness due to traditional cook stoves, only with regard to material
outcomes – names of diseases, causes, extent etc. List the references in the paper that can tell you
more about the quantification.

Answer 1

India seems to have some 30% of all (world) household solid-fuel stoves, although the estimates are
generally much less reliable than in India where fuel use is determined in the national census. In rural
India, women probably receive the highest air pollution exposures because of their role as cook but they
smoke at low rates. On that basis, the total world health impact on women and children would be roughly
three times larger than the Indian estimates. Following are the list of diseases classified as Class I (strong
evidence), Class II (intermediate evidence) and Class III (suggestive evidence)

1. Class I : Strong evidence found

1.1 Illness 1

Name: Acute Respiratory infection (ARI):

Found in: Children bellow 5years of age

Cause: Solid fuel use (esp. developing countries); Other causes: passive/active smoking, urban air
pollution

Reason: Children below the age of 5 spend much of their time with the boundaries of a household and are
exposed to the smoke/fumes from a traditional cook stove

Statistics: India -13% of deaths; 11% of NBD (national burden of diseases); 24% of NBD for children
below 5yrs; World – 8.5% of global burden; rare in developed countries

Severity: In poor countries like India, the disease can cause pneumonia and death. ALRI (acute lower
respiratory infection) impose the highest burden.

Reference paper for Quantification:

 Smith, K. R., Samet, J. M., Romieu, I. & Bruce, N. (2000) Thorax 55, 518–532.
 Shah, N., Ramankutty, V., Premila, P. G. & Sathy, N. (1994) J. Trop. Pediatr. 40, 201–206.
 Kossove, D. (1982) S. Afr. Med. J. 61, 622–624.
 Collings, D. A., Sithole, S. D. & Martin, K. S. (1990) Trop. Doct. 20, 151–155
 Johnson, A. W. & Aderele, W. I. (1992) Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 12, 421–432.

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 Mtango, F. D., Neuvians, D., Broome, C. V., Hightower, A. W. & Pio, A. (1992) Trop. Med
 de Francisco, A., Morris, J., Hall, A. J., Armstrong-Schellenberg, J. R. & Greenwood, B. M. (1993) Int. J. Epidemiol.
22, 1174–1182
 O’Dempsey, T., McArdle, T. F., Morris, J., Lloyd-Evans, N., Baldeh, I., Lawrence, B. E., Secka, O. & Greenwood, B.
M. (1996) Int. J. Epidemiol. 25, 885–893.
 Campbell, H., Armstrong, J. R. & Byass, P. (1989) Lancet 1, 1012.
 Armstrong, J. R. & Campbell, H. (1991) Int. J. Epidemiol. 20, 424–429
 Victora, C., Fuchs, S., Flores, J., Fonseca, W. & Kirkwood, B. (1994) Pediatrics 93, 977–985
 Shah, N., Ramankutty, V., Premila, P. G. & Sathy, N. (1994) J. Trop. Pediatr. 40, 201–206
 Cerqueiro, M. C., Murtagh, P., Halac, A., Avila, M. & Weissenbacher, M. (1990) Rev. Infect. Dis. 12, Suppl. 8,
S1021–S1028.
 Morris, K., Morgenlander, M., Coulehan, J. L., Gahagen, S., Arena, V. C. & Morganlander, M. (1990) Am. J. Dis.
Child. 144, 105–108.

1.2 Illness 2

Name: COPD & cor pulmonale (non-smokers); Other diseases (insufficient data): Interstitial lung
disease, silicosis, reduced lung function

Found in: Women

Cause: Open biomass stove (esp. developing countries) ; Other major causes: Active Smoking

Reason: Women in rural areas smoke and also spend much time on cooking using traditional cookstove

Statistics: India -1.5% of deaths; 0.9% of NBD (national burden of diseases); 1.8% of NBD for women;
World – all cases of COBD in developed countries

References for COPD quantification:

 Døssing, M., Khan, J. & al-Rabiah, F. (1994) Respir. Med. 88, 519–522
 Dennis, R. J., Maldonado, D., Norman, S., Baena, E. & Martinez, G. (1996) Chest 109, 115–119.
 Perez-Padilla, R., Regalado, J., Vedal, S., Pare, P., Chapela, R., Sansores, R. & Selman, M. (1996) Am. J. Respir. Crit.
Care Med. 154, 701–706.
 Pandey, M. R. (1984) Thorax 39, 337–339.
 Pandey, M. R., Basnyat, B. & Neupane, R. P. (1988) Chronic Bronchitis and Cor Pulmonale in Nepal (Mrigendra
Medical Trust, Kathmandu).
 Malik, S. K. (1985) Indian J. Chest Dis. Allied Sci. 27, 171–174
 Gupta, B., Mathur, N., Mahendra, P., Srivastava, A., Swaroop, V. & Agnihotri, M. (1997) Energy Environ. Monitor 13,
61–67
 Albalak, R., Frisancho, A. R. & Keeler, G. J. (1999) Thorax 54, 1004–1008.

1.3 Illness 3

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Name: Lung cancer

Found in: Women

Cause: Open coal stove (esp. developing countries) ; Other major causes: Active Smoking; little evidence
on biomass fuel

Reason: Women who cook with household coal (presence of arsenic and fluorine )and certain cooking
oils.

Statistics: India -0.4% of deaths; 0.1% of NBD; 0.1% of NBD for women

Severity: Non-smokers and non-coal users, Indian women have low lung cancer rates. Adding aero-
digestive tract cancers would increase the cancer burden attributable to indoor air pollution in India by
more than 10-fold, but the total burden would still remain small compared with COPD and ARI.

References for lung cancer quantification:

 Smith, K. R. & Liu, Y. (1994) in The Epidemiology of Lung Cancer, ed. Samet, J. (Dekker, New York), pp. 151–184.
 Xu, Z. Y., Brown, L., Pan, G. W., Li, G., Feng, Y. P., Guan, D. X., Liu, T. F., Liu, L. M., Chao, R. M., Sheng, J. H., et
al. (1996) Lung Cancer 14, Suppl. 1, S149–S160.
 Luo, R. X., Wu, B., Yi, Y. N., Huang, Z. W. & Lin, R. T. (1996) Lung Cancer 14, Suppl 1, S113–S119
 Shen, X. B., Wang, G. X., Huang, Y. Z., Xiang, L. S. & Wang, X. H. (1996) Lung Cancer 14, Suppl. 1, S107–S112.
 Dai, X. D., Lin, C. Y., Sun, X. W., Shi, Y. B. & Lin, Y. J. (1996) Lung Cancer 14, Suppl. 1, S85–S91.
 Wang, S. Y., Hu, Y. L., Wu, Y. L., Li, X., Chi, G. B., Chen, Y. & Dai, W. S. (1996) Lung Cancer 14, Suppl. 1, S99–
S105
 Zhong, L., Goldberg, M. S., Gao, Y. T. & Jin, F. (1999) Epidemiology 10, 488–494.
 Finkelman, R. B., Belkin, H. E. & Zheng, B. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 3427–3431
 Purvis, C. R., McCrillis, R. C. & Kariher, P. H. (2000) Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 1653–1658.
 Boffetta, P., Jourenkova, N. & Gustavsson, P. (1997) Cancer Causes Control 8, 444–472.
 Samet, J. M. (1994) Epidemiology of Lung Cancer (Dekker, New York).
 Sobue, T. (1990) Int. J. Epidemiol. 19, Suppl. 1, S62–S66

2. Class II: Intermediate evidence

2.1 Illness 1

Name: Blindness (cataract); other diseases - trachoma

Found in: Women

Cause: Biomass fuel, Solid-fuel use (esp. developing countries); Other major causes: Smoking

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Reason: Women in rural areas smoke and also spend much time on cooking using traditional cook-stove

Statistics: India - 0 deaths; 1% of NBD; 2% of NBD for women

Severity: One out of three cataracts in world occur in India; responsible for 80% of blindness in the
country

References for Blindness (cataract) quantification:

 National Family Health Survey (1995) National Family Health Survey (MCH and Family Planning): India, 1992–93
(International Institute for Population Sciences, Bombay)
 Thylefors, B., Negrel, A., Pararajasegaram, R. & Dadzie, K. (1995) Opthalmic Epidemiol. 2, 5–39.
 West, S. (1992) J. Am. Med. Assoc. 268, 1025–1026
 Shalini, V., Lothra, M. & Srinivas, L. (1994) Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 31, 261–266.
 Rao, C., Qin, C., Robison, W. & Zigler, J. (1995) Current Eye Res. 14, 295–301
 Preuss, A. & Mariotti, S. (2000) Bull. WHO 78, 258–265.

2.2 Illness 2

Name: TB (Tuberculosis);

Found in: Women

Cause: Biomass fuel, Solid-fuel use (esp. developing countries); Other major causes: wood, dungcakes,
outdoor air pollution

Reason: Women in rural areas smoke and also spend much time on cooking using traditional cook-stove

Statistics: India - : 8% of deaths; 5% of NBD; 5.5% of NBD for women

Severity: Women over 20 years in biomass-using households were 3.0 times more likely to have
someone reporting TB than households using cleaner fuels

References for TB quantification:

 Gupta, B., Mathur, N., Mahendra, P., Srivastava, A., Swaroop, V. & Agnihotri, M. (1997) Energy Environ. Monitor 13,
61–67.
 Mishra, V. K., Retherford, R. D. & Smith, K. R. (1999) Int. J. Infect. Dis. 3, 119–129.
 Xu, Z., Chen, B., Kjellstrom, T., Xu, X., Lin, Y. & Daqian, Y. (1995) in Air Pollution and Its Health Effects in China,
ed. Chen, B. (World Health Organization, Geneva), pp. 47–88
 Zelikoff, J. (1994) Center Indoor Air Res. Curr. 1 (3), 3.
 Thomas, P. & Zelikoff, J. (1999) in Air Pollution and Health, eds. Holgate, S. T., Samet, J. M., Koren, H. S. &
Maynard, R. L. (Academic, San Diego).

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2.3 Illness 3

Name: Asthma;

Found in: Data not given

Cause: Solid-fuel indoor smoke (esp. developing countries); Other major causes: urban outdoor pollution

Reason: Exposure to smoke using traditional cook-stove

Statistics: India: 0.2% of deaths; 0.5% of NBD

Severity: Asthma contributes relatively little to the total burden of deaths or DALYs.

References for Asthma quantification:

 Shukla, N., Trivedi, C. R. & Moitra, J. K. (1997) Energy Environ. Monitor 13, 69–77
 Garcı´a-Marcos, L., Guille´n, J. J., Dinwiddie, R., Guille´n, A. & Barbero, P. (1999) Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 10, 96–
100.
 Strachan, D. P. & Cook, D. G. (1998) Thorax 53, 204–212
 Mohamed, N., Ng’ang’a, L., Odhiambo, J., Nyamwaya, J. & Menzies, R. (1995) Thorax 50, 74–78
 Azizi, B. H., Zulkifli, H. I. & Kasim, S. (1995) J. Asthma 32, 413–418.
 Xu, X., Niu, T., Christiani, D. C., Weisss, S. T., Chen, C., Zhou, Y., Yang, J., Fang, Z., Jiang, Z., Liang, W., et al.
(1996) Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 2, 172–176

2.4 Illness 4

Name: Adverse Pregnancy outcomes; other diseases - trachoma

Found in: Pregnant women, intrauterine mortality

Cause: Biomass fuel (esp. developing countries); Other major causes: particulate air pollution

Reason: Exposure of pregnant woman to biomass fuel smoke and outdoor pollution.

Statistics: India: perinatal conditions are 6% of deaths; 7.5% of NBD; 20% of NBD for children under 5

Severity: Effect from this mechanism for indoor biomass and coal smoke, at present is hard to provide an
estimate of the potential burden in India.

References for quantification:

 Mavalankar, D. V., Trivedi, C. R. & Grah, R. H. (1991) Bull. WHO 69, 435–442.
 Xu, X., Ding, H. & Wang, X. (1995) Arch. Environ. Health 50, 407–415.
 Wang, X., Ding, H., Ryan, L. & Xu, X. (1997) Environ. Health Perspect. 105, 514–520.

