PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT

M.Sc (CSA)-2ND, SEMESTER

Write a C program to:

1. Implement Binary Search (with and without recursion)

>>>> [with recursion]

CODE:
#include <stdio.h>
void binary_search(int [], int, int, int);
void bubble_sort(int [], int);
int main()
{
int key, size, i;
int list[25];
printf("Enter size of a list: ");
scanf("%d", &size);
printf("Enter elements\n");
for(i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
scanf("%d",&list[i]);
}
bubble_sort(list, size);
printf("\n");
printf("Enter key to search\n");
scanf("%d", &key);
binary_search(list, 0, size, key);
}
void bubble_sort(int list[], int size)
{
int temp, i, j;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
{
for (j = i; j < size; j++)
{
if (list[i] > list[j])
{
temp = list[i];
list[i] = list[j];
list[j] = temp;
}}}}
void binary_search(int list[], int lo, int hi, int key)
{
int mid;
if (lo > hi)
{
printf("Key not found\n");
return;
}
mid = (lo + hi) / 2;
if (list[mid] == key)
{
printf("Key found\n");
}
else if (list[mid] > key)
{
binary_search(list, lo, mid - 1, key);
}
else if (list[mid] < key)
{
binary_search(list, mid + 1, hi, key);
}
}

OUTPUT:--
[without recursion]

CODE;-

#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int arr[50],i,n,x,flag=0,first,last,mid;
printf("Enter size of array:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter array element(ascending order)\n");
for(i=0;i<n;++i)
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
printf("\nEnter the element to search:");
scanf("%d",&x);
first=0;
last=n-1;
while(first<=last)
{
mid=(first+last)/2;
if(x==arr[mid]){
flag=1;
break;
}
else
if(x>arr[mid])
first=mid+1;
else
last=mid-1;
}
if(flag==1)
printf("\nElement found at position %d",mid+1);
else
printf("\nElement not found");
return 0;
}
OUTPUT

2. Implement Insertion Sort.

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int n, array[1000], c, d, t;
printf("Enter number of elements\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter %d integers\n", n);
for (c = 0; c < n; c++)
scanf("%d", &array[c]);
for (c = 1 ; c <= n - 1; c++) {
d = c;
while ( d > 0 && array[d-1] > array[d]) {
t = array[d];
array[d] = array[d-1];
array[d-1] = t;
d--;
}
}
printf("Sorted list in ascending order:\n");
 for (c = 0; c <= n - 1; c++) {
printf("%d\n", array[c]);
}
return 0;
}

OUTPUT

3. Implement Quick Sort.

CODE;

#include<stdio.h>
void quicksort(int number[25],int first,int last){
int i, j, pivot, temp;
if(first<last){
pivot=first;
i=first;
j=last;
while(i<j){
while(number[i]<=number[pivot]&&i<last)
i++;
while(number[j]>number[pivot])
j--;
if(i<j){
temp=number[i];
number[i]=number[j];
number[j]=temp;
}
}
temp=number[pivot];
number[pivot]=number[j];
number[j]=temp;
quicksort(number,first,j-1);
quicksort(number,j+1,last);
}
}
int main(){
int i, count, number[25];
printf("How many elements are u going to enter?: ");
scanf("%d",&count);
printf("Enter %d elements: ", count);
for(i=0;i<count;i++)
scanf("%d",&number[i]);
quicksort(number,0,count-1);
printf("Order of Sorted elements: ");
for(i=0;i<count;i++)
printf(" %d",number[i]);
return 0;
}

