Mathematics Manual II

2015
ZANZIBAR INSTITUTE OF FINANCIAL

ADMINISTRATION
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS MANUAL
Prepared by:
Ali Silima,
TABLE OF CONTENT
UNIT 1 .............................................................................................................................................................. 1
FRACTIONS ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Proper fraction ............................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Improper fractions ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Mixed number................................................................................................................................ 1
1.4 Equivalent fractions ....................................................................................................................... 2
OPERATION ON FRACTIONS....................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Addition and subtraction ............................................................................................................... 3
1.6 Multiplication ................................................................................................................................ 4
1.7 Division ......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.8 Mixed operation............................................................................................................................. 5
1.9 Applications of fractions ............................................................................................................... 6
Alternatively: ............................................................................................................................................. 6
UNIT 2 .............................................................................................................................................................. 8
PERCENTAGES ............................................................................................................................................... 8
2. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Finding amount as percentage ........................................................................................................... 9
2.2 Finding percentage amounts .............................................................................................................. 9
2.3 Finding the original amount before a percentage change ................................................................ 10
2.4 Expressing a change as a percentage ............................................................................................... 11
UNIT 3 ............................................................................................................................................................ 13
RATIOS ........................................................................................................................................................... 13
3. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 13
3.1 Simplifying ratios ............................................................................................................................ 13
3.2 Using ratios to share quantities ........................................................................................................ 14
Solution: .................................................................................................................................................. 14
UNIT 4 ............................................................................................................................................................ 17
i
VARIATIONS ................................................................................................................................................. 17
4. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 17
4.1 Direct variation ................................................................................................................................ 17
4.2 Inverse variation .............................................................................................................................. 19
4.3 Joint variation .................................................................................................................................. 20
UNIT 5 ............................................................................................................................................................ 22
PROFIT AND LOSS ....................................................................................................................................... 22
5. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 22
Solution.................................................................................................................................................... 23
5.1 Cost of goods sold ........................................................................................................................... 24
5.2 Mark ups and Margins ..................................................................................................................... 25
5.3 Profit in the Production Process ...................................................................................................... 26
5.4 Break even analysis ......................................................................................................................... 27
UNIT 6 ............................................................................................................................................................ 29
DISCOUNTS & COMMISSIONS .................................................................................................................. 30
6. Discounts ............................................................................................................................................. 30
6.1 TRADE DISCOUNTS AND CASH DISCOUNTS ........................................................................ 31
6.1.1 Trade discount ............................................................................................................................. 31
6.1.2 Cash discounts ............................................................................................................................. 32
Solution: .................................................................................................................................................. 32
6.2 COMMISSION................................................................................................................................ 34
UNIT 7 ............................................................................................................................................................ 37
ALGEBRA ...................................................................................................................................................... 37
7. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 37
7.1 Algebraic expression ....................................................................................................................... 37
7.2 Terms of algebraic expressions ....................................................................................................... 37
7.3 Algebraic operations ........................................................................................................................ 37
7.3.1 Values of algebraic expressions .................................................................................................. 37
ii
7.4 ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS .......................................................................................................... 38
7.4.1 Equation with one unknown ........................................................................................................ 38
7.4.2 Solving equations ........................................................................................................................ 38
7.4.3 Equations with two unknowns ..................................................................................................... 39
7.4.4 Solving simultaneous equations .................................................................................................. 39
7.5 Substitution method ......................................................................................................................... 39
7.6 Elimination method ......................................................................................................................... 40
7.7 INEQUALITIES .............................................................................................................................. 41
UNIT 8 ............................................................................................................................................................ 43
MATRICES ..................................................................................................................................................... 43
8. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 43
8.1 APPLICATIONS OF MATRIX ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION ........................................... 43
8.2 APPLICATIONS OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION ................................................................... 44
8.3 APPLICATIONS OF SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS ........................................................ 46
UNIT 9 ............................................................................................................................................................ 49
INDICES ......................................................................................................................................................... 49
9. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 49
9.1 LAWS OF INDICES ....................................................................................................................... 49
9.1.1 Product law .................................................................................................................................. 49
9.1.2 Quotient law ................................................................................................................................ 50
Solution: .................................................................................................................................................. 50
9.2 Product of powers ............................................................................................................................ 50
9.2.1 Zero power................................................................................................................................... 51
9.2.2 Negative power ............................................................................................................................ 51
UNIT 10 .......................................................................................................................................................... 53
GRAPHS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS ............................................................................................................ 53
10. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 53
10.1 Number plane .................................................................................................................................. 53
iii
10.2 Gradient of straight line ................................................................................................................... 53
10.2.1 Equation of a straight line ............................................................................................................ 54
Example: 3 ............................................................................................................................................... 56
10.3 Solving linear equations graphically ............................................................................................... 56
UNIT 11 .......................................................................................................................................................... 58
QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS ...................................................................................................................... 58
11. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 58
11.1 FACTORIZING QUADRATIC EXPRESSION ............................................................................. 58
11.1.1 Factorizing by taking Common factors ....................................................................................... 58
11.1.2 Factorizing Quadratic Expressions of the form of ax2 bx ....................................................... 58
11.1.3 Factorization quadratic expression by splitting the middle term ................................................. 59
Difference of two squares ........................................................................................................................ 59
11.2 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS .......................................................................................................... 60
11.2.1 Solving Quadratic equations by factorization.............................................................................. 60
11.2.2 Solving Quadratic equations by a general formula ...................................................................... 61
11.2.3 Solving a quadratic equation by graphical method...................................................................... 62
UNIT 12 .......................................................................................................................................................... 63
LOGARITHMS ............................................................................................................................................... 63
12. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 63
12.1 LAWS OF LOGARITHMS............................................................................................................. 64
12.1.1 Product of two numbers ............................................................................................................... 64
12.2 Logarithm of a Quotient .................................................................................................................. 65
12.2.1 Logarithm of power ..................................................................................................................... 66
12.2.2 Change of base............................................................................................................................. 67
UNIT 13 .......................................................................................................................................................... 69
SEQUENCE AND SERIES ............................................................................................................................ 69
13. Sequence:......................................................................................................................................... 69
13.1 Series: .............................................................................................................................................. 69
iv
13.1.1 Types of series ............................................................................................................................. 70
13.2 Arithmetic Progression (A.P) .......................................................................................................... 70
13.2.1 The nth term of an Arithmetic Progression ................................................................................. 70
13.2.2 The sum of the first n terms of an Arithmetic Progression .......................................................... 73
13.3 Geometric progression (GP) ............................................................................................................ 75
13.3.1 The nth term of a Geometric Progression .................................................................................... 76
13.3.2 The sum of the first n terms of a Geometric Progression ............................................................ 77
UNIT 14 .......................................................................................................................................................... 79
SIMPLE AND COMPOUND INTEREST...................................................................................................... 79
14. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 79
14.1 Simple interest ................................................................................................................................. 79
14.2 Compound interest........................................................................................................................... 80
UNIT 15 .......................................................................................................................................................... 83
FUNCTIONS ................................................................................................................................................... 83
15. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 83
15.1 Function notation ............................................................................................................................. 83
15.2 LINEAR FUNCTIONS ................................................................................................................... 83
15.2.1 Cost function ............................................................................................................................... 83
15.2.2 Demand function ......................................................................................................................... 84
15.2.3 Supply function............................................................................................................................ 86
15.3 Market equilibrium .......................................................................................................................... 87
15.4 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS .......................................................................................................... 91
15.4.1 Maximum value, minimum value, turning points and line (axis) of symmetry .......................... 91
UNIT 16 ............................................................................................................................................................ 5
DIFFERENTIATION ........................................................................................................................................ 5
16. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 5
16.1 Differential notation .......................................................................................................................... 5
16.2 RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION .................................................................................................... 5
v
16.2.1 The constant rule ........................................................................................................................... 5
16.2.2 The sum rule .................................................................................................................................. 6
16.2.3 The difference rule......................................................................................................................... 6
16.2.4 The chain rule ................................................................................................................................ 6
16.2.5 The product rule............................................................................................................................. 7
16.2.6 Quotient rule .................................................................................................................................. 7
16.3 Practical interpretation of differentiation......................................................................................... 8
16.3.1 Second derivative .......................................................................................................................... 8
16.3.2 Practical use of differentiation ....................................................................................................... 8
16.3.3 Procedures for identifying the turning points of a curve ............................................................... 9
UNIT 17 .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
THEORY OF THE FIRM ............................................................................................................................... 13
17. Cost function ................................................................................................................................... 13
17.1 Demand function ............................................................................................................................. 13
17.2 Revenue function ............................................................................................................................. 13
17.3 Profit function .................................................................................................................................. 13
17.4 Breakeven point ............................................................................................................................... 13
17.5 AVERAGE AND MARGINAL FUNCTION ................................................................................. 18
17.6 AVERAGE COST AND MARGINAL COST................................................................................ 18
17.6.1 Average cost ................................................................................................................................ 18
17.6.2 Marginal cost ............................................................................................................................... 18
17.7 AVERAGE REVENUE AND MARGINAL REVENUE ............................................................... 19
17.7.1 Average revenue: ......................................................................................................................... 19
17.7.2 Marginal revenue ......................................................................................................................... 19
Example:1 ................................................................................................................................................ 20
UNIT 18 .......................................................................................................................................................... 22
STATISTICS ................................................................................................................................................... 22
18. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 22
vi
18.1 Descriptive statistics ........................................................................................................................ 22
18.2 Inferential statistics .......................................................................................................................... 22
18.3 POPULATION AND SAMPLE ...................................................................................................... 23
18.3.1 Population .................................................................................................................................... 23
18.3.2 Sample ......................................................................................................................................... 23
18.4 COLLECTION OF DATA .............................................................................................................. 23
18.5 SOURCES OF DATA ..................................................................................................................... 23
18.5.1 Primary data................................................................................................................................. 23
18.5.2 Methods of collecting primary data ............................................................................................. 23
18.5.3 Secondary data............................................................................................................................. 23
18.5.4 Sources of secondary data ........................................................................................................... 24
18.6 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION .................................................................................................... 24
18.7 CLASS BOUNDARIES OF CLASS INTERVALS ....................................................................... 25
18.8 CLASS MARK OF CLASS INTERVAL ....................................................................................... 25
Example ................................................................................................................................................... 25
18.9 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY .................................................................................... 25
18.9.1 The mean ..................................................................................................................................... 26
18.9.2 For Simple or Ungrouped data .................................................................................................... 26
18.9.3 For Grouped data (or) discrete data: ............................................................................................ 26
Solution.................................................................................................................................................... 26
18.9.4 For grouped data with class intervals .......................................................................................... 27
18.10 Weighted mean ............................................................................................................................ 27
18.10.1 The median .............................................................................................................................. 28
18.10.2 For ungrouped data: ................................................................................................................. 28
18.10.3 Steps: ....................................................................................................................................... 28
18.10.4 For ungrouped frequency distribution: .................................................................................... 28
18.10.5 Steps: ....................................................................................................................................... 28
Example: 3 ............................................................................................................................................... 29
vii
18.10.6 Median from grouped data ...................................................................................................... 29
Steps: ....................................................................................................................................................... 29
18.11 The mode ..................................................................................................................................... 30
18.11.1 For Raw data:........................................................................................................................... 30
18.11.3 The mode from grouped data................................................................................................... 31
18.12 MEASURES OF DISPERSION .................................................................................................. 33
18.12.1 Range ....................................................................................................................................... 33
18.12.2 Standard Deviation .................................................................................................................. 34
18.12.3 For Raw data:........................................................................................................................... 34
18.12.5 Standard deviation from grouped data ..................................................................................... 35
REVIEW QUESTIONS .................................................................................................................................. 37
viii
numerator including negative. Examples;
UNIT 1
, , , , et c
FRACTIONS
1. Introduction 1.3 Mixed number

A fraction is any number which can be A mixed number is a combination of a
written in the form of where a and b are whole number and a proper fraction.
Examples 1 , 3 , 6 , 4 , 7 , etc
real numbers and b ≠ 0. Examples of
fractions are; , , , etc.
Improper fraction can be converted into
In the fraction, the top number is called mixed number and vice versa
numerator and the bottom number is Example: 1
called denominator.
Convert the following fractions into
mixed numbers
For example in fraction; , 3 is called a
(a) (b) (c) (d)
numerator and 7 is denominator.
Solution:
A fraction whose numerator and
To convert an improper fraction into a
denominator involve letters is called
mixed number we divide numerator by
algebraic fraction. Examples of algebraic
denominator
fractions are , , , etc.
(a) =2
There are three types of fractions, proper (b) =5

fraction, improper fraction and mixed
(c) =4
numbers
(d) =4
1.1 Proper fraction
Example: 2
Proper fraction is a fraction whose
numerator is smaller than the Convert the following mixed numbers
denominator. into improper fractions
Examples; , , , , , etc. (a) 3 (b) 3 (c) 7 (d) 1
Solution:
1.2 Improper fractions
To convert a mixed number into an
An improper fraction is a fraction with
improper fraction, we multiply the
denominator less than or equal to the
1
denominator by the whole number and multiplying both numerator and
add the numerator to the product denominator by the same number.
(a) 3 = Example: 1
= Give three fractions equivalent to
= Solution:
(b) 3 = To get equivalent fractions, we multiply

both numerator and denominator by the
=
same number
= =
(c) 7 = =
= =
= Three fractions equivalent to

are , , and
(d) 1 =
Example: 2
=
Simplify each of the following to the
= lowest terms
Exercise 1.1 (a) (b) (c)
1. Convert the following fractions into
mixed numbers Solution:
(a) (b) (c) (d) To simplify the fraction to the lowest term
we divide both numerator and
2. Convert the following mixed numbers
denominator by the same number
into improper fractions
(a) =
(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 7 (d) 11
=
1.4 Equivalent fractions
(b) =
Equivalent fractions are fractions which
can be simplified into the same lowest =
term. For example; , , , et c are
(c) =
equivalent fractions. Given a fraction,
=
other equivalent fractions can be found by
2
Example: 3 Solution:
Simplify each of the following to the (a) + =

lowest terms
=
(a) (b) (c)
=1
Solution:
(b) 3 + 1 = +
(a) = x of numerator and x of
=
denominator cancel out
(b) = take out 3 as common =
in numerator and denominator =6
(c) =x–2 x+3 of Example: 2
numerator and x+3 of denominator Workout each of the following:

cancel out (a) + (b) +
Exercise 1.2
Solution:
1. Give three fractions equivalent to
(a) + =
2. Simplify each of the following to the
=
lowest terms
(a) (b) (c) (d) (b) + =
3. Simplify each of the following to the =

lowest terms
=
(a) (b)
Examples: 3
(c) (d) Workout each of the following:
(a) - (b) 5 - 2
OPERATION ON FRACTIONS Solution:

(a) - =
1.5 Addition and subtraction
=
To perform addition and subtraction of
fractions we need to find the LCM (lowest (b) 5 - 2 = -
common Multiple) of denominators
=
Example: 1
Workout each of the following: =
(a) + (b) 3 + 1
=3
3
Example: 4 Example: 1
Workout each of the following: Simplify each of the following:

(a) - (b) - (a) × (b) 3 ×
Solution: Solution:
(a) - = (a) × = ×
= =
= (b) 3 × = ×
= ×
(b) - =
=
=
Example: 2
=
Simplify each of the following:
Exercise 1.3
(a) × (b) ×
Workout each of the following:
Solution:
1. (a) (b) + (c)
(a) × = ×
2. (a) (b) (c)
=
3. (a) (b)
(b) × = ×
(c) +
=
4. (a) - (b) -
(c) 1.7 Division

To divide by a fraction, we write first
1.6 Multiplication fraction as it is and we invert the second
When multiplying two fractions, the fraction and then we multiply the first
numerator of first fraction is multiplied by fraction by the inverted fraction
the numerator of another fraction to give Example: 1
the numerator of the result and also the Simplify each of the following:
denominator of first fraction is multiplied (a) ÷ (b) 3 ÷ 2
by the denominator of another fraction to
Solution:
give the denominator of the result.
(a) ÷ = ×
= ×
4
= 1.8 Mixed operation
Some problems involves several
(b) 3 ÷ 2 = ÷
operations these include division,
= × multiplication, addition and subtraction
and some involve brackets. In performing
= ×
such operations, we use BODMAS rule.
= B – Brackets
Example: 2 O – Open / Off

D – Division
M – Multiplication
(a) ÷ (b) ÷
A – Addition
Solution: S – Subtraction
Examples
(a) ÷ = ×
Evaluate each of the following;
= ×
(a) × - ÷ (b) ÷
=
Solution
(b) ÷ = ×
(a) × - ÷ = × -
= × start by dividing
= -
Exercise 1.4
multiply × =
= - subtract two fractions =
1. (a) (b) (c) 3
=
2. (a) (b) (c) 2
(b) ÷ = ÷
3. (a) (b)
start by adding two fractions in the
(c)
brackets = dividing two
4. (a) (b)
fractions ÷ = × =
(c)
= =3
5
Exercise 1.5 a. Zawadi goes out for shopping with
Simplify each of the following: TZS 80,000. She spends
1. 4 1 cosmetics, on clothes and on
2. + bus fare. How much shillings she

remained with?
3.
Solution:
4. 4+
Cosmetics = × 80,000
5. = 16,000
6. Clothes = × 80,000
7. = 40,000
Bus fare = × 80,000
8.
= 4,000
9.
Money remained = 80,000 – (16,000 +
10. 40,000 +4,000)
= 20,000
11.
She remained with TZS 20,000
12.
Alternatively:
13. Let x be the fraction of the money left,
then
14.
+ + +x=1
15.
+x=1
1.9 Applications of fractions +x=1

1. One lecture at evening course last for
x=1-
1 hour. If the course last for 30 hours,
=
how many lectures are there?
Solution: =
Number of lectures =
=
= 30 ÷ 1 = 30 ÷
Money left = × 80,000
= 30 ×
= TZS 20,000
= 20
There are 20 lectures
6
b. The cost of buying 16 meters of a total amount. The balance was received
by Juma. Find out:
water pipe is TZS 40,590. Find the
price per meter of the pipe. (a) Fraction of Juma’s share
Solution: (b) The amount received by each of
The price per meter = 40590 ÷ 16 them.
= 40590 ÷ 5. Thureya’s monthly salary is TZS

360,000. After the deduction of income
= 40590 ×
tax, she receives TZS 285,000. What is
= 2,460 the fraction of income tax?
The price per meter is TZS 2,460
Exercise 1.5 6. It takes 1 m of cloth to make a skirt.
1. Thabit paid TZS 250 million as a How many skirts can be made from
partner of XYZ Company. If this 10 m of cloth?
amount is of the total capital. What is
the value of the total capital?
2. The price of 1 m of timber is TZS 500.
How many pieces of timber each of

length 3 m can be bought with TZS
25,000?
3. A man use of his money to buy piece
of land, of it to buy building materials
and he remained with TZS 7,000,000
(a) How much money did he have at

the beginning?
(b) How much money did he use to
buy building materials?
4. Ameir, Othman and Juma carried a job

for which they were paid TZS 768,000.
Ameir received and Othman of the
7
= 32%
UNIT 2
(c) = × 100%
PERCENTAGES
= 80%
2. Introduction (d) = × 100%
The word ‘percentage’ is very familiar to
= 46%
us as it is used frequently in the media to
Examples: 2
describe anything from changes in
examination results, the number of tones Convert the following percentages into
exported abroad, to the success rate of the fractions
latest medical procedures or interest rate. (a) 24% (b) 40% (c) 30% (d) 65%
Percentages are also helpful in making Solution:
comparison between different values and (a) 24% =
figures. So percentages are very much
=
part of our lives. But what does
percentage actually mean? (b) 40% =
Percentage means fraction of hundred.
=
Any fraction with denominator of 100 is
called a percentage. The word percentage (c) 30% =
is denoted by %. For example;
=
(i) is 20 percent written as 20%
(d) 65% =
(ii) is 34 percent written as 34%
=
The word percent means per hundred Exercise 2.1

Fractions can be converted into
1. Convert the following fractions into
percentages and vice versa.
percentages
Examples: 1 (a) (b) (c) (d)
Convert the following fractions into (e) (f) (g) (h) (i )

percentages
(j )
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2. Convert the following percentages
Solution:
into fractions
(a) = × 100% (a) 32% (b) 42% (c) 45%
(d) 64% (e) 48 % (f) 35%
= 20%
(g) 90% (h) 15% (i) 20% (j) 92%
(b) = × 100%
8
2.1 Finding amount as percentage (a) 40 out of 250 (b) 270
When we are interested to find the out of 300 (c) 260 out of 400
percentage rate of a give quantity, we can (d) 280 out of 700 (e) 84 out
use the formula of 200 (f) 51 out of 60
Rate = × 100%
2. The value of house is TZS 40,000,000
Example: 1 and the value the content is TZS
Express the following as percentages 3,200,000. Express the content value
(a) 48 as percentage of 192 (b) 150 as as a percentage of the house value.
percentage of 375 (c) 12 as percentage of
3. A vendor buys lemons at the rate of 5
80
for TZS 700 and sells them at TZS
Solution
175 per lemon. Find his gain percent
(a) 12 as percentage of 80 = × 100%
4. A man pays TZS 2,100,000 for a
= 15%
machine listed at TZS 2,800,000. Find
(b) 150 as percentage of 375 = ×
the rate of discount offered.
100%
5. A pair of socks is marked at TZS 800
= 40%
and is being offered at TZS 640. Find
(c) 48 as percentage of 192 = ×
the discount percent being offered
100%
= 25% 2.2 Finding percentage amounts
For many calculations, we need to find a
Example: 2
certain percentage of a quantity. For
Harith saves TZS 259,200 out of a total
example, many things that we buy have
monthly salary of TZS 720,000. Find his
percentage of VAT added to the price, and
percentage of saving.
to calculate the purchase price we have to
Solution
pay, we need to find this percentage and
Percentage of saving = × add it on to the price. This can be done by
the following formula
100%
Percentage amount = Rate × Base amount
= × 100%
= 36%
Exercise 2.2
Example: 1
1. Express each of the following as
percentages
9
An agent earns 6% commission on his How much tax does she have to
total sales which are of TZS 11,520,000. pay?
Find the amount of his commission.
4. The customs duty on a watch is
Solution 30% of its value. What is the duty
Amount of commission = Rate of if the watch worth TZS15,000?
commission × Total sales

5. A resident of Mkukuta has base
= × 11,520,000 income, after adjustment for
= TZS 691,200 deductions, of TZS 420,000 state
Example: 2 income tax on this base income is
5%. What tax is due?
Mbarouk earns TZS 750,000 per month. If
he saves 36% of his income, find his 6. The government imposes a 15%
monthly saving. tax on the price of a good. How
Solution much tax is imposed on a good
Amount of saving = Rate of saving × priced by a firm at TZS 164,000?
Total earnings
2.3 Finding the original amount before a
= × 750,000 percentage change
= TZS 270,000 It is often useful to know what the original
Exercise 2.3 value of an item was before a percentage

increase or decrease occurred. For
1. A share farmer receives 65% of
example, suppose an item is marked up by
the proceeds of the sale of a crop
30% and its new price is 15,600. How can
of wheat. If the wheat is sold for
we find its original price? The original
TZS 62,400,000 how much does
amount of a given quantity is calculated
he receive?
by using the formula
2. The cost of a hotel bill is TZS
New amount = Original amount ×
7,564,000 VAT at 17.5% has to be
Multiplier
added to this bill. Find the amount
Example: 1
of VAT added.
An insurance company charges a
3. Sharifa earns TZS 3,840,000 per customer TZS 336,000 for his car
year in her job. She does not pay insurance. The price includes government
tax on the first TZS 1,536,000 she insurance premium tax at 5%. What is the
earns and pays 25% on the rest. cost before tax was added?
Solution:
10
Originally the cost of insurance was in is TZS 127,500. What was the original
100% and increased by 5%, and therefore cost of the coat?
the multiplier is obtained as
2. A text book was sold for TZS 16,000
Multiplier = 100% + 5% after discount of 20%. What was its
= 105% original price?
= 1.05
3. An item is sold for TZS16,800, VAT
Then
of 20% included. Determine the cost
Cost after tax = Cost before tax ×
value of the item without VAT.
Multiplier
Cost before tax = 4. Investment falls during the course of

a year by 7%. Find the value of an
=
investment at the end of the year if it
= TZS 320,000 was worth TZS54,800,000 at the
Example: 2 beginning of the year
Current monthly output from a factory is
5. The property taxes at your business
25,000 units. In a recession, this is
office will go up 5% next year.
expected to fall by 52%. What is the new
Currently, you pay TZS340,000. How
level of output?
much will you pay next year?
Solution:
Originally the level of output was in 6. A shop sells books at 20% below the
100% and decreased by 52%, and then the recommended retail price (r.r.p). If it
multiplier is obtained as sells a book for TZS12,400. Find :
Multiplier = 100% - 52% (a) The (r.r.p).
= 48% (b) The cost of the book after a
= 0.48 further reduction of 15% in a
Then sale
New level of output = Original output
2.4 Expressing a change as a percentage
×Multiplier
We might wish to calculate the percentage
= 25,000 ×0.48
by which something has increased or
= 12,000 units
decreased. To do this we use the formula
Exercise 2.4
Percentage increase or decrease =
1. A shop has reduced the cost of a coat ×100%
by 15% in a sale, so that the sale price
11
Example: 1 3. Mr. Mauzo is a famous businessman in
Four years ago, a couple paid TZS Mlandege area. His sales value for 2011
360,000 for their house. It is now valued was TZS 250,000,000 and in 2012 his
at TZS 594,000. Calculate the percentage sales value stand at TZS 340,000,000
increase in the value of the house.

