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Engineers(Cheg2101)
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Contents:
3.1 Energy transfer
3.2 Determination of specific work of fluid machines
3.3 Determination of the pressure specific work
3.4 Determination of the adiabatic specific work using
thermodynamic diagrams
3.5 Capacity, power and performance characteristics
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Objective:
The chapter helps to know how to calculate the
mechanical energy and power transferred from a fluid
machine to a flow medium from measurable quantities.
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3.1 Energy Transfer
Total loss= losses outside + inside
Energy loss Energy loss outside
in the drive the fluid machine Total energy
(bearings, couplings) loss of the
fluid machine
Energy loss inside the fluid
machine (increases in non
Total Energy utilizable-energy content of
from the the flow medium)
Energy delivered
source
to the fluid
machine Useful energy rise of the
flow medium (Increase in
mechanical energy) Prime Mover/Drive
The source of energy may be:- electricity, The energy from these sources is
compressed air, steam, or fuel. converted to mechanical energy using
motors, gas or steam turbines or
4 diesel engines
3.2 Determination Of Specific Work
Of Fluid Machines
Pt Y gH
Note that all the three terms represent the useful energy
transferred from the fluid machine to the flow medium in
different ways.
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The Bernoulli Equation
dP c2 dp c2D c2S
Y ge
D
dY d g dz
S
2
2
Y= Specific work of fluid machine
Pressure Energy
P= Static pressure of the flow medium
c= mean velocity of the flow medium
Velocity Energy
z= height from datum level
= Density of the flow medium Geodetic Energy
g= Gravitational acceleration
Discharge end
Suction end
Discharge end
e
e
Suction
end
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3.3 Determination of The Pressure Specific Work, Ypr
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Example 2
A centrifugal fan is used to exhaust air from a workshop. The
ambient temperature of the workshop is 210C. The static
pressures at the suction and discharge end of the fan are
measured to be 1.01 bar and 1.12 bar respectively. The
discharge end is 0.6m above the suction end. Determine the
total pressure of the fan if the difference in velocity between
the suction and discharge ends is negligible.
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Case 2: Blowers and Compressors
The density of the flow medium changes
significantly between the suction and discharge ends
therefore we cannot use the equation derived for
pumps and fans.
Y Pr S vdP
D 1
v
v is the specific volume of the flow medium [v]=m3/kg
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In isothermal compression the temperature of the flow
medium is kept constant.
In Adiabatic compression there is no heat transfer between
the flow medium and the surrounding
P D
n>k
P S
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v
Figure 3.3 Polytrophic curves of compressible flow medium
3.3.1 YPr for Isothermal Compression /Yiso
Pv constant P S S
PD, vD
dP n=1 [Isothermal]
Ps vs
P
Yiso
v
P
P s vs D dP
Y iso S dP Ps vs S
D
PS, vs
P P
v
PD
Figure 3.4 Isothermal compression specific work Y iso P s vs ln
PS
R T S PD
Y iso ln
13 M PS
3.3.2 Ypr for Adiabatic Isentropic Compression (Yad)
P v Constant Ps v
K K P sv P
K
1/ k
vk
S v S 1/ k S
S
1/ k P P
v
S P S 1 / k s dP P1S/ k v s S P1 / k dp
D D
Y ad R C
P C P CV R , and P k
M CV
1 11/k
Yad P
1/k
vs P P
11/k
CP
CP R k R
CP
1 1/k
S D S
k M k 1 M
K 1
k
PD K
P S vs 1 K 1
k 1
Yad
P S P K
Yad C P T s 1
D
PS
K 1
RTs k
P D
K
Y ad
M k 1 1
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P
S
Table 3.1 Values of the specific heat ratio k
Gas k
Mono-atomicgases[Helium, argon,] 1.66
Diatomic gases [N2, O2, H2, air] 1.44
Methane 1.32
SO2 1.29
Ethane 1.20
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Example 3
A compressor is used to compress N2 gas. The suction
temperature and pressure are 120C and 1.02 bar respectively.
The discharge pressure is measured to be 4.3 bar. Determine
the useful specific energy transferred from the compressor to
the flow medium (a) assuming adiabatic compression (b)
isothermal compression. The velocity and geodetic specific
energies are negligible as compared to the compression
energy.
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3.3.3 Adiabatic Discharge Temperature
v D PS
P v Ps vS
K K
D D
vS P D
k 1
Ps vs P D v D v D PS T D PD k
T ad TD T S
Ts TD vS P D T S PS
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3.4 Determination of The Adiabatic Specific Work
Using Thermodynamic Diagrams
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Yad h Yad hD hS
Yad and TD, ad using a T-S diagram
Constant Pressure Lines
P D Actual Compression
TD
Adiabatic Isentropic Compression
TD,ad
hD
h (Constant enthalpy )lines
T
TS hS
PS
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Yad using h-S diagram
Constant pressure lines
PD
hD
hS Ts, Ps
S[kJ/kg-K]
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3.5 Capacity, Power and Performance Characteristics
3.5.1 Characteristic sizes of a fluid machine
N QPt
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It is good to note that the useful power in compressors
and blower is calculated in two different ways.
For isothermal compression:-
Y Yios Yvel Ygeo
For adiabatic:-
Y Yad Yvel Ygeo
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N QY QgH
Nb Nb Nb
Where:-
= Overall efficiency, Nb= brake power, N=useful power
Since the useful power in case of compressors can be calculated
as either isothermal or adiabatic the efficiency is also defined
likewise.
QYad QYiso
ad iso
Nb Nb
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Example 5
The test result of an air compressor is presented below.
Suction End
Absolute Pressure 1.0 bar
Suction Temperature 180C
Flow rate at suction condition 500m3/hr
Discharge End
Absolute Pressure 2.5 bar
The brake power (output power of the motor) is 20.4 kW.
Determine the adiabatic and isothermal efficiency of the
compressor. Neglect the velocity and geodetic energies.
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Example 6:-
Determine the power saving in compressing 1 kg/s of CO2 from
1atm and 150C to (a) 4atm (b) 20atm according to isothermal
rather than adiabatic compression. What will be the adiabatic
discharge temperatures?
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3.5.2 Performance Characteristics of Fluid Machines
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0.90
16 0.80
0.70
12 0.60
Efficiency
0.50
Head[m]
8 0.40
0.30
4 0.20
0.10
0 0.00
0 50 100 150 200
Q[m3/hr]
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