OUTPUT
 4. Implement Merge Sort.
CODE:
#include <stdio.h>
#define max 10
int a[11] = { 40, 55, 80, 26,90, 25, 89, 78, 95, 10, 66 };
int b[10];
void merging(int low, int mid, int high) {
int l1, l2, i;
for(l1 = low, l2 = mid + 1, i = low; l1 <= mid && l2 <= high; i++) {
if(a[l1] <= a[l2])
b[i] = a[l1++];
else
b[i] = a[l2++];
}
while(l1 <= mid)
b[i++] = a[l1++];
while(l2 <= high)
b[i++] = a[l2++];
for(i = low; i <= high; i++)
a[i] = b[i];
}
void sort(int low, int high) {
int mid;
if(low < high) {
mid = (low + high) / 2;
sort(low, mid);
sort(mid+1, high);
merging(low, mid, high);
} else {
return;
}
}
int main() {
int i;
printf("List before sorting\n");
for(i = 0; i <= max; i++)
printf("%d ", a[i]);
sort(0, max);
printf("\nList after sorting\n");
for(i = 0; i <= max; i++)
printf("%d ", a[i]);
}
OUTPUT:

5.Reverse a String using Stack.

CODE:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define max 100
int top,stack[max];
void push(char x)
{
if(top == max-1){
printf("stack overflow");
} else {
stack[++top]=x;
}
}
void pop()
{
printf("%c",stack[top--]);
}
main()
{
printf("The given string is:\n");
printf("\tCRAB ) hgniS ramuK tijA(\n");
printf("After reversing, the string looks like:\n");
char str[]="CRAB )hgniS ramuK tijA";
int len = strlen(str);
 int i;
for(i=0;i<len;i++)
push(str[i]);
for(i=0;i<len;i++)
pop();
}
OUTPUT;

6.Check the Validity of an expression containing nested parentheses.

CODE:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
#define MAX 20
struct stack
{
char stk[MAX];
int top;
}s;
void push(char item)
{
if (s.top == (MAX - 1))
printf ("Stack is Full\n");
else
{
s.top = s.top + 1;
s.stk[s.top] = item;
}
}
void pop()
{
if (s.top == - 1)
{
printf ("Stack is Empty\n");
}
else
{
s.top = s.top - 1;
}
}
int main()
{
char exp[MAX];
int i = 0;
s.top = -1;
printf("\nINPUT THE EXPRESSION : ");
scanf("%s", exp);
for(i = 0;i < strlen(exp);i++)
{
if(exp[i] == '(' || exp[i] == '[' || exp[i] == '{')
{
push(exp[i]);
continue;
}
else if(exp[i] == ')' || exp[i] == ']' || exp[i] == '}')
{
if(exp[i] == ')')
{
if(s.stk[s.top] == '(')
{
pop();
}
else
{
printf("\nUNBALANCED EXPRESSION\n");
break;
}
}
if(exp[i] == ']')
{
if(s.stk[s.top] == '[')
{
pop();
}
else
{
printf("\nUNBALANCED EXPRESSION\n");
break;
}
}
if(exp[i] == '}')
{
if(s.stk[s.top] == '{')
{
pop();
}
else
{
printf("\nUNBALANCED EXPRESSION\n");
break;
}
}
}
}
if(s.top == -1)
{
printf("\nBALANCED EXPRESSION\n");
}
}

OUTPUT:

7. Convert infix expression into postfix expression.

CODE:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<ctype.h>

char stack[100];
int top = -1;

void push(char x)
{
stack[++top] = x;
}

char pop()
{
if(top == -1)
return -1;
else
return stack[top--];
}

int priority(char x)
{
if(x == '(')
return 0;
if(x == '+' || x == '-')
return 1;
if(x == '*' || x == '/')
return 2;
return 0;
}

int main()
{
char exp[100];
char *e, x;
printf("Enter the expression : ");
scanf("%s",exp);
printf("\n");
e = exp;

while(*e != '\0')
{
if(isalnum(*e))
printf("%c ",*e);
else if(*e == '(')
push(*e);
 else if(*e == ')')
{
while((x = pop()) != '(')
printf("%c ", x);
}
else
{
while(priority(stack[top]) >= priority(*e))
printf("%c ",pop());
push(*e);
}
e++;
}

while(top != -1)
{
printf("%c ",pop());
}return 0;
}

OUTPUT:

8. Evaluate a postfix expression.

CODE:

#include<stdio.h>
#define MAX 20
typedef struct stack
{
int data[MAX];
int top;
}stack;
void init(stack *);
int empty(stack *);
int full(stack *);
int pop(stack *);
void push(stack *,int);
int evaluate(char x,int op1,int op2);
int main()
{
stack s;
char x;
int op1,op2,val;
init(&s);
printf("Enter the expression(eg: 59+3*)\nSingle digit operand and
operators only:");
while((x=getchar())!='\n')
{
if(isdigit(x))
push(&s,x-48);
else
{
op2=pop(&s);
op1=pop(&s);
val=evaluate(x,op1,op2);
push(&s,val);
}
}
val=pop(&s);
printf("\nValue of expression=%d",val);
return 0;
}
int evaluate(char x,int op1,int op2)
{
if(x=='+')
return(op1+op2);
if(x=='-')
return(op1-op2);
if(x=='*')
return(op1*op2);
if(x=='/')
return(op1/op2);
if(x=='%')
return(op1%op2);
}
void init(stack *s)
{
s->top=-1;
}
int empty(stack *s)
{
if(s->top==-1)
return(1);
return(0);
}
int full(stack *s)
{
if(s->top==MAX-1)
return(1);
return(0);
}
void push(stack *s,int x)
{
s->top=s->top+1;
s->data[s->top]=x;
}
int pop(stack *s)
{
int x;
x=s->data[s->top];
s->top=s->top-1;
return(x);
}

OUTPUT:
9. Implement all the basic operations of a queue using array.

CODE:

#include<stdio.h>
#define n 5
int main()
{
int queue[n],ch=1,front=0,rear=0,i,j=1,x=n;
printf("Queue using Array");
printf("\n1.Insertion \t2.Deletion \t3.Display \t4.Exit");
while(ch)
{
printf("\nEnter the Choice:");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
if(rear==x)
printf("\n Queue is Full");
else
{
printf("\n Enter no %d:",j++);
scanf("%d",&queue[rear++]);
}
break;
case 2:
if(front==rear)
{
printf("\n Queue is empty");
}
else
{
printf("\n Deleted Element is %d",queue[front++]);
x++;
}
break;
case 3:
printf("\nQueue Elements are:\n ");
if(front==rear)
printf("\n Queue is Empty");
else
{
 for(i=front; i<rear; i++)
{
printf("%d\t",queue[i]);
}
break;
case 4:
exit(0);
default:
printf("Wrong Choice: please see the options");
}
}
}
return 0;
}

OUTPUT:

10. Implement all the basic operations of a Linked list.

CODE:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int count=0;
struct Node *start=NULL;
struct Node
{
int data;
struct Node *next;
};
void insert_at_begin(int x)
{
struct Node *t;
t=(struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
count++;
if(start==NULL)
{
start=t;
start->data=x;
start->next=NULL;
return;
}
t->data=x;
t->next=start;
start=t;
}
void insert_at_end(int x)
{
struct Node *t,*temp;
t=(struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
count++;
if(start==NULL)
{
start=t;
 start->data=x;
start->next=NULL;
return;
}
temp=start;
while(temp->next!=NULL)
{
temp=temp->next;
}
temp->next=t;
t->data=x;
t->next=NULL;
}
void delete_from_begin()
{
struct Node *t;
int n;
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("Linked List is empty!!!\n\n");
return;
}
n=start->data;
t=start->next;
free(start);
start=t;
count--;
printf("Deleted element is %d\n\n",n);
return;
}
void delete_from_end()
{
struct Node *t,*u;
 int n;
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("Linked List is empty!!!\n\n");
return;
}
count--;
if(start->next==NULL)
{
n=start->data;
free(start);
start=NULL;
printf("Deleted element is %d\n\n",n);
return;
}
t=start;
while(t->next!=NULL)
{
u=t;
t=t->next;
}
n=t->data;
u->next=NULL;
free(t);
printf("Deleted element is %d\n\n",n);
return;
}
void display()
{
struct Node *t;
if(start==NULL)
{
printf("Linked List is empty!!!\n\n");
 return;
}
printf("No of elements: %d\n",count);
printf("Elements are: ");
t=start;
while(t->next!=NULL)
{
printf("%d ",t->data);
t=t->next;
}
printf("%d ",t->data);
printf("\n\n");
}
int main()
{
int ch,data;
while(1)
{
printf("---LINKED LIST PROGRAMS---\n");
printf("1. INSERT AT BEGINING\n");
printf("2. INSERT AT END\n");
printf("3. DELETE FROM BEGINING\n");
printf("4. DELETE FROM END\n");
printf("5. DISPLAY LIST\n");
printf("6. EXIT\n\n");
printf("Enter your choice: ");
scanf("%d",&ch);
if(ch==1)
{
printf("Enter the insert value: ");
scanf("%d",&data);
printf("\n");
insert_at_begin(data);
 }
else if(ch==2)
{
printf("Enter the insert value: ");
scanf("%d",&data);
printf("\n");
insert_at_end(data);
}
else if(ch==3)
{
delete_from_begin();
}
else if(ch==4)
{
delete_from_end();
}
else if(ch==5)
{
display();
}
else if(ch==6)
{
break;
}
else
{
printf("Wrong choice!!!\n");
}
}
}
OUTPUT;
11. Search an element in the Linked list of 10 nodes.

