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  • Infectious Disease 1

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    Josie Jones Berces
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    This document discusses how microorganisms cause infectious diseases in humans. It outlines several key points: 1) Microorganisms can cause disease by overgrowing the normal microbial flora when host defenses are weakened. Non-commensal organisms also cause disease with a wide range of virulence. 2) Microbes enter the body through various routes, including vertical transmission from mother to child, as well as person-to-person contact, animal-to-human transmission, insect vectors, and survival in dust/food/water. 3) The host defenses of innate and adaptive immunity normally work to prevent or clear infections, but diminished immunity can allow microbes to reactivate and cause disease.

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    This document discusses how microorganisms cause infectious diseases in humans. It outlines several key points: 1) Microorganisms can cause disease by overgrowing the normal microbial flora when host defenses are weakened. Non-commensal organisms also cause disease with a wide range of virulence. 2) Microbes enter the body through various routes, including vertical transmission from mother to child, as well as person-to-person contact, animal-to-human transmission, insect vectors, and survival in dust/food/water. 3) The host defenses of innate and adaptive immunity normally work to prevent or clear infections, but diminished immunity can allow microbes to reactivate and cause disease.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    7 views1 page

    Infectious Disease 1

    Uploaded by

    Josie Jones Berces
    This document discusses how microorganisms cause infectious diseases in humans. It outlines several key points: 1) Microorganisms can cause disease by overgrowing the normal microbial flora when host defenses are weakened. Non-commensal organisms also cause disease with a wide range of virulence. 2) Microbes enter the body through various routes, including vertical transmission from mother to child, as well as person-to-person contact, animal-to-human transmission, insect vectors, and survival in dust/food/water. 3) The host defenses of innate and adaptive immunity normally work to prevent or clear infections, but diminished immunity can allow microbes to reactivate and cause disease.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 1

    INTRODUCTION Spread & Dissemination of Microbes

    Infectious diseases Within the Body


    • significantly contribute to the mortality in
    • Elderly.
    • Immunosuppressed.
    • Chronic disease states.
    • constitute six of the top 10 causes of
    mortality in developing countries abetted by
    malnutrition & unsanitary living conditions.

    How Microorganisms Cause Disease


    • Humans harbor a complex ecosystemof
    microbial flora.
    • Attenuation of normal host defenses
    “healthy” microbial flora to cause pathologic
    infections.
    • Non-commensal organismswith a wide
    range of virulence.
    • Highly infectious microbes produce
    diseasein healthy individuals.

    Release From the Body & Transmission of


    Routes of Entry of Microbes
    Microbes
    Vertical transmission - Infection from mother
    • Person to person via respiratory, fecal-oral,
    to fetus or newborn child.
    sexual, or transplacental routes.
    • Placental-fetal transmission during
    • Animal-to-human transmission can occur
    pregnancy in which the effects on fetal
    through direct contact or ingestion (zoonotic
    development will depend on when during
    infections)
    gestation the infection occurs (e.g rubella
    • Insect or arthropod vectors may passively
    infection 1st during trimester )
    spread infection or serve as required hostsfor
    • Transmission during birth (e.g., gonococcus
    pathogen replication & development.
    & chlamydia).
    • Survival during extended periods in dust,
    • Postnatal transmission in maternal milk
    food, or water;
    (e.g., CMV, HIV, HBV).

    Host-Pathogen Interactions
    Host Defenses Against Infection
    • Innate & adaptive immune systems are
    critical to preventing or eradicating infection.
    • Stalemate between host & microbe results
    in a state of microbial latency without much
    pathology.
    • Subsequent diminution of host immunity
    can result in aggressive reactivation &
    disease (e.g. EBV, TB)

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