PHARMACEUTICAL BY: SHWETA SINGH CHAUHAN

BIOTECHNOLOGY
Assistant Professor
UNIT I CHAPTER A
SRM College of Pharmacy, Modinagar
BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO
BIOTECHNOLOGY WITH
REFERENCE TO PHARMACEUTICAL
SCIENCES
 Introduction

PRESENTATION
OUTLINE: Development

Scope

Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION
• Biotechnology is derived from three Greek words:
bios – life
technos – Technology
&
logos- Thinking

• Biotechnology, as the word suggests, is combination of biology and technology. Biotechnology is the use of
technology to use, modify or upgrade the part or whole of biological system for industrial and human welfare.
Biotechnology is defined as:

• “Biotechnology is the application of biological organisms, system or process to manufacturing and

service industries." (British or processes to manufacturing and Biotechnologist)

• “Biotechnology is the integrated use of biochemistry, microbiology, and engineering sciences in

order to achieve technological (industrial) application of the capabilities of micro-organisms,
cultured tissue cells.” (European Federation of Biotechnology).

• “Biotechnology is the controlled use of biological agents, such as microorganisms or cellular

components.”(US National Science Foundation)
FATHER OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Bio-Technology is the use of living things especially cells and bacteria for production of various
products for benefiting human beings.

• It is a combination of various technologies, applied together to living cells, including not only
biology, but also subjects like mathematics, physics, chemistry and engineering.

• Its application ranges from agriculture to industry, medicine, nutrition, environmental conservation,
Cell Biology, making it one of the fastest growing fields.

• Biotechnology is to modify genetic structure in animals and plants to improve them in desired way
for getting beneficial products.
DEVELOPMEN
TS OF
BIOTECHNOLO
GY
 HISTORY
• People were using biotechnology techniques thousands
of years before, but they did not name their working field
as biotechnology. The name biotechnology was given by
Hungarian engineer Karl Ereky in 1919 to describe a
technology based on converting raw materials into a
more useful product.
• The ancient Egyptians made wine using fermentation
techniques based on an understanding of the
microbiological processes that occur in the absence of
oxygen.
 Egyptians also applied fermentation technologies to make dough rise during bread-making. Due in
part to this application, there were more than 50 varieties of bread in Egypt more than 4,000 years
ago.

 In wetter parts of the Nile Valley, Egyptians also bred geese and cattle to meet their society's
nutritional and dietary needs.

 Yogurt was made at homes but the reason of the conversion of milk into yogurt was unknown to old
people. Later researches showed that yogurt is made due to the action of yeast added to milk; which
is also biotechnology as it uses a micro-organism for benefiting human.

 People have used selective breeding to improve production of crops and livestock to use them for
food. In selective breeding, organisms with desirable characteristics are mated to produce offspring
with the same characteristics. For example, this technique was used with corn to produce the largest
and sweetest crops.
MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY

•The Second World War became a major impediment in scientific discoveries. After the end of the
second world war some, very crucial discoveries were reported, which paved the path for modern
biotechnology and to its current status.
•In 1953, JD Watson and FHC Crick for the first time cleared the mysteries around the DNA as a
genetic material, by giving a structural model of DNA, popularly known as, ‘Double Helix Model of
DNA’. This model was able to explain various phenomena related to DNA replication, and its role in
inheritance.
•Dr. Hargobind Khorana was able to synthesize the DNA in test tube, while Karl Mullis added value
to Khorana's discovery by amplifying DNA in a test tube, thousand times more than the original
amount of DNA.
• Using this technological advancement, other scientists were able to insert a foreign DNA into
another host and were even able to monitor the transfer of a foreign DNA into the next generation.
• In 1997, Ian Wilmut an Irish scientist, was successful to clone a sheep and named the cloned sheep as
‘Dolly’.
• In 2003, the Human Genome Project completes sequencing of the human genome.

• In 1978, Boyer was able to isolate a gene for insulin(a hormone to regulate blood sugar levels) from
human genome using biotechnology. He then inserted it into bacteria, which allowed the gene to
reproduce a larger quantity of insulin for diabetics.
•Currently, there are :
 More than 250 biotechnology health care products and vaccines available to patients, many for
previously untreatable diseases.
 More than 13.3 million farmers around the world use agricultural biotechnology to increase
yields, prevent damage from pests and reduce farming's impact on the environment.

