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Use of Dictionary
A selfish fox once invited a stork to dinner at his home and for a
joke put nothing before her but some soup in a very shallow
dish. The fox could easily lap this up, but the Stork could only
wet the end of her long bill in it, and stayed hungry.
“I am sorry that the soup is not to your liking," said the fox with a
sly smile.
"Oh, please do not apologise," said the Stork. "I hope you will
return this visit, and come and dine with me too sometime." So
a day was appointed when the Fox should visit the Stork.
Finally, when they were seated at the table, the Stork served
them both some soup in a very long-necked jar with a narrow
mouth. The stork drank the soup easily but the fox could not
insert his snout into the tall jar. This time it was the Fox’s turn to
go hungry.
1
Spoken English
பாடத்தின் ந ாக்கம்
உச்ெரிப்புகயள அறிந்து சகாள்ளுதல்
அகராதியின் பயன்பாடு
பாத்திரம்:
Finally, when they were seated at the table, the Stork served
them both some soup in a very long-necked jar with a narrow
mouth. The stork drank the soup easily but the fox could not
insert his snout into the tall jar. This time it was the Fox’s turn to
go hungry.
2
Spoken English
Beg
Sit
Rat
Above
Cup
3
Spoken English
நாம் உச்சரிக்கும் பபாது, குைல் வடத்ைிலிருந்து வவளிவரும் எழுத்துக்கள் உைிர் எழுத்துக்கள் எனப்படும்.
இதுவும் எழுத்துக்களில் உள்ள ஒரு வதக ஆகும்.
A, E, I, O, U
குறுகிை ஒலி
(Beg)
(Sit)
(Rat)
(Above)
(Cup)
4
Spoken English
Long
Book
Long sounds
Feet
Bath
Bird
Short
Boot
Diphthongs
Boy
Face
Smile / eye
Poor
Hair
Ear
Nose
Brow
PRACTICE SESSION:
PASSAGE READING
5
Spoken English
(Long)
(Book)
நீண்ட ஒலி
(Feet)
(Bath)
(Bird)
(Short)
(Boot)
(Boy)
(Face)
(Smile / eye)
(Poor)
(Hair)
(Ear)
(Nose)
(Brow)
பயிற்ெி ந ரம்:
பத்தியய வாெித்தல்
6
Spoken English
II.
Consonant
There are 21 consonant letters in English, for 24 consonant sounds in most English accents.
All these letters are consonants:
B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z
The 24 consonant sounds are:
B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z
The 24 consonant sounds are:
PRACTICE SESSION:
PASSAGE READING
III.
How to use dictionary
Know how to look up a word. When you come across a word you
don't recognize or know the meaning of, keep a note of it. When you get
around to looking it up, here is the sequence to follow:
• Proceed to the letter of the alphabet that your word begins with.
For example, "dog" begins with "d". Don't forget the possible
spellings for trickier words, such as "gnome" begins with a "g",
or "psychology" begins with a "p", or "knock" begins with a "k",
etc.
• Check for the guide words. These are located in the upper
corner of each page and give you an indication of how close you are to locating your word,
speeding up the process of going through the pages.
7
Spoken English
II.
Consonant - சமய் எழுத்துக்கள்
வபரும்பாலான ஆங்கில உச்சரிப்பில் 24 வதக வெய் எழுத்துக்களின் ஒலிகதள வகாண்ட 21 ஆங்கில
எழுத்துக்கள் உள்ளன.
B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z
24 வெய் எழுத்துக்களின் ஒலிகள்:
B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z
24 வதக வெய் எழுத்துக்களின் ஒலிகள்:
பயிற்ெி ந ரம்:
பத்தியய வாெித்தல்
III.
அகராதியய பயன்படுத்தும் விதம்
ஒரு வார்த்யதயய எப்படி கண்டு பிடித்தல். உங்களுக்கு பரிச்சைம் அல்லாை அல்லது புரிைாை
வார்த்தைக்கான அர்த்ைத்தை வைரிந்து வகாள்ள விரும்பினால், அைதன முைலில் குறித்துக் வகாள்ளவும். அந்ை
வார்த்தைக்கான அர்த்ைத்தை எப்படி கண்டறிை பவண்டும் என்பைற்கான வழிமுதறகள் கீ பழ
வகாடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன:
• முைலில் அந்ை வார்த்தை எந்ை எழுத்ைில் வைாடங்குகிறது என்பதை பார்க்கவும். உைாைணத்ைிற்கு, "dog"
என்ற வார்த்தை "d" என்ற எழுத்ைில் வைாடங்குகிறது. ைந்ைிைொன வார்த்தைகள் இருந்ைால் அைன்
சாத்ைிைொன எழுத்துக் கூட்தட அறிை ெறக்க பவண்டாம். உைாைணத்ைிற்கு "gnome" என்ற வார்த்தை "g"
என்ற எழுத்ைில் வைாடங்குகிறது, "psychology" என்ற வார்த்தை "p" என்ற எழுத்ைில் வைாடங்குகிறது
அல்லது "knock" என்ற வார்த்தை "k" என்ற எழுத்ைில் வைாடங்குகிறது,
• வழிகாட்டும் வசாற்கதள பார்க்கவும். அகைாைிைின் ஒவ்வவாரு பக்கத்ைிலும் பெல் புற மூதலைில் அதவ
எழுைப்பட்டிருக்கும். நீங்கள் அர்த்ைத்தை கண்டறிை விரும்பும் வார்த்தைதை எவ்வளவு தூைம் வநருங்கி
விட்டீர்கள் என்பதை அதை தவத்து வைரிந்து வகாள்ளலாம். பக்கத்தை புைட்டும் பபாது பெபல உள்ள
வார்த்தைகதள பார்த்து பவகொக பைடலாம்.
8
Spoken English
• Once close, use the second letter of your word to run down the page and locate your word. For
example, if you were looking for the word "futile", "u" is the second letter. Perhaps you will see
"furrow/futtock" in the upper left corner of the left page and "futtock plate/gaberlunzie" in the upper
right corner of the right page. Now you know that "futile" is going to be located on one of these two
pages.
• Scan down the list of entry words moving past "Furry" and "Fuse" and "Fuss". Since the example
word begins with "Fut", go past all the "Fur" and all the "Fus" words alphabetically until you reach the
"FUT" area of the page. In this example, move right down through "Fut" and "Futhark" and this is at
last, where you will find "futile".
Know how to make the most of your find. Once you've located the word, there are several useful
elements that you can discover about the word from the dictionary entry. Read the information given
about this entry, and depending on your dictionary, you might find many things:
• Prepositions, such as "in", "on", etc. and their use with the word in question.
• Synonyms and antonyms. You can use these in your writing, or as further clues towards the word's
meaning.
• An etymology, derivation, or history of the word. Even if you don't know Latin or Ancient Greek, you
may find that this information helps you to remember or understand the word.
• Examples or citations of how the word is used. Use these to add context to the meaning of the
word.
• Plurals of nouns.
• Near neighbour words that might be related, such as "futility".
• Spellings in other English (US English, British English, Australian English, etc.)
9
Spoken English
• அைதன ஓைளவு வநருங்கிை உடன், நீங்கள் அர்த்ைத்தை அறிை விரும்பும் வார்த்தைைின் இைண்டாவது எழுத்தை
கவனித்து வார்த்தைதை இன்னும் வநருங்கலாம். உைாைணத்ைிற்கு, நீங்கள் "futile" என்ற வார்த்தைதை பைடும்
பபாது, அைன் இைண்டாவது எழுத்ைான "u" தவத்துக் வகாண்டு இன்னும் எளிைாக பைடலாம். அைற்கான பக்கத்தை
பார்க்கும் பபாது, அந்ை வார்த்தை உள்ள பக்கத்ைில் "furrow/futtock" பபான்ற வார்த்தைகள் இடது பக்கத்ைின்
இடது மூதலைிலும், "futtock plate/gaberlunzie" என்பது பபான்ற வார்த்தைகள் வலது பக்கத்ைின் வலது
மூதலைிலும் பார்க்கக்கூடும். இப்பபாழுது இந்ை இரு பக்கங்களில் நீங்கள் "futile" என்ற வார்த்தைதை காண
முடியும்.
• "Furry" ெற்றும் "Fuse" ெற்றும் "Fuss" பபான்ற வார்த்தைகதள பவகொக கடந்து வசல்லலாம். உைாைணத்ைிற்கு
வகாடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ள வார்த்தை என்ற "Fut" எழுத்துக்களுடன் வைாடங்குவைால், "Fur" ெற்றும் "Fus" என வைாடங்கும்
வார்த்தைகதள கடந்து ைான் "FUT" என வைாடங்கும் வார்த்தைகள் உள்ள பக்கம் வரும். நீங்கள் இந்ை
வார்த்தைக்கான அர்த்ைத்தை பைடும் பபாது, நீங்கள் "Fut" ெற்றும் "Futhark" வார்த்தைகதள கடந்து பின்
இறுைிைாக "futile" என்ற வார்த்தைதை காண்பீர்கள்.
உங்களது வார்த்தை வைாடர்பான அதனத்து ைகவல்கதளயும் வைரிந்து வகாள்ளவும். ஒரு வார்த்தைதை நீங்கள்
கண்டு பிடித்ை உடன், அது வைாடர்பான பல்பவறு வதக அர்த்ைங்கள் அது வைாடர்பான பல்பவறு ைகவல்கதள
நீங்கள் அகைாைிைில் காணலாம். நீங்கள் பைன்படுத்தும் அகைாைிதை வபாருத்து அந்ை வார்த்தை வைாடர்பான,
கீ ழ்கண்ட பவ்பவறு வதகைான ைகவல்கதள அைில் காணலாம்:
• வார்த்தைைின் வபாருள்.
• ஒன்று அல்லது அைற்கு பெற்பட்ட
உச்சரிப்புகள். எழுைப்பட்டுள்ள அந்ை வார்த்தைக்கான
உச்சரிப்தப சரிைாக புரிந்து வகாள்ள அகைாைிைின்
வைாடக்கத்ைில் வகாடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ள உச்சரிப்பு பற்றிை
குறிப்புகதள அறிந்து வகாள்ளவும். அழுத்ைக்
குறிைீடுகதள எப்படி பைன்படுத்ை அறிந்து
வகாள்ளவும். அந்ை வார்த்தைதை சரிைாக உச்சரிக்க இது உைவும். எந்ை இடத்ைில் அழுத்ைம் வகாடுக்க
பவண்டுபொ அந்ை வார்த்தைக்கு முன்னைாக என்ற ' அழுத்ை குறி இருக்கும்.
• பகபிடல் (Capital) எழுத்துக்கள் உபபைாகிக்க பவண்டிை இடங்கள்.
• in", "on", பபான்ற முன்னிதடச் வசாற்களும், பைடப்பட்ட எழுத்துக்களுடன் அைன் பைன்பாடுகளும்.
• விதனவசாற்கதள முடிக்கும் வவவ்பவறு வதககள்
• ஒத்ை வசாற்கள் ெற்றும் எைிர் வசாற்கள். இைதன நீங்கள் உங்கள் எழுத்து பவதலகளில் பைன்படுத்ைலாம்.
அந்ை வார்த்தைைின் அர்த்ைத்தை புரிந்து வகாள்ளும் வதகைிலான குறிப்புகதள வழங்க பைன்படுத்ைிக்
வகாள்ளலாம்.
• அந்ை வார்த்தை எங்கிருந்து பிறந்ைது, எப்படி வந்ைது என்பது குறித்ை வைலாறு. உங்களுக்கு லத்ைீன் அல்லது
பழங்கால கிபைக்க வொழி வைரிைவில்தல என்றாலும். அந்ை குறிப்பிட்ட வார்த்ைிதை ஞாபகம் தவத்ைிக்
வகாள்ளவும், அது வைாடர்பான ைகவல்கதள அறிந்து வகாள்ளவும் உைவிைாக இருக்கும்.
• இந்ை வார்த்தை எப்படி பைன்படுத்ைப்படுகிறது என்பைற்கான பெற்பகாள்கள் ெற்றும் உைாைணங்கள். இந்ை
வார்த்தைதை எப்படி வபாருள் வகாள்ள பவண்டும் என்பதையும் எப்படி பைன்படுத்ை பவண்டும் என்பதையும்
இைன் மூலம் விரிவாக புரிந்து வகாள்ளலாம்.
• இைிலிருந்து வரும் வசாற்கள் ெற்றும் உட்வபாருள் ( I am, you are, பபான்றதவ
• இந்ை வார்த்தையுடன் வைாடர்புதடை வசாற்வறாடர்கள், புைிர்கள் ெற்றும் நதடமுதறைில் இந்ை வார்த்தை
பைன்படுத்ைப்படும் விைம் ஆகிைதவ. பெலும் கூடுைலாக இந்ை வார்த்தை வழக்கொக அல்லது வழக்கம்
இல்லை வதகைில் பைன்படுத்ைப்படுகிறைா என்பதையும் அறிந்து வகாள்ளலாம்.
• வபைர் வசால்லின் பன்தெ
• அைனுடன் வைாடர்புதடை வார்த்தைகள், அைாவது "futility"பபான்றதவ
• ெற்ற வதக ஆங்கிலத்ைில் அைன் எழுத்துக் கூட்டு (யுஎஸ் ஆங்கிலம், பிரிட்டிஷ் ஆங்கிலம், ஆஸ்ைிபைைன்
ஆங்கிலம், பபான்றதவ)
10
Spoken English
Think about how the information you've found relates to the word as you encountered it. If there
are multiple definitions, decide which one matches your source or context for the word and notice how
the different definitions are related to one another. In an English dictionary, the most common meaning is
usually placed first where there are multiple meanings.
• Try using your new word in a sentence. If it's difficult to spell, write it a few times to help yourself
remember it.
Use your dictionary for other purposes than looking up a word. Many dictionaries come with an
array of other useful information. Some of the information that you might find in your dictionary includes:
• Standard letters for jobs, RSVPs, filing complaints, official writing, etc.
• Statistics on population.
• Lists of facts.
Learn how to use an online dictionary. Online dictionaries are easy. Choose a suitable free online
dictionary, or a subscription one if your place of work or study subscribes, and simply type in the word
you're looking for. The search engine will return the word to you and the definition section should contain
most of the elements discussed above. Note that free services may not be as comprehensive as a
subscription or book dictionary, so keep this in mind when you're not sure that you've found the right
answer.
• Make use of the audio content provided with online dictionaries. This can help considerably when
you're unsure how to pronounce the word.
• To use Google to find online definitions, type: "define: futile". The search engine will only look for
definitions.
Have fun using a dictionary. The last step is the most fun – simply browse a dictionary to enlighten
yourself about new words now and then. Just open the dictionary up to any page and scan the page for
words that are unfamiliar or seem interesting. Pinpoint them, read the definition and try to add the new
word to your thinking or talking during the next few days until it becomes a remembered part of your
natural vocabulary.