Code:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct node
{
int data;
struct node *next;
} * head;
void createList(int n);
void displayList();
int search(int key);
int main()
{
int n, keyToSearch, index;
printf("Enter number of node to create: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
createList(n);
printf("\nData in list: \n");
displayList();
printf("\nEnter element to search: ");
scanf("%d", &keyToSearch);
index = search(keyToSearch);
if (index >= 0)
printf("%d found in the list at position %d\n",
keyToSearch, index + 1);
else
printf("%d not found in the list.\n", keyToSearch);
return 0;
}
void createList(int n)
{
struct node *newNode, *temp;
int data, i;
head = malloc(sizeof(struct node));
if (head == NULL)
{
printf("Unable to allocate memory. Exiting from
app.");
exit(0);
}
printf("Enter data of node 1: ");
scanf("%d", &data);
head->data = data;
head->next = NULL;
temp = head;
for (i = 2; i <= n; i++)
{
newNode = malloc(sizeof(struct node));
if (newNode == NULL)
{
printf("Unable to allocate memory. Exiting from
app.");
exit(0);
}
printf("Enter data of node %d: ", i);
scanf("%d", &data);
newNode->data = data;
newNode->next = NULL;
temp->next = newNode;
temp = temp->next;
}
}
void displayList()
{
struct node *temp;
if (head == NULL)
{
printf("List is empty.\n");
return;
}
temp = head;
while (temp != NULL)
{
printf("%d, ", temp->data);
temp = temp->next;
}
printf("\n");
}
int search(int key)
{
int index;
struct node *curNode;
index = 0;
curNode = head;
while (curNode != NULL && curNode->data != key)
{
index++;
curNode = curNode->next;
}
return (curNode != NULL) ? index : -1;
}

OUTPUT:
12. Implement queue using stack.

CODE:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void push1(int);
void push2(int);
int pop1();
int pop2();
void enqueue();
void dequeue();
void display();
void create();
int st1[100], st2[100];
int top1 = -1, top2 = -1;
int count = 0;
void main()
{
int ch;
printf("\n1 - Enqueue element into queue");
printf("\n2 - Dequeu element from queue");
printf("\n3 - Display from queue");
printf("\n4 - Exit");
create();
while (1)
{
printf("\nEnter choice");
scanf("%d", &ch);
switch (ch)
{
case 1:
enqueue();
break;
case 2:
dequeue();
break;
case 3:
display();
break;
case 4:
exit(0);
default:
printf("Wrong choice");
}
}
}
void create()
{
top1 = top2 = -1;
}
void push1(int data)
{
st1[++top1] = data;
}
int pop1()
{
return(st1[top1--]);
}
void push2(int data)
{
st2[++top2] = data;
}
int pop2()
{
return(st2[top2--]);
}
void enqueue()
{
int data, i;
printf("Enter data into queue");
scanf("%d", &data);
push1(data);
count++;
}
void dequeue()
{
int i;
for (i = 0;i <= count;i++)
{
push2(pop1());
}
pop2();
count--;
for (i = 0;i <= count;i++)
{
push1(pop2());
}
}
void display()
{
int i;
for (i = 0;i <= top1;i++)
{
printf(" %d ", st1[i]);
}
}

OUTPUT:
13. Implement Prim’s Algorithm.

