SAFETY FIRST

1. a) Expressing CERTAINTY: They will certainly disappear.

There is no doubt that ………
b) expressing PROBABILITY: They will probably disappear
Ex: It’s probable that they will disappear.
It’s likely that they will disappear.
c) Expressing POSSIBILITY: It’s possible that they will ..
They can\ could\may\might come.

2. Words ending in IC –ICS stress on penultimate syllable. ICAL = antepenultimate.

- economic economical economics
- economy economist economize
3. Cause and Consequence.
a- Cause: because – because of – thanks to– due to – since – for – as
b- Consequence: As a result, the result is, so, consequently, as a consequence,
thus, therefore, so…that.
Ex: He died because he got a very serious disease.
→ He got a very serious disease, as a consequence he died.

4. Words: appropriate suffixes. –tion, -ing, -ment, -or.

Reject→ Rejection React→ reaction
Produce→ production Reduce→ reduction
Treat→ treatment Pay→ payment
Advertise→ advertisement Manage→ management
Oppose→Opposition Compete→competition
Promote→promotion Farm→ farming
Commercialize→ commercialization
Industrialize→ indusrialization

5. Dependent preposition: of, with, for, to, about, from

-provide with - complain about - go to
-look for - protect from - suffer from
Accuse of

6. Stress :
Certificate = certification ** Integrate = Integration
3rd 2nd 3rd 2nd
Verb: 3rd starting from the last syllable. = Cer . ti . fi . cate
Noun: 2nd starting from the last syllable. = In . te . gra . tion

7. If-Conrditional type I – type II – type III

Type 1: Ex: They eat the wrong kind of food. They put on weight. (future time)
→ If they eat the wrong kind of food. They will put on weight.
Type 2: He is tired. He can’t go to meeting. (present time)
→ If he were not tired, he would/could go to the meeting.
Type 3: He ate rotten food. He got stomach ache and vomiting. (past time)
If they had not eaten rotten food, they would not have got stomach ache and vomiting.

8. too much / too little → uncountable things ex: too much /too little water (no S plural)
Too many/ too few → countable things. Ex: too many / too few books
Sufficient or appropriate. =enough
Ex: If they eat too little food, they won’t have sufficient energy.
→ If they eat too little food, they will have too little energy.

9. An excessive amount of = too much, . not an excessive amount of= too little.
An excessive quantity of = too much, not an excessive quantity of= too little.
Ex: If you put an excessive amount\quantity of sugar in your coffee, you may get diabetes.
If you put. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10. Not enough\ an insufficient amount of = too little or too few.

If you put an insufficient amount of petrol, the car will stop.
If you don’t put enough petrol in your car, it will stop. (Too little)

11. Because, because of, as, since, owing to, due to. (p.117)
Ex: Advertising is necessary for new business ……………… it informs consumers about the
services and productions they offer.
Ex: ……………….. the advertisement of fast foods, many people have developed unhealthy
eating and drinking habits.
Ex: …………………. consumers are aware of the importance of the environment; most food
industries now put eco-labels on the packages of their products.

12. Suffix: Y (p.118)

spice→spicy salt – pepper – taste – trick – health – greed – ease – speed – dirt – stuff
– dust – slime – sun – cloud – fog – snow – wind – mist – rain etc…
Opposites: (p. 118) → cheap ≠ expensive. * Shoppers ≠ sellers
Saving ≠ spending * high ≠ low * purchase ≠ sell * security ≠ danger
To put on weight ≠ to go on a diet(to get slim)
15. Impact of advertising: (p.125) The problem is whether or not advertising has a
negative or positive influence on consumers.
(p.125\126) pros and cons
- Does advertising manipulate consumers?
16. Though, Although, In spite of the fact + verbal phrase
Ex: In spite of the hard conditions of life, they managed to cope with it.
→ In spite of the fact that they live in hard conditions, they managed to ….
Although \ though they live in hard conditions, they managed to ….