• More than 50 biorefineries are being built across North America to test and refine technologies to
produce biofuels and chemicals from renewable biomass, which can help reduce greenhouse gas
emissions
SCOPE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Different colors of rainbow are used to describe very wide and well-developed
ranges of biotechnological activities is called rainbow code of biotechnology.
 ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Animals provide several products we use in everyday life: Milk, Leather, Meat , Wool, Egg, Enzymes and many
more
Animal Biotech:
a) Improve animals or the products they produce: Animals may be used to produce products that promote human
health, Increase milk productivity, Example Transgenic organisms are organisms that are injected with foreign DNA
from another organism, Cows engineered to produce human hemoglobin.
b) Animal Cloning: Cloning is the copying animal gene into many copies, Start with Embryo Twinning (splitting
embryos in half)
• Advantage of cloning: preservation of endangered animals, studying the effect of drugs etc on duplicates, For
Example: Dolly and her surrogate mother.
c) Improvement of animal Health:
• Animal health and well being have become increasingly important issues for animal producers and consumers.
• Biotechnology can improve animal health by producing genetically engineered animal that resist disease.
• The development of genome resources and technologies allow for identification of several host resistance genes.
• Aim: to prepare and present about genetic bases of disease resistance in the livestock sector 
D) Artificial Insemination (AI): Artificial insemination- the transfer of collected semen to a recipient female
• Semen is collected from males of desired quality
• Semen is graded and stored.
• Female must be in estrus for conception
• Hormone injections may be used to synchronize estrus
• Semen is placed in the cervix near the horns of the uterus
E) Creating test tube baby:
• In vitro fertilization- fertilization of collected ova outside the reproductive tract; Usually in a test tube – Semen
is collected from males of desired quality – Ova are removed from females – Sperm and ova are placed in a petri
dish or test tube.
F) Embryo transfer:
• Embryo transfer- removing fertilized ova (embryos) from donor and implanting in a recipient – Surgical and
nonsurgical methods are used to remove and implant – A quality donor female can produce more offspring
G) Multiple Ovulation:
• Multiple ovulation- promoting increased release of ova during estrus – Hormone injections administered prior
to estrus – Used with embryo transfer – AI may be used to fertilize ova – After fertilization, embryos are
removed and placed in recipients 
MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Medical Biotechnology is applied to medical processes.
• Some examples are the designing of organisms to produce antibiotics, and the engineering of genetic
cures through genomic manipulation.
Example - Genomic Manipulation: Gene Therapy Erythromycin Antibiotic
ENVIRONMENT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Any biotechnological process that may promote a good environment :
Genetically engineered organisms developed during the gulf war to “eat” oil.
Organism used in gold mining to “eat” contaminants
Example:
Bioremediation: Using biological processes to solve environmental problems
Biodegradation: Natural processes of microbes in breaking down hydrocarbon materials
Advantage: Remove Oil spills, Used Wastewater treatment, Heavy metal removal, Chemical
degradation.
INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Industrial process: also known as industrial biotechnology, is biotechnology applied to industrial
processes.
• An example is the designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical.
• Another example is the using of enzymes as industrial catalysts to either produce valuable chemicals
or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals.
• White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than traditional processes used to produce
industrial goods
AGRO BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Plant biotech is biotechnology applied to agricultural (plant) processes.
• An example would be the selection and domestication of plants via micropropagation (Tissue
Culture).
• Another example is the designing of transgenic plants to grow under specific environmental
conditions or in the presence (or absence) of certain agricultural chemicals.
• One hope is that green biotechnology might produce more environmentally friendly solutions than
traditional industrial agriculture.
An example of this is the engineering of a plant to express a pesticide, there by eliminating the need
for external application of pesticides
 PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Pharmaceutical biotechnology consist of the combination of two branches which are “Pharmaceutical Science” and
“Biotechnology”
• Definition:
Pharmaceutical Science: Can simply be define as the branch of science that deals with the formulation compounding
and dispensing of drugs.
Biotechnology: Can simply be define as the application of biological system, living organism or their derivatives in
making or modifying products or processes for specific use.
Thus, The aim of this Pharmaceutical biotechnology is to design produce drugs that are adapted to each person genetic
make up, which can give the maximum therapeutic effect. Biotechnology plays an important role in pharmaceutical
science most especially in pharmaceutical industries by creation of genetically modified organisms that can be used in
industrial production.
COMMON PHARMACEUTICAL
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTS:
The common pharmaceutical biotechnology products that are made by the biotech pharmaceutical
companies includes:
• Antibodies
• Proteins
• Recombinant DNA Products
ANTIBODIES

• Antibodies are proteins that are produced by white blood cells and are used by the immune system
to identify bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances and to fight them off.
• In the recent years, monoclonal antibodies are one of the most exciting developments in
biotechnology pharmaceuticals.
• Example: Actinin Alpha monoclonal Antibodies, Actin smooth muscle monoclonal antibodies etc.
STEPS INVOLVED IN
PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONAL
ANTIBODIES
PROTEINS

• Proteins made of amino acids are large,

complex molecules that do most of the work
in cells and are required for the structure,
function, and regulation of the body’s tissues
and organs.
• Protein biotechnology is emerging as one of
the key technologies of the future for
understanding the development of many
diseases like cancer or amyloid formation
for better therapeutic intervention.
 RECOMBINANT DNA PRODUCT
• Recombinant Deoxyribonucleic Acid is the genetically engineered DNA created by recombining fragments of
DNA from different organisms. Some of the Recombinant DNA Products includes:
• Recombinant DNA Vaccines
• Recombinant DNA Drugs
• Recombinant DNA Enzymes
• Recombinant DNA Growth Hormone
• Recombinant DNA Insulin
• Recombinant DNA Proteins
• Recombinant DNA Yeast
• A recombinant vaccine is a vaccine produced
through recombinant DNA technology.

• This involves inserting the DNA encoding an

antigen (such as a bacterial surface protein)
that stimulates an immune response into
bacterial or mammalian cells, expressing the
antigen in these cells and then purifying it
from them.

• Example: Hepatitis B infection is controlled

using a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine
STEPS
INVOLVED
IN R-DNA
TECHNOLO
GY
CONCLUSION
•In short, Today’s biotechnology is continuing to help improve the way we live, and it helps us do
so more responsibly.
•The result of biotechnology is a diverse and nearly endless set of practical biotechnology products
helping us live longer and healthier lives, have a more abundant and sustainable food supply.

•Biotechnology has brought humanity to this level of comfort; the next question is, where will it
take us? Biotechnology has both beneficial and destructive potentials. It is we who should decide
how to use this technology to help humanity rather than to destroy it.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
• Define Biotechnology? Write a note on historical perspective of Biotechnology
• Write the major fields of Biotechnology and their applications?
• Explain role of biotechnology in development of pharmaceutical biotechnology?
• Write applications of pharmaceutical biotechnology
• Define pharmaceutical biotechnology and write its applications.
• What is the importance of animal biotechnology
• What is agro biotechnology?
• Write the role of industrial biotechnology in pharmaceutical development?