Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Genetics 遗传学 The study of genes 基因, genetic 遗传 variation 变异, and heredity 遗传 in
organisms
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Microbiology The study of microscopic organisms
微生物学
Nanobiotechnology The study of the application of nanotechnologies 纳米技术 in biological
纳米生物技术 fields
Ornithology 鸟类学 the scientific study of of birds.
Pathology 病理 The study of organs 器官 that are diseased and cannot function properly.
Physiology 生理学 The study of functions 功能 of living organisms and their parts
Sports science The study of plan treatment 治疗计划 and training programmes for the
体育科学 preparation and rehabilitation 复原 of athletes.运动员
Taxonomy 分类学 The study of classification 分类 of organisms
Zoology 动物学 The study of animals
Virology 病毒学 The study of living things in or on water
Entomology 昆虫学.
Embryology 胚胎学
Histology 组织学.
Mycology 真菌学
Aquatic Biology 水
生生物学
Dentistry 牙科 The medical study of the teeth and the mouth.
Forestry 林学 The study of forest management
Horticulture 园艺 The culture of ornamental 装饰点缀 plants and new plant varieties 品种.
Molecular Biology The study of the structure and activity of macromolecules 大分子 essential 必
分子生物学 需 to life.
Pharmacy 药剂系 The study on how to prepare medicines and drugs.
Veterinary 兽医 The study connected with caring for the health of animals.
science
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• Gene therapy
• Plastic surgery 整形外科
• In vitro fertilisation 体外授精
• Production of vaccine 疫苗 and insulin 胰岛素
Agriculture • High-yielding 高产 and pest- resistant 抗虫 varieties of crops 农作物
• Hydroponic 水培 and aeroponic 气培 technology
Food production • Food production technology such as canning 罐头, pasteurisation 巴氏
食品生产 杀菌 and vacuum packaging 真空包装 prevent rotting 腐败 of food caused
by bacteria.
• This field also make use of bacteria and microorganisms to produce food
like cheese 乳酪, yogurt 酸奶, soy sauce and bread.
Pharmaceutical 制药业 Production of synthetic 人 造 vitamins, vaccines, insulin and synthetic
enzymes.
Nanobiotechnology Applies nanotechnology and biotechnology to diagnose 诊断 diseases,
understand the mechanisms of diseases and cellular action at the molecular
level, as well as to deliver medication 送药, vaccines and other substances
to specific 具体 targets 目标 more effectively.
Bioinformation Combines biology, computer science, mathematics and statistics to analyse
biological data, especially in the study involving genomes 基 因 组 of
organisms.
Biotechnology Has wide applications in the fields of medicine, agriculture, food
production and pharmaceutical industry.
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Fume hood
(fume chamber) • Experiments that emit 释 放 flammable, toxic,
通风柜 corrosive 腐 蚀 性 or smelly 臭 gases or vapours are
carried out in the fume hood.
• The fume hood prevents exposure 暴露 to hazardous
gases such as chlorine 氯 , bromine 溴 and nitrogen
dioxide.二氧化氮
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Eye wash station Place to wash the eyes when in
contact 接 触 with chemical splashes
飞溅 such as acids or alkalis.
Substances that can be disposed into Substances that cannot be disposed into the sink
the sink
• Substances with a pH value between • Solid wastes such as glass 玻璃 splinters 碎片 and rubber
5 and 9 fragments 碎片
• Liquids or solutions with a low • Substances with pH values of less than 5 or greater than
concentration and harmless such as 9
distilled water, dye 染料 solution and • Organic solvents 有机溶剂 such as alcohols, acetone and
sugar solution, iodine solution and benzene
starch solution • Chemical substances (acids, greases 油脂, oils, oil paints
油画原料, hydrogen peroxide 过氧化氢)
• Toxic substances
• Heavy metals 重金属 such as mercury 水银
• Organic waste materials (microorganisms, carcasses 尸
体)
• Radioactive waste 放射性废物
• Volatile 挥发性 substances such as alcohol and mercury
• Reactive materials
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Category B Solid biological wastes Packed first in autoclave resistant biohazard 生
(non-sharp such as gloves, tissue paper, 物危害 plastic bags, sterilised in an autoclave 高
wastes) petri dishes, plastic culture 压釜 for decontamination 去污, and then placed
containers and hardened agar into a biohazard bin. Biohazard plastic bags
cannot be thrown into regular waste baskets.
Category D Broth 肉汤 culture and liquid All liquid biological wastes must be
(liquids) medium such as blood and/or decontaminated by autoclaving before disposal.
blood products such as serum 血 Biological liquid wastes that have been sterilised
清 must be disposed of directly into the laboratory
sinks or toilet.
• Decontamination through autoclaving is done at 121°C and pressurised at 15 psi for 20 minutes.
Biohazard plastic bags that have been sterilised in an autoclave and sharp waste containers must be
stored temporarily in a controlled storage place until the scheduled 计划的 time for disposal 弃置.
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3. Sprinkle 撒 sulphur to cover 覆盖 the mercury spills.
4. Call the fire and rescue department.消防局
1. CLOTHING ETHICS 伦理
Use a lab coat, gloves, safety shoes and goggles when appropriate.
6. EMERGENCY HELP
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The following procedures should be followed in the event of an accident:
• Inform your teacher.
• Call the fire and rescue emergency number.
• Remove the victim from the scene.现场
• Give emergency treatment.治疗
• Make the place of accident as a restricted area.
Communication 交流 in Biology
1 Communication in biology by biologists on their findings 发现 are mainly in the form of tables,
graphs and biological drawings.
2. The result of the experiment is known as data 数据. Data is obtained during the observation 观察
and measurement 测量. Data can exist in various forms including numbers and drawing.
3. During scientific investigation, data has to be recorded.
Tables 表
1 When carrying out an investigation, the experimental data must be recorded in a suitable table.
2 A table allows the data to be arranged systematically for comparison 比较 and analysis.分析
3 The headings 标题 in the table consist of manipulated and responding variables with the respective
units.
Graphs 图表
1 The relationship between the manipulated variable and responding variable can be shown in
the form of a graph. The following is a line graph based on the data in Table 1.3.
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How to draw a graph
• Determine a suitable scale. The scaling on the axis must be uniform.
• Write the title of the graph on the graph paper.
• Label the x-axis and y-axis together with the units used.
• Plot all points using data from the table with a suitable symbol such as ‘X,.
• If the points appear to be in a straight line, join all the points using a pencil and ruler.
• If the points appear to be a curve 曲线, draw the curve smoothly without using a ruler.
• If there are points which fall out of the curve, ignore 忽略 the points or repeat the experiment
to obtain new values for those points.
2. Bar charts 条图 present data using vertical bars that are not joined to each other.
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How to draw a bar chart
• Draw the x-axis that
represents the manipulated
variable and y-axis that
represents the responding
variable.
• There is a space 空间
between two adjacent bars.
3 A histogram 直方图 visually shows the distribution 分布 of the data and the frequency of a value
in a set of data.
How to draw a histogram
• Draw the x-axis to represent the
manipulated variable and the y-axis to
represent the responding variable.
• Insert the label and units on the
axes.
• The size or the width of the bars
must be the same for all the class
intervals and there should be no spaces
between the bars.
• The title of the graph must be
written as 'Graph of (responding
variable) against (manipulated
variable).
Biological drawings
1. Biological drawings must be exact to give an accurate representation of an observed specimen.
2. Drawing is a method to collect data as it involves recording data from specimen.
3. Characteristics of biological drawings
• Large and accurate; use a sharp pencil and not a colour pencil or pen.
• Not shaded artistically.
• Lines drawn must be clear, clean and continuous. Do not use a ruler to draw the outline of
a specimen.
• Drawings must be labelled. Label lines must point to the correct structure, no arrowheads,
must be straight and not cross each other.
• Drawings must have titles.
• Each structure in the drawing must be placed in the correct position, and its size should be
proportionate to the rest of the structures.
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• The magnification factor 放大倍数 of a drawing must be stated, for example:
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2. (a) A cross section (transverse section)
refers to a cut made horizontally to divide a
structure into the upper and lower parts.
(b) A longitudinal section divides the
structure vertically into left and right parts.
2. For animals like fish, the commonly used terms for body orientation are as follow:
Dorsal the back of the animal
Ventral the lower part of the animal
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Anterior the front or head of the animal
Posterior the back or tail of the animal
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Variables:
• Manipulated variable: Sugar concentration
• Responding variable: Height of dough
• Fixed variable: Amount of yeast, volume of water, type and quantity of flour, temperature
and time for dough to expand
Materials and Apparatus:
Petri dishes, spatulas, transparent drinking straws, clothes pegs, a metre ruler, a marker pen,
stopwatch, scales, flour, dry yeast, warm water and sugar
Procedure:
1. 10 straws are marked with a marker pen at a distance of 3 cm from one end.
2. Each Petri dishes are labelled as control, A, B, C and D.
3. A mixture of 10 g of flour cmd 1 g of dry yeast are mixed in each of the five Petri dishes.
4. 0.5 g, 1.0 g, 1.5 g and 2.0 g of sugar are added to Petri dishes A, B, C and D respectively.
5. The contents in all the five Petri dishes are stirred with separate spatulas to mix them up properly.
6. 10 of warm water is added to the mixture in the control Petri dish and the dough is kneaded for 2
minutes.
7. The dough is inserted into the marked end of two drinking straws to a length of 3 cm.
8. The ends of the two drinking straws containing the dough are clamped with a clothes peg and left
to stand.
9. Steps 6-7 are repeated for Petri dishes A, B, C and D. 10. A stopwatch is started.
11. At the end ol 30 minutes, the heights of the dough inside all the drinking straws is measured and
recorded in a table.
Results :
Discussion
1. The average height of the dough for each of the different Petri dishes is calculated from the
first and the second drinking straws.
2. From Table 1.8, as the mass of sugar increases from 0 g to 2.0 g, the average height of the
dough increases from 0 cm to 5.0 cm.
Conclusion
The higher the concentration of sugar in the dough, the higher the dough will expand. The hypothesis
is accepted.
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