(a) Find the percentage change of Mr.
Percentage increase = Mauzo’s sales value
×100%
(b) If his original sales value
= increased by 40% in 2014, what
×100% will be his new sales value?
= ×100%
4. Ramza stores have a sale of TZS
= 65% 1,200,000 on Saturday, while Semeni
Example: 2 stores had a sale of
Example A car cost TZS 12,000,000. TZS 1,500,000 on that day. Next day,
After 2 years it is worth TZS 9,120,000. they had respective sales of TZS
What is the percentage decrease? 1,500,000 and
Solution TZS 1,750,000. Which store showed

more improvement in Sales?
Percentage decrease =
×100%
= ×100%
= ×100%
= 24%
Exercise 2.5
1. The price of bicycle was increased from

60,000 to 72,000. What is the
percentage increase in price?
2. The number of malaria cases in

Mwanamaganga district had dropped
from 96,000 to 72,000. The Malaria
Project Coordinator claimed that this
number had dropped by 30%. Is this
true?
12
Example: 1
UNIT 3 Simplify each of the ratios 250 to 150
RATIOS If we have a ratio 250 to 150, we can
simplify it by dividing both numbers by
3. Introduction
A ratio is a way of comparing two or 10 and then by 5 to get 5 to 3
more similar quantities. The ratio of two 250:150 = 25:15 = 5:3
or more quantities is written by separating Example: 2
those quantities by colons. Ratios can be Simplify each of the ratios 1 to 1.5
used to compare costs, weights, sizes and Ratios are normally expressed using
other quantities. The ratio a to b is written whole numbers, so a ratio of 1 to 1.5
as a: b and is read as ratio a to b. would be written as
For example, suppose we have a model 10 to 15, and then as 2 to 3 in its simplest
boat which is 1m long, whereas the actual form:
boat is 25m long. Then the ratio of the 1: 1.5 = 10: 15 = 2: 3
length of the model to the length of the
Example: 3
actual boat is 1 to 25. This is written as
1:25 Simplify each of the ratios :
Ratios are also used to describe quantities A ratio : would be written as : and
of different ingredients in mixtures. then as 2 to 5 in its simplest form:
Pharmacists making up medicines,
: = : = 2:5
manufacturers making biscuits and
Exercise 3.1
builders making cement all need to make
mixtures using ingredients in the correct 1. Express the following ratios in their
ratio. simplest form:
For example, mortar for building a brick (a) 2:10 (b) 80:20
wall is made by using 2 parts of cement to (c) :1 (d) 12:15
7 parts of sand. Then the ratio of cement
(e) 9:27 (f) 6m: 30cm
to sand is 2 to 7, and is written as 2:7
(g) : (h)10.5:3.5
3.1 Simplifying ratios

Ratio can be simplified in the same way 2. A school class contains 12 girls and
that the two fractions can be simplified. 20 boys. What is the ratio of:
To simplify the ratios we just cancel by a (a) girls to boys?
common factor. (b) boys to girls
13
3. A car park contains 400 parking Example: 2
spaces. Of these spaces, 60 are short The ratio between female and male
term and the rest long term. Find the workers in a garment factory is 4 : 5. If
ratio of short term to long term spaces there are 800 female workers in the
factory, what is the total number of
4. In a season, a football team played 60
workers in the garment factory?
matches. They won 18 matches, lost
Solution:
20 and the rest were draws. Find the
following ratios: Here since we have no total number there
(a) Number of matches won to is no need to calculate the total ratios, we
number of matches draws may simply equates the given ratios and
(b) Number of matches won to other amount of one part as:
matches Female: 4 = 800
(c) Number of matches lost to number Male: 5=x using
of matches won cross multiplication we get
4x = 4,000
3.2 Using ratios to share quantities
dividing by 4 on both the sides we get
Ratios can be used to share, or divide,
x = 1,000
quantities of money, weights and so on. If
Total number of workers = Number of
we want to divide a given quantity into
female + Number of male
say two parts which are in the ratio a:b,
= 800 + 1,000
we make a + b equal divisions , then the
= 1,800
required portions are and of a Example: 3
P, Q and R are to share TZS 120,000 in
given quantity.
the ratio 2:3:5 respectively. How much
will each get?
Example: 1 Total ratios = 2 + 3 + 5
Moh’d and Rama share TZS 64,000 in the
ratio 5 : 3 respectively. How much do = 10 then
they each get?
P= × 120,000
Solution:
The total ratio = 5 + 3 = TZS 24,000
= 8 then Q= × 120,000
Moh’d = × 64,000 = TZS 36,000
= TZS 40,000 R= × 120,000
Rama = × 64,000 = TZS 60,000
= TZS 24,000
14
Exercise 3.2 zinc is 90 kg. Calculate the mass of the
metal.
1. Three main cost elements of a
plantation company are buying plants, 6. TZS x is divided among three boys,
fertilizer and cost of labour. The ratio Raya, Kei and Amne, in the ratio 2 : 3
of estimated expenditure for buying : 7, respectively. If Amne gets TZS
plants, fertilizers and for the labour in 15,000 more than Kei, what is the
value of x?
the next year is 4:5:6 respectively. If
TZS 750,000 has been allocated as 7. A sum of money is divided between
total expenditure for next year, find A, B and C in the ratio 2:3:5. If A
the costs allocation for each of; Plants, receives TZS13,000. Find how much
Fertilizer and Labour each of the other receive?
2. A company is planning to construct a (a) The ration of men: women:

5 star hotel in Jambiani. It will consist children in Mkuza village is 6: 7: 3
of 100 rooms. There will be 25 luxury if there are 42,000 women, find
rooms, 30 deluxe rooms and 45 how manye in Mkuza village
standard rooms. The total cost of
construction will be TZS 965,000 (i) People altogether live in
billion. The cost allocation ratio for Mkuza village
total luxury, total deluxe and total

(b) The 42,000 women is an increase
standard rooms will be 5:3:2
of 20% on the number of women
respectively. Calculate the
ten years ago.
construction cost allocated for :luxury
How many women lived in the
rooms, Deluxe rooms and standard
village?
rooms
8. Three relatives A, B and C share TZS
3. Divide TZS 65,000 in three parts in
119,840 such that A has twice as
the ratio respectively much as B and B has twice as much
as C. How much does each receive?
4. A, B and C shared a certain amount of
money in the ratio 3:4:5. If B got 9. When a certain amount of money was
TZS16,000, how much did A divided to three peoples in the ration
and C get? What was the total 2:3:5, the difference between the
amount? largest share and the smallest share
was TZS 18,000. Find the amount of
5. A metal is made from copper, zinc and
money divided
lead in the ratio 13 : 6 : 1. The mass of the
15
10. A sum of money is divided among A,
B and C such that A gets thrice as
much as B and B gets twice as much
as C, A gets TZS 15,000 more than C.
What is the sum divided?
11. A factory employs skilled, semi-

skilled and office staffs in the ratio
6:5:4 respectively. If there are 120
semi-skilled workers, how many
skilled workers and office staffs are
there?
12. Three people contribute TZS45,000,

TZS30,000 and TZS25,000 to start
business and they agreed also to share
profit obtained in the ration of their
investment. If the last one gets
TZS80,000, find the total profit
obtained, then find the shares obtained
by the other two
16
Solution:
UNIT 4
(a) This statement can be summarized
VARIATIONS
as
4. Introduction y x2 We remove proportionality
When two or more variables are sign, by writing equal sign and
interdependent, changes in the value of proportionality constant, k
one may have a predictable effect on the y = kx2
value of other. Variation or sometimes 40 = k×22
called proportion therefore is the name 40 = 4k
given to the study of the effects of k = 10
changes among related variables. There Therefore y = 10x2
are three types of variations which occur (b) From; y = 10x2
frequently in the daily life, these are direct = 10(5)2
variation or direct proportion, indirect = 250
variation or inverse proportion and Example: 2
combined or joint variation.
The cost, C of producing a football
4.1 Direct variation magazine varies as the square root of the
Two variables are said to be in direct number of pages, P. Given that 81 pages
variation if the increase or decrease in one cost TZS 5,400 to produce.
leads to increase or decrease of another in (a) Find a formula connecting C and P.
the constant rate. For example, the amount (b) How much 100 will pages cost?
of sales tax increases as the total goods Solution:
purchased increases. If two variables x
(a) C
and y varies directly to each other, they
C=k
are symbolically represented as x y
5,400 = k
Example: 1
5,400 = 9k
Given that y is directly proportional to the
k = 600
square of x, and when y = 40, x = 2.
Therefore C = 600
(a) Find a formula connecting y and x
(b) Find the value of y when x = 5 (b) From; C = 600
= 600
= 600(10)
= 6,000
The 100 pages will cost TZS 6,000
17
7. The number of hours needed to assemble
computers varies directly with the
number of computers. If 12 computers
can be assembled in 9 hours, how many
Exercise 4.1 computers can be assembled in 15
1. Suppose y varies directly as x and y = 45 hours?
when x = 2.5. Determine the constant of
8. The value V of diamond is proportional to
variation and write an equation for this
the square of its weight, W. It is known
relationship. Use the equation to find the
that A diamond weighing 10 grams is
value of y when x = 4
worth TZS 200,000
2. Given that y is proportional to x and the
(a) Write down an expression which
fact that y = 12, when x = 5, determine
relates V and W
the constant of proportionality, then
(b) Find the value of a diamond
determine the value of y when x = 10
weighing 30 grams
3. Given that y is proportional to x and that y (c) Find the weight of the diamond
= 21 when x = 9, determine the value of y worth TZS 5,000,000
when x = 27.
9. The costs, C of building the roof of a
4. Given that q is proportional to the square house, is proportional to the area, A it
of c and the fact that q = 3125 when c = has to cover. A roof costs TZS 600,000
25, determine the value of q when c = 87 and covers an area of 36m2
5. The amount of income that Kamaria earns (a) Find the relation between C and A
varies directly as square root of the (b) Find the costs of a roof to cover an
number of days she works. If she earns area of 27m2,
TZS 80,000 working in 16 days, how (c) A roof costs TZS 750,000. What
much would she earn if she worked 4 area does it cover?
times as long?
10. The age, A of a certain species of tree
6. Q varies as the cube root of Z. If Q = is directly proportional to the diameter,
9 and Z = 27, find d of its trunk. A 4 year – old tree has a
diameter of 12mm
(a) An expression for Z in terms of Q
(a) Find the relationship between age
(b) The value of Q when Z = 8
and the trunk diameter
(c) The value of Z when Q = 15

18
(b) Find the age of a tree with a trunk =
of diameter 276mm
=4
(c) Find the trunk diameter of a tree 50
(c) From; y =
years old
x=
4.2 Inverse variation
Two variables are said to be in inverse =
variation if one variable increase in value, = 12
the other variable decrease proportionally Example: 2
and vice versa. The relationship between
It takes 3 men 8 hours to build a wall.
speed and time is an example of inverse
How long will it take 4 men to build the
variation, as the speed increases, the
same wall?
journey time decreases and vice versa. If
Solution:
two quantities x and y varies directly to
each other, they are symbolically Let m be the number of men and h be the
number of hours worked, then
represented as x .
m
Example: 1
m=
Suppose that y varies inversely as x and th
at y = 8 when x = 3. 3=
(a) Form an equation connecting x and y k = 3×8
. = 24
(b) Calculate the value of y when x = 6
m= then
(c) Calculate the value of x when y = 2.
Solution: h=
(a) This statement can be summarized as =

y . We remove proportionality =6 It takes 6 hours
sign, by writing equal sign and Exercise 4.2
proportionality constant k
1. Given that y is inversely proportional
y=
to the square root of x and the fact that
k = xy y = 10 when x = 4, determine the value
= 3×8 of y when x = 25.
= 24
2. Given that d is inversely proportional
y=
to the cube of t and the fact that d = 18
(b) From; y =
19
when t = 2, determine the value of d there are 10 people on the bus, the total
when t = 3. cost of the trip for gas is TZS 5,000.
How much would each person have to
3. It takes two painters 9 hours to scrape a
pay for the trip if there were 8 people
house. How long would it take three
on the bus?
painters to scrape the same house
10. A second-hand car dealer suspects that
4. Suppose that the price per person for a
the value of a car is inversely
tour is inversely proportional to the
proportional to its age. A car was sold
number of people who sign up for the
for TZS 4,000,000 when it was 3 years
tour. If 8 people sign up, the price per
old and again for TZS 3,000,000 when
person is TZS 70,000. What will be the
it was 4 years old
price per person if 20 people sign up?
(a) Is it possible that the value is
5. The number of days required to finish a
inversely proportional to its age?
certain job varies inversely as the
(b) If the value is inversely
number of persons on the job. If 9
proportional to its age, find
farmers require 10 days to plant a rice
(i) The value of the car after 10
field, how long should it take for 30
years
farmers to finish the same job?
(ii) When the value drop to TZS
6. It takes 10 men 12 months to build a 1,000,000
house. How long should it take 15 men

4.3 Joint variation
to build the same house?
Joint or combined variation is a type of
7. Two points (3, 8) and (2, y) are points variation in which one variable depends
on the curve and they are inverse to on more than one variable. For example,
each other. What is the value of y? the amount of interest depends on

principal, interest rate and the time in
8. The time needed to travel a certain which the money stays in the investment
distance varies inversely with the rate Example: 1
of speed. If it takes 8 hours to travel a
If variable v varies directly as the square
certain distance at 36 miles per hour,
of x and inversely as y and that v = 18, x =
how long will it take to travel the same
3 and y = 4. Find v when x = 5 and y = 2
distance at 60 miles per hour
We have v x2 and v
9. The cost of gas for a trip is to be split these can be combined as into single
among the people riding on the bus. If expression as
20
v It will take 4 days
Example: 3
v=
24 men working 8 hours a day finish a
k= certain job in 14 days. How long would it
take for 28 men working 6 hours a day to
=
finish the same job?
=8 Solution:
v=
Let m be the number of men
d be the number of days
=
h be the number of hours
=
Number of men needed to finish the job is
= 100
inversely to the number of days and
Example: 2
number of hours
The time t that it takes to frame a house m
varies directly with the size of house, s
m=
and inversely with the number of workers,
n working on the job. If 3 framers can k = mdh
complete 2,500 square foot in 6 days, how = 24 ×8×14
long will it take for 9 framers to complete = 2,688
a 5,000 square foot? m=
Solution:
d=
We have t s and t these can be
=
combined as into single expression as
= 16
t
It will take 16 days
t= Exercise 4.3
k= 1. If z varies jointly as x and the square

root of y, and that z = 6 when x = 3
=
and y = 16 , find z when x = 7 and y
= =4
Now; t = 2. The cost c of materials for a deck
= × varies jointly with the width w and

the length l. If c = TZS 600,000
=4
21
when w =12 and l =16, find the cost team to complete the same job
when w =10 and l = 25. if they work 10 hours per day?
3. The value of real estate V varies 8. A farmer estimates that he needs 18

jointly with the neighborhood index tractors to plough a piece of land in
N and the square footage of the 30 days
house S. If V = TZS 376, 320,000
(a) If there is a delay of 10 days
when N = 96 and S =1600, find the
due to heavy rain, calculate the
value of a property with N = 83 and
number of tractors required to
S = 2150.
complete work on time.
4. The number of gallons g in a
(b) If the original number of tractors is
circular swimming pool varies
reduced by a third. How long
jointly with the square of the radius
would it take to complete the
r2 and the depth d. If g = 960 when
work?
r = 4 and d = 2, find the number of
gallons in the pool when r = 3 and d
=1.5
5. If 10 men complete a job in 12 days

by working 8 hours a day, how long
will 16 men take by working 10
hours a day?
6. If 25 men complete a job in 18 days

by 8 hours a day, how long 20 men
will take by working 10 hours a
day?
7. If 10 men working 8 hours a day

take 15 days to complete a job,
(a) How long would it take 20 men UNIT 5

working 6 hours a day, to PROFIT AND LOSS
complete the same job?
5. Introduction
(b) If the two groups are combined, In order for an individual in a business
how long would it take the new that sells goods to make a profit, he must
sell the goods at a price higher than what
22
he paid for it. The price that a business Percentage profit = × 100%
pays for an item is called the cost price.
= × 100%
The price that the business sells the item
for is called the selling price. = 18%
Profit or loss is the difference between the Example: 2
selling price and the cost price of an item. A TV set is purchased for TZS 450,000
Mathematically; and is marked up by 30%. Find:
Profit or loss = Selling price – Cost price. (a) The profit made
(b) The selling price.
A profit occurs if the selling price is
higher than the cost price. A loss occurs if Solution
the selling price is lower than the cost (a) Given; Cost price = 450,000, Mark
price. Businesses make a profit by buying up rate (percentage profit) = 30%
goods cheaply and then marking up or Profit made = Percentage profit
increasing the price when they sell them. × Cost price
So the difference between the cost of the = × 450,000
item and its selling price is sometimes
= TZS 135,000
called the markup.
(b) Selling price = Cost price +
Markup = Selling price − Cost price
Profit
A businesses man will often express their = 450,000 +
profit or loss as a percentage of the cost 135,000
price. Mathematically; = TZS 585,000
Percentage profit or loss = ×
100% or
Mark up rate = × Example: 3
Find the markup and selling price on a

100%
mailbox that costs TZS 24,000 if there is a
Example: 1
40% markup on cost.
An item costs TZS 2,400 and is sold for
Solution
TZS 2,832. Calculate the profit as a
(a) Mark up = Mark up rate × Cost price
percentage of the cost price.
Solution = × 24,000
Profit = Selling price - Cost price = TZS 9,600
= 2,832 – 2,400 (b) Selling price = Cost price + Markup
= 432 = 24,000 + 9,600

23
= TZS 33,600 sales. For example, if business enterprise
Exercise 5.1 purchases 400 mobile phones for TZS
7,200,000 and sells these phones for TZS
1. Mr. Khamis purchased goods for TZS
10,000,000. In this case, the cost of goods
96,000 and sold for TZS 129,600.
sold is TZS 720,000.
Calculate his profit and percentage
profit Cost of goods sold enables us to find out
the gross profit. By gross profit we mean
2. If an LED nightlight costs TZS 20,000
an excess of the selling price and their
and the selling price is TZS 25,000 find
cost price. Gross profit represents the
the markup and the rate based on cost.
difference between sales revenue and
3. If the markup on a label maker is TZS purchase price of goods sold. The above
18,000 and the markup rate is 30% on example can be illustrated as follows
cost, find the cost price and the selling
Sales (40 mobile phones)
price of the label maker.
10,000,000
4. If a scientific calculator costs TZS Costs of goods sold
25,000 and sells for TZS 30,000, find 7,200,000
the markup rate Gross profit
2,800,000
5. If a heavy duty stapler costs TZS
32,000 and there is a 25% markup on In the above example it is assumed that all
cost, find the amount of the markup mobile phones purchased were sold. But
and the selling price. in reality, there is stock of goods at the
start and at the end of the year. The cost
6. A merchant bought 5000 mangoes at a
of goods at the start of the year is called
price of shs150 each. He sold 45% of
opening stock and the stock of goods
them for TZS200 and the rest for
unsold is called closing stock. Opening
TZS180. Calculate:
and closing stocks are taken into account
(a) The profit made for calculating cost of goods sold. The
(b) The percentage profit cost of goods sold is calculated as
5.1 Cost of goods sold Cost of goods sold = Opening stock +

Purchases - Closing stock
Business enterprise purchase goods in
order to sell them at higher price. The Example: 1
costs at which these goods are purchased
are called cost of goods sold or cost of
24
Jabir has stock of goods worth TZS Margin = × 100%
st
3,000,000 on 1 January 2014. He
Example: 1
purchased goods for TZS 7,000,000
An oak jewelry chest costs TZS 56,000
during 2014. On 31st December goods
and selling price TZS 71,680. Find
worth TZS 1,500,000 were in stock.
(a) Mark up
Calculate the costs of goods sold.
(b) Margin
Solution Solution
Cost of goods sold = Opening stock + Gross profit = Selling price - Cost price
Purchases - Closing stock = 3,000,000 + = 71,680 - 56,000
7,000,000 - 1,500,000 = TZS 8,500,000 = TZS 15,680
If some goods purchased during the year (a) Mark up = × 100%
are returned to the suppliers, the value of
these goods must be deducted from the = × 100%
purchase. = 28%
(b) Margin = × 100%

Example: 2
Jabir has stock of goods worth TZS = × 100%
3,000,000 on 1st January 2014. He = 21.87%

purchased goods for TZS 7,000,000 but Example: 2
returned goods worth TZS 800,000 to the
An outdoor patio set costs TZS 225,000
suppliers. If his stock on 31st December
and has a markup of 30%. Find the selling
was TZS 1,500,000. Calculate the costs of
price.
goods sold.
Solution
Solution
Gross profit = Mark up × Cost price
Cost of goods sold = Opening stock +
= × 225,000
Purchases – Returns – Closing stock
= 3,000,000 + 7,000,000 – 800,000 –1,500,000 = 67,500
= TZS 7,700,000 Selling price = Cost price + Gross profit
= 225,000 + 67,500
5.2 Mark ups and Margins
= 292,500
Gross profit percentage may be given as
Example: 3
percentage of cost price or sale price.
An air compressor sold for TZS 100,000
These two methods are referred as mark
and has a margin of 20%. Find the Cost
up and margin and they are calculated as:
price.
Mark up = × 100%
Solution
25
Gross profit = Margin × Selling price 5.3 Profit in the Production Process
= × 100,000 Production is the activities that results in
the creation of goods or services. In the
= 20,000
making product (good) two costs are
Cost price = Selling price - Gross profit
incurred, fixed costs and variable cost
= 100,000 - 20,000
= TZS 80,000 (i) Fixed cost – costs incurred without
Exercise 5.2 any production, examples, costs of
1. Calculate the cost of goods sold from building, machines, insurance,
the following information vehicle etc
Opening stock 50,000; Purchases

(ii) Variable costs - costs incurred in
228,000 and closing stock 40,000
the actual production process,
2. Rabia had a stock of goods worth TZS examples; raw material, electricity,
200,000 on 1st January 2013. She wages etc
purchased goods worth TZS 1,750,000

Let F be the fixed costs and v be the
during 2013 but goods worth TZS
variable cost per unit output, q then
150,000 were returned to the supplier.
the total costs.TC is given by:
On 31st December 2013, goods worth
TC = F + V(q)
TZS 300,000 were in stock. Calculate
the cost of goods sold Therefore in the production process, the
profit is calculated as:
3. Hamid bought an article for TZS
Profit = Sales revenue – Total cost
4,800 and sold for TZS 6,400. Find
Profit = (Unit price × Quantity sold) – [F
the profit percentage on:
+ V(q) ]
(a) Cost price
(b) Selling price Example:
A company makes a product. The variable

4. A blender sells for TZS 50,000 and
cost per item is TZS 200 and the fixed
costs TZS 32,500. Find the
cost is TZS 18,000. If the selling price is
(a) Gross profit
TZS 500 per item and the f units produced
(b) Margin rate
are 600. Find the
5. If the gross price on a pair of sports (a) Total costs
shoes is TZS 24,000 and the margin (b) Total sales
rate is 60% on the selling price, find (c) Profit
the selling price and the cost of the Solution
shoes.
26
(a) Total cost = FC + V(q) selling price per item is TZS 2000. Find
= 18,000 + 200 × 600 the
= 138,000 (a) Breakeven point (units)
(b) Total sales = Unit price × Quantity (b) Break even costs and break even
sold sales and comment on the results
= 500× 600 Solution
= 300,000 (a) BEP (Quantity) =
(c) Profit = Total sales - Total cost
= 300,000 - 138,000
= 162,000 =
5.4 Break even analysis
= 20 units
Break even analysis is technique that
(b) Total cost = F + V(q)
analyzes the relationship between total
= 25,000 + 750 × 20
revenue and total cost to determine
= 40,000
profitability at various levels of output.
Total sales = Unit price × Quantity
The breakeven point is the level of
sold
production (quantity) at which total
= 2000 × 20
revenue and total cost are equal and
= 40,000
beyond which profit occurs.
At breakeven point, total costs is
Let q be the output in the given period and
equal to total sales and profit is
that this output is sold at price p. Then at
equal to zero
breakeven point
Example:
Total revenue = Total costs
pq = F + vq A man makes a table. The selling price is
F = pq – vq TZS 60,000. The variable cost per table is
F = q( p – v) TZS 20,000. The fixed costs for the

period are TZS 6,000,000 and the number
q=
of tables produced is 600. Find
Generally (a) The breakeven point
BEP (Quantity) = (b) The profit for the period
(c) The level of output for which the
profit is TZS10,000,000
Example: 1
Solution:
A company makes a product. The fixed
(a) BEP (Quantity) =
cost for the period is TZS 25,000; the
variable cost per item is TZS 750. The
27
= (c)When 800 units are produced,
calculate:
=
(i) The total costs
= 150 tables (ii) The total revenue(sales)
(b) Profit = (Unit price × Quantity (iii) The profit
sold) – [F + V(q)] (iv) The percentage profit for
= 60,000× 600 – [6,000,000 the period
+ 20,000× 600] 2. A man makes a product. The selling
= TZS 18,000,000 price is TZS30. The variable cost per
(c) Let q be the number of table to be unit is TZS10. The fixed cost for the
produced, then period is TZS6,000. Find
Profit = (Unit price × Quantity (a) The breakeven point
sold) – [F + V(q)] (b) The level of output which gives a
10,000,000 = 60,000q – profit of TZS1,000
(6,000,000 + 20,000q) (c) The profit when 950 units are
10,000,000 = 60,000q – 6,000,000 produced
– 20,000q dividing by 10,000
3. ABC Company has given you the
through out
following information: Variable Cost
1000 + 600 = 6q – 2q
per unit TZS350, Fixed Cost for the
4q = 1600
period TZS15,500, Selling Price per
q = 400
unit TZS600 and unit output130.
The level of output is 400 tables
Using this information to calculate;
Exercise 5.3
(a) The breakeven point
1. A manufacturer sells a product for
(b) The profit obtained for the period
TZS1,000 per unit. The
(c) The number of units which gives a
manufacturer’s fixed costs are
profits of shs9,500
TZS120,000 per month and the
(d) The profit when 200 units are
variable costs are TZS250 per unit.
produced and sold at TZS650
(a) How many units must the
per unit
manufacturer produce each
month to break even? 4. ABC Company has provided you
(b) Calculate the break even costs with the following information:
and sales and comment on your Variable cost per unit TZS20; Selling
answers price per unit TZS50; Units of output
500,000; Fixed cost TZS7,500,000
28
Determine the following:
(a) The break-even point
(b) The sales needed for the profit
of TZS6,000,000
(c) The profit if 400,000 units are
produced and sold at TZS60.
UNIT 6
29
DISCOUNTS & COMMISSIONS Amount of discount = Rate of discount ×
List price
6. Discounts
A discount is a reduction in the marked or = × 40,000
list price of an item. When retail stores
advertise a sale, they offer a percentage = TZS 7,200
off the marked price of most goods.
Example: 2
Discounts are often given to trades people
Rahima purchased a table whose marked
as encouragement to buy goods at a
price is TZS 700,000. The dealer allowed
particular store.
6% discount on it. Find
The amount of discount is deducted from
the list price according to the rate of (a) Amount of discount received
discount and the net amount is only paid. (b) Amount paid by Rahima for the
Therefore in discounts, there are two table.
types of price these are;
Solution
(i) List (gross) price is the price before
discount (a) Amount of discount = Rate of
(ii) Net price is the price after discounts discount × List price
= × 700,000
The discount, rate of discount, net price
and list price are related by the following = TZS 42,000
formulas (b) Net price = List price – Amount of

discount
 Net price = List price – Discount = 700,000 – 42,000
 Discount = List price – Net price = TZS 658,000
 Amount of discount = Rate of Example: 3
discount × List price
A furniture maker sells a wooden table
 Rate of discount = listed TZS 250,000 for TZS 220,000. Find
× 100% the rate of discount.
Example: 1
Salim buys an item marked at TZS

40,000. If a discount of 18% is allowed,
find the amount of discount.
Solution
Solution
30
Amount of discount = List price – Net following purchasers pay for food
price products listing at TZS 24,600 per
= 250,000 – 220,000 packet
= 30,000 (a) The retailer bought 120 packets?
Rate of discount = × (b) The wholesaler bought 600

packets?
100%
(c) The hotelier bought 240 packets
= × 100%
= 12%
6.1 TRADE DISCOUNTS AND CASH
Exercise 6.1
DISCOUNTS
1. The printed price of wrist watch is
6.1.1 Trade discount
TZS 8,800. Bur the factory supplied
Trade discount is a reduction in selling
to a dealer at
price used to differentiate between
TZS 8,448 per watch. Find the rate of
types of customers. It is given in view
discount allowed on each wrist watch.
of quantity purchased. If large
2. The Marked price of radio is TZS
quantity is purchased, the list price is
70,000. The shopkeeper allows 12 ½
reduced at specific percentage. This
% discounts on it. At what price does
discount is shown as deduction from
he sell the radio?
invoice price.
3. A manufacture sold utensils for net
Example
Price of TZS 9,025 after giving 5%
Khamis sells his product for TZS 200
discount on the list price. What was
per unit. He gives trade discount as
the list price?
01 – 50 units no discounts;
4. A firm allows a regular discount of
51 – 100 units 20%
20% on the listed price and also a
More than 100 units 30%
further 5% for cash payment. What is
A customer bought 80 units.
the selling price of the goods listed at
Calculate:
TZS 12,500?
(a) Trade discount
5. Zanzibar Milling Corporation (ZMC)
(b) Net amount paid by the customer
sells food products to wholesalers,
retailers and hoteliers. Each purchaser
receives a different discount according
to the nature of his business- retailers
25%, wholesalers 20% and hoteliers
16%. How much did each of the Solution
31
Value of 80 units = Price per unit × Sadik sold goods to Suleiman for TZS
Number of units 250,000 as at 1st July 2014. The terms
= 200 × 80 of payment are 5% cash discount if
= 16,000 paid within a month. Then the
(a) Trade discount = Rate of discount × payment is made on 25th July 2014.
List price Calculate
= 20% × 16,000 (a) Cash discount
= (b) Net amount paid after cash discount
Solution
= 3,200
(b) Net amount paid by the customer = (a) Cash discount = Rate of discount ×
List price – Trade discount List price
= 16,000 – 3,200 =
= 12,800 = 12,500
(b) Net amount paid = List price – Cash
6.1.2 Cash discounts
Cash discount is given to traders discount
(customers) to pay their accounts = 250,000 – 12,500
promptly. The rate of cash discount is = 237,500
usually quoted as a percentage. Example: 2
Example this might state as; 5% cash Juma purchased goods from ABC
discount if payment is made within 30 Manufacturer limited on the following
days, 3% cash discount if payment is terms:
made within 60 days and so on. Gross profit 150,000
Trade discount 20%; 5% cash discount if
The treatment of cash discount can
paid in one month, 3% cash discount if
never arise until payment is made.
paid in two months, no discount after two
Cash discount is calculated on the
months. Calculate amount which Juma
amount remaining after deduction of
will pay if the amount is paid within
any trade discount
(a) One month
(b) Two months
(c) Four months
Solution:
Gross price
150,000
Example: 1
32
Less 20% trade discount 2. A manufacturer sells his products at
TZS 450 per unit. He gives trade
30,000
discount as under:
Net amount of invoice
01 – 75 units no discounts; 76 – 150
120,000
units 20%; 151 – 225 units 30%
(a) Net amount of invoice
More than 225 units 40%. A
120,000
customer P bought 120 units and
Less 5% cash discount
customer Q bought 200 units.
6,000 Calculate
Amount paid within one month (a)Trade discount received by each
114,000 customer
(b) Net amount of invoice (b) Net amount paid by each
120,000 customer
Less 3% cash discount 3. A firm allows a trade discount at

25% and a further discount of 10%
3,600
on cash payment. Find the net price
Amount paid within two months
of an article which is listed for TZS
116,400
4,000.
(c) Net amount of invoice
4. An article is marked at TZS 7,000.
120,000
Trade discount of 25% is allowed
There is no discount after two
and a further discount of 8% for
months. Therefore the amount paid
cash payment is allowed. Find the
after three months is 120,000
net selling price of the article.
5. A firm allows a trade discount at
Exercise 6.2
25% and a further discount of 10%
1. A manufacturer sells his product at for cash payment. Find the selling
TZS 350 per unit. He gives trade price of an article which is marked
discount as under: for TZS 2,000.
Up to 50 units nil; 50 to 200 units
20%; More than 200 units 40%. A
customer bought 160 units. 6. Find the selling price of T.V. set
Calculate: which is marked for TZS 1,000,000
(a)Trade discount after allowing at 20% trade discount
(b) Net amount paid by the customer and a 5.5% cash discount.
33
7. Mr. Miraji purchased goods from = TZS 500,000
Ideal Garment Ltd on the following Example: 2
terms A coat salesman received TZS 4,500 in
Gross price TZS 3,460,000, Trade commission for TZS 160,000 of sales.
discount 15%, Cash discount 5% if What commission rate did he receive?
paid in one month, 2 % if paid in Solution:
two months no discount after two Commission rate = ×

months. Calculate the amount which
100%
Mr. Miraji will pay if he pays
= × 100%
within:
(a) One month = 3%
(b) Two months Example: 3
(c) Three months A toy salesman sold merchandise
8. A shopkeeper sold a T.V set for a amounted to 3,700,000 during sikukuu.
net amount of TZS 1,045,000 after He receives 5% commission on the first
allowing 20% discount on the list 1,500,000, 6% on the next 1,500,000 and
price and the further discount of 5% 7% on the remainder. What is his total
for cash payment. Find list price. commission?
Solution:
6.2 COMMISSION
Commissions are given to the salesmen, On the first 1,500,000 =
agents or managers on the basis of their
= 75,000
performance. If they sell greater quantity
On the next 1,500,000 =
they get higher commission and vice
versa. Commission is calculated = 90,000
according to the terms agreed On the remainder, 700,000 =
Example: 1 = 49,000
Total commission = 75,000 +
A dress salesman sold TZS 10,000,000
90,000 + 49,000
worth of merchandise in April. His
= 214,000
commission rate is 5%. What were his
commissions for that month?
Example: 3
Solution:
Omar sells goods on commission basis for
Commission = Commission rate ×
Zanzibar firm. Commission is paid as
Amount sold
follows in addition to his monthly salary
= × 10,000,000
34
of 200,000.On the first 5,000,000; Solution:
nothing; on the next 10,000,000 of sales Value (sales) of 5,000 shares = Price per
4% and on the balance of sales 5%. If his share × Number of shares
sales for the month of November 2013 = 1,250 × 5,000
amounted to 35,000,000. Calculate his = TZS 6,250,000
total earning during the month Brokerage = Brokerage rate × Amount of
Solution sales
=
Total sales
35,000,000
Commission on first 5,000,000 = TZS 187,500
NIL
Commission on next Exercise 6.3
10,000,000 1. A salesman sold 240 items at TZS 800
400,000 per item. He is entitled for a
Commission on balance 20,000,000 commission of 7 %. How much
commission did he learn?
1,000,000
2. Omar sells goods on commission basis
Total commission
for XYZ Company. He is paid TZS
1,400,000
25,000 monthly salary and
Total earning = Basic salary + Total
commission on sales is as follow. On
commission
the first TZS 800,000 of sale; nothing,
= 200,000 + 1,400,000
on the next TZS 1,200,000 of sale
= 1,600,000
2 %. On balance of sale 5%. He sold
Commission is also paid to stock
exchange brokers, their commission is goods worth TZS 5,800,000 during
also known as brokerage November 2012. Calculate Omar’s

total income for November 2012
3. A salesman is appointed on a fixed

Example: 4 monthly salary of TZS 150,000
Brokerage is paid at the rate of 3% on the together with a commission at 5% on
issue of shares. Find the brokerage of the sales over TZS 1,000,000/- during
issuing 5,000 shares at TZS 1,250 a month. If his monthly income is TZS
35
205,000, find his sales during that (a) How many will a retailer pay for
month. . goods listed at TZS 40,000 if he
pays promptly?
4. Mussa is a salesman employed to sell
television sets on a salary and (b) If a retailer pays TZS 111,000
commission basis. His fixed monthly having taken advantage of trade
salary is TZS 250,000. In addition, he and cash discount, what was the
receive 5% commission on the first original value of the goods
TZS 5,000,000 sales and 12 % on bought?
sales in excess of TZS 5,000,000. 7. A salesman receives TZS 75000 per

During the month of March 2013, his month. He is also paid commission as
total earning amounted to TZS follows: 1 % on the first TZS
700,000. How many television sets
2000,000; 2% on the second TZS
did he sell if each costs TZS 600,000?
3000,000 and 4% on all other sales. If
5. Haji is a salesman employed to sell his sales for the month of November
sewing machine on a salary and 2012 amounted to TZS 7500,000.
commission basis. His basic salary is Calculate his total earning during the
TZS 180,000. He also receives a month
commission on sales as follows: 1.5%
8. Brokerage is paid at the rate of 2 %
on the first TZS 1,000,000, 2% on the
next TZS 3,000,000, 5% on excess of on the issue of shares. Find the
TZS 3,000,000.. during the month of brokerage of issuing 7,000 shares at
April 2013 Haji’s total earnings TZS 1,600 each
amounted to TZS 40,000
(a) How much did he sell in excess of

TZS 3,000,000?
(b) How many sewing machines did
he sell if each machine costs TZS
862,500?
6. A wholesale allows 25% trade

discount to his retailer and 7 % cash
discount for prompt payment
36
UNIT 7 terms. For example; in the expression, 9x
ALGEBRA + 4y – 3x + 7y, 9x and – 3x are like terms,
4y and 7y are also like terms.
7. Introduction
Algebra is a system of using symbols to 7.3 Algebraic operations
represent concepts and variables that are In algebra, letters are treated like numbers
capable of taking different values. In i.e. they are added, subtracted, multiplied
others words, in algebra letters are used to and divided. For example:
represent numbers. The most common (i) x + 4x = 5x
letters used are x and y. But in (ii) 11y –5y = 6y
applications, it is helpful to choose letters (iii) 12p × 4 = 48p
that are more meaningful. For example, (iv) 36q ÷ 9 = 4q
we might use Q for quantity and I for
7.3.1 Values of algebraic expressions
investment.
The value of algebraic expression can
7.1 Algebraic expression be obtained by substituting the value
An algebraic expression is a combination of each letter of a given expression
of letters, brackets and other mathematical Examples:
symbols such as + or -. For example, Find the value of each of the following
P can be used to work out how algebraic expressions
(a) 2x – 3y when x = 9 and y = 4 (b) 5a –
money in saving account grows over a
2b + c when a = 4, b = 6 and c = 1 (c)
period of time. The letters P, r and n
(12 – t) – (t – 1) when t = 4
represent original sum invested, rate of
Solution:
interest and the number of years
respectively. (a) 2x – 3y = 2 × 9 – 3×4
= 18 – 12
7.2 Terms of algebraic expressions
=6
In algebraic expression, each letter or
(b) 5a + 2b + c = 5 × 4 – 2 × 6 + 1
group of letters is called a term. For
= 20 – 12 + 1
example; the expression; 5x + 4y + 6 has
=9
three terms 5x, 4y and 6.
(c) (12 – t) – (t – 1) = (12 – 4) – (4 – 1)
Consider the expression, 7x + 5y + 4, in =8–3
this expression, 7 is called coefficient of =5
x, 5 is coefficient of y and 4 is called a
constant term. Terms which involve the
same letter or letters are called a like
37
7.4 ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS 12 = 4x – 8
7.4.1 Equation with one unknown 12 + 8 = 4x
An equation is a statement of equality. 20 = 4x
It connects two expressions with equal x=5
sign (=). For example; 2x = 16, 3x – 3
4. + = find the LCM of 3
= 15, x + 9 = 17, – = 1etc
and 2 which is 6, then
7.4.2 Solving equations =
To solve equation means to find the
value of unknown in the equation. To =
solve the equation x + 8 = 16 is to find = cross multiplication

the value of x which makes the
×6
statement true.
Examples:
Solve the following equations:
1. 7x – 3(x +5) = 5 5x = 9 + 1
first open bracket 5x = 10
7x – 3x – 15 = 5 x=2
collecting like terms Exercise 7.1

Solve for x in each of the following
4x = 5 + 15 equations:
4x = 20 1. 5(x – 2) = 15
x=5 2. 2(3x – 4) = 16
3. 5(4x + 2) = 110
2. =
4. 5(x – 3) = 5 + 3x
use cross multiplication
5. –2x + 6 = 7x – 30
8(x + 2) = 3(x + 12)
6. 10x – 2(8 – 2x) = 12
8x + 16 = 3x + 36
7. 6 – 2(x – 3) = 4x
collecting like terms
8. 5 + 4(1 + 2x) = 11x
8x – 3x = 36 – 16
9. 2x – =x+5
5x = 20
x=4 10. 10x + 3 = 2 + 12
3. + = 11. 6x – = 2x +
collecting like terms 12. =
= -
13. + =2
=
14. – =1
4 × 3 = 4(x – 2)
38
7.4.3 Equations with two unknowns 5x + 3(11 – 4x) = 12
Equations with two unknown are simplifying the equation
sometimes known as simultaneous 5x + 33 – 12x = 12
equations. Examples of simultaneous collecting like terms
equations are: 5x – 12x = 12 – 33
(i) 4x – 2y = 6 -7x = -21
x+y=3 x=3
(ii) 5x + 6y =11 From, y = 11 – 4x
7x + 8y =15 = 11 – 4(3)
(iii) 2x + 3y = 12 = 11 – 12
5x + 2y = 19 etc. = -1
The value of x = 3 and y = -1
7.4.4 Solving simultaneous equations
2. 2x + 3y = 12 . . . . . . . . . . (i)
There are several methods that can be
5x +2y = 19 . . . . . . . . . . (ii)
used to solve simultaneous equations;
Solution
these include substitution method,
elimination method, graphical method, Taking equation (i) and expressing x in
matrix method and so on terms of other variable
2x + 3y = 12
7.5 Substitution method
x=
In this method, we take one of the two
equations and expressing one unknown in Substituting x in the equation (ii) we get
terms of others and substitute this 5 +2y = 19

unknown in another equation
+ 2y = 19
Examples:
multiplying by 2 throughout the equation
Solve for x and y from the following
60 – 15y + 4y = 38
equations
1. 5x + 3y = 12 . . . . . . . . . . (i)
-11y = -22
4x + y = 11 . . . . . . . . . . (ii)
y=2
Solution
From x =
Taking equation (ii) expressing y in terms
of others variable =
4x + y = 11 =3
y = 11 – 4x
Substituting y in the equation (i) we get
39
The value of x = 3 and y = 2 Solution:
3. 3x + 5y = 30 . . . . . . . . . . (i) If we want to eliminate variable y we
2x + 2y = 16 . . . . . . . . . . (ii) must make their coefficient equation so
Solution we multiply eq (i) by 1
Taking equation (ii) and expressing x in terms and eq (ii) by 3
of other variable 5x + 3y = 12 . . . . . . . (i) × 1
2x + 2y = 16 4x + y = 11 . . . . . . . . (ii) ×3
x=8–y 5x + 3y = 12 . . . . . . . . . (iii)
Substituting x in the equation (i) 12x + 3y = 33 . . . . . . . . (iv)
3(8 – y) + 5y = 30 Since their sign are the same, subtract (iv)
24 – 3y + 5y = 30 – (iii)
2y = 30 – 24 12x – 5x + 3y -3y = 33 – 12
2y = 6 7x = 21
y=3 x=3
From x = 8 – y substitute value of x in eq. (i)
=8–3 5x + 3y = 12
=5 5×3 + 3y = 12
The value of x = 5 and y = 3 3y = 12 – 15
3y = -3
y = -1
7.6 Elimination method
The value of x = 3 and y = -1
In solving simultaneous equations by
2. 4x – 2y = 6…….…..(i)
elimination method, the variables that are
x + y = 3…………(ii)
to be eliminated must have the same
Solution:
coefficient. After that we look them if
they have the same sign or not. If they If we want to eliminate variable y we must
have the same sign we subtract the two make their coefficient equation so we
equations and if they have different sign multiply eq (i) by 1
we add the two equations. and eq (ii) by 2
Examples: 4x – 2y = 6 . . . . . . . . . (i) ×1
x+y=3 . . . . . . . . . (ii) ×2
Solve for x and y from the following
4x - 2y = 6 . . . . . . . . . . (iii)
equations
2x + 2y = 6 . . . . . . . . . . . (iv)
1. 5x + 3y = 12 ………(i)
4x + y = 11 …….(ii)
40
Since their sign are different, add (iii) + Exercise 7.2
(iv) Solve for x and y from the following
4x + 2x – 2y + 2y = 6 +6 equations:
6x = 12 1. 3x + 2y = 7
x=2 x+y=3
substitute value of x in (ii) 2. 7x – 4y = 37
x+y=3 6x + 3y = 51
2 +y = 3 3. 3x + 2y = 19
y=3–2 3x – 3y + 6 = 0
y=1 4. 3x + 5y = 30
The value of x = 2 and y = 1 x +2y = 16
5. 10x + 12y = 48
3. 5x + 6y =11 . . . . . . . . . . (i) 5x + 10y = 30
7x + 8y =15 . . . . . . . . . (ii)
6. + = 10
Solution
x+ =
If we want to eliminate variable y we must
make their coefficient equation so we 7. 5x + 2y = 13
multiply eq (i) by 8 and eq (ii) by 6 16x - 3y = 4
5x + 6y =11 . . . . . . . . . . (i) × 8 8. (3x – y) = 2

7x + 8y =15 . . . . . . . . . (ii) × 6
+ =0
40x + 48y = 88 . . . . . . . . . (iii)
42x + 48y = 90 . . . .. . . . . . . . (iv) 9. 2y + = 19
Since their sign are the same, subtract (iv) y+ =9

– (iii)
10. x + =5
42x – 40x + 48y – 48y = 90 – 88
2x = 2 - =
x=1
substitute value of x in (i) 7.7 INEQUALITIES
Inequalities are algebraic expressions
5x + 6y =11
having one or two variables connected by
5(1) + 6y =11
<,≤, >, ≥. Examples of inequalities are x +
6y = 11 -5
3 < 4, 2y - 4< 4, 3x – 6 > 11 et c
6y = 6
Solving inequalities we follow the same
y=1
procedures we followed in solving
The value of x = 1 and y = 1
equation with one unknown.
41
Examples: 4. 3x – < x +
Solve the following inequalities:
5. 6x + > 4x + 3
1. 4x + 2 < 26
6. 2x – < x + 5
Solution:
4x < 26 – 2 7. 3x –2 ≤ x+1
collecting like terms we get
8. 4 – 2x + <
4x < 24
x<6
2. 9x – 3 < 9 +5x
Solution:
9x – 3 < 9 +5x collecting

like terms we get
9x – 5x< 9 +3
4x < 12
x<3
Note:
The inequalities changes when you

multiply or divide by a negative numbers
on both sides
Example:
Solve for x in 3x + 6 > 12 + 5x

Solution:
3x + 6 > 12 + 5x collecting
like terms
3x – 5x > 12 – 6
-2x > 6
x < -3
Exercise 7.3

inequalities
1. 11 – 2(3x +5) ≤ – 11
2. + > 2x – 1
3. 2x – ≤ x + 2
42
UNIT 8 2. Number of staff in the office can be
MATRICES represented as follows:
8. Introduction
A matrix is a two-dimensional
arrangement of numbers in rows and
columns enclosed by a pair of square
3. The unit cost of transportation of an
brackets [ ] in the form shown below. The
item from each of the three factories
plural of matrix is matrices
to each of the four warehouses can
be represented as follows:
Warehouse
The above figure shows an m × n matrix
Factory W1
of m rows and n columns.
W2 W3 W4
Matrices are used to describe linear
equations, keep track of the coefficients of
linear transformations and to record data
that depend on multiple parameters. They
can be added, multiplied, and decomposed
8.1 APPLICATIONS OF MATRIX
in various ways, which also makes them a ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
key concept in the field of linear algebra. The applications of addition and subtraction
Matrices have numerous applications in of matrices can be illustrated through the
various disciplines such as Economics, following examples:
Engineering, Statistics and various other Example: 1
sciences.
The quarterly sales of Juma, Kassim and
But first, let’s discuss how various
Yahya for the year 2013 and 2014 are given
situations in business and economics can
below.
be represented using matrices. This can be
Year 2013
done using the following examples.
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
1. Annual productions of two branches

A=
selling three types of items may be
represented as follows:
Branch Item A Item B Item C
43
Year 2013 8.2 APPLICATIONS OF MATRIX
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 MULTIPLICATION
It is important to note that two matrices
B= can be multiplied if and only if the
number of columns of the first matrix
equals the number of rows of the second.
Find the total quarterly sales of Juma, Kassim
The resultant matrix will have the number
and Yahya for two years
of rows equal to the first matrix and
Solution
number of columns equal to that of the
The total sales of Jute, Cotton and Yarn will
second matrix.
be obtained as under
In other words,
A+B= +  A matrix of the order [a x b] can only
be multiplied with a matrix of order
= [b x c]
 The resultant matrix will be of the
Example: 2 order [a x c]
ABC Ltd has the following sales position The application of multiplication of
of its products A and B at its two centers matrices can be illustrated through the
P and Q at the end of the year following examples.
P Q Example: 1
Y= Rama, Said and Moh’d purchased biscuits

of different brands P, Q and R. Rama
purchased 10 packets of P, 7 packets of Q
and 3 packets of R. Said purchased 4
If the sales for the first three
packets of P, 8 packets of Q and 10
months is given as
packets of R. Moh’d purchased 4 packets
P Q
of P, 7 packets of Q and 8 packets of R. If
Y=
brand P costs TZS 400, Q costs TZS 500
Find the sales position for the last nine and R costs TZS 600 each, then using
months. matrix operation, find the amount of
Solution money spent by these persons
individually.
Y–Q= -
44
Solution each product for each material is as
Let Q be the matrix denoting the quantity follows.
of each brand of biscuit bought by P, Q P Q R
and R and let C be the matrix showing the

M=
cost of each brand of biscuit.
Using matrix notations, find
P Q R (a) The total requirement of each
material if the firm produces 100
Q=
units of each product.
(b) The per unit cost of production of
C= each product if the per unit cost of
materials P, Q and R is TZS 500,
Since number of columns of first matrix
TZS 1000 and TZS 500
should be equal to the number of rows of
respectively.
the second matrix for multiplication to be
(c) The total cost of production if the
possible, the above matrices shall be
firm produces 200 units of each
multiplied in the following order.
product.
Q×C= ×
Solution
= (a) The total requirement of each

material if the firm produces 100
units of each product can be
calculated using the matrix
= multiplication given below.
A B C P Q R P Q R
Amount spent by Rama, Said and Moh’d