CODE:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#define infinity 9999
#define MAX 20
int G[MAX][MAX],spanning[MAX][MAX],n;
int prims();
int main()
{
int i,j,total_cost;
printf("Enter no. of vertices:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter the adjacency matrix:\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&G[i][j]);
total_cost=prims();
printf("\nspanning tree matrix:\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
printf("%d\t",spanning[i][j]);
}
printf("\n\nTotal cost of spanning
tree=%d",total_cost);
return 0;
}
int prims()
{
int cost[MAX][MAX];
int
u,v,min_distance,distance[MAX],from[MAX];
int visited[MAX],no_of_edges,i,min_cost,j;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
if(G[i][j]==0)
cost[i][j]=infinity;
else
cost[i][j]=G[i][j];
spanning[i][j]=0;
}
distance[0]=0;
visited[0]=1;
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
distance[i]=cost[0][i];
from[i]=0;
visited[i]=0;
}
min_cost=0;
no_of_edges=n-1;
while(no_of_edges>0)
{
min_distance=infinity;
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
if(visited[i]==0&&distance[i]<min_distanc
e)
{
v=i;
min_distance=distance[i];
}
u=from[v];
spanning[u][v]=distance[v];
spanning[v][u]=distance[v];
no_of_edges--;
visited[v]=1;
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
if(visited[i]==0&&cost[i][v]<distance[i])
{
distance[i]=cost[i][v];
from[i]=v;
}
min_cost=min_cost+cost[u][v];
}
return(min_cost);
}

OUTPUT;

14. Implement Kruskal Algorithm.

CODE:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int i,j,k,a,b,u,v,n,ne=1;
int
min,mincost=0,cost[9][9],parent
[9];
int find(int);
int uni(int,int);
void main()
{
printf("\nImplementation of
Kruskal's algorithm\n");
printf("\nEnter the no. of
vertices:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter the cost
adjacency matrix:\n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&cost[i][j]);
if(cost[i][j]==0)
cost[i][j]=999;
}
}
printf("The edges of Minimum
Cost Spanning Tree are\n");
while(ne < n)
{
for(i=1,min=999;i<=n;i++)
{
for(j=1;j <= n;j++)
{
if(cost[i][j] < min)
{
min=cost[i][j];
a=u=i;
b=v=j;
}
}
}
u=find(u);
v=find(v);
if(uni(u,v))
{
printf("%d edge (%d,%d)
=%d\n",ne++,a,b,min);
mincost +=min;
}
cost[a][b]=cost[b][a]=999;
}
printf("\n\tMinimum cost
= %d\n",mincost);
}
int find(int i)
{
while(parent[i])
i=parent[i];
return i;
}
int uni(int i,int j)
{
if(i!=j)
{
parent[j]=i;
return 1;
}
return 0;
}

OUTPUT:
15. Solve 0/1 knapsack problem.

CODE:
#include<stdio.h>
int max(int a, int b) { return (a > b)? a : b; }
int knapSack(int W, int wt[], int val[], int n)
{
int i, w;
int K[n+1][W+1];
for (i = 0; i <= n; i++)
{
for (w = 0; w <= W; w++)
{
if (i==0 || w==0)
K[i][w] = 0;
else if (wt[i-1] <= w)
K[i][w] = max(val[i-1] + K[i-1][w-wt[i-1]], K[i-
1][w]);
else
K[i][w] = K[i-1][w];
}
}
return K[n][W];
}
int main()
{
int i, n, val[20], wt[20], W;
printf("Enter number of items:");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter value and weight of items:\n");
for(i = 0;i < n; ++i){
scanf("%d%d", &val[i], &wt[i]);
}
printf("Enter size of knapsack:");
scanf("%d", &W);
printf("%d", knapSack(W, wt, val, n));
return 0;
}
OUTPUT: