CHAPTER 13 TRANSITION ELEMENTS

13.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

1. ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

- d block elements

- outermost shell of 4s will be filled first before filled the 3d subshells

a. Sandium (Sc) Proton number = 21

spdf configuration orbital configuration Structure

b. Vanadium (V) Proton number = 23

spdf configuration orbital configuration Structure

c. Manganese (Mn) Proton number = 25

spdf configuration orbital configuration Structure

d.Nickel (Ni) Proton number = 28

spdf configuration orbital configuration Structure

e. Zinc (Zn) Proton number = 30

spdf configuration orbital configuration Structure

f. Titanium (Ti) Proton number = 22

spdf configuration orbital configuration Structure

g. Iron (Fe) Proton number = 26

spdf configuration orbital configuration Structure

Anomolous Behaviour of Chromium and Copper

a. Chromium (Cr) Proton number = 24

spdf configuration orbital configuration Structure

Reason:

b. Copper (Cu) Proton number = 29

spdf configuration orbital configuration Structure

Reason:

2. Transition Elements and its Ions

Transition elements can form more than …………………………………………….

Fe: ……………………. ( ) ………………………… ( )

Ti: ……………………….( ) ………………………… ( )

Ni ……………………….. ( ) ……………………….. ( )

Mn …………………….( ) ………………………… ( )

When transition metals form ions, electrons are lost first from the ……………………. subshell rather than
……………..subshell. The 4s orbitals are more stable than the empty 3d level. But once the 3d level is occupied by
electrons, the 4s will move to the higher energy level. So the electrons from higher level (4s) are lost first before 3d.

Example:

Note: Scandium and Zinc are ………………….transition elements although they are at block d.

Why?
3. General Physical Properties

a. Atomic Radii

Explanation:

Almost ……………………………

…………………………………………. in effective nuclear charge

………………………………………….. is added to the inner 3d

subshell.

The shielding effect cancelling the increases in the

nuclear charge.

c. Densities

Explanation:

…………………………………. than the s-block elements.

Due to ………………………………………………………………… and

………………………………………………………………………………………

d. Ionic Radii
Ionic radius for the positive ion is ……………………………… than the neutral atomic radius due to the loss of the outer
electron.

Example

Across the period : …………………………………… to the pattern of the atomic radii.

Also affected by the oxidation state. Oxidation state ……………………………., ionic radii …………………………..

Example :
e. Meting point and Boiling point

Explanation

………………………. melting point and boiling point. Small …………………. differences between ………… and ………

Both …………… and ………………. contribute to ………………………………………….

Formed ……………………………………………………

Manganese and zinc have lower boiling point and melting point because they have

………………………….. and …………………………… d subshells with ……………………..

Only ……………… contribute to …………………………

Formed ………………………. metallic bond

f. Ionisation energy

............................................across the period .

………………………………………….. increase

……………………………………………… increases

More energy needed to remove the valens electron.

g. Electrical conductivity

………………………………. Electrical conductivities

………………………………. delocalized electron involved in the …………………………………….