=
is TZS 9300, TZS 11600 and TZS 9900
(b) Let the per unit cost of materials P,
respectively
Q and R be represented by the 3×1
Example: 2 matrix as under
A firm produces three products A, B and

C=
C requiring the mix of three materials P,
Q and R. The requirement (per unit) of
45
With the help of matrix Shop Local Market
multiplication, the per unit cost of
Price Matrix = P =
production of each product would be
calculated as under
Therefore,
MC = = Total Price = Q × P =
Now,
(c) The total cost of production if the
Cost of purchasing from shop = TZS 16,800
firm produces 200 units of each
and
product would be given as
Cost of purchasing from local market = TZS
= 13100 + TZS2500 (Cost of travel)
= TZS 15,600
3,400,000
Hence, net savings to Mr. Y from purchasing
Hence, the total cost of production
through Local Market = 16,800 –15,600
will be TZS 3,400,000
= TZS 1,200
Example: 3
Mr. Y went to a market to purchase 3 kg of 8.3 APPLICATIONS OF SYSTEM OF
LINEAR EQUATIONS
sugar, 10 kg of wheat and 1kg of salt. In
The following examples can be used to
a shop near to Mr Y’s residence, these
illustrate the common methods of solving
commodities are priced at TZS 2000; TZS
systems of linear equations that result
1000 and TZS 800 per kg where as in the
from applied business and economic
local market these commodities are priced at
problems.
TZS 1500, TZS 800 and TZS 600 per kg
Example: 1
respectively. If the cost of traveling to local
market is TZS 2500, find the net savings of A manufacture makes two products Q and
Mr. Y, using matrix multiplication method. M. the cost o making 15 units of product
Q and 10 units of product M is TZS 600.
Solution The cost of making 5 units of product Q
Let matrices Q and P represent quantity and and 8 units of product M is TZS 340.
price. Then, Calculate cost of making one unit of
Sugar Wheat Salt product Q and product M
Quantity Matrix = Q = 3 10 1 Let x be the units of Q and y be the unit of
M. Then
46
15x + 10y = 600 0.12x + 0.165y = 4500 or 8x +11y = 300,000
5x + 8y = 340
Expressing the above equations in matrix
Expressing the above equations in matrix
form, we obtain
form, we obtain
=
=
A X B
A X B
This can be written in the form AX = B or X
This can be written in the form AX = B or
= A-1B
X = A-1B
Since | A | = -2 ≠0 A-1 exists, and the
Since | A | = 70 ≠ 0 A-1 exists, and the
solution can be given by:
solution can be given by:
X = A-1B
X = A-1B
=-
=
= =-
= =
Hence x = TZS 10,000, y = TZS 20,000, and

=
new investments would be TZS 12,000 and
Cost of making one unit of product Q and TZS 22,000 respectively.
M is TZS 20 and TZS 30 respectively Exercise 8
Example: 2
1. A company has two warehouse A and B
Mr. Juma invested a part of his investment each carrying stocks of a particular item
in 10% bond A and a part in 15% bond B. as follows
His interest income during the first year is Large Small
TZS 4,000. If he invests 20% more in Large Small
10% bond A and 10 % more in 15% bond
A= and B =
B, his income during the second year
increases by TZS 500. Find his initial
investment and the new investment in
Find the total stock for each item
bonds A and B using matrix method.
Solution 2. Given three goods G1, G2 and G3 sold at
Let initial investment be x in 10% bond A TZS 250, TZS 150 and TZS 100
and y in 15% bond B. Then, according to respectively. If the firm sells a total of
given information, we have 200, 400 and 350 goods of type G1, G2
0.10x + 0.15y = 4,000 or 2x +3y = 80,000
47
and G3 respectively. Use matrix method A and B which have different rates of
to find the total revenue of the firm. commission
3. The following information was gathered Months Rates of Total

for the number of books sold, by commission commission
category (mystery, health and science) at drawn
A B
two different bookstores during the week
of July 1 to 7
Store A: 82 mystery 65 health
90science
January 90 100 58,000
Store B: 31mystery 19health
45science February 130 50 46,000
(a) Create a matrix S to show the number

of books at both stores during the
week of July 1to7 Use matrix method to find out the rates
of commission on the items A and B
(b) If mystery books sell for TZS 9,000
each; health books sell for 6. Two types of radio valves A, B are
TZS25,000 each and science books available and two types of radios P and Q
sell for TZS 37,000. Use matrix are assembled in a small factory. The
method to determine the total value factory uses 2 valves of type A and 3
of the books sold at each store valves of type B for the type of radio P,
and for the radio Q it uses 3 valves of
4. A distributor supplied two retails outlets P
type A and 4 valves of type B. If the
and Q with televisions(T) and
number of valves of type A and B used
refrigerators (R) as shown in the
by the factory are 130 and 180
following matrix
respectively, find out the number of
T R
radios assembled. Use matrix method.
The cost of these items to P and Q were

TZS 2,880,000 and TZS 3,490,000
respectively.
5. A salesman has the following records of

sales during two months for three items
48
UNIT 9 4x – 8 = 3x + 3
INDICES 4x – 3x = 3 + 8
x = 11
9. Introduction
Exercise 9.1
Consider the following repetitive
multiplications Solve for x in each of the following
(i) 2×2×2 = 23 equations
(ii) 5×5×5×5 = 54 1.
(iii) 3×3×3×3×3 = 35 2. = 729

In (i) 2 is called base and 3 is called power 3.
(ii) 5 is called base and 4 is called power
4.
(iii) 3 is called base and 5 is called power.
5. 5 = 22
The word power is sometimes known as
exponent or index (plural indices) 6.
Example: 1 7.
Evaluate each of the following 8.
(a) 43 (b) 32×23

9.1 LAWS OF INDICES
Solution
9.1.1 Product law
(a) 43 = 4×4×4
Consider examples below:
= 64
2 3
(i) a5×a3 = a×a×a×a×a×a×a×a×a
(b) 3 ×2 = 3×3 ×2×2×2
= a8
= 9×8
(ii) 44×42 = 4×4×4×4×4×4
= 72
= 46
Example: 2
You can notice that the exponents in
Find the value of x for each of the the result is the sum of the given
following equations exponents
(a) 2x = 64 (b) 16(x-2) = 8 Generally: xm×xn = xm+n
Example: 1
Solution
Find the value of the following
(a) 2x = 64
(a) 53×52 = 53+2 = 55 (b) 72×7
2x = 26
=72+1 = 73
x=6
(b) 16(x-2) = 8(x+1)
24(x-2) = 23(x+1)
base 2 and base 2 cancel out
4(x -2) = 3(x + 1)
49
Solution (ii) p6 ÷ p3 =
(a)53×52 = 53+2 = p3
= 55 It is noted that the index in the
2 2+1
(b) 7 ×7 =7 quotient is equal to the difference
3
=7 between the given indices
Example: 2 Generally: xm ÷ xn = xm-n
Simplify the following expressions Example: 1
(a) 2p5×5p3 (b) (6y4)(5y7)(2y6) Simplify the following expressions
(a) 411÷47 (b) 710 ÷ 7-4
Solution
(a) 2p5×5p3 = (2×5×p5×p3) Solution:

= 10p5+3 (a) 411÷47 = 411-7
= 10p8 = 44
(b) (6y4)(5y7)(2y6) = (6×5×2)(y4.y7.y6) (b) 710 ÷7-4 = 710-(-4)
= 60y4+7+6 = 714
= 60y17 Example: 2
Example: 3
Simplify the expression;
Find the value of x from the equation; 2x ×
Solution:
4(x+1) = 32
Solution =
2x × 4(x+1) = 32 =
2x × 22(x+1) = 25
= 3(x + 2x +2) – (3x – 3)
x + 2x + 2 5
2 =2
= 33x +2 – 3x + 3
3x + 2 5
2 =2
= 35
base 2 and base 2 cancel out
= 243
3x + 2 = 5
3x = 5 -2 9.2 Product of powers
3x = 3 Consider the following examples:
x=1 (i) (p2)3 = p2×p2×p2
= p×p×p×p×p×p
9.1.2 Quotient law = p6
Consider examples below:
(ii) (m3)4 = m3×m3×m3×m3
4 2
(i) p ÷p =
= m×m×m×m×m×m×m×m×m×m×m×m
= p×p = m12
= p2
50
You can notice that, the index of the Solution:
result is the same as the product of the 2x-6 = 2-4
given indices. x - 6 = -4
Generally: (xm)n = xmn x = -4 + 6
Example: =2
Simplify the following expressions Note
(a) (33)2 = 33×2 = 36 (b) (44)5 = 44×5 = (i) (a×b)n = an × bn
420
(ii) =
Solution:
(a) (33)2 = 33×2 (iii) =
= 36 Examples
(b) 4 5
(4 ) = 4 4×5 Solve for x in each of the following
equations
= 420
(a) = (b) =
9.2.1 Zero power
Consider the following division
32÷32 = 32-2 = 30 = 1 Solution:
9÷9=1
(a) =
Any number to the power zero is
equal to 1 =
Examples
= base and base
(a) 70 = 1 (b) 10000 = 1
cancel out
9.2.2 Negative power x = 4x – 6
Consider the following
4x – x = 6
= = 40-3 = 4-3 3x = 6
Generally; = x-n x=2
Examples: (b) =
(a) = 6-2 = base and base
(b) 7-3 = cancel out
Examples: 2 6x – 9 = -3x
Find the value of x from the equation; 2x-6 6x + 3x = 9

9x = 9
=
x=1
51
Exercise 9.2
Simplify each of the following

expressions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

equations
10. =
11. =
12.
13.
14.
15.
16. = 16 -
17. =5 +
18.
19. =
20. = 81
52
UNIT 10 Fig 10.2
GRAPHS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
10. Introduction 6 y- axis
10.1 Number plane 5

4  A (3,4)
A number plane is a figure which is 3 axis
2  B (5,2)
made up of two lines intersecting
1 axis
each other at right angle. The 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 x- axis
horizontal line is called x – axis and
2
the vertical line is called y – axis. The
3
point at which the two lines intersect
4
is called origin denoted by O. 5
Figure 10.1
y - axis 10.2 Gradient of straight line

Consider a line joining two points A
and B as shown in the figure below.
0 x - axis
Fig 10.3
The length AP is the change in x and

the length PB is the change in y. The
number is called gradient

Consider the point A in the figure
or slope of the line
below, the pair of numbers
corresponding to point A is (3,4). The Therefore the slope of the line AB
first number represent a distance from above is given by;
origin along x – axis and the second
number represent a distance from Slope, m =
origin along y – axis. The pair of

=
numbers in this plane is called
ordered pairs of coordinates. In
=
ordered pairs, the first number is for x
– axis and second number is for y –
=1
axis. For example, the coordinates of
point B is (5,2) Generally, if A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2) are
any arbitrary points on the line, the
slope (m) of this line is given by
53
Slope, m = Fig 10.4
Slope of PQ =
=
Slope of PN =
Example:
Since point N lie on the line PQ,
Find the slope of the line joining each of
slope of PQ = slope of PN
the following points
(a) A(1,2) and B(13,8) (b) C(-2,9) and

D(3,7) =
Solution
(a) Slope, m = m=
y – y1 = m(x – x1) this is the

= equation of the line
= Example: 1
Find equation of a line which passes

= through (5,-2) and whose gradient is .
Write your answer in the form of ax + by

=
+c=0
(b) Slope, m = Solution
From the formula

=
m=
=
=
=
=
10.2.1 Equation of a straight line
Given two points P(x1,y1) and Q(x2,y2) 3(x – 5) = 2(y + 2)
lie on a straight line, if there is point
3x – 15 = 2y + 4
N(x, y) between P and Q. Then we
want to find the relation exist if any 3x – 15 – 4 = 2y
between the coordinates x and y.
3x – 2y – 19 = 0
54
Example: 2 The y – intercept is the point where the
Find equation of a line which passes line crosses the y axis and is easily
through (3,1) and (5,4) Write your answer obtained when x = 0
in the form of Example: 1
y = mx + c Find the x and y –intercept of the equation

y = 2x – 6 and hence draw its graph
Solution
Solution
m=
For the x –intercept, y = 0
=
2x – 6 = 0
= 2x = 6; x = 3
The x –intercept is (3,0)

Again
For the y – intercept, x = 0

m=
y = 2(0) – 6
=
=–6
3(x – 3) = 2(y – 1)
The y – intercept is (0. – 6)
3x – 9 = 2y – 2
Fig 10.5
2y = 3x – 9 + 2 Example: 2
Find the x and y –intercept of the

2y = 3x – 7
equation; 2x – y + 4 = 0 and hence draw
y= x– its graph
Solution
The x and y – intercepts
For the x –intercept, y = 0
The x –intercept is the point where the
2x – 0 + 4 = 0
line crosses the x – axis and is easily
obtained when y = 0. 2x = –4; x = –2
The x –intercept is (-2,0)
55
For the y – intercept, x = 0 Example: 1
2(0) – y + 4 = 0 Solve the following equations

graphically
y=4
5x – 2y = 4
The y – intercept is (0. 4)
3x + 2y = 12
Fig 10.6
Solution
Example: 3
By finding the x and y – intercepts of both
Find the equation of a line whose x and y
equations we get
– intercepts are 1 and 5. Write your
answer in the form of ax +by + c = 0 5x – 2y = 4 (0.8,0) and (0,-2)
Solution 3x + 2y = 12 (4,0) and (0,6)
The above situation can be written as (1,0) Finally we draw the graph of these two
and (0,5) then, the slope of this line is equations and show the pint of contact
calculated as which is the solution of two equations
Slope, m = Fig 10.7

In the above graph, the point of contact is
= -5 then
(2,3)
-5 =
-5(x – 1) = y
5x + y – 5 = 0
Example: 2
10.3 Solving linear equations
Solve the following equations graphically
graphically
If two equations are drawn on the 3x + y = 6
same axes, we expect them to
5x + 2y = 11
intersect each other at a certain point
(x,y). The point on the graph where Solution
these lines intersect each other is
By finding the x and y – intercepts of both
called common point or solution set
equations we get
which satisfy both lines
simultaneously. 3x + y = 6 (2,0) and (0,6)
5x + 2y = 11 (2.2,0) and (0,5.5)

56
Finally we draw the graph of these two 8. Find the equation of the following
straight lines in the form of ax +
equations and show the pint of contact
by + c = 0
which is the solution of two equations (a) The line joining the points
(2,4) and (-3,1)
Fig 10.8 (b) The line through (3,1) with
gradient
In the above graph, the point of contact is
(c) The line through (3,-4) and
(1,3) which has the same slope as
the line 5x – 3y = 3
Exercise 10 9. Determine the values of m and c so that the
line y = mx + c will pass through the
1. Find the slope of the line joining points
each of the following points (-1,4) and (3,5)
(a) (-2,1) and (7,5) (b) (3,-2) 10. The curve y = ax2 + bx + c passes through
and (6,4) (c) (-7,3) and (4,1) (d) the points (1,8), (0,5) and (3,20). Find the
(2,9) and (9,3) values of a, b and c and hence the equation
2. Find the equation of a line passing of the curve
through (-1, 3) and whose slope is .
Write your answer in the form of ax
+ by + c = 0
3. Find the equation of a line passing
through (2,5) and whose slope is .
Write your answer in the form of y
= mx + c
4. Find the equation of a line whose x
and y intercepts are 2 and 7
respectively. Write your answer in
the form of ax + by + c = 0
5. Find the equation of a line that
passes through the point of
intersection of the lines
2x – 5y = -1 and 4x + 3y = 11 and
whose slope is . Express your
answer in the form of:
(a) y = mx + c
(b) ax + by + c = 0
6. Find the equation of a line that
passes through the intersection of
the lines 3x – 2y = 2 and
2x – 3y = 3 having the gradient .
Express your answer in the form of
y = mx + c
7. Draw the graph of the equations 4x
+ 3y = 10 and 3x + 2y = 7 on the
same axis and hence show the point
of contact. What does the point of
contact represent?
57
UNIT 11 9. (x + 4)( 5x –1)
QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS 10. (1 – x)(4 + x)
11. Introduction
A quadratic expression is any 11.1 FACTORIZING QUADRATIC
expression which can be written in EXPRESSION
the form of ax2+ bx + c, where a, b 11.1.1 Factorizing by taking Common
and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0. factors
Examples of quadratic expressions Factorizing quadratic expression
are; 2x2 – 7x + 3; means to express it as a product of two
x2+ 8x+15, 23x – 6x2 – 7, 4 –3x – linear factors.
x2 etc. A quadratic expression can Examples:
be found by multiplying two linear Factorize the following the
expressions. following expressions:
Examples:
1. 9x – 3y = 3(3x – y)
Expand the following expressions:
2. 5y2 + 15y = 5y(y + 3)
2
1. (x + 3)(x + 1) = x + x + 3x + 3
= x2 + 4x + 3 Exercise 11.2
2. (x – 8)(x + 4) = x2 + 4x – 8x – Factorize the following by taking
32 out the common factors:
= x – 4x – 32
2
1. 6x + 15y
2
3. . (2x + 1)(3x + 2) = 6x + 4x + 2. 5xy – 20x2
3x + 2 3. 24x2y – 6xy
= 6x2 + 7x + 4. 7d2 – dy
2 5. 5am + 20bm
Exercise 11.1 6. d(3h + k) – 4d2
Write the expanded form of the 7. a(n + 2) – b(n + 2)
following expressions: 8. 3h(5u – v) + 2k(5u – v)
1. (4x + 9)(2x – 2) 9. 5x2 – x(x + 4)
2. (x + 4)(2x – 3) 10. m(3m – 2) + 2m2
3. (2x – 7)(-3x + 1) 11.1.2 Factorizing Quadratic Expressions
4. (3x + 7)(4x – 1) of the form of ax2 bx
5. (3x + 5)(x + 2) These are quadratic expressions with
6. (2x - 1)(x – 3) the constant zero. The expressions of
7. (2x - 5)( +7) the form ax2 ± bx can be factorized in
8. (3 – x)(4 + x)
58
the same way by taking out the H.C.F Examples
of the terms. Factorize the following expressions;
Examples: 1. x2 – 7x + 10 = x2 – 2x – 5x + 10
Factorize the following expressions: splitting the middle term
1. 3x2 – 18x = 3x(x – 6) = x(x – 2) –5(x – 2)
2. 2x2 + 8x = 2x(x + 4) factorizing the common factors
Exercise 11.3 = (x – 2)(x – 5)
Factorize the following expressions: 2. 6x2 +5x – 6 = 6x2 – 4x +9x – 6

1. 14x2 – 7x = 2x (3x – 2) +
2. 5x2 + 35x
3. 3y2 + 27y 3(3x – 2)
4. 4x2 – 5x = (2x + 3)(3x – 2)
5. 8x2 + 24x
6. x2 + 6x Exercise 11.4
7. 5a2 – 50a
Factorize the following expressions;
8. p2 + 2p
9. x + x2 1. x2 + 8x + 15
10. x2 – 9x 2. x2 - 4x -12
3. 3x2 +5x -2
4. x2 - 5x -14
11.1.3 Factorization quadratic expression 5. x2 +8x -20
by splitting the middle term 6. 2x2 -5x + 2
Given a quadratic expression of the 7. x2 - 3x – 28
form ax2+ bx + c, where a, b and c are 8. 3x2 - 2x – 21
integers. 9. 9x2 + 6x + 1
The factors of each expression can be 10. 8x2 + 8x + 2
found by splitting the middle term
Steps to be followed are: Difference of two squares
(i) Find two numbers whose sum is The expression x2 – y2 is called the
the same as “b” in the difference of two squares in x and another
expression and their product is in y. The factors of x2 – y2 = (x + y)(x - y)
same as product “ac” in the Examples:

Factorize the following expressions;
expression. 1. x2 – 9 = (x + 3)(x – 3)
(ii) Replace the value of “b” by 2. 4x2 – 25 = (2x + 5)(2x – 5)
using the two numbers obtained 3. 2x2 – 72 = 2(x2 – 36)
(iii) Group the terms of the = 2(x + 6)(x - 6)
expression in pairs and factorize 4. 3x2 – 108 = 3(x2 – 36)
= 3(x + 6)(x – 6)
59
Exercise: 11.5 Solution:
Factorize completely the following Two numbers whose sum is 5 and whose
expressions: product is 6 are 2 and 3
1. x2– 4y2 x2 + 3x + 2x + 6 = 0
2. 25k2 – 16 splitting the middle term
3. 9x2 – n2 x (x + 3) + 2 (x + 3) = 0
4. 4y2 – 9p2 factorizing the common factors
5. 16x2 - 36 (x + 2)(x + 3) = 0
6. 2x2 – 18 x + 2 =0 or x + 3 = 0
7. 196 – 9q2 x = -2 or x = -3
8. 50 – 2y2 Example: 2
9. 2x2 – 8 Solve the equation 4x2 + 5x – 21 = 0
10. 18x2 – 32 Solution:
11.2 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS Two numbers whose sum is 5 and whose

When a quadratic expression is product is -84 are 12 and -7
connected by an equal (=) sign, it 4x2 + 12x – 7x – 21 = 0
forms a quadratic equation 4x(x + 3) -7(x + 3) = 0
Examples of quadratic equations are; (4x – 7)(x + 3) = 0
x2 + 3x = 0, x2 –3x + 4 = 0, 5x2 + 4x – 7 = 0 or x+3 = 0
12x + 4 = 0 etc x= or x = -3
11.2.1 Solving Quadratic equations by

Example: 3
factorization
Solve the equation x2 - 16 = 0
After understanding how to find the
Solution:
factors of quadratic equations, we can
solve the equation by letting the (x + 4)(x – 4) = 0 difference of two
factors equal to zero squares ie x2 – y2 = (x + y)( x – y)

x + 4 = 0 or x – 4 = 0
Example: 1 x = -4 or x = 4
Solve the equation x2 + 5x + 6 = 0 Example: 4
Solve the equation 3x2 – 27x = 0
Solution:
3x(x – 9) = 0
taking 3x out of the brackets
3x = 0 or x – 9 = 0
x = 0 or x = 9
60
Exercise 11.6 x= or x =
Solve the following equations by
factorization method x= or x =
1. x2 – 4x + 3 = 0
x = 4 or x = -
2. 2x2 = 12 + x
3. 2x2 + 11x + 5 = 0
Example: 2
4. 4x2 – 25 = 0
Solve x 2 +5x – 14 = 0 by using formula
5. 4x2 – 11x = 3
6. 3x2 + x – 2 = 0 Solution:
7. 2x2 + x – 2 = 0 Here a = 1, b = 5 and c = -14, then
8. 2x2 = – 6 + 8x x=
9. 3x2 = – 4 + 8x
10. x2 + 14x – 51 = 0 x=
11.2.2 Solving Quadratic equations by a x=

general formula
The general formula for a quadratic x=
equation is: x =
x =
Example: 1
Solve 2x2 + x – 10 = 0 by using x= or x =

formula
Solution: x=- or x =
Here a = 2, b = 1 and c = -10, then

x = -7 or x = 2
x=
Example: 3
x= Solve 6x2 +11x + 3 = 0 by using formula

Solution:
x= Here a = 6, b = 11 and c = 3, then
x=
x=
x=
x=
x=
61
x= Example: 1
Draw the graph of 2x2 + x – 6 for - 3≤ x ≤

x= 2 and use it to solve for x in x2 + x – 6 = 0
x= or x = Solution
First we have to prepare the table of

x=- or x = - values as follow
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
x = - or x = - y = x2 – 2x – 3 9 0 -5 -6 -3 4
Exercise: 11.7
Solve the following equations by using Fig 11.1
general quadratic formula:
1. x2 + 7x + 10 = 0 The value of x = 1.5 or x = 1.5
2. 10x2 + 9x + 2 = 0
Example: 2
3. 2x2 – 12x = 0
Draw the graph of –x2 + 2x + 3 for – 2 ≤ x
4. 3x2 +13x = 10
≤ 4 and use it to solve for x in –x2 + 2x + 3
5. 2x 2 –7x + 6 = 0
=0
6. x2 + 7x + 6 =0
7. 6x2 = x + 1 Solution
8. 2x2 + 11x + 5 = 0
First we have to prepare the table of
9. x2 + 10x + 21 = 0
values as follow
10. 4x2 + 12x + 5 = 0
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
11.2.3 Solving a quadratic equation by y = x2 - 2x - 3 -5 0 3 4 3 0 -5
graphical method
If we have a quadratic equation ax2+
bx + c = 0. First we need to draw the Fig 11.2
graph of this equation and noting the
The value of x = 3 or x = -1
points where the graph crosses the x –
Exercise: 11.8
axis. These points are called x –
1. 2x 2 –7x + 6 = 0
intercepts and are the solutions to the
2. 2x2 – 12x = 0
quadratic equation.
3. 2x2 = – 6 + 8x
4. 2x2 = 12 + x
5. x2 - 6x + 5 = 0
62
UNIT 12 3. =4
LOGARITHMS x4 = 81
12. Introduction x4 =34
Logarithm of a number ‘N’ under base ‘b’ is x=3
defined as the power ‘p’ to which the base is 4. =2
raised to give the number N (2x – 1) = 52
N = bp . . . . . . . . . . . . (i) =p..... 2x – 1 = 25
. . . . . . . (ii) 2x = 26
Equation (i) is called exponential form while x = 13
equation (ii) is called logarithmic form. 5. =4
Consider the following examples: = 24
Exponential form logarithmic form
= 16
(i) 16 = 24 =4
2x = 16 – 4
(ii) 36 = 62 =2
2x = 12
3
(iii) 64 = 4 =3 x=6
Note 6. =1
(i) There is no logarithm of a negative number.
=1
The base must be greater than zero.
3x + 4 = 101
(ii) =1
3x + 4 = 10
(iii) =0 3x = 10 – 4
(iv) The logarithm of x under base 10 is simply 3x = 6
written as x=2
Examples: Exercise 12.1
Find the value of x for each of the following Find the value of x for each of the following
logarithmic equations: logarithmic equations:
1. =x 1. =2
Writing this equation in exponential form we 2. =2
get 3. =2
x
2 = 64 4. =2
x 6
2 =2
5. =2
x=6
6. =3
2. =3
7. =4
43 = x
8. log3(2 + 1) = log315
x = 64
63
9. = (b) + =
10. =
11. = =
12. 6 – =4 =
13. 5 – =3 =4
14. =1 = 4(1)
15. =2 =4
Example: 2
12.1 LAWS OF LOGARITHMS
There are four formulae which are true to Find the value of x for each of the
logarithm to any base and which correspond following logarithmic equations:
to the indices (a) + =6
=6
12.1.1 Product of two numbers
=6
Given two numbers and y such that =
8x = 26
bm so that = m and y = bn, so that
8x = 64
=n
x=8
The product of = bm × bn
(b) + =1
m+n
=b this can be written in logarithm
=1
form as:
=1
=m+n
x2 – 3x = 101
= +
x2 – 3x – 10 = 0
Example: 1
solving quadratic equation by
factorization
logarithmic expressions:
x2 – 5x + 2x – 10 = 0
(a) +
x(x – 5) + 2(x – 5) = 0
+ = (x +2) (x – 5) = 0
= (x +2) = 0 or (x 5) = 0
= x = -2 or x = 5 since
=2 there is no logarithm for negative
= 2(1) number
=2 x=5
64
Exercise 12.2 Example: 1
Simplify each of the following Simplify each of the following

logarithmic expressions: logarithmic expressions:
1. + (a) – =
2. + =
3. + + =1
4. + (b) – =
Find the value of x for each of the
=
following logarithmic equations:
=1
5. =3
(c) + – =
6. =2
7. =1
8. =3 =
9. log ( ) + log( )= log 5 =
10. + =2 =2
11. + =1 =2
Example: 2
12. + =1
13. =3 Find the value of x for each of the
14. + =
(a) – =1
15. + =1
=1
12.2 Logarithm of a Quotient = 101