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 Boy, E., Delgado, H. & Bruce, N. G. (1998) Birth Weight and Exposure to Kitchen Wood Smoke During Pregnancy
(Inst. for Nutrition of Central Am. and Panama, Guatemala).
 Pereira, L. A., Loomis, D., Conceic¸a˜o, G. M., Braga, A. L. F., Arcas, R. M., Kishi, H. S., Singer, J. M., Bo¨hm, G. M.
& Saldiva, P. H. (1998) Environ. Health Perspect. 106, 325–329.
 Bobak, M. (2000) Environ. Health Perspect. 108, 173–176.
 Ritz, B. & Yu, F. (1999) Environ. Health Perspect. 107, 17–25.
 Loomis, D., Castillejos, M., Gold, D. R., McDonnell, W. & Borja-Aburto, V. H. (1999) Epidemiology 10, 118–123.
 Woodruff, T. J., Grillo, J. & Schoendorf, K. G. (1997) Environ. Health Perspect. 105, 608–612.
 Scram, R. (1999) Environ. Health Perspect. 107, A542–A543.
 Windham, G. C., Eaton, A. & Hopkins, B. (1999) Paediatric Perinatal Epidemiol. 13, 35–57.
 Johnson, D. L., Swank, P. R., Baldwin, C. D. & McCormick, D. (1999) Psychol. Rep. 84, 149–154.
 Windham, G. C., Von Behren, J., Waller, K. & Fenster, L. (1999) Am. J. Epidemiol. 149, 243–247.
 Walsh, J. (1993) in Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, ed. Jamison, D. (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford).
 Barker, D. (1997) Nutrition 13, 807–813.

3. Class III: Suggestive Evidence

3.1 Illness 1

Name: Heart disease;

Found in: Women

Cause: Active and passive smoking; Outdoor air pollution; unrelated to biomass fuel

Reason: No research has been done to connect it solid-fuel using households.

Statistics: India: 17% of deaths; 5% of NBD; 7.3% of NBD for women

Severity: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) rates among Indian women are not high by world standards

References for Heart disease quantification:

 Seaton, A., Soutar, A., Crawford, V., Elton, R., McNerlan, S., Cherrie, J., Watt, M., Agius, R. & Stout, R. (1999)
Thorax 54, 1027–1032.
 Borja-Aburto, V. H., Castillejos, M., Gold, D. R., Bierzwinski, S. & Loomis, D. (1998) Environ. Health Perspect. 106,
849–855.
 Dockery, D. W., Pope, A. C., Xu, X., Spengler, J. D., Ware, J. H., Fay, M. E., Ferris, B. G., Jr., & Speizer, F. E. (1993)
N. Engl. J. Med. 329, 1753–1759.
 Glantz, S. A. & Parmley, W. W. (1995) J. Am. Med. Assoc. 273, 1047–1053.
 Steenland, K., Sieber, K., Etzel, R. A., Pechacek, T. & Maurer, K. (1998) Am. J. Epidemiol. 147, 932–939.

Question 2

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TD-607 Assignment - 1

DALY stands for : disability-adjusted life year. See the following definition from WHO, and answer the
question that follows.

Mortality does not give a complete picture of the burden of disease borne by individuals in different
populations. The overall burden of disease is assessed using the disability-adjusted life year (DALY), a
time-based measure that combines years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) and years of life
lost due to time lived in states of less than full health, or years of healthy life lost due to disability (YLDs).
One DALY represents the loss of the equivalent of one year of full health. Using DALYs, the burden of
diseases that cause premature death but little disability (such as drowning or measles) can be compared
to that of diseases that do not cause death but do cause disability (such as cataract causing blindness).
One DALY represents the loss of the equivalent of one year of full health. DALYs for a disease or health
condition are the sum of the years of life lost to due to premature mortality (YLLs) and the years lived
with a disability (YLDs) due to prevalent cases of the disease or health condition in a population .

What is the burden of disease in DALY due to Indoor Air Pollution, and how does it compare with the
National burden of disease in India? You may look up the reference(s) in the paper.

Answer 2

Indoor air pollution in household is caused by fuels like coal, wood, charcoal, agricultural wastes, animal
dung, or kerosene for household cooking or heating. There are mortality and disease burdens associated
with indoor air pollution in the household. This is measured by disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs).

Global Deaths and DALYs due to indoor smoke [1]

Risk factor DALYs (thousands) As % total DALYs Deaths (thousands) As % total deaths
Indoor smoke 38,539 2.6% 1,619 2.9%
from solid fuels

Diseases caused by indoor air pollution

Asthma, acute respiratory infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, tuberculosis,
cerebrovascular disease and ischemic heart disease, low birthweight and stillbirth, respiratory, and
cardiovascular diseases. The use of these fuels is very inefficient as they emit high concentrations of
gaseous and particulate pollutants in the households.

NBD India

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At international level, India contributes to 30% of all household solid-fuel stoves, as per the national
census. Estimated pollution caused due to household indoor air pollution in India is about 4.2–6.1%. The
effect of using fuels on people and the estimated percentage affected people are given as follows:

1. COPD
In women in India contributes -1.5% of deaths; 0.9% of NBD (national burden of diseases); 1.8% of NBD
for women; World – all cases of COBD in developed countries. Caused by open biomass stove (esp.
developing countries); other major causes: Active Smoking.

2. Blindness (cataract)
In women in India contributes to 1% of NBD and 2% of NBD for women. India contributes to a large
burden of blindness than any country of the world. Out of all the cases of the world, 1/3 rd cataracts occur
in India which contributes to 80% of blindness in the country.

3. Pregnancy outcomes of India

In women in India: perinatal conditions are 6% of deaths; 7.5% of NBD; 20% of NBD for children under
5 years. Effect from this mechanism for indoor biomass and coal smoke, at present is hard to provide an
estimate of the potential burden in India. According to a study, around 400,000–550,000 premature deaths
in India every year is due indoor air pollution exposures to children under five and adult women.

Estimated annual health effects of indoor air pollution exposures in India [4]

Risk factor DALYs (thousands) Years of life lost Deaths (thousands) Sick days (billion)
(YLL) (millions)
Indoor smoke 12000-17000 11-15 400-550 1.6-2.0
from solid fuels

The ill health due to indoor air pollution is estimated to be 4.2-6.1% of the national total of India,
which is equivalent to 6.3-9-2% of the burden for women and children under 5, who are around
44% of the total population. Considering the mortality, the total burden from air pollution in
India would be 5.9-9.2%. Calculations comparing the two tables:

 Due to indoor air pollution, it can be seen that around 31-44% of global DALYs are
from India
 And India accounts for 25-34% of global deaths from indoor air pollution.

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Question 3

In general, this paper gives a good context overview of the problem of ICS interventions, and it has many
references to illustrate how technology and other inferences or the extent and nature of problems is
contextual, hence also determines whether an intervention is successful. For example, when collecting
firewood is time consuming and burdensome, then a more efficient stove is more likely to be accepted.
However, there are very few examples which quantify the various phenomena. Cited below, is a paper
of a specific intervention (from CTARA). (The paper is also uploaded in moodle.) Please read the
questions that follows and find the answers in the paper. You may read the abstract and then follow up
on the answer (no need to read the entire paper to answer the questions). Honkalaskar, V.H.,
Bhandarkar, U.V. & Sohoni, M. Development of a fuel efficient cookstove through a participatory
bottom-up approach. Energ Sustain Soc 3, 16 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/2192-0567-3-16

From Table 2 in the paper, find the percentage of energy expended in firewood collection.

a. What percentage of women’s work do you estimate firewood collection comprises?

b. The Water Boiling Test was used to measure the efficiency of the improved cook stove in this paper.
Can you describe the test as used in the paper and how it compares to cookstove efficiency
measurements conducted by other researchers in general?

Answer

a.

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As per the Table 2 in the study, women are mostly involved in domestic activities which include
water fetching, firewood collection, cooking, fish/crab catching, plinth preparation and cloth
washing.

Total energy required for the activities [2]

=Water fetching + Firewood Fetching + Cooking + Cloth washing + Fishing

= 44.1 + 42.9 + 14.6 + 9.9

= 111.5

Percentage of women’s work in firewood collection

= (42.9 / 111.5) * 100

= 38.47%

b. Water Boiling Test

Water boiling test and a kitchen performance test involves a real time evaluation of the daily cooking
practice. In this test, a measured amount of water is boiled on a cookstove. Then efficiency of the stove is
calculated by dividing the total heat transferred to water by the total heat input. The components needed
for the test include - operator, firewood, cookstove, pot, amount of food to be cooked. Each component
has an impact on the performance of a cookstove. The modifications for the WBT are listed below:

1. Women were asked to fire the cookstove while carrying WBTs on field in order to imitate
existing cookstove firing practice.
2. Time duration was noted which was a little less than half an hour as documented in most villages.
3. Fuel size: For field-level testing ain and dhamda wood was used of 2 to 5 cm having diameter
and 50 to 70 cm length. For laboratory level testing, wood of 2.5 ± 0.5 cm diameter and 25 ± 2
cm length was used.
4. Power input for the experiment was decided to be 8.5 kW (1.81 kg firewood/h) in single-pot
mode and 14 kW (3.2 kg firewood/h) in two-pot mode of operation.
5. Weight of water to be used was taken to be 5.5 l as the average water usage for making of food.
6. Size of the pot was taken to be 26 to 31 cm
7. Time of the test was from 11 am to 5 pm.

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8. Other conditions included : Hot start, owing to the hot start condition for most of the cooking
preparations.

As compared to other methods, WBT’s is a simple and a reliable process. It provides a primary
understanding of stove performance, which is very helpful during the designing of the stove. In order to
be applicable for different types of stoves, this method is only a rough approximation of the actual
cooking. It is done in controlled conditions by trained technicians. Some other methods include:

1. Single-pot water boiling test

This uses twisted tape pack which can be retrofitted in the traditional cookstove. Using of twisted tape
pack , the thermal efficiency of the cookstove increases by an average of 20.61 ± 1.98%, and the specific
fuel consumption of cookstove is decreased by 14.5 ± 1.32%.

2. Two-pot water boiling test

In this method, TT’s are retrofitted in the cookstove. The thermal efficiency of the cookstove increases by
an average of 22.82 ± 2.48%, and specific fuel consumption of the cookstove decreases by 15 ± 1.29%

3. Kitchen performance test

In this method, there is a reduction of 21.3 ± 1.89%) in the average daily wood consumption. In the
kitchen performance test, there is a percentage increase in the performance of cookstove which is lower
than that derived from Water Boiling Test.
Question 4

From the same paper, some parameters for the traditional cook stove: 21 litre of water boiled every
day for bathing 2.9 kg of firewood 42 min to boil water from 25°C (Approximate room
temperature), to 100 °C (boiling point)

a. Find the efficiency of the cook stove.

b. Find the power input, and the power output. Assume the firewood calorific value to be 16 MJ/kg.

Answer 4

Mass of water (m) = 21l = 21*1 = 21kg

Change in temperature (T’) = 100°C – 25°C = 75°C

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Specific heat (c) = 4200 J/kg°C

Energy consumed in Joules = c*T’*m

= 4200*75*21 J = 6615000 J = 6.615 MJ

Mass of wood (mw)= 2.9 kg; cv= 16MJ/kg

Energy input = mw*cv = 2.9*16*10^6 J

= 46.4*10^6 J

a. Efficiency of cook stove (e) = (Energy consumed/ Energy input )*100

= (6615000 / 46400000) * 100
= 14.26%
b. Power input = Energy Input / time
= 46400000 / 42*60 = 18,412.69 J/s = 18.412 kWs = 66283.2 kWh

Power Output = Energy output / time

= 6615000/42*60 = 2625 J/s = 2.695 KWs = 9702 kWh

Question 5

Coal burning plants are approximately 35% efficient. How do cook stoves that work on electricity (coil
and induction) eventually compare to the wood stoves (traditional and improved) if we consider the
basis as the primary fuel used. You may refer to the paper for efficiencies of these stoves.