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Spoken English
• ஒரு வார்த்தைைின் ஆன்தலன் அர்த்ைத்தை வபற கூகுதள பைன்படுத்ை விரும்பினால், "define: futile" என
தடப் வசய்ைவும். இைில் அைற்கான அர்த்ைங்கதள ெட்டும் வபறலாம்.
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Spoken English
Activity:
a) Play the dictionary game with friends. This consists of getting some friends together and a
dictionary. The first player looks up a challenging word and uses it in a sentence. The other players
have to guess if the use of the word is accurate or an outright fabrication. If a player guesses
correctly, it's their turn next.
b) Another dictionary game: Each player chooses a word which should be familiar to the other
players, then reads out the dictionary definition. The other players compete to guess the word as
quickly as possible - perhaps even shouting out while the definition is still being read.
c) Look up each word in a dictionary. Write each word nextto its definition.
Ancestor clue harbour reject bargain expensive prevent unemployed
1. ____________________________ a place where people leave their boats
2. ____________________________ without work
3. ____________________________ to keep from happening
4. ____________________________ to refuse to accept
5. ____________________________ a fact or an idea that helps you figure out a mystery
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Spoken English
செயல்பாடு:
1) loaf
2) shallow
3) dryer
4) throw
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Lesson Objectives
Learn Nouns and usage
Personal Introduction
Activity:
Similar five:
The participants will make a pair which has 5 similarities between them
Eg.Favourite season/ favourite novel/ favourite fruit etc
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Spoken English
ேொடத்தின் பநொக்கங்கள்
பேயர்ச்ப ொற்கள் ைற்றும் அதன் ேயன்ேொட்டட அறிதல்
தனிப்ேட்ட அறிமுகம்
ப யல்ேொடு:
ஒத்த ஐந்து:
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Spoken English
A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea. Nouns are usually the
first words which small children learn.
KINDS OF NOUNS:
Common Nouns – are names of people (e.g. man), things (e.g. books), animals (e.g. monkey)
and places (church).
Proper Nouns – are special names of people (e.g. George Bush), things (e.g. Financial Times),
animals (e.g. King Kong) and places (e.g. Paris). A proper noun begins with a Capital Letter.
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Spoken English
நபர்கள், விலங்குகள், இடங்கள், பபாருட்கள் மற்றும் பபான்றவற்றற குறிக்கும் பபயர்கள் அல்லது ப ாற்கள்
பபயர்ச்ப ாற்களாகும். ிறு குழந்றதகள் கற்றுக் பகாள்ளும் முதல் வார்த்றதகள் பபாதுவாக வபைர்ச்வசாற்கள்
தான்.
இடுகுறிப்சபயர் (Proper Nouns) – நபர்கள் (உ.ம். George Bush), பபாருட்கள் (உ.ம். Financial Times), விலங்குகள்
(உ.ம். King Kong) மற்றும் இடங்களின் (உ.ம். Paris ) இடுகுறி பபயர்கள் ஆகும். குறிப்பிட்ட பபயர்கள்
பகபிடல் எழுத்துடன் பதாடங்குகிறது.
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Abstract Nouns – An abstract noun is the name of something that we can only think of or feel but
cannot see (e.g. friendship).
Collective Nouns – are names used for a number of people, things or animals together and
treated as one. For example: a group of friends, a bunch of bananas, a litter of puppies.
Countable and Uncountable Nouns – Countable nouns are nouns which can be counted (e.g.
trees). Uncountable nouns are nouns which cannot be counted. (e.g. smoke).
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Spoken English
அருவப் பேயர்ச்ப ொல் (Abstract Nouns) – அருவப் பபயர் ப ால் என்பது, நான் ிந்திக்க முடிந்த
அல்லது உணர முடிந்த ஆனால் பார்க்க முடியாதவற்றின் பபயர்கள் ஆகும். (உ.ம். friendship).
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Possessive Nouns - In the possessive case, a noun or pronoun changes its form to show that it
owns or is closely related to something else. Usually, nouns become possessive by adding a
combination of an apostrophe and the letter "s."
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A noun that shows only one person (e.g. a girl), thing (e.g. pencil), animal (e.g. tiger) or place (e.g.
market) is called a singular noun).
A noun that shows more than one person (e.g. girls), thing (e.g. pencils), animal (e.g. tigers) or place
(e.g. markets) is called a plural noun.
How plural nouns are formed.
By adding – s.
By adding ‘es’ to nouns ending in – ch, – s, – sh and – x.
Beach Beaches Peach peaches
Branch Branches Speech speeches
Ditch Ditches Watch watches
Boss Bosses Glass glasses
Bus Buses Lens lenses
Chorus Choruses Pass passes
Brush Brushes Fish fishes
Bush Bushes Lash lashes
Dish Dishes Wish wishes
Box Boxes Hoax hoaxes
Fax Faxes Six sixes
Fox Foxes Tax taxes
By adding ‘es’ to nouns ending in – o.
Buffalo buffaloes Potato potatoes
Cargo Cargoes Mosquito mosquitoes
Echo Echoes Tomato tomatoes
By adding ‘s’ to nouns ending in – o.
Banjo Banjos Patio patios
Bamboo bamboos Photo photos
Radio radios Video videos
By replacing ‘y’ with – ies.
Baby Babies Lorry lorries
Fly Flies Navy navies
Hobby hobbies Puppy puppies
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Spoken English
ஒருறம பபயர் ப ால் என்பது ஒபர ஒரு நபர் (உதாரணம். a girl) , ஒரு பபாருள் உதாரணம். pencil) , ஒரு
விலங்கு (உதாரணம். tiger) அல்லது இடத்றத (உதாரணம். market) குறிப்பது ஆகும்.
பன்றம பபயர் ப ால் என்பது ஒன்றுக்கும் பமற்பட்ட நபர் (உதாரணம். a girls) , பபாருள் உதாரணம். pencils) ,
விலங்கு (உதாரணம். tigers) அல்லது இடத்றத (உதாரணம். markets) குறிப்பது ஆகும்.
ேன்டை பேயர்ச்ப ொற்கள் அடைக்கப்ேடும் விதம்.
–ch, –s, –sh ைற்றும் –x என முடியும் சபயர்ச்சொற்களுடன் ‘es’ என்ற எழுத்துக்கயளச் நெர்ப்பதன் மூலம்.
Beach Beaches Peach peaches
Branch Branches Speech speeches
Ditch Ditches Watch watches
Boss Bosses Glass glasses
Bus Buses Lens lenses
Chorus Choruses Pass passes
Brush Brushes Fish fishes
Bush Bushes Lash lashes
Dish Dishes Wish wishes
Box Boxes Hoax hoaxes
Fax Faxes Six sixes
Fox Foxes Tax taxes
o- என முடியும் பேயர் ப ொற்களுடன் ‘es’ என்ற எழுத்துக்கடள ப ர்ப்ேதன் மூலம்.
Buffalo buffaloes Potato potatoes
Cargo Cargoes Mosquito mosquitoes
Echo Echoes Tomato tomatoes
o- என முடியும் பேயர் ப ொற்களுடன் ‘s’ என்ற எழுத்துக்கடள ப ர்ப்ேதன் மூலம்.
Banjo Banjos Patio patios
Bamboo bamboos Photo photos
Radio radios Video videos
‘y’ என்பதற்கு பதிலாக –ies என்ற எழுத்துக்கறள ப ர்ப்பதன் மூலம்.
Baby Babies Lorry lorries
Fly Flies Navy navies
Hobby hobbies Puppy puppies
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FORMING NOUNS
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behave behavior
brave bravery
breathe breath
bright brightness
broad breadth
brother brotherhood
busy business
child childhood
choose choice
clean cleanliness
collect collection
correct correction
cruel cruelty
dark darkness
deep depth
describe description
die death
divide division
do deed
draw drawing
dry dryness
enjoy enjoyment
enter entrance
explain explanation
fail failure
fat fatness
feed food
fit fitness
foolish foolishness
free freedom
friend friendship
give gift
glad gladness
good goodness
great greatness
grow growth
happy happiness
hate hatred
heal health
high height
honest honesty
hungry hunger
imagine imagination
instruct instruction
invent invention
invite invitation
judge judgement
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Things to remember :
Now study carefully some rules related to the correct use of nouns:
Rule 1: A proper noun becomes a common noun when it is used in the plural form, or if an article
is placed before it.
e.g. :There are five Gandhis in our college.
Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India.
Rule 2: A collective noun takes a singular verb.
e.g.: The committee consists of five members.
The family living next door has come from
Madras.
Rule 3: A collective noun takes a singular verb.
e.g.: Rajani is a beauty (a beautiful girl).
Rule 4: An abstract noun can also be used in the sense of a collective noun. When an abstract
noun is used as a collective noun, it takes a plural verb.
e.g.: Youth is the best stage of one's life (Abstract noun). Youth are the pillars of the
nation. (Collective noun)
Rule 5: When a material noun denotes a mass of matter, it is not used in the plural form.
e.g.: Their house is built of bricks and stones (incorrect sentence). Their house is built of
brick and stone (correct sentence).
Rule 6: Some nouns have the same form for the plural as well as for the singular. The following
are some nouns that belong to this category.
e.g.: sheep, species, deer, aircraft, offspring, yoke etc.
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Spoken English
பேயர்ப ொற்கடள ரியொன ேயன்ேடுத்துவது பதொடர்ேொன விதிகடள நொம் இப்பேொது பதரிந்து பகொள்பவொம்:
உதொரணம்: Youth is the best stage of one's life (அருவப்பபயர் ப ால்). Youth are the pillars of the
nation. ( கூட்டுப் பபயர்ச்ப ால்)
விதி 5: திடப்பபாருறள குறிக்கும் பபாருட்பபயறர பயன்படுத்தும் பபாது அதறன பன்றமயில்
உபபயாகப்படுத்தக் கூடாது.
உதொரணம்: Their house is built of bricks and stones (தவறான வாக்கியம்). Their house is built of
brick and stone ( ரியான வாக்கியம்).
விதி 6: ில பபயர் ப ாற்களுக்கு ஒருறம மற்றும் பன்றம ஆகிய இைண்டிற்கும் ஒபர ப ால் தான்
பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது. கீ ழ்க்காணும் ில பபயர் ப ாற்கள் இந்த வறகயில் அடங்கும்.
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Spoken English
Rule 7: Some nouns are used in the singular only. The following are some nouns that belong to
this category.
e.g.: Advice, grain, justice, clothing, information, poetry, machinery, hair etc.
Note: Advice is the noun form and Advise is the verb form.
The advice of the doctor is that I should not smoke. (Noun).
The doctor advised me not to smoke. (Verb)
Similarly, Practice is noun and Practise is verb.
Rule 8: There are some nouns which are used only in the plural form.
e.g.: scissors, shears, spectacles, trousers, pantaloons, shorts, bowels, intestines, biceps,
genitals, gymnastics, premises, proceeds, riches, thanks, nuptials, outskirts, gallows etc.
Rule 9: When a plural noun denotes a specific amount, length, weight, quantity, etc. considered as
a whole, the verb must be in the singular form.
e.g.: Ten thousand rupees is a large amount.
Six kilometers is not a long distance for a runner like you.
Exercise:
Identify the Common Nouns in the following sentences.
1. We arrived early at the station.
2. The man was trying to steal his car.
3. They have gone to the zoo.
4. The baby is crying.
5. My mother is in the kitchen.
6. He threw some nuts to the monkeys.
7. The children are playing in the field.
8. That temple was built before I was born.
9. He has bought a new car.
10. My father likes to swim.
11. She won a trophy in a competition.
12. I like to ride on a camel.
13. He went to visit his uncle.
14. Let me have a look at your puppy.
15. The boys are playing noisily.
Exercise: Proper Nouns
Use capital letters for Proper Nouns in the following sentences.
a. paris is the capital of france.
b. william shakespeare is a famous english author.
c. ‘war and peace' was written by leo tolstoy.
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Spoken English
d. The universities of oxford and cambridge offer degree courses at the highest level.
உதொரணம்.: Advice, grain, justice, clothing, information, poetry, machinery, hair உள்ளிட்டறவ.
குறிப்பு:Advice என்பது வபைர்ச்வசால் வடிவம் மற்றும் Advise என்பது விறனச் ப ால் வடிவம்.
The advice of the doctor is that I should not smoke. (பபயர்ச் ப ால்).
The doctor advised me not to smoke. (விறனச்ப ால்)
அபதபபான்று, Practice என்பது பபயர் ப ால் மற்றும் and Practise என்பது விறனச் ப ால்.
விதி 8: பன்றம வடிவினில் மட்டும் பயன்படுத்தப்படும் ில பபயர்ச் ப ாற்கள் உள்ளன.
உதொரணம்: scissors, shears, spectacles, trousers, pantaloons, shorts, bowels, intestines, biceps,
genitals, gymnastics, premises, proceeds, riches, thanks, nuptials, outskirts,gallows உள்ளிட்டறவ.
விதி 9: ஒரு பன்றம பபயர்ச்ப ால், குறிப்பிட்ட பதாறக, நீளம், எறட, அளவு, பபான்றவற்றற பமாத்தமாக
குறிப்பிடும் பபாது அறவ ஒருறமயில் தான் குறிப்பிடப்பட பவண்டும்.
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Spoken English
Exercise:
Fill in the blanks with suitable collective nouns.
1. A _____ of birds flew high in the sky.
2. They saw a _____ of lions at the zoo.
3. The farmer has a _____ of cattle on his farm.
4. He ate a _____ of grapes today.
5. Our friend shows us a _____ of stamps.
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Exercise:
If the hat of the boy becomes “the boy’s hat” using possessive noun, so what would the following be:
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Spoken English
ேயிற் ி:
“The hat of the boy” என்பது, உரிறமறய குறிக்கும் பபயர்ச் ப ால்லாக “the boy’s hat” என ஆனால்,
கீ ழ்கண்ட வாக்கியங்கள் எவ்வாறு மாறும்.
1. The frame of the picture : _____________________________________
2. The wick of the candle : _______________________________________
3. The ring belonging to Kerry : _____________________________________
4. The ruffle of the dress : _________________________________________
5. The engines of the cars : _______________________________________
6. The hats of the women : _______________________________________
7. The medals of the heroes : ______________________________________
8. The toys belonging to the children : ________________________________
9. The pages of the book : _________________________________________
10. The drawers of the file cabinets : __________________________________
ேயிற் ி:
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Spoken English
Conversational English:
Introduce Yourself:
Points to be covered:
Greeting
Name
Father’s name
Location
Educational qualification
Professional qualification (if any, specify)
Work experience (if any, specify)
Hobbies
Nature
Aim/goal
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Spoken English
உடரயொடலுக்கொன ஆங்கிலம்:
ப ால்லப்பட பவண்டியறவ:
வணக்கம் பதரிவித்தல்
பபயர்
தந்றதயின் பபயர்
இருப்பிடம்
கல்வித் தகுதி
பபாழுதுபபாக்குகள்
தன்றம
குறிக்பகாள்/ இலக்கு
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Spoken English
Lesson Objectives
Learn Pronouns and usage
Extempore
II .
Pronouns:
Activity:
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Spoken English
ேொடத்தின் பநொக்கங்கள்
சுட்டுப் பேயர்கள் ைற்றூம் எக்ஸ்படம்பேொரின்
ேயன்ேொட்டிடன அறிதல் Extempore
II .
ேிரதிபேயர்கள்
ப யல்ேொடு:
உங்கள் குடும்ேத்தினடரப் ேற்றி ஏபதனும் கூறவும்.
ஒரு பிரதி பபயர் என்பது பபயர்ப ால் அல்லது மற்பறாரு பிரதி பபயருக்கு பதிலாக
பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது.
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Spoken English
You use pronouns like "he," "which," "none," and "you" to make your sentences less cumbersome and
less repetitive.
Personal Pronouns
A personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing and changes its form to indicate person,
number, gender, and case.
A subjective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as the subject of the sentence. The
subjective personal pronouns are "I," "you," "she," "he," "it," "we," "you," "they."
In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is a subjective personal pronoun and acts as
the subject of the sentence:
I was glad to find the bus pass in the bottom of the green knapsack.
You are surely the strangest child I have ever met.
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Spoken English
வாக்கியங்களில் மீ ண்டும் மீ ண்டும் ஒபர பபயறர அடிக்கடி பயன்படுத்துவறத தவிர்க்க, "he," "which,"
"none,"மற்றும் "you" பபான்ற சுட்டுப் பபயர் ப ாற்கள் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன.
தனிப்ேட்ட ேிரதி பேயர்கள்
ஒரு தனிப்ேட்ட ேிரதி பேயர் என்ேது ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட நபறர எடுத்துறரக்கிறது மற்றும் நபர், எண், பாலினம்
மற்றும் பபாருள் ஆகியவற்றற குறிப்பிடும் பபாது அதற்கு ஏற்றவாறு தனது வடிவத்றத மாற்றிக்
பகாள்கிறது.
தனிப்ேட்ட எழுவொய் ேிரதி பேயர்கள் என்ேது வொக்கியத்தின் எழுவொயொக அந்த ேிரதி பேயர் இருப்ேடத
குறிக்கிறது. "I," "you," "she," "he," "it," "we," "you," "they." ஆகியடவ தனிப்ேட்ட எழுவொய் ேிரதி
பேயர்கள் ஆகும்.
I was glad to find the bus pass in the bottom of the green knapsack.
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Spoken English
He stole the selkie's skin and forced her to live with him.
When she was a young woman, she earned her
living as a coal miner.
After many years, they returned to their homeland.
We will meet at the library at 3:30 p.m.
It is on the counter.
Are you the delegates from Malagawatch?
Objective Personal Pronouns
An objective personal pronoun indicates that the
pronoun is acting as an object of a verb, compound
verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase. The objective
personal pronouns are: "me," "you," "her," "him," "it,"
"us," "you," and "them."
In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is an objective personal pronoun:
o Seamus stole the selkie's skin and forced her to live with him.
The objective personal pronoun "her" is the direct object of the verb "forced" and the
objective personal pronoun "him" is the object of the preposition "with."
o After reading the pamphlet, Judy threw it into the garbage can.
The pronoun "it" is the direct object of the verb "threw."
o The agitated assistant stood up and faced the angry delegates and said, "Our
leader will address you in five minutes."
In this sentence, the pronoun "you" is the direct object of the verb "address."
o Deborah and Roberta will meet us at the newest café in the market.
Here the objective personal pronoun "us" is the direct object of the compound verb "will meet."
o Give the list to me.
Here the objective personal pronoun "me" is the object of the preposition "to."
o I'm not sure that my contact will talk to you.
Similarly in this example, the objective personal pronoun "you" is the object of the preposition "to."
o Christopher was surprised to see her at the drag races.
Here the objective personal pronoun "her" is the object of the infinitive phrase "to see."
Possessive Personal Pronouns
A possessive pronoun indicates that the
pronoun is acting as a marker of possession and
defines who owns a particular object or person.
The possessive personal pronouns are "mine,"
"yours," "hers," "his," "its," "ours," and "theirs."
Note that possessive personal pronouns are very
similar to possessive adjectives like "my," "her,"
and "their."
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Spoken English
He stole the selkie's skin and forced her to live with him.
When she was a young woman, she earned her living as a coal miner.
After many years, they returned to their homeland.
We will meet at the library at 3:30 p.m.
It is on the counter.
Are you the delegates from Malagawatch?
ப யப்படுபபாருறள குறிக்கும் தனிப்பட்ட பிரதி பபயர்கள் (
Objective Personal Pronouns)
ப யப்படுபபாருறள குறிக்கும் தனிப்பட்ட பிரதி பபயர்கள் என்பது
ஒரு விறனச்ப ால், கூட்டு விறனச்ப ால், முன்னிறடச்ப ாற்கள்
அல்லது முடிவில்லா ப ாற்பறாடர் ஆகியவற்றின் ப யப்படுபபாருளாக பயன்படுவறத குறிக்கிறது.
ப யப்படுபபாருறள குறிக்கும் தனிப்பட்ட பிரதி பபயர்கள்: "me," "you," "her," "him," "it," "us," "you," மற்றும் "them."
o Seamus stole the selkie's skin and forced her to live with him.
ப யப்படுபபாருறள குறிக்கும் தனிப்பட்ட பிரதி பபயர்கள் ஆன "her"என்பது, "forced"
விறனப ால்லின் பநரடி எழுவாய் ஆகும். எழுவாறய குறிக்கும் தனிப்பட்ட பிரதி பபயர் "him"
என்பது "with" முன்னிறடச்ப ால்லின் எழுவாய் ஆகும்.
o After reading the pamphlet, Judy threw it into the garbage can.
இதில் "it"என்னும் பிரதி பபயர், விறனச்ப ால்லான "threw" என்பதன் பநரடி எழுவாய் ஆகும்.
o The agitated assistant stood up and faced the angry delegates and said, "Our leader will
address you in five minutes."
இந்த வாக்கியத்தில், இதில் "you" என்னும் பிரதி பபயர், விறனச்ப ால்லான "address" என்பதன் பநரடி எழுவாய்
ஆகும்.
o Deborah and Roberta will meet us at the newest café in the market.
இதில் ப யப்படுப்பபாருறளக் குறிக்கும் தனிப்பட்ட பிரதி பபயர் "us", "will meet"என்ற கூட்டு விறனச்ப ால்லின்
பநரடி ப யப்படுபபாருள் ஆகும்.
இதிலும், ப யப்படுபபாருளான தனிப்பட்ட பிரதி பபயர் "you", "to" என்ற முன்னிறடச்ப ால்லின் ப யப்படுபபாருள்
ஆகும்.
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Spoken English
"his," "its," "ours," மற்றும் "theirs."ஆகியறவ ஆறாம் பவற்றுறம பிரதி பபயர் ஆகும். ஆறாம் பவற்றுறம பிரதி
பபயர்கள் "my," "her," மற்றும் "their"என்ற உரிறமறய குறிக்கும் பபயபரச் ங்கள் ஆன என்பறதப் பபான்றது ஆகும்.
In each of the following sentences, the highlighted word is a possessive personal pronoun:
o The smallest gift is mine.
Here the possessive pronoun "mine" functions as a subject complement.
o This is yours.
Here too the possessive pronoun "yours" functions as a subject complement.
o His is on the kitchen counter.
In this example, the possessive pronoun "his" acts as the subject of the sentence.
o Theirs will be delivered tomorrow.
In this sentence, the possessive pronoun "theirs" is the subject of the sentence.
o Ours is the green one on the corner.
Here too the possessive pronoun "ours" function as the subject of the sentence.
Demonstrative Pronouns
A demonstrative pronoun points to and identifies a noun or a pronoun. "This" and "these" refer to things
that are nearby either in space or in time, while "that" and "those" refer to things that are farther away in
space or time.
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Spoken English
o This is yours.
இங்பகயும், உரிறமறய குறிக்கும் பிரதி பபயர் ஆன "yours" எழுவாய் நிரப்பு பபாருளாக ப யல்படுகிறது.
குறிப்பிடு பிரதி பபயர்கள் ஒரு பபயர்ச்ப ால் அல்லது பிரதி பபயறர குறிப்படும் வறகயில் இருப்பபதாடு
அதறன எடுத்துக் காட்டுகிறது. "This" மற்றும் "these" ஆகியறவ இடம் அல்லது பநரத்தின் அடிப்பறடயில்
எவ்வளவு குறறவான பநரம் அல்லது அருகில் இருக்கிபறாம் என்பதைக் குறிக்கிறது. "that" மற்றும் "those"
இடம் அல்லது பநரத்தின் அடிப்பறடயில் எவ்வளவு அதிகமான பநரம் அல்லது பதாறலவில் இருக்கிபறாம்
என்பறத குறிக்கிறது.
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
Exercise:
Exercise:
Exercise:
These girls _____ my neighbours. We all live in one house. Nina has
flowers for me. The flowers _____ white and yellow. Kate has a toy
cat. It ______ brown. Lana has a plate. There ____ cookies on it.
Helen has a basket. There ____ apples for me. I ____ happy to
have good friends.
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Spoken English
ேயிற் ி:
ேயிற் ி:
ேயிற் ி:
These girls _____ my neighbors. We all live in one house. Nina has
flowers for me. The flowers _____ white and yellow. Kate has a toy
cat. It ______ brown. Lana has a plate. There ____ cookies on it.
Helen has a basket. There ____ apples for me. I ____ happy to have
good friends.
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Spoken English
Exercise:
Fill out the correct possessive pronoun !
Exercise:
Fill up with the correct possessive pronoun:
Exercise:
Fill in the blanks choosing from the correct alternative of Interrogative pronouns:
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Spoken English
ேயிற் ி:
உரியமயயக் குறிக்கும் ரியொன ேிரதி பேொருடள (possessive pronoun) நிரப்ேவும்!
1. I have a bike. It's _______ bike.
2. Mum and I have a boat. It’s _____ boat.
3. The horse has an apple. It’s _____ apple.
4. John and Max have a skateboard. It’s ____ skateboard.
5. You have a dog. It’s ____ dog.
6. Max and you have a dad. It’s ____ dad.
ேயிற் ி:
உரிடைடயக் குறிக்கும் ரியொன ேிரதி பேொருடள (possessive pronoun) நிரப்ேவும்:
1. I have a dog. That dog is ____ !
2. She has a cat. That cat is ____ !
ேயிற் ி:
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Spoken English
Exercise:
Choose the correct reflexive pronouns from the choices below.
myself - yourself - himself - herself - itself - ourselves - yourselves – themselves
Exercise:
Put in the relative who, which or whose where necessary. Type an x if the relative pronoun
can be left out.
Example: Peter is the boy ____ rides the blue bike.
Answer: Peter is the boy who rides the blue bike.
1) This is the boy ______ had an accident.
2) Yesterday I saw a car ______ was really old.
3) Mandy is the girl ______ I met on Friday.
4) I haven't seen Frank, ______ brother is five, for a long time now.
5) The robber stole the car ______ the lady parked in front of the supermarket.
6) This is the man ______ house is on fire.
7) Can I talk to the girl ______ is sitting on the bench?
8) The book ______ you gave me is great.
9) She likes hamburgers ______ are hot.
10) Bill Clinton, ______ was President of the USA, has only one daughter.
Extempore:
My Mother
Children
If I were a bird
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Spoken English
ேயிற் ி:
ேயிற் ி:
who, which அல்லது whose என்ற ப ாற்கறள பகாண்டு நிரப்பவும். பிரதிபபயறர பயன்படுத்த பதறவ
இல்றல என்றால் x என குறியிடவும்.
My Mother
Children
If I were a bird
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
Lesson Objectives
Learn Adjectives, Articles and usage
Describing what you like most
Picture Description
III.
Adjectives & Articles
Adjectives
All participants are paired. Participant 1 of each pair needs to describe and tell all about the participant 2
of the same pair.
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Spoken English
பாடத்தின் ந ாக்கங்கள்
பேயர் உரிச்ப ொல், சுட்டிடடச்ப ொல் ைற்றும் அவற்றின்
ேயன்ேொடுகள்
உங்களுக்கு பிடித்தவற்யற விளக்குதல்
பட விளக்கம்
III.
உரிச்ப ொல் & சுட்டிடடச்ப ொல்
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Spoken English
Exercise:
Find out the adjectives from the sentences given below.
a) John is an honest man.
b) Arnold is a great actor.
c) Susan is a wonderful singer.
d) Europe is a large continent.
e) Samsung is a reputed company.
f) That was a tragic incident.
g) India is a hot country.
h) Rajdhani is a fast train.
i) I had a horrible day.
j) The sky has turned red.
Exercise:
Find these words in the box below:
across - important, friendly, yummy, thin, black, many, wet
down - bitter, happy, rude, fat, funny, hot, one, dirty, new, light, fast, young.
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Spoken English
Exercise:
கீ ழ்க்காணும் வாக்கியங்களில் உள்ள பபயர் உரிச்ப ாற்கறள கண்டுபிடிக்கவும்:
a) John is an honest man.
b) Arnold is a great actor.
c) Susan is a wonderful singer.
d) Europe is a large continent.
e) Samsung is a reputed company.
f) That was a tragic incident.
g) India is a hot country.
h) Rajdhani is a fast train.
i) I had a horrible day.
j) The sky has turned red.
ேயிற் ி
கீ ழ்க்காணும் கட்டத்தில் இந்த வார்த்றதகறள கண்டுபிடிக்கவும்:
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
When an adjective in the positive degree has one syllable in the superlative degree we add “est”
with the adjective.
Example : Positive degree of Tall becomes Tall + est.
Rule 2: When an adjective in the positive degree hast two syllables in the comparative degree
we add “more” with the adjective.
Example: Positive degree of Beautiful becomes more + Beautiful
When an adjective in the positive degree has two syllables in
the superlative degree, we add “most” with the adjective.
Example: Positive degree of Beautiful becomes most+
Beautiful.
Rule 3: When two objects are compared with each other, the
latter term of comparison must exclude the former by using 'any
other'.
Examples: Gold is more precious than any other metal. (Correct)
Gold is more precious than any metal (wrong)
Rule 4: There are some words which are used in the positive and cannot be involved in the
comparison, or in the superlative.
Examples: interior, exterior, ulterior, major, minor.
This is more interior than that. (Wrong)
Rule 5: The adjective “preferable” is used as a comparative. It is followed by to. It is not used
with more.
Example: This is more preferable than that. (Wrong)
This is preferable to that. (Correct)
Rule 6: The comparative adjectives ending in 'or' are followed by the preposition 'to'.
e.g.: Inferior, superior, prior, anterior, posterior, senior, junior.
Example: He is superior to me.
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Spoken English
பநர்மறற வறகயில் உள்ள உரிச்ப ால் ஒரு அற ச்ப ால்லாக இருந்தால், உயர்வு நவிற் ி
வறகயில் உரிச்ப ால்லுடன் நாம் "est" ப ர்க்க பவண்டும்.
உ.ம்:
Inferior, superior, prior, anterior, posterior, senior, junior.
உதொரணம்: He is superior to me.
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
i) FARTHER, FURTHER
உதொரணம்: There are few buses on road. இதன் பபாருள், ாறலயில் பபருந்துகள் அரிதாக
காணப்படுகின்றன என்பதாகும்.
உதொரணம்:There are a few students in the class. இதன் பபாருள், இந்த வகுப்பறறயில் றகயளவு
அல்லது குறறவான மாணவர்கபள என்பதாகும்.
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Spoken English
Example: You ask the shopkeeper “Give me sugar”. The shopkeeper will revert “How much?”
So it can be concluded that “Much” is always used to identify the quantity.
The word “Many” is related to numbers.
Example: You ask the same shopkeeper “Give me chocolates.” The shopkeeper will revert
“How many?'' So it can be concluded that “Many” is always used to identify the number.
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Spoken English
2. Too என்பறத இயலாத அல்லது விருப்பமில்லாத என்பறத குறிக்கிறது (too + adj + to + v.).
She is too sick to come to class today குறிப்பு : பநர்மறற பபயர்ச்ப ால்லுடன் “too”
உ.ம்.:
என்பறத பயன்படுத்தாமல் இருப்பது நல்லது. “too” பயன்படுத்துவதற்கு பதில் “very” என்பறத
பயன்படுத்தலாம்.
d) பமற்கண்ட வாக்கிய அறமப்புகளில், விறன உரிச்ப ாற்கறள பபயர் உரிச்ப ால் பபாலபவ
பயன்படுத்தலாம்.
Exercise:
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Spoken English
Correct the mistakes relating to the use of adjectives in the following sentences where
necessary:
ேயிற் ி:
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
Articles
Activity:
Read the passage aloud. Now let us read out the encircled words and the following words.
The Gumball Machine
Story By: Andrew Frinkle
At the store there was a gumball machine. It had many colors of gum.
The gumballs were very big. They were fun to chew.
Each one had a good flavor. He liked them all.
Jerry got out his dimes. He put one in.
He turned the knob. The machine cranked.
A gumball rolled down. It was an orange one!
Red was good. Jerry wanted more.
He put in a dime. This time a blue one came out!
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Spoken English
உயரயாடல் ஆங்கிலம்:
சுட்டியடச்சொல்
செயல்:
கீ பழ உள்ளதை சத்ைொக படிக்கவும். குறிப்பாக, வட்டெிடப்பட்ட வார்த்தைகதளயும் அதை வைாடர்ந்து
வரும் வார்த்தைகதளயும் உைக்கப் படிக்கவும்.
கம்பால் இயந்திரம்
எழுைிைவர்: ஆண்ட்ரூ பிரிங்கிள்
At the store there was a gumball machine. It had many colors of gum.
The gumballs were very big. They were fun to chew.
Each one had a good flavor. He liked them all.
Jerry got out his dimes. He put one in.
He turned the knob. The machine cranked.
A gumball rolled down. It was an orange one!
Red was good. Jerry wanted more.
He put in a dime. This time a blue one came out!
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
2. நிச்சைெற்ற வபைர்வசாற்குறி: a, an
3. பூஜ்ஜிை வபைர்வசாற்குறி
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
The என்பது குறிப்பிட்ட வபாருள் அல்லது அளதவ குறிக்கிறது. இது வபைர்வசால்தல பநைடிைாக ொற்றி
அதெக்கும் வபைர்வசால்லுக்கு முன்பு பைன்படுத்ை பவண்டும்.
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Spoken English
Omission of Articles
Don’t use articles with:languages and nationalities (e.g. Chinese, English,
French, Spanish)
N.B. If you put an article in front of these words, it refers to the people of that
country.
Don’t use articles withsports (e.g. diving, baseball, skiing)
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Spoken English
An egg
An hour-glass
An antique necklace
விடுபட்ட சுட்டிதடச்வசாற்கள்
With சுட்டிதட வசால்தல வொழி அல்லது பைசிை இனத்ைின் முன்பு
பைன்படுத்ை பவண்டாம் (உ.ம். Chinese, English, French, Spanish)
பி.கு. ஒருபவதள நீங்கள் இந்ை வசாற்களுக்கு முன்பு an பைன்படுத்ை
பவண்டுொனால், அது அந்ைநாட்டு ெக்கதள குறிப்பைாக இருக்கபவண்டும்.
விதளைாட்டுக்களின் முன்பு with சுட்டிதட வசாற்கதள பைன்படுத்ை
பவண்டாம். (உ.ம். diving, baseball, skiing)
பாடத்ைிட்ட வசாற்களின் முன்பு with பைன்படுத்ை பவண்டாம்
(உ.ம்.chemistry, English, philosophy)
I like to play the baseball.
I like to play baseball.
I like to study English.
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Spoken English
Exercise:
Correct the sentences with article: "the", "a", "an" or "x" (zero article) and rewrite.
1. I bought pair of shoes.
2. I saw movie last night.
3. They are staying at hotel.
4. I think man over there is very unfriendly.
5. I do not like basketball.
6. That is problem I told you about.
7. Night is quiet. Let's take a walk!
8. Price of gas keeps rising.
9. John traveled to Mexico.
10. Juan is Spanish.
11. I read amazing story yesterday.
12. My brother doesn't eat chicken.
13. Love is such beautiful thing.
14. I live in apartment. Apartment is new.
15. I would like piece of cake.
16. I was in Japanese restaurant. Restaurant served good food.
17. Sara can play guitar.
Exercise:
Decide whether to use the definite article the or not. If you do not need the article the, use x.
1) Last year we visited _____ St. Paul's Cathedral and _____ Tower.
2) _______ Mount Everest is _____ highest mountain on earth.
3) ____ Loch Ness is ______ most famous lake in Scotland.
4) ____ most children like _______ sweets.
5) ______ summer of 1996 was hot and dry.
6) ________ Plaza Hotel is on the corner of________ 59th Street and ______ 5th Avenue.
7) My sister often stays at _________ Uncle Tim's in Detroit.
8) Our friends, _________ Millers moved to Florida last August.
9) ______ smog is a problem in big cities.
10) Our children go to ______ school by _____ bus
Exercise:
Use <a> or <an>. Write the correct forms of the indefinite articles into the gaps.
Example : We read __ book.
Answer : We read a book.
1) There is ____ new English book on the desk.
2) She's reading ____ old comic.
3) They've got ____ idea.
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Spoken English
பயிற்ெி:
கீ ழ்க்காணும் வாக்கியங்களில் சுட்டியடச்சொற்களான "the", "a", "an" அல்லது "x" (பூஜ்ஜிய
சபயர்சொற்குறி) பயன்படுத்தி மீ ண்டும் எழுதுக.
1. Last year we visited _____ St. Paul's Cathedral and _____ Tower.
2. _______ Mount Everest is _____ highest mountain on earth.
3. ____ Loch Ness is ______ most famous lake in Scotland.
4. ____ most children like _______ sweets.
5. ______ summer of 1996 was hot and dry.
6. ________ Plaza Hotel is on the corner of________ 59th Street and ______ 5th Avenue.
7. My sister often stays at _________ Uncle Tim's in Detroit.
8. Our friends, _________ Millers moved to Florida last August.
9. ______ smog is a problem in big cities.
10. Our children go to ______ school by _____ bus
பயிற்ெி:
<a> அல்லது <an> பயன்படுத்தவும். இயடப்பட்ட இடத்தில் ிச்ெயமற்ற சபயர் சொற்குறியின் ெரியான
வடிவத்யத பயன்படுத்தவும்.
உதாரணம்: We read __ book.
வியட: We read a book.
1) There is ____ new English book on the desk.
2) She's reading ____ old comic.
3) They've got ____ idea.
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Spoken English
Conversational English:
Picture Description
Study the Picture given below and write a description or an account of what the picture suggests to you :
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Spoken English
ஆங்கிலத்தில் உயரயாடல்:
பட விளக்கம்
கீ பழ உள்ள படத்தை கவனித்து அந்ை படம் உங்களுக்கு எந்ை விஷைத்தை எடுத்துச் வசால்கிறது
என்பதை எழுைி கட்டுதை வடிவில் விளக்கவும்.
110
Spoken English
111
Spoken English
112
Spoken English
113
Spoken English
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
116
Spoken English
Lesson Objectives
Learn Verbs and usage
Personal Interview
IV.
Verbs
A verb inflects (modified in form) to encode tense, aspect, mood, and voice.
A verb may also agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments, such as
its subject, or object.
Verbs have a present tense, to indicate that an action is being carried out; a past tense, to indicate that
an action has been done; and a future tense, to indicate that an action will be done.
பாடத்தின் பநாக்கங்கள்
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விடனச்ப ொற்கள் ைற்றும் அதன் ேயன்ேொட்டட அறிதல்
தனிப்பட்ட பநர்காணல்
Spoken English
IV.
விடனச்ப ொற்கள்
ப யல்ேொடு:
பங்பகற்பாளர் 2: நீங்கள் வகுப்பிற்கு வரும் பபாது, ாறலயில் என்ன பார்த்தீர்கள் என்பறத கூறவும்.
ஒரு விறனச்ப ால், அதன் காலம், அம் ம், மனநிறல மற்றும் ப யல்பாடு ஆகியவற்றின் அடிப்பறடயில்
மாறுபட்ட வடிவத்றத பகாள்கிறது.
எழுவாய், ப யப்படுபபாருள் ஆகியவற்றின் அம் ங்கள் மற்றும் நபர், பாலினம் மற்றும் எண்ணிக்றக
ஆகியவற்றற பபாறுத்தும் விறனச்ப ாற்களில் மாறுபாடுகள் ஏற்படுகின்றன.
நடத்து பகாண்டிருக்கும் ப யறல பற்றி கூறும் பபாது , விறனச்ப ால் நிகழ்காலத்திலும்,ப ய்யப்பட்ட
ப யறல பற்றிக் கூறும் பபாது இறந்த காலத்திலும், நடக்கப்பபாகும் ப யறல பற்றிக் கூறும் பபாது எதிர்
காலத்திலும் இருக்கும்.
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Spoken English
Agreement
In languages where the verb is inflected, it often agree with its primary argument (the subject) in person,
number, and/or gender. With the exception of the verb to be, English shows distinctive agreement only in
the third person singular, present tense form of verbs, which are marked by adding "-s" ( walks) or "- es"
(fishes). The rest of the persons are not distinguished in the verb (I walk, you walk, they walk, etc.).
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Spoken English
ஒத்துப்பேொதல்
பமாழிகறள பபாறுத்தவறர, விறனச்ப ால்லில் மாற்றம் பபாதுவாக நபர், எண் மற்றும் பாலினம் ( எழுவாய்)
ஆகியவற்றற பபாறுத்து மாறுபடுகிறது. படர்றக ஒருறமயில் நிகழ்கால விறனச்ப ாற்களில் மட்டும் இந்த
விதி மாறுபட்டிருக்கும். இதில் மட்டும் "-s" ( walks) அல்லது "-es" (fishes) ப ர்ப்பதன் மூலம் மாறுபடும். இதர
நபர்கறள குறிப்பிடும் பபாது விறனச்ப ால்லில் மாற்றம் இருப்பதில்றல. (I walk,you walk, they walk,
பபான்றறவ.).
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Spoken English
Verbs can be regular or irregular. Regular verbs form their past tense and past participle by adding “-ed”.
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Spoken English
ஒழுங்கறமயா விறனச்ப ாற்களின் இறந்த காலம் மற்றும் இறந்த கால விறனபயச் த்றத பபற
அதனுடன் “-ed” ப ர்க்கப் படுதில்றல. பவறு விதமாக அது மாற்றப்படுகிறது.
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Spoken English
Exercise:
Fill in the Past & Past Participle forms of verbs given:
Understand :I certainly _____ you to make that promise. I am afraid I did not make myself____.
Wound: He was accidentally____ in the arm.
Shrink: He is not known ever to have ____ from an encounter.
There was no event from which the robber chief______.
Smell: I noticed that he ____of brandy.
Stick: The cart ____in the mud.
Swear: The soldiers ____allegiance to the Constitution of India.
He was yesterday ____in as a Member of the Legislative Assembly.
Sweep: The waves ____the pier. The pier was ____away. Plague _____off millions.
Cost: Often a lie has ____a life.
His folly ____him years of poverty.
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Spoken English
be was/were been
begin began begun
bite bit bitten
blow blew blown
break broke broken
choose chose chosen
do did done
draw drew drawn
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
fly flew flown
ேயிற் ி:
பகொடுக்கப்ேட்ட விடனச்ப ொற்களின் இறந்த கொலம் ைற்றும் இறந்த கொல விடனபயச் த்டதக் பகொண்டு
பகொடிட்ட இடத்டத நிரப்ேவும்:
Understand :I certainly _____ you to make that promise. I am afraid I did not make myself____.
Wound: He was accidentally____ in the arm.
Shrink: He is not known ever to have ____ from an encounter.
There was no event from which the robber chief______.
Smell: I noticed that he ____of brandy.
Stick: The cart ____in the mud.
Swear: The soldiers ____allegiance to the Constitution of India.
He was yesterday ____in as a Member of the Legislative Assembly.
Sweep: The waves ____the pier. The pier was ____away. Plague _____off millions.
Cost: Often a lie has ____a life.
His folly ____him years of poverty.
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
1. துறண விறனச்ப ாற்கள் (Auxiliary verbs) என்பறவ விதனச் வசால்லிற்கு துறண பபாகும் வறகயில்
பயன்படுத்ைப்படும் விறனச்ப ால் ஆகும்.
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Spoken English
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128
Spoken English
DO', 'BE' and 'HAVE' are the English auxiliary verbs used in a negative structure, a question, or to show
tense.
2. 'BE' is used with the Present Participle in Continuous (Progressive) Verbs. It is also used with the Past
Participle in the Passive.
3. 'HAVE' is used with the Past Participle to form the Perfect Aspect.
In order to understand English modal verbs, it is important to recognize how they can be used. Modal
verbs in English can be used in TWO WAYS:
1.To show LEVELS OF PROBABILITY (deduction).
2.To perform SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS (additional meaning) like obligation, permission etc.