Given two numbers and y such that = 2 × 10
= bm so that = m and y = bn, = 20
so that =n (b) – =2
Then = =2
= bm - n = 52
writing this statement in logarithmic
= 2 × 25
form it becomes
= 50
=m–n
= –
65
(c) =1 12.2.1 Logarithm of power
Given x = bm so that =m
=1
multiplying the equation x = bm by
1
= 10
power n it gives
(2x – 4) = 10(x – 2) xn = bmn
2x – 4 = 10x – 20 writing this equation in logarithmic
10x 2x = 20 – 4 form it becomes
8x = 16 = mn
x=2 but m =
Exercise 12.3 =n
Simplify each of the following Example: 1
1. logarithmic expressions:
2. + – (a) =7
3. – + = 7(1)
=7
4. + –
(b) =
5. + + –
=3
=3
6. =3 = 5(1)
=5
7. log4 – log4( –1) =
(c) 3 +5 - =
8. =3
9. =2 + -
10. log10(3 + 2) – 1 = log10( – 4) = + -
11. = =
12. = =
=
13. =3 =3
14. =1 =3
15. log2( + 6 ) – log2( + 2) = 1 Example: 2

66
(a) 4 x = 50 6. 2 –3 +
introducing logarithm on 7. 2 + –2
both sides
Find the value of x for each of the following
=
logarithmic equations:
x = 8. + =
dividing by log4 on both the
9. 2 – =1
sides
10. 2 + =3
x=
11. log ( + 6) – 2log = log 12
= 2.822
12. 2log2( + 1) = log29
(b) – =1
13. log1025 + 2log10 = 2log1050
–3 =1
Show that
–3=1
14. If = ( ), then
=1+3
x2 + y2 = 11xy
81 = x4 15. If then y =
34 = x4 16. 2log10 – log10 – log101000 =
x=3
log10 –1
(c) =1
12.2.2 Change of base
=1
We can change logarithm from one
x2 - 6x + 6 = 1
base to another as follows
x2 - 6x + 6 –1 = 0
Suppose u = so that bu = x
2
x - 6x + 5 = 0
taking logarithm under base a
x2 - x - 5x + 5 = 0
=
x (x – 1) -5(x – 1) = 0
u = dividing by
(x – 1) (x – 5) = 0
x = 1 or x = 5 on both the sides
Exercise 12.4 u=
Simplify each of the following =

1. –2
2.
3. +
4. +2
5. + – –5
67
Example:
(a) =
(b) =
Exercise 12.5

1.
2.
3. 2 =
4. =
5. If = a, show that =
68
UNIT 13 Example: 2
SEQUENCE AND SERIES Find the next two terms in each of the
13. Sequence: following sequences:
A sequence is a succession of (a) 2, 5, 8, 11, . . .
numbers, of which each number is (b) 4, 2, 0, -2, . . .
formed according to a definite rule
(c) , , , ,...
which is the same throughout the
Solution:
sequence. Examples of a sequence
are: The next two terms are:
(i) 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21… (a) 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17.
(ii) 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30… (b) 4, 2, 0, -2, -4, -6.
(iii) 3, 9, 27, 81… (c) , , , , ,
In sequence every number is called a

term. Each term of a sequence has a Example: 3
particular position value such as the The nth term of a sequence is 3n + 4.

first term, the second term, the third Find:
term and so on. Using such naming, a (a) The third term
term corresponding to the last term is (b) tenth term
called the nth term or a general term. (c) 20th term
Solution:
The terms of a sequence can be
(a) The third term, n = 3
extended if the pattern governing the
Then 3n + 4 =3×3+4
given terms can be found. This is
=9+4
done by examining three or more
= 13
consecutive terms to see how they are
(b) The tenth term n = 10
related.
Then 3n + 4 = 3× 10 + 4
Example: 1
= 30 + 4
Find the fifth term of a sequence 1, 6,
= 34
11, 16…
(c) The 20th term , n = 20
Solution:
Then 3n + 4 = 3× 20 + 4
We see that each term after the first is = 60 + 4
obtained by adding 5 to the preceding = 64
term; therefore the fifth term is 21 13.1 Series:
When the terms of a sequence are
considered as a sum, the resulting
69
expression is known as a series or 13.2 Arithmetic Progression (A.P)
progression. An arithmetic progression is a series
For example; in which each term after the first is
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + . . . + 50 obtained by adding a fixed number to
+ + + +... the preceding term. This fixed
number which is the difference
–4 – 4 – 6 – 8 –10 . . . are
between any two consecutive terms is
expressions representing series.
usually called a common difference
Consider a series having n terms, the
denoted by d. For example;
sum of all n terms is usually denoted
1 + 4 + 7 + 10 +. . .
by Sn.
-1–3–5–7
Example:
x + 5x + 9x + 13x + . . . are
The terms of a certain sequence are 2,
arithmetic progression with common
5, 8, 11, 14, . . .
differences 3, -2 and 4x respectively.
(a) Write down the series
13.2.1 The nth term of an Arithmetic
corresponding to the sequence
Progression
(b) Find the sum of the first four terms
If n is the number of terms of an A.P
Solution:
with the first term A1 and common
(a) The series correspond to the difference, d then the nth term is
sequence are 2 + 5 + 8 + 11 + denoted by An and is obtained by the
14 +. . . following procedure:
(b) The sum of the first four terms , S4 A1 = A1
= 2 + 5 + 8 + 11 = 26 A2 = A1 + d
A3 = A2 + d
13.1.1 Types of series = A1+ d + d
(i) Finite series. = A1 +2d
This is a series which ends after a A4 = A3 +d
finite number of terms. Example = A1 + 2d + d
of finite series is: = A1 +3d
2 + 5 + 8 + 11 + 14. A5 = A4 +d
(ii) Infinite series = A1 + 3d + d
This is a series which have not an = A1 +4d
end. Example of infinite series is 1
+3+5+7+..
We see that nth term is obtained by
adding (n -1) times the common
70
difference to the first term, A1. 3d = 6
Therefore; An = A1 + (n – 1) d d=2 then substitute
the value of d in (i) we get
Example: 1
A1 + d = 15
The first term of an AP is 6 and the common A1 + 2 = 15
difference is 5, find: A1 = 15 – 2
(a)The second term A1 = 13
(b) the third term Example: 3
(c)the nth term
The owner of electronics had sales of TZS
Solution: 2,000,000 during the first month. Their sales

increased by TZS 150,000 each month for
(a)The second term,A2 = A1 + d
the 8 months followed. What were the sales
=6+5
in the fifth month of their business?
= 11
(b) The third term, A3 = A1 + 2d Solution:
=6+2×5
Here A1 = 2,000,000 and d = 150,000 A5 =?
= 6 + 10
A5 = A1 + 4d
= 16
= 2,000,000 + 4×150,000
(c)The nth term, An = A1 + (n – 1)d
= 2,000,000 + 600,000
= 6 + (n – 1)5
= 2,600,000
= 6 + 5n – 5
Example: 4
= 5n + 1
Suppose you are offered two identical jobs,
Example: 2
one paying a starting salary of TZS 350,000
The second term of an AP is 15 and the fifth
with yearly raises of TZS 30,000 and another
term is 21. Find the common difference and
paying a starting salary of TZS 420,000 with
the first term
yearly raises of TZS 22,000. Which job will
Solution: be paying you more for the 10th year on the

job?
A2 = A1 + d = 15 . . . . . . . (i)
A5 = A1 + 4d = 21 . . . . . . (ii)
Solving two equations by elimination Solution:

method (ii) – (i)
First job
A1 – A1 + 4d – d = 21 – 15
71
Here A1 = 350,000, d = 30,000 and A10 =? 5. 3 + 1; 2 ; 3 – 7 are the first three terms
A10 = A1 + 9d of an arithmetic sequence. Calculate the
= 350,000+ 9×30,000 value of x
= 620,000
6. A new business firm loss 400,000 in its
Second job first month, but profit increases by 80,000
Here A1 = 420,000 d = 22,000 and A10 =? in each succeeding months for the next
A10 = A1 + 9d year. What is its profit in the 16th month?
= 320,000 + 9×12,000
= 618,000 7. Khamis started a bank account and decide
to deposit TZS 150,000 during the first
th
The first job will be paying more for the 10 year,
year on the job compared to the second job
TZS 240,000 during the second year and
Exercise 13.1
1. If the first term of an AP is 5 and the an extra 90,000 for each additional year.
common difference is 3, find the Find the amount he will have to deposit
(a) The 12th term. during the 11th year.
(b) The 18th term.

8. Sonica PLC is a newly established
(c) The nth term
company which produces TV sets and it
2. The nth term of an AP 2.3 + 4.2 + 6.1 + . . produced 1000 sets of TV during its first
. is 36.5. find the value of n year. The company expects to increase

its production capacity up to 14,500 sets
3. The fourth and fifth terms of an AP are 50 at the end of its 10th year.
and 55 respectively. Find
(a) The common difference (a) Estimate the annual increase of the
(b) The first term production, if the annual increase is
(c) The twenty fifth term uniform.
4. The 12th term of an arithmetic progression (b) Based on the annual increase in
is 32.5, and the 20th term is 52.5. Find production, forecast the number of TV
(a) the first term sets, the company expects to
(b) the common difference the first produce in its 15th year.
term
(c) The 18th term.
72
13.2.2 The sum of the first n terms of an Example: 1
Arithmetic Progression The first term of an AP is 2 and the last term
Suppose we want to find the sum of n is 50. If the AP consists of 24 terms, find the
terms of an A.P whose terms are A1, sum of all terms.
A2, A3, . . An Solution:
The sum of these n terms are is
A1 = 2, An = 50 and n = 24, S24 =?
denoted by Sn and is obtained as
Sn = (A1 + An)
Sn = A1 + A2+ A3+ . . . . + An ... . . (i)
Sn = A1 + (A1 + d) + (A1 + 2d) + . . . . S24 = (2 + 50)
. + (An – d) + An . . . . (ii)
= × 52
Reversing the order
= 624
Sn = An + (An – d) + (An – 2d) + . . . .
Example: 2
. . + (A1 + d) + A1 .. . .(iii) adding
(ii) and (iii) Find the sum of the first twenty terms of the
2Sn = (A1 + An) + (A1 + An) +(A1 + following A.P 3 + 10 + 17 + . . .
An) + . . . +(A1 + An) since there are Solution:
n terns A1 = 3, d = 7, n = 20 and Sn =?
2Sn = n(A1 + An)’s Sn = [2A1 + (n – 1)d]
dividing by 2 on both sides
S16 = [2×3 + (20 – 1)7]
Sn = (A1 + An)
= 10(6 + 19 × 7)
If we have the first term A1 and last
= 10 × 139
term An and if n is the number of
= 1390
terms, the sum of the first n terms is
Example: 3
given by:
Sn = (A1 + An) A company is to distribute TZS 2,000,000 in
bonuses to its top twenty five sales people.
But we know that A1 + (n – 1)d
The twenty fifth people in the list will
then
receive TZS 32,000. The difference in bonus
Sn = [A1 + A1 + (n – 1)d ]
money between successively ranked sales
= [2A1 + (n – 1)d] people is to be constant. Find the bonus
The sum of the first n terms of an AP obtained by
with the first term A1 and common (a) The first people
difference, d is denoted by Sn and is (b) Tenth people
given by:
Sn = [2A1 + (n – 1)d]
73
Solution: S10 = [2×1,500,000 + (10 – 1)750,000]
Given; A25 = 32,000; S25 = 2,000,000; n = 5(3,000,000 + 9×750,000)
= 25; A1 =? A10 =? = TZS 48,750,000
(a) From; = (A1 + An) Exercise 13.2
2,000,000 = (A1 + 32,000) 1. For the series 22 + 18 + 14 + 10 + …..
using cross multiplication (a) Find the 30th term.

(b) Find the sum of the first fifty terms.
= A1 + 32,000
160,000 = 2. The first term of an AP is -12 and the last
A1 = 160,000 32,000 term is 40. If the sum of the terms is 196,

find the number of terms and the
= 128,000
common difference.
The first people obtained TZS 128,000
(b) From; 3. The first and second terms of an
A25 = A1 + 24d arithmetic sequence are 10 and 6
32,000 = 128,000 + 24d respectively.
24d = 32,000 - 128,000 (a) Calculate the 11th term of the
24d = -96,000 sequence.
d = -4,000 then (b) The sum of the first n terms of this
A10 = A1 + 9d sequence is –560. Calculate n.
= 128,000 + 9(-4,000)
= 92,000 4. In an arithmetic series, a leaking tap
Tenth people obtained TZS 92,000 produces 50 drops of water during the first
Example: 4 hour of the day and then produces 20

drops of water every hour. Calculate:
A small business sells product worth TZS
(a) The number of drops of water at the
1,500,000 during his first year. The owner
30th hour
of the business has set a goal of increasing
(b) Sum of drops of water of the first 18
annual sales by 750,000 each year.
hours
Assuming this goal is met. Find the total
sales during the first 10 years in the 5. A 16 - team bowling league has TZS
business operation. 8,000,000 to be awarded as prize money.
Solution: If the last-place team is awarded TZS
A1 = 1,500,000; d = 750,000; n = 10 and 275,000 in prize money and the award
S10 =? increases by the same amount for each
Sn = [2A1 + (n – 1)d]
74
successive finishing place, how much penalty, if he has delayed the work till
will: 30th of January 2015?
(a) The first place team receives?
9. A skyscraper of 110 floors is to be built.
(b) The eighth place team receives?
The first floor will cost TZS 160 mill. The
6. A graduate joined a company as a cost of building each subsequent floor will
Management Trainee for an initial annual be TZS 1 mill less than the immediate
salary of TZS 864,000 with an annual below. What will be the costs of building?
increment of TZS 19,200 in every year. (a) The 25th floor
What is the (b) All the 110 floor of the skyscraper
(a) Level of salary he would receive in
10. Maulid’s annual salary is TZS 12,000,000
the 4th year of his work?
and his expenses total TZS 9,000,000. His
(b) Total amount of the salary he would
salary increases by TZS 1,200,000 each
earn during the first 5 years?
year while his expenses increase by TZS
7. ABC Company commenced production of 1,500,000 each year. Each year he saves
a new product recently. The number of the excess of his income.
units produced during the first week was
(a) Represent his total savings as a series
600. The manager expects to increase the
weekly production by 20 additional units (b) If Maulid continues to manage his
each week more than the previous week. finances this way, after how many
Calculate: years will he have nothing left to
(a) The number of units produced by the save?
th
company at the end of 15 week
(b) The total number of units produced by (c) Maulid calculates that if his expenses
company for 40 weeks increase by x TZS every year (instead
8. The total estimated cost of a certain of TZS
project is TZS 20,000,000. Specified 1,500 000 each year), he will spend as
penalty for delay of completion beyond much as he earns in the 25th year.
31st of December 2014 is as follows: 1% Determine x.
of the total estimated cost of the project

13.3 Geometric progression (GP)
for the first day and the penalty for each
A geometric progression is a series in
succeeding day being TZS 5,000 more
which each term after the first is
than for the preceding day. How much
obtained by multiplying the preceding
money the contractor has to pay as
term by the fixed number. The fixed
75
number is called common ratio Gn = G1rn-1
denoted by r G8 = 2×28-1
For example; = 2×27
3 + 9 + 27 + 81 +. . . =2×128
2 + 4 + 8 + 16 +. . . = 256
5 + 50 + 500 + . . . are geometric The eighth term is 256
progression with the common ratios Example: 2
3, 2 and 10 respectively. The first term of a GP is 4 and the fourth
term is 108. Find the common ratio
13.3.1 The nth term of a Geometric
Solution:
Progression
If n is the number of terms of terms of G1 = 4, G4 = G1r3 = 108
a GP with the first term G1 and G4 = 108
common ratio r, the nth term is G1r3 = 108
denoted by Gn and is obtained by the 4r3 = 108 dividing by 4 on
following procedure: both the sides we get
G1 = G1 r3 = 27
G2 = G1×r r3 = 33 then
= G1r r=3
G3 = G2×r The common ratio is 3
= G1r×r Example: 3
= G1r2 Find the number of terms in the following
G4 = G3×r GP 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + . . . . . . + 512
= G1r2×r Solution:
3
= G1r
G1 = 1, r = 2 Gn = 512
G5 = G4×r
. Gn = G1rn-1
3
= G1r ×r
512 = 1×2n-1
4
= Gr
512 = 2n-1
By continuing with this process, it is
29 = 2n-1
seen that the nth term is given as: Gn =
9 = n-1
G1rn-1
n=9+1
Example: 1
= 10
Find the eighth term of a GP 2 + 4 + 8 + .. The number of terms is 10
Solution:
G1 = 2, r = 2, n = 8 G8 =?
76
13.3.2 The sum of the first n terms of a The sum of the first seven terms of this GP is
Geometric Progression 254
If we have GP with the first term Example: 2
G1and the common ratio r, if this GP In a certain business, the profit is growing in
having n terms of a, the sum of the such a way that, each month the profit is 1.5
first n terms of this GP is denoted by times as large as the previous month.
Sn and is obtained as follow: Suppose that the profit for the first month is
2 n-1
Sn = G1 + G1r + Gr + . . . . . + G1r TZS 2,400,000. Calculate:
. . . . (i) multiplying by r throughout (a)The profit in the fifth month?
the equation (b) The total profit earned for the period of
2 3 n
rSn = G1r + G1r + G1r + . . . . + G1r one year (first 12 months)?
. . . . (ii) subtracting (ii) – (i) (c)The number of months which will give
n
rSn - Sn = G1r - G1 the total profit of TZS 118,218,750
taking common factors
Sn(r – 1) = G1(rn -1) Solution:
dividing by (r – 1) Given G1 = 2,400,000 and r =1.5

Sn = G1 for r >1 (a) G5 = G1r4
= 2,400,000(1.5)4
If r < 1, the sum is obtained by
= TZS 12,150,000
subtracting the two equations (i) and
(ii) in the reverse order as (b) Sn = G1
Sn - rSn = G1- G1rn

S12 = 2,400,000
taking common factors
= TZS 617,982,421.9
Sn(1– r) = G1(1- rn)
dividing by (1– r) (c)Sn = G1
Sn = G1 for r < 1 118,218,750 = 2,400,000
Example: 1 118,218,750 = 2,400,000

Find the sum of the first seven terms of
the GP 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + . . . . using cross multiplication
Solution: 118,218,750 × 0.5 = 2,400,000 (1.5n –
G1 = 2, r = 2, n = 7, S7 =? 1) dividing by 2,400,000
24.629 = 1.5n – 1
Sn = G1
1.5n = 24.629 +1
S7 = 2 1.5n = 25.629
= 2(128 – 1)
= 254
77
introducing logarithm on both sides 7. A construction company intends to invest
= in a new project for constructing a multi
n = storey apartment complex. According to
the design, the construction cost for the
n=
ground floor is
= 8 years TZS 36 million. The cost of
Exercise 13.3 construction of each upper floor
1. If the fourth term of a GP is 9 and the increases 1.2 times the cost of
sixth term is 81. Find constructing the previous floor. If the
(a)The common ratio maximum investment that the company

(b) The first term. can undertake is only TZS 940 million,
can the company design and construct
2. Given that the nth term of a GP 4, 8, 16, . a multi-storey apartment complex
. .is 1024. Find n having 10 floors? (Show your
calculations)
3. The third term of a GP is 10 and the sixth
term is 80. Find: 8. A Tanzanian employed in the Middle East
(a)The common ratio commenced depositing his savings on
(b) The first term. an annual basis. At the end of each year
he deposited 1.2 times of what he
4. Find the sum of the first eight terms of GP
deposited the previous year. His first
2 + 6 + 18 + . . . .
deposit was TZS 16,825,000. Find his
5. The geometric series is given as follows: total savings over a ten years period.
82, 98.4, 118.08, . . . Calculate: Assume that there is no interest
th
(a) The 28 term accumulation.
(b) The sum of the first ten terms
6. An insect population is growing in such a

way that each new generation is 1.5
times as large as the previous
generation. Suppose there are 100
insects in the first generation.
(a) How many will there be in the sixth
generation?
(b) What will be the total number of
insects in the eighth generations?
78
UNIT 14 Solution:
SIMPLE AND COMPOUND INTEREST P = 400,000, T = 5 years, R = 8%
14. Introduction
I=
When a person borrows money from a
lending institution such as a bank or a =
finance company, the borrower must = 160,000

repay the loan in full, and also pay an The simple interest is TZS 160,000
additional interest payment. This is a
Example: 2
charge for using the institution’s money.
Similarly, when money is invested in a A person borrowed TZS 365,000 at the
bank, the bank pays interest on any rate of 5% per annum simple. What
deposits. The amount of money borrowed amount will he pay to clear the debt after
or deposited is called principal. The 4 years?
period for which the principal is used or Given P = 365,000, R = 5% and T = 4
deposited is called time. The rate is the years
percentage charge of the principal per Amount, A = P + I
year. The amount is the sum of the =P+
principal and interest. Interest is
= 365,000 +
calculated in two ways; simple and
compound interest = TZS 438,000
14.1 Simple interest Exercise 14.1
Simple interest is the method of 1. If TZS 300,000 is loaned for 4

calculating interest based on the months at a 4.5% annual rate, how
original principal only. In this method, much interest is earned?
the interest for any given period of time
2. A student borrows TZS 60,000 to
is given as the product of principal, rate
buy a camera. The loan is over two
and time ie I = where
years, and the simple interest rate is
P = Principal 6% per year. How much interest
R = Interest rate does the student pay? What is the
T = Time for which principal is used total amount of money repaid?
Example: 1 3. A loan of TZS 40,000 was repaid at

Find the simple interest payable on an the end of 10 months with a check
investment of a TZS 400,000 at 8% p.a. for TZS 42,700. What annual rate of
for 5 years interest was charged?
79
4. Calculate the total amount of 14.2 Compound interest
money which will be accumulated In compound interest, the interest for
when TZS 200,000 is invested in a each period is added to the principal
bank for 5 years at 12% before the interest is calculated for the
next period. Thus the interest earned
5. For how long should TZS
gets reinvested and in turn earns
1,200,000 be invested at simple
interest. The formula to find the
interest rate of 5% to get an
amount under compound interest is
interest of TZS 180,000?
given by
6. An investor lent TZS 1,200,000 to An = P Where

a business associate for 6 months
An = amount at the end of nth year
at an interest rate of 8% per year.
r = interest rate on unit sum for one
Calculate the interest the investor
year
earns and how much in total will
n = number of years
be repaid
Example: 1
7. Bakari wants to have TZS A father deposited TZS 250,000 in a

15,000,000 for a new boat in 10 savings account at the birth of his son. If
years time. How much should he the account pays interest on the basis of
invest at 5% per year to save this 12% p.a. compounded annually, how
amount (assuming no withdrawals much would be the total balance when the
are made and the interest rate does son becomes 20 years old?
not change)? Solution:
8. Charles wishes to borrow $15,000 P = 250,000, r = 12% = 0.08, n = 20 years
for a 6 month holiday in Europe. An = P