Answer 5

Coal based electrical power plant efficiency= 35%

Losses in Transmission of electricity = 16% (could be between 15-20% approx. for India)

= 10% (International standard)

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Net Efficiency of electricity based Cooking appliances considering primary fuel as coal

= Efficiency of power plant * Efficiency of Transmission * Efficiency Electrical appliances

1) Induction based

Induction bases cook stove Efficiency= 84% (previously known)

Net Efficiency of Electrical cook stove Considering Primary Fuel (i.e. coal)
= 0.35 * (1 - 0.16) * 0.84 = 0.247
=24.70%
2) Coil based

Coil based appliance efficiency = 70% (previously known)

Net efficiency of electrical coil based cook stove efficiency considering primary fuel(i.e. Coal) =
0.35 * (1-0.16) * 0.70 = 0.2058
= 20.6%

Question 6

We may consider that the transfer of energy from the stove top to the vessel is ~98% efficient in an
induction stove. What is the efficiency of the process of heat transfer from the vessel to the food?

If the same vessel is used on an LPG stove, and most parameters of the cooking process such as rate of
cooking are kept the same, assume that the overall efficiency of the process is 54% as stated in the
paper. (Because efficiency may vary depending on conditions.)

What is the efficiency of the transfer of energy from the stove top to the vessel in an LPG stove?
Hence, what percentage of generated heat is lost to the environment in an LPG stove.

Answer 6

Induction cook stove (ICS)

Energy efficiency from Stove to vessel (n) = 98%

Overall efficiency of ICS = 84%

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0.84 = 0.98*n

n = 0.857

= energy efficiency of heat transfer from vessel to food = = 85.7%

Energy efficiency of heat transfer from vessel to food = 85.7%

Overall efficiency of LPG stove = 54% (previously known)

0.54 = n*n2

n2= 0.54/0.857 = 0.63

Energy efficiency from stove top to vessel = 63%

Heat lost in environment from LPG stove to vessel = 100 – 63 = 37%

Heat lost in environment from vessel to food = 100 – 85.7 = 14.3%

Total Heat Loss = 100 – 54 = 46%

Question 7:

Download the latest ‘Energy Statistics’ report from the MoSPI website. Find the Total Primary Energy
Supply by fuel. List here. Does this list only commercial sources?

Answer 7

MoSPI Data

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Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) by fuel

Crude Oil 27.99%
Natural Gas 6.33%
Coal 64.20%
RE & others 3.99%

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (table 7.2 – Energy Balance India for 2019-20) = 9,46,087.05 Ktoe

1. Fuel share of crude oil

=27.99 % of 9,46,087.05 Ktoe

= 2,64,809.76 Ktoe

2. Fuel share of Natural Gas

= 6.33 % of 9,46,087.05 Ktoe

= 59,887.31 Ktoe

3. Fuel share of Coal

= 64.20 % of 9,46,087.05 Ktoe
= 6,07,387.88 Ktoe

4. Fuel share of RE and others

= 3.99 % of 9,46,087.05 Ktoe
= 37,748.87 Ktoe

Does this list only commercial sources?

Yes, this list contains only commercial sources of fuel. However, the fourth category says RE &
others.

Question 8:

Find the percentage as well as total number of electrified households as per the census 2011 data in
urban and rural Maharashtra (separately).

Answer 8

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For rural household electrification calculation:

Figure 1- data taken from Census 2011

For urban household electrification calculation:

Figure 2 - data taken from Census 2011

Total Maharashtra
Households with main source of lighting as electricity - Maharashtra
Total number of households 2,38,30,580
Main Source of lighting as electricity 2,00,04,164

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Percentage of total electrified households = (20004164/23830580) * 100

= 83.94%
Urban households in Maharashtra
Urban households with main source of lighting as electricity - Maharashtra
Total number of Urban households 1,08,13,928
Main Source of lighting as electricity 1,03,98,865

Percentage of total electrified households = (10398865/10813928) * 100

= 96.16%

Rural households in Maharashtra

Rural households with main source of lighting as electricity - Maharashtra
Total number of Rural households 1,30,16,652
Main Source of lighting as electricity 96,05,299

Percentage of total electrified households = (9605299/13016652) * 100

= 73.79%

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