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Spoken English
DO', 'BE' மற்றும் 'HAVE' என்பறவ எதிர் மறற அறமப்பு, பகள்வி மற்றும் காலங்கறள உணர்த்துதல்
ஆகியவற்றுக்காக பயன்படுத்தப்படும் துதண விறனச் ப ாற்கள் ஆகும்.
1. 'DO', 'DON'T', 'DOES' மற்றும் 'DOESN'T' ஆகியறவ ாதாரண இறந்த காலத்தில், பகள்விகள் மற்றும் எதிர்
மறற வாக்கியங்களில் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன. are used for questions and negatives in the Simple Present
Tense, மற்றும் 'DID' மற்றும் 'DIDN'T' ஆகியறவ ாதாரண இறந்த காலத்தில் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன. are
used in the Simple Past Tense.
ஆங்கிலத்தில் உள்ள மாதிரி விறனபயச் ங்கறள புரிந்து பகாள்ள, அதன் எப்படி பயன்படுத்தலாம் என்பறத
புரிந்து பகாள்வது மிகவும் அவ ியம். மாதிரி விறனபயச் ங்கறள ஆங்கிலத்தில் இரண்டு வறககளில்
பயன்படுத்தலாம்:
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
நிச் யத்தன்றம WILL (Be) He'll be here by Friday. That would have been Susan
who called.
நிச் யத்தன்றம WON'T (Be) She won't be here. It wouldn't have been John, I
think he's in Delhi.
ாத்தியமற்ற தன்றம CAN'T (Be) It can't be Fred, he's in He couldn't have written this,
the USA. he doesn't know French.
COULDN'T (Be)
It couldn't be right.
ாத்தியக்கூறு MUST (Be) He must be right, he's He must have finished by
an expert in this area. now, he's a fast worker.
(நறடமுறறக்கு ஏற்ற
நிறல)
ாத்தியக்கூறு MIGHT (Be) They might win, but I If they had played better, they
doubt it. might have won.
ாத்தியக்கூறு MIGHT NOT (Be) It's very cloudy, but I If I hadn't read that book I
might not rain. might not have passed the
exam.
ாத்தியக்கூறு MAY (Be) We may go to Andaman She might have got lost.
for our holidays.
ாத்தியக்கூறு MAY NOT (Be) I may not arrive on time. He might not have done it.
ாத்தியக்கூறு COULD (Be) You could be right, but I He could have had an
doubt it. accident even though he's a
very good driver.
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
ப யல்பாடு மாதிரி விறனபயச் ம் காலம் = நிகழ் & எதிர் காலம் = இறந்த காலம்
காலம்
நிர்பந்தம் MAKE (Do) She makes them tidy their The teacher made them write
room. it out six times.
தறட CAN'T/NOT ALLOWED My dad says that I can't She wasn't allowed to see
TO see you anymore. him anymore.
அனுமதி MAY (Be) May I go now? I was allowed to go.
அதிக பபாறுப்பு MUSTN'T (Do) Mother: "you mustn't play The children weren't allowed
அல்லது கடறம with matches." to play outside.
பபாறுப்பற்ற நிறல DON'T HAVE TO (Do) I don't have to wake up I was happy that I didn't have
early on Saturdays. to see him again.
பபாறுப்பற்ற நிறல NEEDN'T (Do) You needn't pay it now if You needn't have done it, but
you don't want to. I'm glad you did.
பபாறுப்பற்ற நிறல DON'T NEED TO (Do) I don't need to study He didn't need to revise for
French anymore. the exam.
கடறம SUPPOSED TO You’re supposed to arrive You were supposed to have
at work at 8am. done this by now.
கடறம NOT SUPPOSED TO You’re not supposed to I wasn't supposed to have
be here! been at the meeting.
முறறயான WOULD (Do) I'd arrive on time if I were I would have arrived on time
அறிவுறர you. if I'd been him.
முறறயான WOULDN'T (Do) I wouldn't do that if I were I wouldn't have done that if
அறிவுறர you. I'd been him.
முறற ாரா அறிவுறர SHOULD (Do) You should always dress You should have dressed
well at interviews. well at the interview.
முறற ாரா அறிவுறர SHOULDN'T (Do) You shouldn't speak to You shouldn't have spoken to
him like that. him like that.
முறற ாரா அறிவுறர OUGHT TO (Do) You ought to be here You ought to have been
earlier. there earlier.
முறற ாரா அறிவுறர OUGHT NOT TO (Do) You ought not to touch You ought not to have done
that. that.
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Spoken English
Exercise:
Put the correct modal verb in its correct form combined with the verb in brackets to make
deductions. In questions 1 to 6, try to use a different modal verb in each situation.
Situation: There are five milk bottles on their front door step.
1. They ____________________ (forget) to cancel their milk deliveries.
2. They ____________________ (wake up) yet.
3. There ____________________ (be) some guests staying with them.
Situation: His coat is on the floor.
4. He ____________________ (drop) it.
5. It ____________________ (be) his coat.
6. There ____________________ (be) some logical reason for it!
Put the correct modal verb in its correct form into the gaps.
7. He was very strong; he ____________________ ski all day and dance all night.
8. We ____________________ to borrow umbrellas; so we didn't get wet.
9. I was so far from the stage that I ____________________ see very well.
10. He sees very badly; he ____________________ wear glasses all the time.
11. NOTICE: All dogs ____________________ kept on leads!
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Spoken English
பகாரிக்றக CAN (I/you) Can/Could you help me, I asked him to help me.
please?
திறன் CAN (Do) I can speak English. I could speak English when I
was five.
திறன் BE ABLE TO (Do) Will you be able to come? She was able to answer all
the questions.
திறன் MANAGE TO (Do) Does he manage to get He managed to rescue her.
here on time?
வழக்கமான தன்றம WILL/WOULD She'll always do her She would always do her
homework. homework.
உதவி WILL I'll help you with that. I'd have helped you.
உதவி SHALL Shall I give you a hand? I should have helped you.
ஆபலா றனகள் SHALL (LET'S) Shall we meet at 9pm? I suggested meeting at 9.
விருப்பம் WON'T (Do) I won't do it! She wouldn't do it.
ேயிற் ி:
நிடலடை: There are five milk bottles on their front door step.
1. They ____________________ (forget) to cancel their milk deliveries.
2. They ____________________ (wake up) yet.
3. There ____________________ (be) some guests staying with them.
நிடலடை: His coat is on the floor.
4. He ____________________ (drop) it.
5. It ____________________ (be) his coat.
6. There ____________________ (be) some logical reason for it!
ைொதிரி விடனச்ப ொற்களின் ரியொன வடிவத்டதக் பகொண்டு பகொடிட்ட இடத்டத நிரப்ேவும்.
7. He was very strong; he ____________________ ski all day and dance all night.
8. We ____________________ to borrow umbrellas; so we didn't get wet.
9. I was so far from the stage that I ____________________ see very well.
10. He sees very badly; he ____________________ wear glasses all the time.
11. NOTICE: All dogs ____________________ kept on leads!
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Spoken English
Comprehension:
The Interview
Jethro gets ready for his job interview. He takes a shower. He shaves. He brushes
his teeth. He cuts his fingernails. He combs his hair. He puts on the new suit he
bought just for today. Jethro feels confident. He is also very nervous. Here is why.
Jethro graduated at the top of his class in college. Still, Jethro knows the economy is
bad. His dad just lost his job at the bank a few weeks ago! Many people are
interviewed for the very same job. There is a lot of competition. Jethro is still
positive. He thinks he has a good chance of getting the job at the technology company. Jethro arrives at
his interview at 9:45. He is 15 minutes early. “Have a seat. Mr. Stone will be right with you,” the
receptionist says. Jethro sits. He thinks about what he has learned to do in an interview. Look people in
the eye. Give a firm handshake. Speak clearly. Jethro feels ready. “Mr. Stone is ready to see you now,”
the receptionist says. Jethro takes a deep breath and walks into Mr. Stone’s office. “Good to meet you,
sir,” Jethro says and gives Mr. Stone a firm handshake and a smile.
Questions:
1) What kind of job is Jethro interviewing for? 2) What is one thing Jethro does to get ready?
A. a college job A. He talks to his dad.
B. a banking job B. He calls Mr. Stone.
C. a technology job C. He eats breakfast.
D. a receptionist job D. He cuts his fingernails.
137
Spoken English
ஆங்கிலத்தில் உடரயொடல்
புரிந்து பகொள்ளுதல்:
The Interview
Jethro gets ready for his job interview. He takes a shower. He shaves. He brushes his
teeth. He cuts his fingernails. He combs his hair. He puts on the new suit he bought
just for today. Jethro feels confident. He is also very nervous. Here is why. Jethro
graduated at the top of his class in college. Still, Jethro knows the economy is bad. His
dad just lost his job at the bank a few weeks ago! Many people are interviewed for the
very same job. There is a lot of competition. Jethro is still positive. He thinks he has a
good chance of getting the job at the technology company. Jethro arrives at his interview at 9:45. He is
15 minutes early. “Have a seat. Mr. Stone will be right with you,” the receptionist says. Jethro sits. He
thinks about what he has learned to do in an interview. Look people in the eye. Give a firm handshake.
Speak clearly. Jethro feels ready. “Mr. Stone is ready to see you now,” the receptionist says. Jethro
takes a deep breath and walks into Mr. Stone’s office. “Good to meet you, sir,” Jethro says and gives Mr.
Stone a firm handshake and a smile.
பகள்விகள்:
1) What kind of job is Jethro interviewing for? 2) What is one thing Jethro does to get ready?
A. a college job A. He talks to his dad.
B. a banking job B. He calls Mr. Stone.
C. a technology job C. He eats breakfast.
D. a receptionist job D. He cuts his fingernails.
138
Spoken English
139
Spoken English
3. ிவப்பு விளக்கு கொண்ேிக்கப்ேடும் வடர பைடடடய விட்டு நகரக் கூடொது - அந்த தருணத்டத நீங்கள்
ைகிழ்ச் ியொக அனுேவிக்கிறீர்கள் என்ேடதன் உணர்த்தவும்.
140
Spoken English
Advanced Vocabulary
Practice…..
141
Spoken English
142
Spoken English
143
Spoken English
a) Diminish:
i) to become dark
ii) to become less
iii) to disrespect
iv) to avoid
b) Exempt
i) Excused
ii) former employee
iii) former royalty
iv) hidden
c) Vocation:
i) Holiday
ii) Speech
iii) Relaxation
iv) occupation
d) Patron:
i) a manager
ii) a father
iii) an owner
iv) a customer
e) Destiny:
i) Habit
ii) Fate
iii) Hope
iv) minute
f) Advocate:
i) a speech writer
ii) a critic
iii) a newspaper reporter
iv) a supporter
g) Savor:
i) Miser
ii) Messiah
iii) to enjoy
iv) to save for later
144
Spoken English
g) Donor:
i) one who doesn’t know
ii) one who gives
iii) one who does nothing
iv) one who eats a lot
i) Adverse:
i) Unknown
ii) Unfavorable
iii) Jingle
iv) commercial writing
j) Query:
i) to ask
ii) to quote
iii) to be strange
iv) to laugh
Conversational English:
145
Spoken English
g) Donor:
i) one who doesn’t know
ii) one who gives
iii) one who does nothing
iv) one who eats a lot
j) Adverse:
i) Unknown
ii) Unfavorable
iii) Jingle
iv) commercial writing
j) Query:
i) to ask
ii) to quote
iii) to be strange
iv) to laugh
ஆங்கிலத்தில் உடரயொடல்:
146
Spoken English
147
Spoken English
148
Spoken English
149
Spoken English
150
Spoken English
151
Spoken English
152
Spoken English
Lesson Objectives
Learn Adverbs and usage
Newspaper reading
V.
Adverbs
Activity:
The participants will be grouped in 3. The groups will be categorized as A B C.
2 participants will be given blocks to prepare an object in 3 minutes. The 3rd participant keeps on
encouraging using “quickly, fast, carefully, efficiently, late, finally”.
Now the participant 1 or 2 describes the work done by any other participant of another group.
153
Spoken English
பாடத்தின் ந ாக்கங்கள்
வியனசயச்ெங்கள் மற்றும் அதன் பயன்பாட்டியன அறிதல்
செய்தித்தாள் படித்தல்
V.
விடனபயச் ங்கள்
ப யல்ேொடு:
பங்பகற்பாளர்கள் 3 பபர் பகாண்ட குழுக்களாக பிரிக்கப்படுவார்கள். அவர்கள் A B C என
வறகப்படுத்தப்படுவார்கள்.
அவர்களில் 2 பங்பகற்பாளர்களுக்கு ப்ளாக்குகள் பகாடுக்கப்பட்டு ஒரு பபாருறள 3 நிமிடத்தில் தயர்
ப ய்யுமாறு கூறப்படும். 3வது பங்பகற்பாளர் “quickly, fast, carefully, efficiently, late, finally” பபான்ற
வார்த்றதகறள கூறி உற் ாகப்படுத்த பவண்டும்.
இப்பபாது 1வது அல்லது 2வது பங்பகற்பாளர், மற்பறாரு குழுவின் பங்பகற்பாளர் ப ய்துள்ள பணிறய
விவரிப்பார்.
ஒரு விறனபயச் ம், என்பது ஒரு விறன, ஒரு உரிச்ப ால், மற்பறாரு விறனபயச் ம், ஒரு ப ாற்பறாடர்
அல்லது ஒரு வசால் ஆகியவற்றற விவரித்து ப ால்லக் கூடியது.
ப யலின், தன்றம, பநரம், இடம், காரணம் அல்லது அளவு
ஆகியவற்றற குறிப்பபதாடு "how," "when," "where," "how much"
பபான்ற பகள்விகளுக்கும் விறட அளிக்கிறது.
154
Spoken English
He's working carefully. He's working fast. "Quickly, carefully, slowly, hard,
fast, hurriedly" are all adverbs.
He's working slowly. He's working hurriedly.
155
Spoken English
He's working carefully. He's working fast. "Quickly, carefully, slowly, hard,
fast, hurriedly" என்பறவ
விறனபயச் ங்கள் ஆகும்.
156
Spoken English
Paul went to the store, then he went to the post office. Adverbs can be used to
I should have studied; instead, I went to a movie. join two clauses together.
I have no money; I'd go with you otherwise. These adverbs are called
I think, therefore I am. conjunctive adverbs.
157
Spoken English
Paul went to the store, then he went to the post office. இரண்டு வசாற்கதள ஒன்றாக
I should have studied; instead, I went to a movie. இறணக்க விறனபயச் ங்கறள
பயன்படுத்தலாம்.
I have no money; I'd go with you otherwise. ஒத்த விறனபயச் ங்கள் என இறவ
I think, therefore I am. அறழக்கப்படுகின்றன.
also, consequently, finally, furthermore, hence, however, incidentally, indeed, instead, likewise,
meanwhile, nevertheless, next, nonetheless, otherwise, still, then, therefore, thus.