He has approached two banks and
= 250,000
has the following options. The
People's Bank quotes an interest = 250,000(1.12)20
rate of 5% per year with the = TZS 2,411,573.27
repayments to be made over 3 Example: 2
years, whilst the Friendly Bank A person invested a sum of money in a
interest rate is 4% per year and the bank at a rate of 8% compounded
payments are to be made over 4 annually. The total amount of investment
years. Which loan will ultimately after 10 years will be TZS 5,397,312.493
be cheaper for Charles?
80
(a) What was the original value of the Solution
investment? Here we are given; P = TZS 240,000, An
(b) How much interest will he earn = TZS 393,267.9457 , r = 10% and n =?
for 10years?
From; An = P
Solution
393,267.9457 =
(a) We have amount after 10 years,
A10 = 5,397,312.493, Number of 240,000
years, n =10 and Interest rate, r = 393,267.9457 = 240,000
8%
dividing by 240,000 on both the sides we
We are required to find Principal
get
(P) and interest (I)
1.64 =
From the formula An =
introducing logarithm on both sides
P Log1.639 = log
5,397,312.493 = 4 =
P 4 = 20
5,397,312.493 = P =5
now, After 5 years
P= Example: 4
P = 2,500,000 Find the interest rate when TZS 250,000

The original value of the investment amounted to 367,332.0192 after 5 years
was TZS 2,500,000 compounded annually
Solution
(b) From An = P + I Here we are given; P = 250,000; An =
I = An - P 367,332.0192, n = 5 years and r = ?
I = 5,397,312.493 -
From; An = P
2,500,000
= 2,897,312.493 367,332.0192 = 250,000
The interest which he will earn for 10 250,000 on both the sides
years is TZS 2,897,312.493
1.469 =
Example: 3
After how many years will TZS 240,000 =
grow to TZS 393,267.9457 at 10% 1.08 = 1 +

compounded quarterly?
81
= 1.08 -1 averages %3 compounded
annually?
r = 0.08
r = 100(0.08) 3. Raisa invests TZS 50,000 at 6.2%
= 8% p.a. with interest compounded
Note: semiannually. What would her
Compound interest formula can also be investment be worth after five
used to find out the future inflated years? What amount of interest has
prices. been earned during the five years?
Example: 5 4. What principal should be invested

A price of a certain photocopy machine is now so that it will compound to
TZS 1,450,000. If the inflation rate is 6% TZS 758,566. 72 in 5 years time at
per annum, find out the price of such 12% per annum compounded
machine after 3 years. quarterly?
Solution 5. Find the interest rate when TZS
Here we are given; P = 1,450,000., r = 44,000 amounted to 55,427.328
6% = n = 3 and A3 =? after 4 years compounded annually
From; An = P 6. How long will it take TZS 6,000 to

grow to TZS 8,600 if it is invested
A3 = 1,450,000
at 9.6% compounded annually?
3
= 1,450,000(1.06)
= TZS 1,726,973.2 7. An investor has a choice of
investing TZS 40,000 at 10%
Exercise 14.2
compounded annually or at 9.75%
1. A new born child receives a TZS
compounded monthly for one year.
4,000,000 gift toward a college
Which is the better investment?
education from her grandparents.
How much will the TZS 4,000,000 8. How long will it take money to
are worth in 16 years if it is double if it is invested at 7%
invested at 7% compounded compounded annually?
quarterly?
2. What will a TZS 346,500,000

house cost 10 years from now if the
inflation rate over that period
82
UNIT 15 Example: 1
FUNCTIONS If f(x) = 2x2 – 3x. Find the value of f(5)
15. Introduction
Solution:
Suppose that average weekly household
expenditure on food, C depends on f(x) = 2x2 – 3x
average net household weekly income f(5) = 2(5)2 – 3(5)
according to the relationship C = 12 + = 50 – 15
0.3Y. For any given value of Y, one can = 35
evaluate what C will be. For example if Y Example: 2
= 90 then C = 12+27 = 39. Whatever If f(x) = 3x + 5, find the value of x when

value of Y is chosen there will be one f(x) = 20
unique corresponding value of C. This is
Solution:
an example of a function. A relationship
between the values of two or more f(x) = 3x + 5
variables can be defined as a function 20 = 3x + 5
when a unique value of one of the 3x = 20 – 5
variables is determined by the value of the 3x = 15
other variable or variables. x=5
15.2 LINEAR FUNCTIONS
The specific form of a function tells us A linear function is a function
exactly how the value of the dependent which can be written in the form
variable is determined from the values of of f(x) = mx + c, where m is the
the independent variable or variables. A
slope and c is the y intercept.
specific form for a demand function might Examples of linear functions are
be Qd = 120 − 2P. For any given value of cost function, consumption
P the specific function allows us to function, demand and supply
calculate the value of Qd. For example
functions and so on.
When P = 10 then Qd = 120 −2(10) =

15.2.1 Cost function
100. When P = 45, then Qd = 120−2(45) Total cost function is sum of fixed
= 30 and so on. costs and the variable costs. The
15.1 Function notation cost function ha the form of C(x)
Given a function; y = 6x + 10, this = ax + b. where a is the slope
can be written in another form as which represent variable cost and
f(x) = 6x + 10 and read as “f of x is b is the intercept which is equal to
equal to = 6x + 10” the fixed costs
83
Example: (d) Slope = 4 and it is the variable cost
A linear cost function C(x) = 4x +100, per unit, C(x) – intercept = 100
where x is the number of units produced. which is the fixed cost
(a) Calculate the total costs when 50

units are produced.
15.2.2 Demand function
(b) How many units will results the total
Demand is the quantity of a good
costs to be 500
or service which buyers are
(c) Draw the graph of C(x).
prepared to buy at a given moment
(d) What are the slope and C(x)
and at a given price. Demand
intercept? Interpret their meaning in
implies the ability to purchase the
the context of this problem
good or service. Demand is a
Solution:
function of the price of any
(a) C(x) = 4x +100
C(50) = 4(50) +100 commodity expressed as Q = f(P)
= 300
or others may express this relation
(b) C(x) = 4x +100
500 = 4x +100 as ; P = f(Q).
4x = 500 – 100
4x = 400 It is hypothesized that the demand
x = 100
(c) Now we can draw the graph of cost function is linear and is given by;
function by using table of values P = aQ + b where a is the slope
that obtained above and b is the intercept
x 0 50 100
Elementary theory show that
C(x) 100 300 500
Figure 15.1 demand usually falls as the price
Cost (m) of good rises and the slope of the
650 line is negative.
600
550 Figure. 15.2
500 
450 P
400
350
300 b

250
200 P = a q+b
250
100
50
0,0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Q
84
Example 1 Fig. 15.3
Two points (q, p) on a linear demand 600
function are (20,TZS 450) and (40,TZS 550

350)
(a) Determine demand function p = f(q) 500
450
(b) Sketch the graph of q = f(p) 400
(c) What price would result in demand of 350
70 units 300
250
(d) From your graph, what is the 200
maximum possible demand and what 250
100
is the maximum possible price?
50
(e) Comment on the shape of 0,0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 11
your slope and then state any
related law
Solution
(c) From the demand function
(a) In order to find demand function, p = -5q + 550
first we have to find slope which is = -5(70) + 550
obtained as = 200
Slope, a = The price of 200 will result in the
demand of 70 units
=
(d) The maximum possible demand is 110
= units and the maximum possible price is
= -5 550
(e) The slope of demand is
Then, -5 =
negative which shows that
use cross multiplication
when price of rises demand
-5(q – 20) = p – 450
falls and vice versa.
-5q + 100 = p – 450
Example 2
p = -5q + 550
(a) Sketch the graph of the
(b) We can draw the demand function by p
demand function p = -2q + 50
and q – intercept as they summarized in
(b) Hence or otherwise determine
the table below
the value of
q 0 110
(i) p when q = 15
p 550 0
(ii) q when p = 10
85
Solution market and the price, P of the
(a) We can draw the demand good. Economic theory indicated
function by p and q – that as the price rises the supply
intercept as they also rises. Price rises encourages
summarized in the table producers to increase the
below production and supply more to the
q 0 25 market. The supply function is

represented as P = aQ + b. where a
p 50 0
is positive slope which means that
P is an increasing function of Q, b
Fig. 15.4
is the intercept which is obtained
when supply is equal to zero. It is
60
only when price exceed this
50 threshold level that producers

decide that it is worth supplying
any good what so ever
40
Fig. 15.5
30
20
10
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
(b) From the demand function p

= -2q + 50
(i) P = -2(15) + 50
= 20
(ii) 10 = -2q + 50
Example:
2q = 40
q = 20 Two points (q,p) on a linear
supply function are (20,TZS250)
15.2.3 Supply function
and (50, TZS 400)
Supply function is relationship
(a) Determine demand function
between the quantity, Q of a good
p = f(q)
that producers plan to bring to the
86
(b) What price would result in p = 5q + 100 + 250
suppliers offering 60 units? p = 5q + 350
(c) What is the slope of supply
(b) From p = 5q + 350
function?
= 5(60) + 350
(d) What is the p intercept?
= 650
Interpret the meaning of this
(c) The slope of this supply
point
function is 5
Solution:
(d) The p intercept is 350; this is
(a) In order to find demand
the price when supply is equal
function, first we have to find
to zero.
slope which is obtained as
Slope, a = 15.3 Market equilibrium
Market equilibrium is the point at
= which the quantity supplied
= matches exactly with the quantity

demanded. The corresponding
=5
price is equilibrium price, po and
Then, 5 =
quantity is equilibrium quantity, qo
5(q – 20) = p – 250 Fig. 15.6
5q + 100 = p – 250
87
Example: The equilibrium quantity is 10
The demand and supply functions and equilibrium price is 30
of a good are given by (b) To get new market
P = – 2QD + 50 equilibrium, we subtract P – 5

from supply function
P = QS+ 25
P – 5 = Q+ 25
Where P, QD and QS denote price,
quantity demanded and quantity P = Q+ 25 + 5
supplied respectively P = Q+ 30
(a) Calculate the equilibrium
Then we solve the new supply
price and quantity
function and the original
(b) Calculate the new
demand function
equilibrium price and
– 2Q + 50 = Q+ 30
quantity after the imposition
of a fixed tax of TZS 5 per Q = 50 – 30
good. Who pays the tax?
Q = 20
Solution
(a) At market equilibrium, QD = Q=8
QS = Q, then the demand and
supply functions becomes From, P = Q+ 30
P = – 2Q + 50 and P = Q+ 25
= (8) + 30
We can get the values of P and
= 34
Q by equating two equations
The new equilibrium quantity is 8
as
and equilibrium price is 34
– 2Q + 50 = Q+ 25
The introduction of tax shifts the
collecting like terms supply curve by 5 units. The
2Q + Q = 50 – 25 consumer pays TZS 4 of tax and
TZS 1 is paid by the firm
Q = 25
Q = 10
The value of P can be found by
substituting this value into
either of the original equations
P = – 2Q + 50
= – 2(10) + 50
= 30
90
Fig. 15.7
60
55
50
45
40
35 

30
25
20
15
10
5
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
F(5) = 52 + 5×5 + 11
15.4 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
= 61
Quadratic function is a function
15.4.1 Maximum value, minimum value,
which can be written in the form
turning points and line (axis) of
of f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a, b,
symmetry
and c are real numbers and a ≠ 0.
If we want to draw the graph of
Examples of quadratic functions
quadratic function without using the
are; f(x) = 4x2 – 6x +1, f(x) = 4x2,
table of values, it is necessary to find
f(x) = x2 + 5x + 11, etc
the maximum value, or minimum
Example:
value, turning points, line (axis) of
If f(x) = x2 + 5x + 11, find the symmetry and intercepts.
value of f(5) Given a quadratic function f(x) = ax2 +
Solution: bx + c, then the above points can be
F(x) = x2 + 5x + 11 found by the
following formulas:
Turning points(x,y ) =
The line of symmetry, x =
91
Example: 1 =
Given a quadratic function f(x) = x2 =1
– 2x – 3. Find the following values (b) The x – intercept, y = 0 which
(a) The vertex, line of symmetry gives,
(b) The x and y intercepts x2 – 2x – 3 = 0
(c) Draw the graph of f(x) Solving this equation we get x
= -1 or x = 3
Solution:
The x – intercepts are (-1, 0)
(a) Here a = 1, b = -2 and c = -3
and (3,0)
The vertex,(x,y ) =
The y – intercept, x = 0;
y = (0)2 –
= 2(0) – 3
= -3
The y – intercept is (0,-3)
= (c) Finally the graph of f(x) = x2
= – 2x – 3 is given below
Axis of symmetry, x =
2
Fig. 15.8
y
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
(b) The x – intercept, y = 0

Example: 2 which gives,
Given a quadratic function f(x) = – –2x2 + 12x – 16 = 0
2x2 + 12x – 16. Find the following Solving this equation we get
values x = 2 or x = 4
(a) The vertex, line of symmetry The x – intercepts are (2, 0)
(b) The x and y intercepts and (4,0)
(c) Draw the graph of f(x) The y – intercept, x = 0;
Solution: y = -2(0)2
+ 12(0) – 16
(a) Here a = -2, b = 12 and c = -
= -16
16
The y – intercept is (0,-16)
The vertex,(x,y ) =
(c) Finally the graph of f(x) = –
2x2 + 12x – 16 is given
= below
= (3,2) Fig. 15.9

Axis of symmetry, x = Example: 3
A group of students start a small

=3 company that produces CDs. The
weekly profit (in dollars) is given
2
by the function P(x) = -2x2 + 80x – = – 600,
600, where x represents the number The y-intercept indicates
that if no CDs are
of CDs produced.
produced, the company has
(a) Find the x-intercepts of the a $600 loss.
profit function, and interpret (c) The x coordinate of the
the meaning of the x- vertex =
intercepts in the context of

=
this problem.
(b) Find the y-intercept of the
= 20
profit function, and interpret
The y coordinate is P(20)
its meaning in the context of = –2(20)2 + 80(20) – 600
this problem.
= 200
(c) Find the vertex of the profit
function, and interpret its
The vertex is (20, 200).
meaning in the context of
A maximum weekly profit
this problem.
of $200 is obtained when 20
(d) Sketch the profit function.
CDs are produced.
Solution:
Given a profit function, P(x) = – (d) Using the information from

2x2 + 80x – 600, parts (a)–(c), sketch the
(a) The x -intercepts are the real profit function
solutions of the equation,
P(x) = –2x2 + 80x – 600
0 = –2x2 – 40x + 300) Fig 15.11
0 = –2(x – 10)(x–30) Exercise 15
x = 10 or x = 30
The x-intercepts are 1. A linear cost function is given
(10, 0) and (30, 0). by C(x) = 5x + 300; where x is
The x -intercepts
the number of units produced.
represent points
where the profit is (a)Calculate the total costs
zero. These are called when 60 units are
break-even points.
produced.
The break-even
points occur when 10 (b) How many units will
CDs are produced results the total costs to be
and also when 30 700
CDs are produced.
(b) The y-intercept is P(0) = – (c)Draw the graph of C(x).
2(0)2 + 80(0) – 600
2
(d) What are the slope and (b) Sketch the graph of p =
C(x) intercept? Interpret f(q)
their meaning in the (c)What price would result in
context of this problem suppliers offering 50
units?
2. Sketch the graph of the
(d) What is the slope of
demand function p = -3q + 75
supply function?
Hence or otherwise determine
(e)What is the p intercept?
the value of
Interpret the meaning of
(a)p when q = 23
this point
(b) q when p = 18
5. The demand and supply
3. Two points (q,p) on a linear
functions of a good are given
demand function are (10, TZS
by
60) and (5,TZS75)
P = – 4QD + 120 and P =
(a) Determine demand
QS+ 29
function p = f(q)
(b) Sketch the graph of Where P, QD and QS denote
p = f(q) price, quantity demanded and
(c)What price would result in quantity supplied respectively
demand of 20 units
(a) Calculate the
(d) From your graph, what
equilibrium price and
is the maximum
quantity
possible demand and
what is the maximum (b) Calculate the new
possible price? equilibrium price and
(e)Comment on the shape of quantity after the
your slope and then imposition of a fixed
state any related law tax of TZS 13 per
4. Two points (q,p) on a linear good.
supply function are
6. Given a quadratic function
(10,TZS92) and (18, TZS
f(x) = 2x2 –8x + 6. Find the
124)
following values
(a)Determine demand
(a) The vertex, line of
function p = f(q)
symmetry
(b) The x and y intercepts
3
(c)Draw the graph of f(x)
7. The weekly profit function for

a tutoring service is given by
P(x) = - 4x2 + 120x - 500,
where x is the number of
hours that the tutors are
scheduled to work and P (x)
represents profit in dollars.
(a)Find the x-intercepts of the
profit function, and
interpret their meaning
in the context of this
problem.
(b) Find the y-intercept of
the profit function, and
interpret its meaning in
the context of this
problem.
(c) Find the vertex of the

profit function, and
interpret its meaning in
the context of this
problem.
(d) Sketch the profit

function.
4
UNIT 16 subtract 1 from the power. If we have
DIFFERENTIATION a function y = axn, this can be
16. Introduction differentiated to give new function as:
As we know that, the slope of straight line = anxn-1
is taken to be the change in y divided by
Similarly, if we have f(x) = axn this can
the corresponding change in x as you
be differentiated as f '(x) = anxn-1
move between any two points on the line.
The slope is fixed throughout its length
16.2 RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
and it is immaterial which two points on a
16.2.1 The constant rule
line are used to find it. However, the slope
If h(x) = cf(x) then h'(x) = cf '(x) for
of a curve varies as you move along the
any constant c
curve.
Differentiate the function and multiply
Fig. 16.1 by the constant. This rule tells us how
to find the derivative of a constant
Suppose a straight line passes through a multiple of a function. In other words,
point on a curve and which just touches if we have a function y = axn, this can
the curve at this point is called a tangent. be differentiated to give new function
The slope of a curve at x = a is then as: = anxn-1
defined to be that of the tangent at x = a.
Example:
Mathematically, we use the symbol f '(a)
to represent the slope of the graph of a Differentiate the following functions
function at x = a. The slope of the graph with respect to x
of a function is called the derivative of the (a) y = 4x3 (b) y =
function. The process of finding the 6x3
derivative of function symbolically (rather Solution
than using graphs) is known as (a) y = 4x3

differentiation. Therefore, differentiation = 3(4)x3-1
can be thought as a process which
= 12x2
transforms one function into a different
(b) y = 6x3
one. The new function is known as the
= 6×3x3-1
derivative of the original one
= 18x2
16.1 Differential notation The constant rule can be used to show
To differentiate xn we need to bring the that constants differentiate to zero
power down to the front and then to
5
Example Solution
Differentiate; y = 3 (a) y = 6x5 – x2

= 0(3)x0-1 = 5(6)x5-1 – 2(1)x2-1
=0 = 30x4 – 2x
16.2.2 The sum rule (b) y = x –
If h(x) = f(x) + g(x) then h' (x) = f
=1
'(x) + g'(x)
Differentiate each function separately =1+
and add
16.2.4 The chain rule
Example
If y is a function of u, which itself is
Differentiate the following functions with function of x, then =
respect to x
Example:
(a) y = 6x3 + 10x2 (b) y = 5x3 +
12x + 10 Differentiate the following functions
Solution with respect to x
3 2
(a) y = (2x+3)10 (b) y = (3x2 – 5x
(a) y = 6x + 10x
+2)4 (c) y = (d) y =
= 3(6)x3-1 + 2(10)x2-1
= 18x2 + 20x
(b) y = 5x3 + 12x + 10 Solution
= 3(5)x3-1 + 1(12)x1-1 + 0(10)x0-1 (a) y = (2x+3)10 Here y = u10 and u
= 15x2 + 12 = (2x+3) Now = 10u9 and
= 2 then
16.2.3 The difference rule
=
If h(x) = f(x) – g(x) then h' (x) = f
'(x) – g'(x) = 10u9
Differentiate each function separately = 10(2x + 3)9(2)
and subtract = 20(2x + 3)9
Example: (b) y = (3x2 – 5x +2)4
Differentiate the following functions = 4(3x2 – 5x +2)3(6x – 5)
with respect to x (c) y = this can be written

(a) y = 6x5 – x2 (b) y = x –
as y = (3x + 7)-1 then
=
6
(d) y = this can be 16.2.6 Quotient rule
written as y = then If y = then =
= (2x) Example:
Differentiate the following functions with

=
respect to x
16.2.5 The product rule
(a) y = (b) y =
If y = uv then =u +v
Solution
Example:
Differentiate the following functions with (a) y = Here u = x, = 1 and v =
respect to x
(a) y = x2(2x+3)3 (b) y (x + 1) = 1 then
=x
=
Solution
(a) y = x2(2x+3)3 Now if u = x2 and v =
= (2x+3)3 then = 2x and = =

6(2x+3)2
(b) y = Here u = 1 + x2,
=u +v
= 2x and v = 2 – x3 = –3x2 then
= x2[6(2x + 1)2] + (2x + 1)3(2x)
taking out common factor (2x + 1)2(2x) =
2
= (2x + 1) (2x)[3x + (2x + 1)]
=
= (2x + 1)2(2x)(5x + 1)
(b) y=x Here u = x and =
v= = 1 and =
=
3 Exercise 16.1
=u +v Differentiate the following with respect to
x
= x[ ]+ (1)
1. y = x2 – x3
= +
2. y =50x –
find the LCM and them simplify
3. y = 2 +
=
4. y = 4 – +
=
5. y = (3x – 4)5
7
6. y = Solution:
7. y = x3 (a) C(x ) = 500 + 350x – 0.09x2

C(300) = 500 + 350×300 –
8. y =
0.09(300)2
9. y = = 500 + 105000 – 8100
10. y= = 97400
(b) C(x ) = 500 + 350x – 0.09x2
16.3 Practical interpretation of
C'(x) = 350 – 0.18x, at x = 300
differentiation
C'(300) = 350 – 0.18(300)
Differentiation can be used to measure
= 296
the rate of change of a certain function
16.3.1 Second derivative
For example, y = 4x + 10 has gradient
Differentiation can be repeated many
of 4 which means that for each unit
times as necessary on any given
increase in x, y increases by 4 units
function. The second derivative of any
The above rate of change can be function is written as
obtained by differentiating our given
Example:
function as:
y = 4x + 10 Calculate and for each of the
=4 following functions:
When x = 0, y = 4×0 + 10 (a) y = 4x3 – 2x2 + 10x – 12
= 10 (b) y = 6x4 + 3x3 -22
When x = 1, y = 4×1 + 10 Solution:
= 14 (a) y = 4x3 – 2x2 + 10x – 12

When x = 3, y = 4×2 + 10 = 12x2 – 4x + 10
= 18
= 24x – 4
Example:
(b) y = 6x4 + 3x3 -22
The production cost per week for
producing 305 widgets is given by: C(x) = = 24x3 + 9x2
500 + 350x – 0.09x2 = 72x2 + 18x

(a) What is the cost of producing 300
widgets?
16.3.2 Practical use of differentiation
(b) What is the rate of change of the
Differentiation is used to determine
cost at x = 300?
the position of any turning point of
curve defined by a given function
8
16.3.3 Procedures for identifying the Example: 2
turning points of a curve Find the co-ordinates of the two
(i) Obtain for the given function turning points of the function y =
x3 – 8x2 + 5x + 3
(ii) Solve the equation, = 0 which
will give the x - coordinate of Solution:

any turning point that exist y = x3 – 8x2 + 5x + 3
(iii) Evaluate at each ( and any) x – = 3x2 – 16x + 5
value found in step (ii) above Solve 3x2 – 16x + 5 = 0
> 0 signify a minimum point 3x2 – x – 15x + 5 = 0
x(3x – 1) – 5(3x – 1) = 0
< 0 signify a maximum point
(x – 5)(3x – 1) = 0
Example: 1
x = 5 or x =
Find the x - value of a single
From = 3x 2 – 16x + 5
turning point on the graph of y =
2x2 – 8x and determine whether it = 6x – 16
is minimum or maximum point At x = 5
Solution:
= 6×5 – 16
y = 2x – 8x
2
= 14 > 0 signify a minimum
= 4x – 8
point
Solve 4x – 8 = 0 The point (5,-47) is a minimum
4x = 8 point
x=2 At x =
From = 4x – 8
= 6 × - 16
= 4 > 0 signify a minimum
= -14 < 0 signify a maximum point
point The point ( , ) is a maximum
Checking:
point
At x = 2
Example: 3
y = 2(2)2 -8(2) = 8 – 16 = -8
The point (2,-8) is a minimum An apartment complex has 250
point room apartments to rent. If they

rent x apartment than their
monthly profit in (TZS “000”) is
9
given by: P(x) = -8x2 + 3200x – Solution:
80,000
C(x) = 250,000 + 0.008x +
(a) How many apartments
= 250,000 + 0.008x +
should they rent in order to
200,000x-1
maximize profit?
C'(x) = 0.08 – 200,000x-2
(b) What is the maximum
profit? = 0.08 –
Solution: Solving 0.08 – =0

(a) P(x) = -8x2 + 3200x –
0.08 =
80,000
0.08x2 = 200,000
P'(x) = -16x + 3200
Solve -16x + 3200 = 0 x2 =
-16x = -3200 x2 = 2,500,000,000

x = 200 x=
From; P'(x) = -16x + 3200
x = 50,000
P''(x) = -16 < 0 signify a
The total units to be produced is
maximum point
50,000 units
They have to rent 200
Then the total daily cost is
apartments
obtained as
(b) From P(x) = -8x2 + 3200x –
C(x) = 250,000 + 0.08x +
80,000
P(200) = -8(200)2 + C(50,000) = 250,000 +
3200 – 80,000 0.08(50,000) +

=- = 250,000 + 4,000 + 4
320,000+640,000 – 80,000 = 254,004
= 240,000 The total daily cost is 254,004
The maximum profit is
240,000, 000 Example: 5
Example: 4
The production function y of x
A production facility is capable of product is given by: y = 0.5x2 – 8x
producing 60,000 widgets in a day + 60, where y is the cost in (TZS
and the total daily cost of “000, 000”) and x in (00).
producing x widget in a day is Determine the minimum number
given by: of products which can be produced
C(x) = 250,000 + 0.08x +
10
so as to minimize cost. Hence find 5. Find the co-ordinates of the two
the minimum cost turning points of the function y
Solution: = 2x3 +3x2 – 12x + 4
y = 0.5x2 – 8x + 60
6. Find the maximum revenue for
=x–8 the revenue function R(x) =
Solving x – 8 = 0 180x – 0.06x2
x=8
7. A food processing plant has
The minimum units to be
profit function y = 16x – 8 – 4x2
produced is 800 units
where y is the profit in (TZS
The minimum cost is obtained as:
“000, 000”) and x is the number
y = 0.5(8)2 – 8(8) + 60
of machine used in the
= 32 – 64 + 60
production process
= 28
(a) How many machines should
The minimum cost is TZS 28,000,
be used so as to maximize
000 when 800 units are produced.
profit?
Exercise 16.2 (b) Evaluate the maximum
profit
1. Find the value of the first- order
derivative of the function y = 8. The profit function of a certain
3 – + 13 when x = 9 business is given by P(x) = –
4x2 + 80x – 300, where x is the
2. Find the co-ordinates the single number of units produced and P
turning point on the graph y is the profit in (TZS “000”)
= – 24x and determine (a) Find the number of units to
whether it is a minimum or be produced so as to
maximum point maximize profit

(b) What is the maximum
3. Find the expression for in profit?
each of the following: 9. A television manufacturer

(a) y = 7x – x
2
produces x sets per week so that
(b) y = the total cost of production is
given by the relation C(x) = x3 –
4. Evaluate f ''(2) for the function 195x2 + 6600x + 15000. Find
f(x) = x3 – 10x – 7 how many television sets must
11
be manufactured per week to motorbike. The cost function is
minimize the total cost given by:
10. Macro Manufacturing C = + 15x + 750,000

estimates that its weekly profit,
where C is an annual
P, (TZS “000, 000”) can be
inventory costs x is the
approximated by the formula
number of motorbike
P(x) = – 2x2 + 4x + 2 where x is
ordered each time
the number of units produced
per week, hundreds. How many (a) Determine the order size
units should the company which minimize annual
produce per week to earn the inventory costs
maximum profit? Find the (b) What is the minimum
maximum weekly profit. inventory cost expected to
equal?
11. Determine the value of output x at
which the cost function C(x) = x2 15. The annual profit for a firm
– 6x + 120 is minimum depends upon the number
of units produced.
12. Show that the function f(x) = x2 +
Specifically, the function
has a minimum value at x = 5
which describes the
relationship between profit
13. The revenue function for a
and the number of units x is
manufacturing is given by: R(x) =
P(x) = – 0.1x2 + 500x –
20x – where x is the number of
25,000
units
(a) Determine the number
(a) At what value of x, will there be
of units which will
maximum revenue?
results maximum profit
(b) What is the maximum revenue?
(b) What is the expected
14. The retailer of motorbike has maximum profit?
examined cost data and determines

a cost function which expresses
the annual costs of purchasing,
owning and maintaining inventory
as the function of size (number of
units) of each order it places for
12
UNIT 17 17.3 Profit function
THEORY OF THE FIRM Profit is calculated by subtracting the
17. Cost function total cost from the total revenue
Thus, P(x) = R(x) – C(x)
The total cost C, function of producing
and making x unit of a product depend 17.4 Breakeven point
upon the number of unit x. So the Breakeven point is that value of unit
function relating C and x is called cost for which there is no profit or loss.
function and is written as: At breakeven point P(x) = 0
P(x) = R(x) – C(x)
C = C(x)
0 = R(x) – C(x)
The total cost of producing xunit of the R(x) = C(x)
product consists of two parts ie fixed Example: 1

cost and variable cost For a new product a manufacture spend
TZS100,000 on infrastructure and the
Thus, the cost function, C(x) = F +
variable cost is estimated as TZS150
V(x)
per unit. The selling price per unit is
17.1 Demand function TZS200. Find:
An equation that relates price per unit (d) Cost function
and quantity demanded at that price is (e) Revenue function
called demand function. If P is the (f) Profit function
price per unit of a certain product and x (g) Breakeven point
is the number of units demanded, then Solution:
we can write the demand function as (a) C(x) = 100,000 + 150x
F(p) or p = g(x) (b) R(x) = 200x
(c) P(x) = R(x) – C(x)
17.2 Revenue function
= 200x – (100,000 +150x)
If x is the number of units of a certain
= 200x – 150x – 100,000
product at the price per unit, then the
= 50x – 100,000
amount derived from the sale of x unit
(d) At BEP, P(x) = 0
is the total revenue.
50x – 100,000 = 0
Thus, the revenue function R(x) is 50x = 100,000
given by R(x) = xp(x) x = 2000
The breakeven units is 2000
13
Example: 2 Solution:
A company produced a product TZS1800 as (a) Here we have; R(x) =350x ,

fixed cost. The variable cost is estimated to C(x)=210x+7000 then
be 30% of total revenue when it is sold at a From P(x) = R(x) - C(x)
rate of TZS20 per unit. Find: = 350x – (210x + 7000)
(a) Revenue function = 350x – 210x – 7000
(b) Cost function 0 = 140x – 7000
(c) Profit function 140x = 7000, so x = 50
Hence to ensure no loss, the company must
Solution:
produce and sell at least 50 items daily
Let xbe the units to be produced (b) When selling price is increased by
(a) Selling price = 20 TZS35 per unit.
R(x) = 20x R(x) = (350x + 35x)
(b) C(x) = F + V(x) = 385x
= 1800 + 30% of revenue P(x) = 385x – (210x – 7000)
= 1800 + × 20x 0 = 175x – 7000
= 1,800 + 6x 175x = 7000,
(c) P(x) = R(x) – C(x) x = 40
= 20x – (1800 + 6x) At breakeven point, x = 40 units
= 20x – 6x – 18
Example: 4
= 14x – 1800
A manufacture knows that if x (hundred)
Example: 3 products are demanded in a particular week,
A manufacturing company finds that the the cost function in (TZS”000,000”) is 14 +
daily cost of producing x item of a product 3x and the total revenue function in
is given by: (TZS”000,000”) is
C(x) = 210x + 7000 19x – 2x2
(a) If each item is sold for TZS350, find (a) Derive the profit function
the minimum number that must be (b) Find the break even points
produced and sold daily to ensure no (c) Calculate the level of demand that
loss maximize profit and
(b) If the selling price is increased by (d) Evaluate the amount of profit
TZS 35 per piece, what would be the obtained
breakeven point
14
Solution: (a) Obtain an expression for profit
(a) Here, the total cost function, C(x) = 14 function in terms of x
+ 3x and the total revenue function (b) For what value of x does the firm
R(x) = 19x – 2x2 breakeven?
Therefore, (c) What is the maximum profit?
Total profit function, P(x) = R(x) –

Solution:
C(x)
(a) C(x) = FC +V(x)
= 19x – 2x2– 14 + 3x
=4+x
= 16x – 2x2 – 14
R(x) = x.p
(b) The profit break even points are the
= x (10– 2x)
level of demand which make P(x) = 0
= 10x – 2x2
Now, P(x) =0 ; when 16x – 2x2 – 14 =
Therefore,
0
Solving this quadratic equation gives x P(x) = R(x) – C(x)
= 1 or and x = 7 = 10x – 2x2 – (4 + x)
Thus, profit break even points are = 10x –2x2– 4 –x
when demand is 1000 or 700 products = –2x2 +9x – 4
(c) Profit is maximized when =0 (b) For break even P(x) = 0
–2x2 +9x – 4 = 0
Now; since P(x) = 16x – 2x2 – 14
2x2 – x – 8x +4 = 0
= 16 – 4x
x(2x – 1) – 4(2x –1) = 0
= 0 gives 16 – 4x = 0; x = 4 (x – 4)(2x –1) = 0
The level of demand which maximize x = 4 or x =

profit is 400 units The firm breakeven when the value of
(d) Form P(x) = 16x – 2x – 14
2
x is 4 or
At x = 4,
(c) P(x) = –2x2 +9x – 4
P(4) = 16(4) – 2(4)2 – 14
P’(x) = – 4x +9
= 18
– 4x +9 = 0
The maximum profit is TZS
– 4x +9 = 0
18,000,000
x=
Example: 5
= 2.5
If the fixed cost are 4 and variable cost is 1
Recall that
per unit and demand function is p = 10 – 2x
P(x) = –2x2 +9x – 4
15
P’’(x) = – 4 0 which signifies the TR =100(25) 2(25)2
maximum value =1,250
From The maximum value of TR is 1,250
P(x) = –2x2 +9x – 4 Exercise 17.1
P(2.5) = –2(2.5)2 +9(2.5)– 4
1. The fixed cost of a new product is
=6
TZS 18,000 and the variable cost per
The maximum profit is 6
unit is TZS 550. If the demand
Example: 6
function : p(x) = 4000 – 150x, find the
Given the demand function p = 100 2x break even values
(a) Express TR as a function ofx
2. A company spends TZS 25,000 on
(b) For what value of x is TR zero?
infrastructure and the variable cost of
(c) What is the maximum value of TR?
producing one item is TZS 45. If the
Solution: item is sold for TZS65, find the
breakeven point
(a) TR= x.p
= x(100 2x) 3. The demand function for a
2
=100x 2x manufacturer's product is x= 70 – 5p ,
(b) TR = 100x 2x2 where x is the number of units and 'p'
0 = 100x 2x2 is the price per unit.
0 = 2x (50 (a) At what value of x will there be

2x= 0 or 50 =0 maximum revenue?
x = 0 or x = 50
4. What is the maximum revenue? The
(c) From;TR = 100x 2x2
demand function of a product is p =
= 100 4x
250 – x and the total cost function (C)
=0 is given by:
100 4x = 0 C = 150x + 1000; where x is the

4x = 100 number of units manufactured: Find
x=
(a) The total revenue function
= 25 (b) Total profit function
= 4 0 which signifies the (c) The number of units to be
maximum value produced in order to maximize
TR = 100 x 2x2 profit

(d) Evaluate the maximum profit,
16
5. A television manufacturer finds that (a) Find how many items should be
the total cost of producing and selling produced to maximize the profit.
television set is: C(x) = 50x2 + 3000x (b) What is the maximum profit?
+ 43750. Each product is sold for TZS
9. A stereo manufacturer determines
6,000. Determine the breakeven point
that in order to sell x units of a new
6. A company sells its product at TZS stereo, the price per unit, in dollars,
600 per unit. The fixed cost is TZS must be; p(x) = 1000 – x. The
18,000 and the variable cost is manufacturer also determines that
estimated to be 25% of the total the total cost of producing x units is
revenue. Determine: given by: C(x) = 3000 + 20x
(a) The total revenue function (a) Find the total revenue R(x)
(b) The total cost function (b) Find the total profit P(x)
(c) The breakeven point (c) How many units must the
company produce and sell in
7. A profit making company wants to
order to maximize profit?
launch a new product. It observes
that the fixed cost of the new product (d) What is the maximum profit?
is TZS 35,000 and the variable cost (e) What price per unit must be
per unit is TZS 500. The revenue charged in order to make this
function for the sale of x units is maximum profit?
given by: R(x) = 5000x – 100x2. Find:
10. A refrigerator manufacturer can sell
(a) The cost function all the refrigerators of a particular
(b) Profit function type that can produce. The total cost
(c) Break even values (TZS”000”) of producing
(d) The values of x that result in a refrigerators per week is given by:
loss.
C( ) = 300 + 2000. The demand
8. The cost function for x units of a function (TZS) is estimated as p =
product produced and sold by a
500 2
company is given by:
(a) Derive the revenue function.
C(x) = 250 + 0.005x2 and the total
(b) Obtain the total profit function,
revenue is given as R = 4x.
(c) How many units per week
should be produced in order to
maximize profit?
17
(d) What is the maximum profit Example: 1
available? The cost function of a firm is given by: C
(e) Show that the solution of the = 2x2 + x – 5. Find
equation gives the same
(a) The average function
value of as in part (c) above
(b) The marginal function
Solution:
17.5 AVERAGE AND MARGINAL
FUNCTION (a) AC =
If y = f(x)
=
The average function =
= 2x + 1 –
Marginal function =
At x = 4
Example:
AC = 2(4) + 1 –
2
Given a function f(x) = 4x + 2x
= 7.75
The average function = +
(b) MC =
= 4x + 2
= 4x + 1
Marginal function, f ’(x) = 8x + 2
At x = 4
17.6 AVERAGE COST AND MC = 4(4) + 1
MARGINAL COST = 17
17.6.1 Average cost Example: 2
Let C = C(x) be the total cost of The total cost C(x) of a company is
producing and selling xunits of given asC(x) = 1000 + 15x + 2x2
product where x is the output. Determine:
The average cost (AC) is defined as: (a) The average cost
AC = (b) The marginal cost
Thus, the average cost represent per (c) The marginal cost when 15 units
unit cost are produced

(d) The actual cost of producing 15th
17.6.2 Marginal cost unit
If the total cost be, C = C(x) then the Solution:
marginal cost is given by: =
(a) AC =
Thus the marginal cost is interpreted
= + +
as the approximate cost of one
additional unit of out put = + 25 + 2x
18
(b) MC = 25 + 4x 0= + 27
(c) At x = 15 units
0= + 27
MC = 25 + 4(15)
= 25 + 60 = 27
= 85
3x2 = 4×27
(d) At x = 15, MC = 85
3x2 = 108
At x = 14
MC = 25 + 4(14) x=
= 81
=6
MC(15) – MC(14) = 85 – 81
The level of output is 6 units
=4
17.7 AVERAGE REVENUE AND
th
The actual cost of producing 15
MARGINAL REVENUE
unit is 4
We have already learnt that the total
Example: 3
revenue is the amount received by
The total cost function for a company is selling x items of the product at a price
given by C(x) = –7x + 27. Find:
“p” per unit. Thus, R = p×x
(a) The average cost
17.7.1 Average revenue:
(b) The marginal cost
If R is the revenue obtained by selling
(c) The level of output for which AC =
MC x units of the product at a price “p”
Solution:
per unit, then the term average
(a) AC = revenue means the revenue per unit,
and is written as AR
= – +
AR =
= –7 +
=
(b) MC = –7
=p
(c) MC = AC Hence, average revenue is the same as
–7= –7+ price per unit
17.7.2 Marginal revenue
The marginal revenue (MR) is defined
–7 + 7 = – +
as the rate of change of total revenue
0= – + with respect to the quantity demanded
multiplying by x through out MR =
0= – + 27
19
The marginal revenue is interpreted as Solution:
the approximate revenue received (a) R(x) = x.p
from producing and selling one = x(20–2x)
additional unit of the product = 20x– 2x2
Example:1 R’(x) = 20 – 4x
The total revenue received from the sale
R’(x) = 0
of x units of a product is given by:R(x) =
20 – 4x= 0
2
12x + 2x + 6. Find:
4x= 20
(a) The average revenue
x= 5
(b) The marginal revenue
R’’(x) = – 4 0 which signifies the
(c) The marginal revenue at x = 50
maximum value
(d) The actual revenue from selling 51st
Therefore
item
R(x) = 20x– 2x2
Solution:
R(5) = 20(5)–2(5)2
(a) AR = = 50
The level of output that will maximize total
= 12 + 2x +
revenue is 5 at the revenue of 50
(b) MR =12 + 4x
(b) P(x) = R(x) – C(x)
MR at x = 50
= 20x– 2x2– (x3– 8x2 + 20x + 2)
(c) MR = 12 + 4(50)
= 20x– 2x2–x3 +8x2– 2
= 212
= 6x2 – x3– 2
(d) The actual revenue received on selling
P’(x) = 12x– 3x2
51st item = R(51) – R(50)
0 = 12x– 3x29
2
= [12(51) + 2(51) + 6] - [12(50) +
0 = 3x(4 –x)
2(50)2 + 6]
x = 0 or x = 4
= 214
P’’(x) = 12 – 6x
Example: 2
At x = 0; P’’(0) = 12 – 6(0)
The demand equation of a good is given = 12 ˃ 0which signifies the minimum
by p + 2x = 20 and total cost function is value
x3– 8x2 + 20x + 2 At x = 4;
(a) Find the level of output that P’’(4) = 12 – 6(4)
maximize total revenue = –12 0 which signifies the
(b) Find the maximum profit and the maximum value
value at which it is achieved, verify P(x) = 6x2–x3– 2
that at this value of xMR = MC P(4) = 6(4)2–(4)3– 2
20
= 30 (a) The average cost
From (b) The marginal average cost (MAC)
C(x) = x3– 8x2 + 20x + 2 (c) The rate of change of MC with
MC = 3x2– 16x +20 respect to x
At x = 4, 4. The average cost function (AC) for a
MC = 3(4)2 – 16(4) +20 product is given by: AC = 0.006x2 –
=4 0.02x – 30 + where x is output.
Also,
Find:
R(x) = 20x– 2x2
(a) The marginal cost function and
MR = 20 – 4x
(b) The marginal cost when 50 units
At x = 4
are produced
MR = 20 – 4(4)
=4 5. The total cost function of a good is
Therefore; Atx = 4,MC = MR, hence given by: TC = + 3x+ 36. Calculate
shown the level of output that minimizes
Exercise 17.2 average cost.
1. The total cost C(x) of a company is
6. A firm knows that the demand function
given as C(x) = 1000 + 25x + 2x2
for one of its product is linear. It also
where x is the output. Determine:
knows that it can sell 1000 units when
(a) The average cost
the price is TZS 4 per unit and it can
(b) The marginal cost
sell 1500 units when the price is TZS
(c) The marginal cost when 15 units
2 per unit. Determine:
are produced, and
(a) The demand function
(d) The actual cost of producing 15th
(b) The total revenue function
unit.
(c) The average revenue function
2. The cost function of a firm is given (d) The marginal revenue function
by: C = 2x2 + 3x + 4. Find: 7. The marginal cost of production is:
(a) The average cost MC = 20 – 0.04x + 0.003x2, where x is
(b) The marginal cost the number of units produced. The
(c) The marginal cost, when x = 5 fixed cost is TZS 7,000. Find:
(a) The total cost function
3. The total cost function of a firm is
(b) The average cost function
given by: C(x) = 0.002x – 0.04x +
3 2
5x + 1500, where x is output.

Determine:
21
8. The marginal cost function of analysis and interpretation of numerical
manufacturing x units of a product is data. In modern times, statistics is no
given by: longer merely the collection of data and
MC = 3x2 – 10x + 3. The cost of their presentation in charts and tables, it is
producing one product is TZS 7. now considered to encompass the science
Find of basing inferences on observed data and
(a) The total cost function the entire problem of making decisions in
(b) The average cost function the face of uncertainty. The study of
statistics is usually divided into two
9. The cost of manufacturing an item
categories, namely descriptive and
consists of TZS 3,000 as over heads,
inferential statistics.
material costs TZS8 per unit and the
labor cost for x items produced. 18.1 Descriptive statistics

Descriptive statistics are those
Find how many items must be
techniques concerned with organizing,
produced to have the average cost as
summarizing, and presenting data in an
minimum
informative way. Descriptive statistics
10. The cost function for firm is given by: covers topics such as data collection,
organization, presentation, measures of
C = 300x – 10x2 + where x is
central tendency and measures of
output. Determine:
dispersion which sometimes are known
(a) The output at which marginal cost
as the numerical facts.
is minimum
(b) The output at which average cost 18.2 Inferential statistics
is minimum Inferential statistics are those
(c) The output for which average cost techniques by which decisions or
is equal to the marginal cost judgments about a statistical population
are made based only on parameters
observed from a sample drawn from
the population. Inferential statistics
include topics such as probability
UNIT 18 theory, distributions, sampling, and
STATISTICS sampling distributions, theory of
18. Introduction estimation and hypothesis testing.
Statistics is defined as the systematic
process of collection, presentation,
22
18.3 POPULATION AND SAMPLE deaths price index number etc. These
In the study of statistics we have two are the main sources of data.
basic parameters, namely population
18.5 SOURCES OF DATA
and sample.
There are two main sources of data.
18.3.1 Population These are primary data, secondary data
The word population in statistics
18.5.1 Primary data
means the totality of the set of objects
These are data which are collected for
under study. It may include people,
the first time whether directly or
objects, or events about which
indirectly. These are data that are used
information is required. It should not
for the specific purpose for which they
be understood in the limited sense in
were collected. This is raw data
which it is generally used to mean
original in nature and directly collected
people in a certain city or country.
from the population
18.3.2 Sample
18.5.2 Methods of collecting primary data
A sample is a selected number of
In order to collect the primary data,
entities or individuals which form a
the following methods are adopted:
part of the population under study.
(i) Observations
The study of a sample is more
(ii) Interviews
practical and economical in most
(iii)Questionnaires
situations where the population is
(iv) Sampling
large and is used to make conclusions
about the entire population. 18.5.3 Secondary data
18.4 COLLECTION OF DATA Secondary data are such information
Statistical data are collected from which has already been collected by
different sources and for this purpose, some agency for a specific purpose
different methods are adopted to collect and is subsequently compiled by the
adequate and reliable data. The investigator from that source for
business organizations keep the records application in a different area. These
of their routine transactions are data that are being used for some
development records and research purpose other than that for which they
reports. Similarly, the government were collected. Data used by any other
departments maintain the records person or agency other than the one
regarding the exports, imports, taxes which collected it constitutes
government expenditure, births and secondary data. The same data is
23
primary when collected by the source The data show the number of hours of
agency and becomes secondary when overtime 26 employees of a factory
used by any other agency. Data after worked last week.
analysis are also termed as secondary 3 2 0 3 2 4 1 3 4 2 3 5 0
data. 1 3 1 2 4 3 2 3 1 3 2 0 5
18.5.4 Sources of secondary data Construct a frequency distribution for

The main sources of secondary data the data:
are:
Number Tally Frequency
(i) Official publications by the
of hours
Central or Provincial
0 3
Governments
1 4
(ii) Semi-official publications by the
2 6
Municipalities, Central
3 8
Banks, District Boards etc.
4 3
(iii)Publications by the research
5 2
institutions or Universities,
Total 26
etc.
(iv) Publications by Chamber of It may sometimes happens that the
Commerce and trade collected information is very large in such
associations, etc. a way that it is difficult to represent them
(v) Reports by business concerns. as row data; the best way is to put them in
(vi) Different journals and periodicals. groups called class intervals. Class
(vii) Publications by the private intervals are always of the same size
individual research works. depending on the given data.
etc.
Example: 2
18.6 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Consider the following scored of 30
Frequency means number of times
students in Mathematics test.
something happens. A frequency
12 27 30 25 13 19
distribution consists of a number of
27 37
observations of and the frequency in
35 17 23 25 33 24
which the observation occurs.
21 18
Example: 1 21 20 27 32 29 22
21 15
24 16 24 21 26 27
24
Construct a frequency distribution table 18.8 CLASS MARK OF CLASS
with classes 10 – 14, 15 – 19, 20 – 24, etc. INTERVAL
Class mark of class interval is the mean
Marks Tally Frequency
value of a class interval. Given a class
10 – 14 2
interval; x1 – x2, the class mark is given
15 – 19 5
by:
20 – 24 10
25 – 29 8
Class mark(x) =
30 – 34 3
Example
35 – 39 2
Use the above frequency distribution
Total 30
table, to indicate the class marks
18.7 CLASS BOUNDARIES OF CLASS
Marks Frequency Class
INTERVALS
mark(x)
Using the above frequency distribution
10 – 14 2 12
table, the numbers 10, 15, 20, 25, 30
15 – 19 5 17
and 35 are called lower limits while 14,
20 – 24 10 22
19, 24, 29, 34 and 39 are called upper
25 – 29 8 27
limits
30 – 34 3 32
Similarly, 9.5, 14.5, 19.5, 24.5 29.5 and 35 – 39 2 37
34.5 are called lower boundaries or 18.9 MEASURES OF CENTRAL
lower real limits and 14.5, 19.5, 24.5 TENDENCY
29.5, 34.5 and 39.5 are called upper There is a tendency in almost every
boundaries or upper real limits. statistical data that most of the values
The lower real limits are obtained by concentrate at the centre which is
subtracting 0.5 from lower limits while referred as central tendency. The
upper real limits are obtained by typical values which measure the
adding 0.5 to the upper limits. central tendency are called measures
of central tendency. Measures of
The class size (width), c is therefore
central tendency are commonly known
the difference between upper boundary as Averages. There are three common
and lower boundary of any class. For
measures of average. They are the
the above table, the class size is 5.
mean, median, and mode.
25
18.9.1 The mean 18.9.3 For Grouped data (or) discrete data:
The most common measure of central If the numbers x1, x2, x3, x4 . . . xn
tendency of data is the mean or occurs f1, f2, f3, f4 . . . fn times
average. It is sometimes called respectively. The mean is obtained as
arithmetic mean. follows:
Mean, =
18.9.2 For Simple or Ungrouped data
The arithmetic mean or simply mean =
is the sum of all observations divided
Example: 2
by the total number of observations.
The mean of a set of N numbers x1, x2, Calculate the average bonus paid per
x3, x4 . . . . . . . xn is denoted by ( member from the following data:

Bonus in 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
read as x bar ) and is defined as:
TZS
= “000”(x)
Number 1 3 4 5 4 2 1
We use the symbol
of
to denote the
persons(f)
sum of all observations
Solution
=
x f fx
Example: 1 40 1 40
Malik Store had daily sales of TZS 50 3 150
462,600 on Monday, TZS 335,700 on 60 4 240
Tuesday, TZS 361,300 on Wednesday, 70 5 350
TZS 287,700 on Thursday, TZS 472,800 80 4 320
on Friday, and TZS 547,900 on Saturday. 90 2 180
What is the mean sale per day? 100 1 100
Mean sale per day = Total 20 1380
=
Mean, =
= = 69
The average bonus is TZS 69,000
= TZS 411,333.33 per
day
26
18.9.4 For grouped data with class intervals 18.10 Weighted mean
When data are summarized in a One of the limitations of the arithmetic
grouped frequency distribution table, mean discussed above is that it gives
the midpoints represent the marks. equal importance to all the items. But
Once the midpoint of all classes have these are cases where the relative
been found, we then proceed as for importance of the different items is not
frequency distribution using the the same. In these cases, weights are
midpoint x1, x2, x3, x4 . . . xn assigned to different items according to
The mean from the grouped data is their importance. The term weight
given by: stands for the relative importance of
Mean, = the different items. If x1, x2,x3, x4…., xn

are the n values of the variable x with
Example: 3
the corresponding weights w 1,
The following table shows the frequency w2,w3,w4………., wn, then the
distribution of marks obtained by 40 weighted mean is given by
students in Commerce test. Mean, =
Marks 2-6 7- 12 - 17 - 22 - 27 - 32 -
11 16 21 26 31 36
Frequency 3 5 7 10 8 4 3
=
Use the above table to calculate mean
Example: 4
value
Marks Frequency Class fx
Find the weighted mean for the
(f) marks following data.
(x) Number (x) 28 25 20 32 40
2-6 3 4 12
Weight(w) 3 6 4 5 8
7 - 11 5 9 45
12 - 16 7 14 98 Solution:
17 - 21 10 19 190
22 - 26 8 24 192
x w xw
27 - 31 4 29 116 28 3 84
32 - 36 3 34 102 25 6 150
= 40 = 755 20 4 80
32 5 160
Mean, =
40 8 320
= Total 26 794
= 18.875
27
Mean, = Example: 1
Find the median of 12, 9, 10, 18 24

=
Solution:
= 30.54
Arrange in order of magnitude of
18.10.1 The median increasing we get; 9, 10, 12, 18, 20
The median by definition refers to
Median = value of term.
the middle value in a distribution.
Median is the value of the variable = value of term.
which divides the distribution into = 3rd term
two equal parts. The 50% The median value is 12
observations lie below the value of
the median and 50% observations Example: 2
lie above it. Median is called a
Find the median value of 6, 4, 4, 7, 9, 8
positional average.
Solution:
18.10.2 For ungrouped data: Arranging in order of magnitude in
Median is defined as the value of increasing order we get; 4, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9.
the middle item of a series when
Median = value of and term
the observations have been
arranged in ascending or = value of and term
descending order of magnitude.
= 3rd + 4th term
18.10.3 Steps:
Median =
(i) Arrange the data in = 6.5
ascending or descending The median is 6.5
order of magnitude. (Both
arrangements would give the 18.10.4 For ungrouped frequency
same answer). distribution:
(ii) When n is odd: Median = 18.10.5 Steps:
value of term. (i) Arrange the data in ascending
or descending order of
(iii) When n is even: Median =
magnitude with respective
value of and
frequencies.
term. i.e. adding (ii) Find the cumulative frequency
the two middle values and (c. ƒ) less than type.
divided by two, where n =
number of observations (iii) Find , N = total frequency.
28
(iv) See the c. ƒ column either
Median = L +
equal or greater than and
where
determine the value of the
L = lower class boundary
variable corresponding to it.
containing the median
That gives the value of
N = number of items in the data
Median.
(total frequency)
Example: 3 = sum of frequencies of all
Find the median for the following classes lower than median class
data. fm = frequency of the median class
Number( 2 2 3 4 3 1 c = size of the class interval
x) 5 0 0 0 5 5
Frequenc 1 1 2 1 2 8 Steps:
(i) Find the c.f less than type
y(f) 9 4 3 2 0
(ii) Find , N= total frequency.
Solution:
(iii) See the c.f column just greater
Arrange the value in ascending
than
order
(iv) The Corresponding class
x f c.f less than
type. interval is called the Median class.
15 8 8 Example: 4
20 14 22
25 19 41 Study carefully the frequency distribution
30 23 64
35 20 84 table which sows the marks for 40
40 12 96 students in Mathematics examination.
Marks 1-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 81- 100
N = 96, = 48 Number of 3 11 12 8 6
students
In c.f column, greater than 48 is
64. The corresponding value of x Determine the median mark
to the c.f is 30. Solution:
Median = 30 units.
N = 40, = 20
18.10.6 Median from grouped data The median class is 41 – 60
Median from the grouped data can L = 40.5, N = 40, = 14, fm = 12 and c
be found using the formula:
= 20, then
29
frequency, it is the most occurring
Median = L +
value.
= 40.5 + 20 18.11.1 For Raw data:

Mode is the value which occurs
= 40.5 +
most frequently, in a set of
= 40.5 + observations. It is a value which is

repeated maximum number of
= 50.5
times.
The median is 50.5
Example: 1
Example: 5 Find mode for the following data.
The table below shows the marks of a 64, 38,35,68,35,94,42,35,52,35
Economics test done by 22 students: Solution:
As the number 35 is repeated

Class 5-15 15-25 25-35 35-45 45- 5 maximum number of times that is 4
interval
times.
frequency 2 4 8 7 1
Mode = 35 units.
Find the median mark 18.11.2 For ungrouped frequency
Solution: distribution:
Mode is the value of the variable
N = 22, = 11
corresponding to the highest
Median class is 25 - 35 frequency.
L = 25, = 6, N = 22, fm = 8 and c =
Example:
10
The goals scored on one Saturday
Median = L +
by 54 football teams were recorded
in the table below:
= 25 + 10
Number of 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
= 25 + goals
Frequency 8 12 14 10 5 4 0 1
= 25 + 6.25 = 31.25
The median is 31.25 Find the modal goal
Solution:
18.11 The mode
The mode of set of numbers is that Here the highest frequency is 14
value which occurs with the greatest against 2 goals.

The mode is 2 goals.
30
= 20.5 +
18.11.3 The mode from grouped data
= 20.5 + 4.5
In a Continuous distribution first
= 25
the modal class is determined. The
The modal mark is 25
class interval corresponding to the
Example: 2
highest frequency is called modal
Calculate the mode from the
class. Then the mode is given by
frequency distribution table below:
the formula:
Class 0- 10 20 30 40 50 60
Mode = L + C
interval 10 - - - - - -
where 20 30 40 50 60 70
L = lower class boundary of the frequency 4 1 3 15 7 2 4
modal class Solution:
D1 = difference in frequency
The modal class 30 – 40
between the modal class and the
L = 30, D1 = 15 – 3 = 12, D2 = 15
class before it.
– 7 = 8 and c = 10
D2 = difference in frequency
Mode = L + C
between the modal class and the
class after it. = 30 +
C = size of the class interval
= 30 +
Example: 1
= 30 + 6
The final scores of 28 pupils in a
= 36
Economic test were recorded as
The mode is 36
shown in the table below:
Exercise 18.1
Class interval 1 - 10 11 - 20 21 - 30 31 - 40 41 - 50 51 - 60
frequency 3 4 1. Find the 2 arithmetic 1 mean for
13 5 the
following sets of observations.
Calculate the modal marks (a) 48, 55,83,65,38,74,58
(b) 154,138,165,172,160,145,157,185
Solution:
(c) 2254,2357,2241,2012,2125
The modal class 21 – 30
2. Find the median for the following
L = 20.5, D1 = 13 – 4 = 9, D2 = 13
data. 25, 98, 67, 18, 45, 83, 76, 35
– 2 = 11 and c = 10
Mode = L + C
= 20.5 +
31
8. Find the median from the
3. Find the median for the
following frequency
following data
distribution table.
(a) 50 , 28 , 35 , 98 , 75 , 44 ,
Weight 30- 35- 40- 45- 50- 55- 60-
58 (kg) 34 39 44 49 54 59 64
(b) 16 , 22 , 10 , 12 , 30 , 37 , Frequency 4 7 15 21 18 10 5
28 , 40 , 15 , 20
9. Find the mode for the
4. Find the mode for the following frequency
following data. distribution table.
Number 1 1 2 2 2
(a)85, 40 , 55 , 35 , 42 , 67 ,
(x) 5 8 0 2 4
75 , 63 , 35 , 10 , 35
Frequen 8 6 1 1 1
(b) 250 , 300 , 450 , 300 , 290
cy 3 8 0
, 410 . 350 , 300
10. Calculate the median for the
5. A candidate obtained the
following distribution:
following marks in
Number(x) 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
percentages in an Frequency (f) 8 14 23 28 10 6 4
examination. English 64,
Mathematics 93, Economics 11. Find the mode for the
72, Accountancy 85 and following frequency
Statistics 79. The weights of distribution table.

Weight 10- 20- 30- 40- 50- 60- 70-
these subjects are 2, 3, 3, 4, 1
(kg) 19 29 39 49 59 69 79
respectively. Find the
Frequency 8 22 31 44 15 13 10
candidate‘s weighted mean.
6. Calculate the mean for the

following distribution
x 15 17 19 21 23 25
f 6 11 8 15 5 4
7. Find the mean for the

following data
Size of shoe 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of pairs 22 35 28 42 15 12
32
12. Find arithmetic mean median Solution
and mode for the following Let us arrange the given data in the
data. ascending order. 22, 24, 38, 39, 43, 45,
56.
Age in years
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
60-70
70-80
From the given data the largest value, L =
56 and the smallest value, S = 22.
Range = L - S
Frequency
= 56 - 22
12
18
23
28
20
16
7
= 34
Now the coefficient of range =
18.12 MEASURES OF DISPERSION =

Measures of dispersion may be
= 0.44
defined as extent of the scatteredness
For a grouped data; range is given as the
of the data of the distribution. The
difference in class marks between the last
main methods of measuring
and the first class intervals.
dispersion are Range, Quartile
Example: 2
Deviation, Mean Deviation and
Standard Deviation The following table shows the frequency
18.12.1 Range distribution of marks obtained by 40
Range is the simplest measure of students in Commerce test
dispersion. Range of a set of

12 - 16
17 - 21
22 - 26
27 - 31
32 - 36
7 - 11
2-6
Marks
numbers is the difference between

the largest and the smallest items
Frequency
of the set.
10
3
Range = Largest value - Smallest 3
value
=L-S Find the range and its coefficient of the marks
The coefficient of range is given

by =
Example: 1
Find the range and the coefficient

of range of 43, 24, 38, 56, 22, 39,
45.
33
Solution expressed in the same units as the
Marks Frequency(f) Class data. It shows how much variation
marks(x) is there from the mean. A low

standard deviation indicates that
2 - 6 3 4
the data points tend to be very
7 - 11 5 9
close to the mean; where as a high
12 - 16 7 14
standard deviation indicates that
17 - 21 10 19
the data is spread out over a large
22 - 26 8 24
range of values.
27 - 31 4 29
32 - 36 3 34 18.12.3 For Raw data:
For row data, the standard deviation
The largest value, L = 34 and the is calculated by using the formula
smallest value, S = 4
Standard deviation, =
Range = L - S
= 34 - 4
Example: 1
= 30
Given the data: 2, 4, 6, 8. Find standard
Now the coefficient of range
deviation
=
Solution:
= Mean, =
= 0.79 =
18.12.2 Standard Deviation =5

x (x - ) (x - )2
A better way to measure 2 -3 9
dispersion is to square the 4 -1 1
6 1 1
differences between each data and 8 3 9
the mean before averaging them. Total 20
This measure of dispersion is

known as the Variance and the
positive square root of the
=
Variance is known as the Standard
Deviation. In other words standard
=
deviation is the square root of the
arithmetic average of the squares of = 2.34
the deviations measured from the
mean. Standard deviation is
34
18.12.4 For ungrouped frequency 18.12.5 Standard deviation from
distribution: grouped data
For ungrouped frequency distribution, For grouped frequency distribution,
the standard deviation is calculated by
the standard deviation is calculated by
using the formula
using the formula
Example: 2
The following table shows the marks
obtained by 48 students in a Quiz
competition in Mathematics. Calculate the Example: 3
standard deviation. The following table shows the

Marks(x) 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 frequency distribution of marks
Number of 3 6 9 13 8 5 4 obtained by 40 students in
students(f) Accountancy test
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
Solution: Marks
x f fx (x - ) (x - )2 f(x - )2
6 3 18 -3 9 27
Frequency
10
7 6 42 -2 4 24
2
2
8 9 72 -1 1 9
9 13 117 0 0 0 Find the standard deviation of the
10 8 80 1 1 8 marks
11 5 55 2 4 20
Solution:
12 4 48 3 9 36
Marks f x fx x2 fx2
Total 48 432 124
10 – 14 2 12 24 144 288
Mean, =
15 – 19 5 17 85 289 1445
=
20 – 24 10 22 220 484 4840
=9
25 – 29 8 27 216 729 5832
30 – 34 3 32 96 1024 3072
= 35 – 39 2 37 74 1369 2738
= 1.61 Total 30 715 18,215
35
Standard deviation, = 16, 30, 21 and 25. Find the standard
deviation of the data.
7. Find the standard deviation of the

= following distribution.
x 70 74 78 82 86 90
f 1 3 5 7 8 12
= 6.26
8. Compute the standard deviation for the
Exercise 18.2 following data
x 100 102 104 106 108 110 112
1. Find the range of the following
f 11 7 9 13 10 12 11
numbers: 64 60 64 38 52 65 61 48
9. From the following frequency
2. The number of books read by 8
distribution, find the range and standard
students during a month are; 2, 5, 8,
deviation using the formula for grouped
11, 14, 6, 12, 10. Calculate the
data:
standard deviation of the data.
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
60-70
3. The weight (in kg) of 13 students in a interval
Class
class are 42.5, 47.5, 48.6, 50.5, 49,

46.2, 49.8,
Frequency
9
17
16
31
18
45.8, 43.2, 48, 44.7, 46.9, 42.4. Find

9
the range and coefficient of range.
4. Find the standard deviation for the

following data: 03 12 17 29 10 05 18
14 12 20
5. The marks of internal assessment

obtained by students in a college are
given below. Find the mean marks
and standard deviation.22 30 36 12 15
25 18 10 33 29
6. A test in General Knowledge was

conducted for a class. The marks out of
40, obtained by 6 students were 20, 14,
36
3x 2  14 x  8
REVIEW QUESTIONS (ii) Simplify
x 2  16
QUESTION 1
1 c) (i) Solve the system of simultaneous

a) A man leaves of his property to his son, 2 x  y  10
3 equations
2 x  3y  5
to his wife and the remainder to his (ii) Solve the for x, if  2 x 2  7 x  6  0
5
daughter. If the daughter receives TZS
24,000,000, what was the total amount left?
QUESTION 3
b) After decreasing the price of a shirt by 20% a) If TZS 45,000 is lent at 9% simple interest
the new price is TZS 18,500. What was the per annum, after how many years, will it
price of a shirt before this decrease? earn interest of TZS 12,150?
c) Muzamil Store Ltd. Imported goods from

Japan worth Japanese Yen 5865. How many
shilling did Muzamil pay? b) A bank offers depositors a nominal
Use 1 Japanese Yen = TZS 1,650.02 interest rate of 12% per annum, with
interest payable after every four (4)
months. If TZS 7,400,000 is deposited
with this bank then find the total amount
d) An alloy consists of three metals A, B and C on compound interest basis after 5 years.
in the proportions A:B = 3:5 and B:C = 7:6.
Calculate the proportion A:C.
c) Mr Saburi puts Tzs 5,000,000 into a
deposit account which pays interest at
e) Find the original cost of a shirt whose net 10% per annum and makes no
price is Tzs 16,000 if all items in the shop withdrawals until the end of year 2; when
have been reduced in the same ratio and he takes out TZS 2,250,000. Find out the
trousers whose original price was Tzs 20,000 balance in his deposit account at the end
was sold TZS 18,000 of 4 years.
f) If 10 men complete a job in 12 days by

working 8hours a day. How long will 16 men d) The present price of an iPhone TZS
take by working 10 hours a day? 250,000. If the inflation rate is 12% per
annum then find the price of this iPhone
after 3years.
QUESTION 2
x x 1 2 x 1
1 1 1 e) Mr. Gulam deposits TZS 6,000,000 in
a) Solve for x (i)         32
 2 8  16  fixed account and further TZS 3,500,000
in each year for four more years. Find out
the total amount after 4 years, if the rate
(ii) 2 x  2 x 1  10 , use log 2 =
of investment is 10% per annum.
0.3010
1 3
b) (i) Solve 3x   2x 
4 2
QUESTION 4
37
A firm produces three products A, B and C (a) The following data relate to the sizes of the
requiring the mix of three materials P, Q and R. shoes in a store during the January 2014
The requirement (per unit) of each product for
each material is as follows size of 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0
shoes
Number 1 2 4 5 15 10 30 35 24 10
P Q R of pairs
A4 6 2 
 
M  B  8 4 10  Find (i) The mean Shoe
C  4 8 4  (ii) The median Shoe
Using matrix notions, find (b) Calculate the (i) mean and
i. The total requirement of each material if the (ii) Standard deviation
firm produces 203 unit of each product. form the following data;
192, 288, 236, 229, 184, 260, 384, 291, 330, 240
QUESTION 7
ii.The per unit cost of production of each
product if the per unit cost materials P, Q and (a) (i) Solve the equation:
R is TZS 6,000, TZS 10,000 and TZS x4 x  1  2 x  3
7,000 respectively.
iii The total cost of production if the firm (ii) Solve the following simultaneous
produces 350 units of each product. equation:
3x  3 y  8
QUESTION 5 3x  y  1
a) (i) Find the eleventh term of arithmetic
series with first term 3 and common
difference –
2
(b) Find the value of unknown in each of the
following
 1 1
(ii) (a) The 10th term of an Arithmetic Series (i)  2 x    2 x  34
is -15 and the 31st term is -57.  2 4
Find the 15th term of the A.P 5x 2 x  1 4
(ii)  
6 3 15
 x  1 2 x  3 
(iii) 64  16
(b) Mr. Azani started a bank account
and decides to deposit Tzs1,500,000
(c) Given the matrices
during the first year, Tzs2400,000
during the second year and an extra 1 3
A = and B = 5 6
of Tzs900,000 for each additional
year. Find the amount he will have 2 4
Find: 7 8
to deposit during the eleventh year.
(i) 2A  B
(ii) AxB
QUESTION 6
38
QUESTION 8 (ii) Mlenge whose shown is 7
11
(a) The original cost of an item was received TAS 810; how much
TAS125,000. After being in use for 4 will Tuwani receive it his share
years, it had a book value of TAS 100,000. 7 ?
Assume it is depreciated linearly (using 9
straight – line method)
Find: (c) (i) Make R the subject of formula if

(i) The book value after 10 years 1 1 1
 
R r1 r2
(ii) The useful life of the item
(ii) What is the whole amount if 20% is
(b) Total purchases if DIDA Ltd. for the year TAS 500?
ending 31st December, 2007 was TAS
480,000. DIDA Ltd’s policy is to charge QUESTION 10
20% profit on cost. Calculate DIDA Ltd.’s
turnover for the year. (a) (i) The population of a certain village
increases by 10% each year. If these
are 150,000 people in the village
(c) Giving the following information, calculate: now; estimate the population of the
(i) Simple Interest village after four years.
(ii) Compound Interest
(iii) Difference between simple and
Composed interest (ii) Find the sum of the first 6 terms of a
series 18,6,2,………
Principle = TAS 260,000 (b) In a A.P the sum of the first ten terms is
50 and the fifth term is three times the
Rate = 9% p.a. second term. Find the first term, common
difference and the sum of the first 20
Period = 3 years terms.
QUESTION 9
(c) Write down the fifth term of the
(a) Simplify sequences:
(i) 1,5, ….
16 x 2 y 4 (ii) 2, 1½, ….
(i) 3 1
2x  y 2
1 1
t 2
 t 2
(ii) 3
2
t
3 x 2 y 1
(iii)
6x y 3
(b) (i) If 20 men can do a job in 30 days,

how many men will be required to finish
this job in 15 days?
39
QUESTION 11
The following data shows the grade scores

obtained by 50 students in one class of MTP in
mathematics test.
2 8 2 4 5 8 5 6 6 5 4 2 3 4 5 7 4 6 6
0 0 8 1 2 9 9 5 9 6 0 4 2 3 3 5 5 7 9
7 5 2 8 3 4 7 6 6 5 7 6 5 5 4 8 3 4 6
5 0 9 1 4 4 5 7 8 4 8 2 1 1 3 2 8 8 8
5 5 7 5 7 3 8 4 4 5 3 3
5 6 0 1 0 5 5 5 9 4 7 6
Required:
(a) Group the data using classes 20-29, 30-39

etc.
(b) Use the grouped frequency distribution to
find:
(i) Median
(ii) Mode
QUESTION 12
The following frequency distribution represent

the purchase of 40 customers who visited
Chwaka Cooperation Shop is one day.
Sales (TAS) 5-9 10 - 15 - 20 -24 25 -

14 19 29
Number of 5 9 15 7 4
days
Required:
Use frequency distribution above the find:
(i) Range
(ii) Mean
(iii) Standard deviation
40

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2015

ZANZIBAR INSTITUTE OF FINANCIAL

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS MANUAL

1.1 Proper fraction ............................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Improper fractions ......................................................................................................................... 1

1.3 Mixed number................................................................................................................................ 1

1.4 Equivalent fractions ....................................................................................................................... 2

1.5 Addition and subtraction ............................................................................................................... 3

1.6 Multiplication ................................................................................................................................ 4

1.7 Division ......................................................................................................................................... 4

1.8 Mixed operation............................................................................................................................. 5

1.9 Applications of fractions ............................................................................................................... 6

2.1 Finding amount as percentage ........................................................................................................... 9

2.2 Finding percentage amounts .............................................................................................................. 9

2.3 Finding the original amount before a percentage change ................................................................ 10

2.4 Expressing a change as a percentage ............................................................................................... 11

3.1 Simplifying ratios ............................................................................................................................ 13

3.2 Using ratios to share quantities ........................................................................................................ 14

4.1 Direct variation ................................................................................................................................ 17

4.2 Inverse variation .............................................................................................................................. 19

4.3 Joint variation .................................................................................................................................. 20

PROFIT AND LOSS ....................................................................................................................................... 22

5.1 Cost of goods sold ........................................................................................................................... 24

5.2 Mark ups and Margins ..................................................................................................................... 25

5.3 Profit in the Production Process ...................................................................................................... 26

5.4 Break even analysis ......................................................................................................................... 27

DISCOUNTS & COMMISSIONS .................................................................................................................. 30

6.1 TRADE DISCOUNTS AND CASH DISCOUNTS ........................................................................ 31

6.1.1 Trade discount ............................................................................................................................. 31

6.1.2 Cash discounts ............................................................................................................................. 32

7.1 Algebraic expression ....................................................................................................................... 37

7.2 Terms of algebraic expressions ....................................................................................................... 37

7.3 Algebraic operations ........................................................................................................................ 37

7.3.1 Values of algebraic expressions .................................................................................................. 37

7.4.1 Equation with one unknown ........................................................................................................ 38

7.4.2 Solving equations ........................................................................................................................ 38

7.4.3 Equations with two unknowns ..................................................................................................... 39

7.4.4 Solving simultaneous equations .................................................................................................. 39

7.5 Substitution method ......................................................................................................................... 39

7.6 Elimination method ......................................................................................................................... 40

7.7 INEQUALITIES .............................................................................................................................. 41

8.1 APPLICATIONS OF MATRIX ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION ........................................... 43

8.2 APPLICATIONS OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION ................................................................... 44

8.3 APPLICATIONS OF SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS ........................................................ 46

9.1 LAWS OF INDICES ....................................................................................................................... 49

9.1.1 Product law .................................................................................................................................. 49

9.1.2 Quotient law ................................................................................................................................ 50

9.2 Product of powers ............................................................................................................................ 50

9.2.1 Zero power................................................................................................................................... 51

9.2.2 Negative power ............................................................................................................................ 51

GRAPHS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS ............................................................................................................ 53

10. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 53

10.1 Number plane .................................................................................................................................. 53

10.2.1 Equation of a straight line ............................................................................................................ 54

10.3 Solving linear equations graphically ............................................................................................... 56

QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS ...................................................................................................................... 58

11. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 58

11.1 FACTORIZING QUADRATIC EXPRESSION ............................................................................. 58

11.1.1 Factorizing by taking Common factors ....................................................................................... 58

11.1.2 Factorizing Quadratic Expressions of the form of ax2 bx ....................................................... 58

11.1.3 Factorization quadratic expression by splitting the middle term ................................................. 59

Difference of two squares ........................................................................................................................ 59

11.2 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS .......................................................................................................... 60

11.2.1 Solving Quadratic equations by factorization.............................................................................. 60