ேயிற் ி:
கீ ழ்கண்ட வாக்கியங்கயள வியனசயச்ெங்கயள சகாண்டு ிரப்பவும்.
158
Spoken English
159
Spoken English
160
Spoken English
Exercise:
Choose the correct word
161
Spoken English
162
Spoken English
163
Spoken English
Lesson Objectives
164
Learn prepositions and usage
JAM session
Role play
Spoken English
VI .
Prepositions
Activity:
There will be a rapid fire round with students. Whosoever answers first gets a chocolate. Correct my
sentences.
ேொடத்தின் பநொக்கங்கள்
165 அதன் ேயன்ேொட்டிடன
முன்னிடடச் ப ொற்கள் ைற்றும்
அறிந்து பகொள்ளுதல்
JAM ேயிற் ி ேொடம்
Spoken English
VI .
முன்னியடச்சொற்கள்
ப யல்ேொடு:
166
Spoken English
A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in asentence. The word or phrase that
the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition.
A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the
sentence as in the following examples:
The book is on the table.
The book is beneath the table.
The book is leaning against the table.
The book is beside the table.
She held the book over the table.
She read the book during class.
In each of the preceding sentences, a preposition locates the noun "book" in space or in time.
The most common prepositions are:
167
Spoken English
முன்னிறடச்ப ால் என்பது பபயர்ச்ப ால், பிரதிபபயர்கள் மற்றும் ப ாற்பறாருடர்கறள ஒரு வாக்கியத்தில்
உள்ள மற்ற வார்த்றதகளுடன் இறணக்கும் ப ால் ஆகும். முன்னிறடச்ப ால் அறிமுகப்படுத்தும் வார்த்றத
அல்லது ப ாற்பறாடர் அந்த முன்னிறடச்ப ால்லின் ப யப்படுபபாருள் ஆகும்.
168
Spoken English
"about," "above," "across," "after," "against," "along," "among," "around," "at," "before," "behind," "below,"
"beneath," "beside," "between," "beyond," "but," "by," "despite," "down," "during," "except," "for," "from,"
"in," "inside," "into," "like," "near," "of," "off," "on," "onto," "out," "outside," "over," "past," "since,"
"through," "throughout," "till," "to," "toward," "under," "underneath," "until," "up," "upon," "with," "within,"
and "without."
Each of the highlighted words in the following sentences is a preposition:
The children climbed the mountain without fear.
In this sentence, the preposition "without" introduces the noun "fear." The prepositional phrase "without
fear" functions as an adverb describing how the children climbed.
There was rejoicing throughout the land when the government was defeated.
Here, the preposition "throughout" introduces the noun phrase "the land." The prepositional phrase acts
as an adverb describing the location of the rejoicing.
The spider crawled slowly along the banister.
The preposition "along" introduces the noun phrase "the banister" and the prepositional phrase "along
the banister" acts as an adverb, describing where the spider crawled.
The dog is hiding under the porch because it knows it will be punished for chewing up a new
pair of shoes.
Here the preposition "under" introduces the prepositional phrase "under the porch," which acts as an
adverb modifying the compound verb "is hiding."
The screenwriter searched for the manuscript he was certain was somewhere in his office.
Similarly in this sentence, the preposition "in" introduces a prepositional phrase "in his office," which as
an adverb describing
The following nouns take the preposition “for” after them.
169
Spoken English
"about," "above," "across," "after," "against," "along," "among," "around," "at," "before," "behind," "below,"
"beneath," "beside," "between," "beyond," "but," "by," "despite," "down," "during," "except," "for," "from,"
"in," "inside," "into," "like," "near," "of," "off," "on," "onto," "out," "outside," "over," "past," "since,"
"through," "throughout," "till," "to," "toward," "under," "underneath," "until," "up," "upon," "with," "within,"
and "without."
கீ ழ்கண்ட வாக்கியங்களில் றைறலட் ப ய்யப்பட்ட வார்த்றதகள் முன்னிறடச்ப ாற்கள் ஆகும்:
The children climbed the mountain without fear.
இந்த வாக்கியத்தில், முன்னிறடச் ப ால்லான "without" , "fear"என்னும் பபயர் ப ால்றல
அறிமுகப்படுத்துகிறது. முன்னிறடச்ப ால்லின் ப ாற்பறாடரான "without fear" ஒரு விறனபயச் ம் பபால்
ப யல்பட்டு குழந்றதகள் எப்படி ஏறினார்கள் என்பறத விவரிக்கிறது.
There was rejoicing throughout the land when the government was defeated.
இந்த வாக்கியத்தில், முன்னிறடச் ப ால்லான "throughout" , "the land." என்னும் பபயர் ப ாற்பறாடறர
அறிமுகப்படுத்துகிறது. முன்னிறடச்ப ால்லின் ப ாற்பறாடர், ஒரு விறனபயச் ம் பபால் ப யல்பட்டு
மகிழ்ச் ி பகாண்டாடப்பட்ட இடத்றத விவரிக்கிறது.
The spider crawled slowly along the banister.
இந்த வாக்கியத்தில், முன்னிறடச் ப ால்லான "along", "the banister" என்னும் பபயர் ப ாற்பறாடறர
அறிமுகப்படுத்துகிறது. முன்னிறடச்ப ால்லின் ப ாற்பறாடர், "along the banister" ஒரு விறனபயச் ம் பபால்
ப யல்பட்டு ிலந்தி எப்படி ஊர்ந்து ப ன்றது என்பறத பதரிவிக்கிறது.
The dog is hiding under the porch because it knows it will be punished for chewing up a new
pair of shoes.
இந்த வாக்கியத்தில், முன்னிறடச் ப ால்லான "under", "under the porch" என்னும் முன்னிறடச்ப ால்லின்
ப ாற்பறாடறர அறிமுகப்படுத்துகிறது. இது ஒரு விறனபயச் ம் பபால் ப யல்பட்டு கூட்டு விறனச்
ப ால்லான "is hiding" என்பறத விவரிக்கிறது.
The screenwriter searched for the manuscript he was certain was somewhere in his office.
அபத பபான்று, இந்த வாக்கியத்திலும், இந்த வாக்கியத்தில், முன்னிறடச் ப ால்லான "in", "in his office,"
என்னும் முன்னிறடச் ப ால்லின் ப ாற்பறாடறர அறிமுகப்படுத்துகிறது. இது ஒரு விறனபயச் ம் பபால்
ப யல்பட்டு விவரிக்கிறது.
கீ ழ்கண்ட பபயர்ப ாற்களுக்கு பிறகு “for” என்ற முன்னிறடச் ப ால் வருகிறது.
170
Spoken English
Affection, ambition, anxiety, apology, appetite, aptitude, blame, capacity, candidate, compassion,
compensation, contempt, craving, desire, esteem, fitness, fondness, guarantee, leisure, liking, match,
motive, need, opportunity, partiality, passion, pity, predilection, pretext, relish, remorse, reputation,
surely.
The following nouns take the preposition “with” after them.
Acquaintance, alliance, bargain, comparison, conformity, enmity, intercourse, intimacy, relations.
The following nouns take the preposition “of “after them.
Abhorrence, assurance, charge, distrust, doubt, experience, failure, observance, proof, result.
The following nouns take the preposition "to" after them.
Access, accession, allegiance, alternative, antidote, antipathy, approach, assent, attachment, attention,
concession, disgrace, dislike, encouragement, enmity, exception, incentive, indifference, invitation, key,
leniency, likeness, limit, menace, obedience, objection, obstruction, opposition, postscript, preface,
reference, repugnance, resemblance, sequel, submission, succession, supplement, temptation, traitor.
The following nouns take the preposition “from” after them.
Abstinence, cessation, deliverance, descent, digression, escape, exemption, inference, respite.
The following adjectives and participles take the preposition “to” after them.
Abhorrent, acceptable, accessible, accustomed, addicted, adequate, adjacent, affectionate, agreeable,
akin, alien, alive, amenable, analogous, applicable, appropriate, beneficial, callous, common,
comparable, condemned, conducive, conformable, congenial, consecrated, contrary, creditable, deaf,
derogatory, detrimental, devoted, disastrous, due, entitled, equal, essential, exposed, faithful, fatal,
foreign, hostile, impertinent, incidental, inclined, indebted, indifferent, indispensible, indulgent, inimical,
insensible, injured, irrelevant, favourable, hurtful, immaterial, impervious, Indigenous, liable.
The following adjectives and participle take the preposition “in” after them
Absorbed, accomplish, accurate, backward, correct, defective, deficient, experienced, enveloped,
honest, implicated, interested, involved, proficient.
The following adjectives and participle take the preposition “with” after them
Acquainted, afflict, busy, compatible, complaint, consistent, contemporary, contented, delighted,
deluged, drenched, fatigued, fired, gifted, infected, infested, satisfied, and touched.
The following adjectives and participle take the preposition “of” after them.
Accused, afraid, apprehensive, apprised, aware, bought, cautious, characteristic, composed, confident,
conscious, devoid, guilty, proud, informed, sensible, sick, sure, scare, weary,? The following adjectives
and participle take the preposition for after them Anxious, celebrated, designed, destined, eager, eligible,
eminent, fit, good, great, prepare, proper, qualified, ready, sorry, sufficient, useful.
The following adjectives and participle take the preposition “to” after them.
Accept, adapt, allot, apologize, attain, attend, belong, contribute, lead, listen, object, occur, prefer,
pretend, refer, and testify.
The following verbs and participle take the preposition from after them.
Abstain, cease, differ, digress, escape, prohibit, protect, prevent, recover etc.
The following verbs and participle take the preposition with after them.
Associated, bear, clash, coincide, cope up, disagree, sympathize, fill, part, quarrel etc.
The following verbs and participle take the preposition of after them.
171
Spoken English
Affection, ambition, anxiety, apology, appetite, aptitude, blame, capacity, candidate, compassion, compensation,
contempt, craving, desire, esteem, fitness, fondness, guarantee, leisure, liking, match, motive, need, opportunity,
partiality, passion, pity, predilection, pretext, relish, remorse, reputation, surely.
கீ ழ்கண்ட பபயர்ப ாற்களுக்கு பிறகு “with” என்ற முன்னிறடச் ப ால் வருகிறது.
Acquaintance, alliance, bargain, comparison, conformity, enmity, intercourse, intimacy, relations.
கீ ழ்கண்ட பபயர்ப ாற்களுக்கு பிறகு “of “ என்ற முன்னிறடச் ப ால் வருகிறது.
Abhorrence, assurance, charge, distrust, doubt, experience, failure, observance, proof, result.
கீ ழ்கண்ட பபயர்ப ாற்களுக்கு பிறகு "to" என்ற முன்னிறடச் ப ால் வருகிறது.
Access, accession, allegiance, alternative, antidote, antipathy, approach, assent, attachment, attention,
concession, disgrace, dislike, encouragement, enmity, exception, incentive, indifference, invitation, key, leniency,
likeness, limit, menace, obedience, objection, obstruction, opposition, postscript, preface, reference, repugnance,
resemblance, sequel, submission, succession, supplement, temptation, traitor.
கீ ழ்கண்ட பபயர்ப ாற்களுக்கு பிறகு “from” என்ற முன்னிறடச் ப ால் வருகிறது.
Abstinence, cessation, deliverance, descent, digression, escape, exemption, inference, respite.
கீ ழ்கண்ட உரிச்ப ாற்கள் மற்றும் பபயபரச் ங்கள் தனக்கு பின்னால் “to” என்ற முன்னிறடச்ப ால்றல
பகாண்டிருக்கும்.
Abhorrent, acceptable, accessible, accustomed, addicted, adequate, adjacent, affectionate, agreeable, akin, alien,
alive, amenable, analogous, applicable, appropriate, beneficial, callous, common, comparable, condemned,
conducive, conformable, congenial, consecrated, contrary, creditable, deaf, derogatory, detrimental, devoted,
disastrous, due, entitled, equal, essential, exposed, faithful, fatal, foreign, hostile, impertinent, incidental, inclined,
indebted, indifferent, indispensible, indulgent, inimical, insensible, injured, irrelevant, favourable, hurtful, immaterial,
impervious, Indigenous, liable.
கீ ழ்கண்ட உரிச்ப ாற்கள் மற்றும் பபயபரச் ங்கள் தனக்கு பின்னால் “in” என்ற முன்னிறடச்ப ால்றல
பகாண்டிருக்கும்.
Absorbed, accomplish, accurate, backward, correct, defective, deficient, experienced, enveloped, honest,
implicated, interested, involved, proficient.
கீ ழ்கண்ட உரிச்ப ாற்கள் மற்றும் பபயபரச் ங்கள் தனக்கு பின்னால் “with” என்ற
முன்னிறடச்ப ால்றல பகாண்டிருக்கும்.
Acquainted, afflict, busy, compatible, complaint, consistent, contemporary, contented, delighted, deluged,
drenched, fatigued, fired, gifted, infected, infested, satisfied, and touched.
கீ ழ்கண்ட உரிச்ப ாற்கள் மற்றும் பபயபரச் ங்கள் தனக்கு பின்னால் “of” என்ற முன்னிறடச்ப ால்றல
பகாண்டிருக்கும்.
Accused, afraid, apprehensive, apprised, aware, bought, cautious, characteristic, composed, confident, conscious,
devoid, guilty, proud, informed, sensible, sick, sure, scare, weary,? The following adjectives and participle take the
preposition for after them Anxious, celebrated, designed, destined, eager, eligible, eminent, fit, good, great,
prepare, proper, qualified, ready, sorry, sufficient, useful.
கீ ழ்கண்ட உரிச்ப ாற்கள் மற்றும் பபயபரச் ங்கள் தனக்கு பின்னால் “to” என்ற முன்னிறடச்ப ால்றல
பகாண்டிருக்கும்.
Accept, adapt, allot, apologize, attain, attend, belong, contribute, lead, listen, object, occur, prefer, pretend, refer,
and testify.
கீ ழ்கண்ட விறனச்ப ாற்கள் மற்றும் பபயபரச் ங்கள் தனக்கு பின்னால் “from” என்ற
முன்னிறடச்ப ால்றல பகாண்டிருக்கும்.
Abstain, cease, differ, digress, escape, prohibit, protect, prevent, recover etc.
கீ ழ்கண்ட விறனச்ப ாற்கள் மற்றும் பபயபரச் ங்கள் தனக்கு பின்னால் “with” என்ற
முன்னிறடச்ப ால்றல பகாண்டிருக்கும்.
Associated, bear, clash, coincide, cope up, disagree, sympathize, fill, part, quarrel etc.
கீ ழ்கண்ட விறனச்ப ாற்கள் மற்றும் பபயபரச் ங்கள் தனக்கு பின்னால் “of” என்ற
முன்னிறடச்ப ால்றல பகாண்டிருக்கும்.
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Spoken English
The following verbs and participle take the preposition for after them.
Care, feel, hope, mourn, start, and wish.
The following verbs and participle take the preposition in after them.
Delight, employ, enlist, excel (shine), fall, glory, increase, indulge and involve.
The following verbs and participle take the preposition on after them.
Comment, decide, depend, determine, enlarge, impose, insist, resolve, trample
Things to remember:
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
(a) 'in' refers to the end of a period of time usually in the future.
e.g.: He will return in a month. (at the end of one month)
(b) within' means before the end of a period of time (at any time before the specified period).
e.g.: He will return within a month. (he may come after two weeks also)
Rule 5: in and into
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Spoken English
(a) 'in' என்பது வருங்காலத்தில் பபாதுவாக நிறறவு பபறக்கூடிய அல்லது நிச் யமான கால
பநரத்றத குறிப்பிடுகிறது.
(a) 'in' என்பது ஏபதனும் ஒன்றினுள் ஏற்படும் நிறல அல்லது இயக்கத்றத குறிக்கிறது.
உதாரணம்: She is in the garden. (rest, inside)
She is walking in the garden (motion, inside)
(b) 'into' means motion towards the inside of anything.
உதாரணம்: I walked into the garden.
Thieves broke into my friend's house yesterday.
விதி 6: ON பயன்பாடு,
(a) நிறலயாக உள்ள பபாருட்கறளப் பற்றி பபசும் பபாது,
உதாரணம்: He sat on a big stone.
(b) நாட்கள் மற்றும் பததிகளின் பபயர்களுக்கு முன்னால்.
உதாரணம்: On Friday, on the 2nd of August, etc.
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
e.g.: I have not seen her since Monday. I have not seen her from August.
(b) For indicates a length or period of time.
e.g.: I have not seen her for six months.
Exercise:
Insert prepositions at /on / in
1. I get up ______ 7 o’clock every day
2. I was born ______ 21 May
3. Mary likes to go to the seaside ______ summer
4. Steve reads the newspaper ______ the morning
5. We are going to the picnic ______ the weekend
6. My mother is ______ home now, but I’m ______ work
7. My friend was born ______ 1975
8. I will be back ______ 5 minutes
9. His brother is going to get married ______ the age of 25
10. We have English lessons ______ Monday and ______ Wednesday
11. They are busy ______ the moment
12. Olga and Nick arrived ______ the same time
Exercise:
Supply the correct preposition if necessary (in/on/at). Put a ‘x’ if any
preposition is not applicable.
1. We always work in the garden spring.
2. The cars first appeared in sales 19th century.
3. This house was built 1967.
4. I will come to visit you again next week.
5. I usually have my vacation March.
6. She will go to the cinema with us Tuesday evening.
7. Children get presents Christmas day.
8. She will retire August.
9. We had a lot of fun last Easter.
10. Dad does not work Sunday.
11. She has a birthday February.
12. School usually starts September.
13. We usually visit our Grandmother Easter.
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Spoken English
உதாரணம்: I have not seen her since Monday. I have not seen her from August.
(b) For ਸਮੇਂ ਦੀ ਲੰਬਾਈ ਜਾਾਂ ਮਮਆਦ ਦਰਸਾਉਂਦਾ ਹੈ
உதாரணம்: I have not seen her for six months.
பயிற்ெி:
முன்னிடடச் ப ொற்கள் at/on/in ஐ நிரப்ேவும்.
1. I get up ______ 7 o’clock every day
2. I was born ______ 21 May
3. Mary likes to go to the seaside ______ summer
4. Steve reads the newspaper ______ the morning
5. We are going to the picnic ______ the weekend
6. My mother is ______ home now, but I’m ______ work
7. My friend was born ______ 1975
8. I will be back ______ 5 minutes
9. His brother is going to get married ______ the age of 25
10. We have English lessons ______ Monday and ______ Wednesday
11. They are busy ______ the moment
12. Olga and Nick arrived ______ the same time
பயிற்ெி:
பதடவயொன இடத்தில் ரியொன முன்னிடடச்ப ொல்லிடன ப ர்க்கவும் (in/on/at). முன்னிடடச்ப ொல்
பதடவப்ேடொத இடத்தில் ‘x’ என குறிப்ேிடவும்.
1. We always work in the garden spring.
2. The cars first appeared in sales 19th century.
3. This house was built 1967.
4. I will come to visit you again next week.
5. I usually have my vacation March.
6. She will go to the cinema with us Tuesday evening.
7. Children get presents Christmas day.
8. She will retire August.
9. We had a lot of fun last Easter.
10. Dad does not work Sunday.
11. She has a birthday February.
12. School usually starts September.
13. We usually visit our Grandmother Easter.
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
Exercise:
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Spoken English
I'm sorry ______ breaking the vase. I didn't do it ______ purpose. It happened ______ accident.
The neighbours are quarreling. They have been shouting each other since morning.
Steve is outside. He's playing ______ the dogs. He is throwing a ball them and they're running to
catch it.
The monkey was jumping up and down angrily. It even threw a banana the people standing in
front of the cage.
James was standing the other side of the road when I noticed him. I wanted to say hello to him, so I had
to shout ______ him.
When I arrived home yesterday I saw that my neighbour's garage was ______ fire.
Oh, no! We can’t use the toilette. It’s out ______ order.
I can’t go out tonight. I’m very busy. I have to prepare ______ a History test.
ேயிற் ி:
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Spoken English
I'm sorry ______ breaking the vase. I didn't do it ______ purpose. It happened ______ accident.
The neighbours are quarreling. They have been shouting each other since morning.
Steve is outside. He's playing ______ the dogs. He is throwing a ball them and they're running to
catch it.
The monkey was jumping up and down angrily. It even threw a banana the people standing in
front of the cage.
James was standing the other side of the road when I noticed him. I wanted to say hello to him, so I had
to shout ______ him.
When I arrived home yesterday I saw that my neighbour's garage was ______ fire.
Oh, no! We can’t use the toilette. It’s out ______ order.
I can’t go out tonight. I’m very busy. I have to prepare ______ a History test.
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Spoken English
When my parents go out in the evening they ask me to look ______ my baby brother.
Conversational English
JAM Session
i) Indian Railways
ii) Newspaper
iii) FM Radio
Role play:
Three friends meeting after 10 years in a coffee shop.
185
Spoken English
When my parents go out in the evening they ask me to look ______ my baby brother.
ஆங்கிலத்தில் உடரயொடல்
186
Spoken English
Lesson Objectives
Learn Conjunctions and Usage
Extempore
VII .
Conjunctions
Activity :
The participants will be grouped in 3. Every member will be given a piece of paper.
Participant 1 will be given a paper with the first phrase of a sentence written.
Participant 2 will be given a paper with the linking word written.
Participant 3 will be given a paper with the final phrase of a sentence written.
The participants will be asked to stand in the order they get the papers.
Eg.
Jim is taller- paper 1
Than- paper 2
Sam- paper 3
After all, the other participants are asked to sit down except the linking words.
You can use a conjunction to link words, phrases, and clauses, as in the following example:
I ate the pizza and the pasta.
Call the movers when you are ready.
Co-ordinating Conjunctions
You use a co-ordinating conjunction ("and," "but," "or," "nor," "for," "so," or "yet") to join individual words,
phrases, and independent clauses.
Note that you can also use the conjunctions "but" and "for" as prepositions.
In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is a co-ordinating conjunction:
பாடத்ைின் பநாக்கங்கள்
இடணப்பு ப ொற்கள் ைற்றும் 187
அதன் ேயன்ேொட்டிடன அறிந்து
பகொள்ளுதல்
ஆயத்தம் அல்லொத பேச்சு
Spoken English
VII .
இடணப்பு ப ொற்கள்
ப யல்ேொடு:
பங்பகற்பாளர்கள் மூன்று பபர் பகாண்ட குழுவாக பிரிக்கப்படுவார்கள். ஒவ்பவாருவரிடமும் ஒரு காகிதத்
தாள் பகாடுக்கப்படும்.
1 வது பங்பகற்பாளரிடம் ஒரு வாக்கியத்தின் முதல் ப ாற்பறாடர் எழுதப்பட்டிருக்கும் காகிதம்
பகாடுக்கப்படும்.
2 வது பங்பகற்பாளரிடம் இறணப்பு ப ால் எழுதப்பட்டிருக்கும்.
3 வது பங்பகற்பாளரிடம் வாக்கியத்தில் இறுதி ப ாற்பறாடர் பகாடுக்கப்பட்டிருக்கும்.
தங்களுக்கு கிறடத்துள்ள தாளின் வரிற யின் படி பங்பகற்பாளர்கறள நிற்கச் ப ய்ய பவண்டும்.
உதாரணத்திற்கு:
Jim is taller- தாள் 1
Than- தாள் 2
Sam- தாள் 3
பின்னர், இறணப்பு ப ாற்கள் உள்ள தாறள றவத்திருப்பவர்கறளத் தவிர மற்றவர்கள் அறனவரும் உட்கார
றவக்கப்பட பவண்டும்.
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Spoken English
Subordinating Conjunctions
A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause and indicates the nature of the relationship
among the independent clause(s) and the dependent clause(s).
The most common subordinating conjunctions are "after," "although," "as," "because," "before," "how,"
"if," "once," "since," "than," "that," "though," "till," "until," "when," "where," "whether," and "while."
Each of the highlighted words in the following sentences is a subordinating conjunction:
After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.
The subordinating conjunction "after" introduces the dependent clause "After she had learned to drive."
If the paperwork arrives on time, your cheque will be mailed on Tuesday.
Similarly, the subordinating conjunction "if" introduces the dependent clause "If the paperwork arrives on
time."
Gerald had to begin his thesis over again when his computer crashed.
The subordinating conjunction "when" introduces the dependent clause "when his computer crashed."
Midwifery advocates argue that home births are safer because the mother and baby are
exposed to fewer people and fewer germs.
In this sentence, the dependent clause "because the mother and baby are exposed to fewer people and
fewer germs" is introduced by the subordinating conjunction "because."
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Spoken English
ஒரு ொர்ந்த இடணப்புச் ப ொல், எப்பபாதும் பிரதான வாக்கியக் கூற்றறயும் (Independent Clause) ார்ந்த
வாக்கியக் கூற்றறயும் (Dependent Clause) பதாடர்புபடுத்தும் வறகயில் பயன்படுபறவகள் ஆகும்.
பபாதுவாக பயன்படுத்தப்படும் ார்பு இறணப்பு ப ாற்கள் "after," "although," "as," "because," "before,"
"how," "if," "once," "since," "than," "that," "though," "till," "until," "when," "where," "whether," and "while"
ஆகியறவ ஆகும்.
கீ ழ்காணும் வாக்கியங்களில் உள்ள றைறலச் ப ய்யப்பட்ட வார்த்றதகள் ொர்ந்த இடணப்புச்
ப ொற்கள் ஆகும்:
After she had learned to drive, Alice felt more independent.
ொர்ந்த இடணப்புச் ப ொல்லொன "after" என்பது, பிரதான வாக்கியக் கூறான "After she had learned to
drive." என்பறத இறணக்கிறது.
If the paperwork arrives on time, your cheque will be mailed on Tuesday.
அபத பபான்று, ொர்ந்த இடணப்புச் ப ொல்லொன "if" என்பது, ார்ந்த வாக்கியக் கூறான "If the
paperwork arrives on time"என்பறத இறணக்கிறது.
Gerald had to begin his thesis over again when his computer crashed.
The subordinating conjunction "when" introduces the dependent clause "when his computer crashed."
ொர்ந்த இடணப்புச் ப ொல்லொன "when" என்பது, ார்ந்த வாக்கியக் கூறான "when his computer
crashed" என்பறத இறணக்கிறது
Midwifery advocates argue that home births are safer because the mother and baby are
exposed to fewer people and fewer germs.
இந்த வாக்கியத்தில், ார்ந்த வாக்கியக் கூறான, "because the mother and baby are exposed to fewer
people and fewer germs" என்பறத "because "என்ற ார்ந்த இறணப்பு ப ால் இறணக்கிறது.
Correlative Conjunctions
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Spoken English
Correlative conjunctions always appear in pairs -- you use them to link equivalent sentence elements.
The most common correlative conjunctions are "both...and," "either...or," "neither...nor,", "not only...but
also," "so...as," and "whether...or." (Technically correlative conjunctions consist simply of a co-ordinating
conjunction linked to an adjective or adverb.)
Exercise:
Join each pair of sentences into one by using a suitable conjunction
Example : Rita has no time to answer your call as she is late.
1. We will go for an outing. We will do so if the weather is fine.
2. We had better get ready now. We may not have time to reach the airport.
3. The meeting had to be called off. There was not enough quorum.
4. Mr. Liew has been sick. He has been so since coming back from Japan.
5. Do not start the rehearsal yet. The chairman has not arrived.
6. The debating teams were very happy. Both were declared joint-champions.
7. The players gave their best. They still did not win the match.
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Spoken English
8. We are proud to be Malaysians. We must fly the Jalur Gemilang on National Day.
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Spoken English
9. The boys were unhappy with their results. The girls were also unhappy with theirs.
10. Let us be more serious in our revision. We may not perform as well as we want.
Exercise:
Choose the sentence from the box that goes with each sentence below. Join the two sentences with
“and”, “but” or “or”. The first one has been done for you.
a) You weren’t at home. f) Put it in the fridge.
8. We are proud to be Malaysians. We must fly the Jalur Gemilang on National Day.
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Spoken English
9. The boys were unhappy with their results. The girls were also unhappy with theirs.
10. Let us be more serious in our revision. We may not perform as well as we want.
ேயிற் ி:
கீ பழ பகாடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ள வாக்கியங்களுடன் இறணயும் வாக்கியத்றத பபட்டியில் இருந்து பதர்வு
ப ய்யவும். இரண்டு வாக்கியங்கறளயும் “and”, “but” அல்லது “or” என்ற வார்த்றதகறள பகாண்டு
இறணக்கவும். முதலாவதாக ஒன்று உங்களுக்காக இறணத்து காண்பிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.
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Spoken English
Lesson Objectives
Learn Application of Expressions
VIII.
Interjections
Activity:
The teacher will show some pictures to the students. The students will have to express their response in
30 seconds.
Exercise :
Underline the Interjections
1. Hey! You left me behind.
2. Ouch! That soup is hot.
3. Oops! The plate broke.
4. Well, I guess I’ll go.
5. Hurray! We won the game.
6. Wow! John hit the ball far.
7. Hurry! I saw something scary in the cave.
8. Alas! I cannot go with you.
9. Shh! I heard something.
10. Ah, I see what you mean.
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Spoken English
ேொடத்தின் பநொக்கங்கள்
வியப்பியடச் சொற்களின் பயன்பாடு
VIII.
வியப்பியடச் சொற்கள்
செயல்பாடு:
வியப்பு, ஆச் ரியம் பபான்ற உணர்றவ பவளிப்படுத்தப் பயன்படும் ப ாற்கள் வியப்பிறடச் ப ாற்களாகும்.
உதாரணம்
i. Hurrah ! We have won the match.
(வியப்பிறடச் ப ால்)
ii. Ugh ! What a dirty place!
(வியப்பிறடச் ப ால்)
ேயிற் ி:
வியப்பியடச் சொற்கயள நகாடிட்டு காட்டவும்
Exercise:
196
Spoken English
Eek!, Oh!, Oops!, Wow!, Hey!, Aha!, Ouch!, Ah!, Well, Ugh!
Conversational English:
Picture reading
ேயிற் ி:
197
Spoken English
ஆங்கிலத்தில் உடரயொடல்:
ேடத்டத ேொர்த்து ேடித்தல்
Lesson Objectives
198
Punctuation
Capitalisation
Spoken English
[C] PUNCTUATION
Activity:
Read aloud
Dear John,
I want a man who knows what love is. All about you are generous, kind, thoughtful people, who are not
like you. Admit to being useless and inferior. You have ruined me. For other men, I yearn. For you, I
have no feelings whatsoever. When we're apart, I can be forever happy. Will you let me be?
Yours,
Jane
பாடத்தின் ந ாக்கம்
ிறுத்தல் குறிகள்
199
சபரிய எழுக்களின் பயன்பாடு
Spoken English
ெத்தமாக படிக்கவும்
Dear John,
I want a man who knows what love is. All about you are generous, kind, thoughtful people, who are not
like you. Admit to being useless and inferior. You have ruined me. For other men, I yearn. For you, I
have no feelings whatsoever. When we're apart, I can be forever happy. Will you let me be?
Yours,
Jane
200
Spoken English
i) Full Stop [ . ] represents the greatest pause. It is used to mark the end of an Assertive or an
Imperative or an Optative Sentence.
e.g., Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall.(Assertive)
Get up and walk.(Imperative)
May God bless you.(Optative)
iii) The Semi-colon [ ; ] is used to represent a pause of a greater importance than that shown by
the comma.
e.g., She led a noble life; she died a noble dead.
iv) The colon [ : ] is used to illustrate and to explain a statement. It marks a still more complete
pause than that expressed by semi-colon.
e.g., His virtues are as follows: Sincerity, Punctuality and Truthfulness.
201
Spoken English
உதாரணம், Monica, Seema,Hamida and I saw her, pale, weak and helpless.
iii) அதைப்புள்ளி[ ; ] காற்புள்ளிதை சிறிது முக்கிைத்துவம் வாய்ந்ை இதட நிறுத்ைத்தை
எடுத்துதைக்க இது பைன்படுத்ைப்படுகிறது.
v) The Question Mark [ ? ] is used in place of a full stop after a direct question. The Question
Mark is never used in indirect narration.
e.g., What is your name? Who are you?
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Spoken English
vi) The Exclamation Mark [ ! ] is used after Interjections and after phrases and sentences
expressing sudden feelings and emotions.
e.g. What a wonder!
O God!
vii) The Quotation Marks [ “ “ ] are used to quote the extract words of a speaker. They are used
to indicate Direct Speech.
e.g., Mahima said,”We are free”.
ix) The Hyphen [ - ] is a shorter line than the Dash. It is used to connect the parts of a compound
word.
e.g., Home-made, Air-conditioner.
x) The Dash [ --- ] is used to indicate a sudden stop in the speaker’s or writer’s thought and the
introduction of another thought.
e.g., I had decided to go to England---but why should I day-dream and build up castles in the air!
It is also used to resume a scattered subject---sounds, sights,
Sighs-----all stopped.
xi) The Parentheses [ Double dashes ] are used to seperate a phrase or clause from the main
part. A Parenthetical clause has no grammatical relationship with the rest of the sentence.
e.g. Why should you complain----even a child will understand the futility of such a step-----when you
realise that nobody will listen to you?
xii) The Brackets [ ( ) ] are used to enclose a parenthetical matter within parentheses.
e.g., Shakespeare’s most difficult tragedy(Hamlet[about 1600]) has been performed numerous
times.
xiii) The Asterisk [ * ] one asterisk is used to draw some special attention and two or more
asterisks or dots are used to denote that some words or phrases or clauses have been
intentionally left out.
e.g., *Punctuation is very important in writing.
The woman ***at last confessed the crime.
xiv) The Virgule [ / ] is used between two words to indicate that the meaning of either word could
apply.
e.g., My brother and/or my sister will be there to receive you.
It is also used as a dividing line—dates, fractions and abbreviations.
e.g., 8/33/55, c/o(care of) etc.
203
Spoken English
204
Spoken English
Capitalization Rules
205
Spoken English
Rule 3. Capitalize a person's title when it precedes the name. Do not capitalize when the title is acting
as a description following the name.
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Spoken English
Rule 4. Capitalize the person's title when it follows the name on the address or signature line.
Example: Sincerely,
Ms. Haines, Chairperson
Rule 5. Capitalize the titles of high-ranking government officials when used before their names. Do not
capitalize the civil title if it is used instead of the name.
Rule 7. Capitalize points of the compass only when they refer to specific
regions.
Examples: We have had three relatives visit from the South.
Go south three blocks and then turn left.
We live in the southeast section of town.
Southeast is just an adjective here describing section, so it should not be
capitalized.
Rule 8. Always capitalize the first and last words of titles of publications
regardless of their parts of speech. Capitalize other words within titles,
including the short verb forms Is, Are, and Be.
Exception: Do not capitalize little words within titles such
as a, an, the, but, as, if, and, or, nor, or prepositions,
regardless of their length.
Examples: The Day of the Jackal
What Color Is Your Parachute?
A Tale of Two Cities
Rule 9. Capitalize federal or state when used as part of an official agency name or in government
documents where these terms represent an official name. If they are being used as general
terms, you may use lowercase letters.
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Rule 10.You may capitalize words such as department, bureau, and office if you have prepared your text
in the following way:
Example: The Bureau of Land Management (Bureau) has some jurisdiction over Indian lands.
The Bureau is finding its administrative role to be challenging.
Rule 15.After a sentence ending with a colon, do not capitalize the first word if it begins a list.
Example: These are my favorite foods: chocolate cake, spaghetti, and artichokes.
Rule 16.Do not capitalize when only one sentence follows a sentence ending with a colon.
Example: I love Jane Smiley's writing: her book, A Thousand Acres, was beautiful.
Rule 17.Capitalize when two or more sentences follow a sentence ending with a colon.
Example: I love Jane Smiley's writing: Her book, A Thousand Acres, was beautiful.
Also, Moo was clever.
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Spoken English
விதி 15. ஒரு வாக்கியம் முக்காற்புள்ளியில் முடிந்த பிறகு, அதன் முதல் எழுத்து ஒரு பட்டியலுடன்
சகாடுக்கப்பட்டால் அதயன நகபியலஸ் செய்யக்கூடாது.
உதாரணம்: These are my favorite foods: chocolate cake, spaghetti, and artichokes.
விதி 16. ஒரு வாக்கியம் முக்காற்புள்ளியில் முடிந்த பிறகு, அதயன சதாடர்ந்து ஒநர ஒரு
வாக்கியம் மட்டும் எழுதப்பட்டிருந்தால் அதயன நகபியலஸ் செய்யக் கூடாது.
உதாரணம்: I love Jane Smiley's writing: her book, A Thousand Acres, was beautiful.
விதி 17. ஒரு வாக்கியம் முக்காற்புள்ளியில் முடிந்த பிறகு, அதயன சதாடர்ந்து இரண்டு அல்லது
அதற்கு நமற்பட்ட வாக்கியங்கள் எழுதப்பட்டிருந்தால் அதயன நகபியலஸ் செய்யவும்.
உதாரணம்: I love Jane Smiley's writing: Her book, A Thousand Acres, was beautiful.
Also, Moo was clever.
Exercise
Punctuate & Put Proper Capital letters:
210
Spoken English
B. Punctuate the following passage as well as put proper capital letters & Answer the
following Question:
jute is almost entirely an indian crop but it is cultivated on a large scale in bangladesh pakistan
brazil mexico japan china argentina indonesia iran etc so great is its economic value that about
four million farming families are engaged in the cultivation of jute in india as an industrial crop it is
quite cheap and in importance it is only next to cotton the things made from jute are also eco-
friendly
Jute is used mainly for rough weaving various types of bags ropes sacks and covers are made of
jute the superior long and glossy fibre are used for making carpets twine curtains cloth etc jute
butts i e short fibres and pieces from the lower ends of the stalks are used in paper making the
white stalks are used widely in rural areas as fuel and material for walling or fencing
பயிற்ெி
நதயவயான இடத்தில் ிறுத்தல் குறி நெர்க்கவும் & நதயவப்படும் இடத்தில் சபரிய எழுத்தினால்
எழுதவும்.
211
Spoken English
ii) the mother said to her son come into kitchen i shall give you something to eat
iii) oh doctor please help my child she cried doctor do something quickly
B. கீ ழ்கண்ட பத்தியில் நதயவயான இடத்தில் ிறுத்தல் குறி நெர்த்து, நதயவப்படும் இடத்தில்
சபரிய எழுத்தினால் எழுதி, கீ ழ்கண்ட நகள்விகளுக்கு பதிலளிக்கவும்:
jute is almost entirely an indian crop but it is cultivated on a large scale in bangladesh pakistan
brazil mexico japan china argentina indonesia iran etc so great is its economic value that about
four million farming families are engaged in the cultivation of jute in india as an industrial crop it is
quite cheap and in importance it is only next to cotton the things made from jute are also eco-
friendly
Jute is used mainly for rough weaving various types of bags ropes sacks and covers are made of
jute the superior long and glossy fibre are used for making carpets twine curtains cloth etc jute
butts i e short fibres and pieces from the lower ends of the stalks are used in paper making the
white stalks are used widely in rural areas as fuel and material for walling or fencing
212
Spoken English
c) Jute Stalks
d) Jute butts
Conversational English –
213
Spoken English
c) Jute Stalks
d) Jute butts
ஆங்கிலத்தில் உயரயாடல்
சொற்களஞ்ெியம்
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Spoken English
Lesson Objectives
Learn Sentences and their kinds
Subject Predicate
Role play
[ D ] SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION
I.
Parts of a Sentence
Activity:
Read aloud :
Banks are places where people can keep their money. Most people use banks to save money in their
savings accounts and to pay money from their checking accounts. Today, when a person earns money
from their job, their paycheck is often electronically deposited (put) into their savings or checking
account. Then, he or she can pay their bills by writing checks from their checking accounts or pay online
where their bills are electronically connected to their bank accounts.
Banks also give loans to people. Banks use the money that their customers deposit to lend to people to
buy new houses, cars, or to start businesses among other reasons. The bank makes money from
lending by charging interest. In other words, people have to pay back more than they borrowed. This
amount depends on how risky the bank thinks the borrower is and how fast the loan is paid back among
other things.
Questions :
1. What are banks?
2. Why do most people use banks?
3. How do banks make money?
4. What do banks do with money their customers deposit?
5. How much interest do lenders have to pay?
6. How does interest work?
SENTENCE
o "A written sentence is a word or group of words that conveys meaning to the listener, can be
responded to or is part of a response, and is punctuated."
o "It is sometimes said that a sentence expresses a complete thought.
பாடத்தின் ந ாக்கங்கள்
வாக்கியங்கள் மற்றும் அதன்
239 வயககயள அறிதல்
எழுவாய் பயனியல
[ D ] வாக்கிய அயமப்பு
I.
வாக்கிைத்ைின் கூறுகள்
செயல்பாடு:
உைக்க படிக்கவும்:
Banks are places where people can keep their money. Most people use banks to save money in their
savings accounts and to pay money from their checking accounts. Today, when a person earns money
from their job, their paycheck is often electronically deposited (put) into their savings or checking
account. Then, he or she can pay their bills by writing checks from their checking accounts or pay online
where their bills are electronically connected to their bank accounts.
Banks also give loans to people. Banks use the money that their customers deposit to lend to people to
buy new houses, cars, or to start businesses among other reasons. The bank makes money from
lending by charging interest. In other words, people have to pay back more than they borrowed. This
amount depends on how risky the bank thinks the borrower is and how fast the loan is paid back among
other things.
நகள்விகள்:
240
Spoken English
II .
Subject – verb - object
Subject and Predicate
The most familiar grammatical function is the SUBJECT. In notional terms, we can think of the Subject
as the element which performs the "action" denoted by the verb:
[1] David plays the piano
[2] The police interviewed all the witnesses
In [1], the Subject David performs the action of playing the piano. In [2], the Subject the police performs
the action of interviewing all the witnesses. In these terms, this means that we can identify the Subject by
asking a wh-question:
241
Spoken English
II .
எழுவாய் - வியனச்சொல் - செயப்படுசபாருள்
எழுவாய் (Subject) மற்றும் பயனியல (Predicate)
வபாதுவாக அதனவருக்கும் வைரிந்ை இலக்கண பகுைி SUBJECT, அைாவது எழுவாய் ஆகும். குறிப்பாக
வசால்ல பவண்டும் என்றால், ஒரு விதனவசால் குறிக்கும் வசைதல வசய்யும் அம்சம் ைாம் எழுவாய்
ஆகும்:
[1]-ல், எழுவாைான David பிைாபனா வாசிக்கும் வசைதல வசய்கிறார். [2]-ல் பபாலீஸ் அதனத்து
சாட்சிகதளயும் விசாரிக்கும் வசைதல வசய்கிறார். இந்ை வதகைில், வசால்ல பவண்டும் என்றால், wh-
பகள்விதை பகட்பைன் மூலம் நீங்கள் எழுவாதை கண்டறிைலாம்:
242
Spoken English
Having identified the Subject, we can see that the remainder of the sentence tells us what the Subject
does or did. In [1], for example, plays the piano tells us what David does. We refer to this string as the
PREDICATE of the sentence. In [2], the Predicate is interviewed all the witnesses.
Here are some more examples of sentences labelled for Subject and Predicate.
Subject Predicate
The lion roared
He writes well
She enjoys going to the cinema
The girl in the blue dress arrived late
In each of these examples, the Subject performs the action described in the Predicate. We've seen,
however, that there are problems in defining verbs as "action" words, and for the same reasons, there
are problems in defining the Subject as the "performer" of the action. The Subject in John seems
unhappy is John, but we would hardly say he is performing an action. For this reason, we need to define
the Subject more precisely than this. We will look at the characteristics of the Subject on the next page.
Point out the subject and the predicate in each of the following sentences :
243
Spoken English
எழுவாதை கண்டறிந்ை பிறகு, அந்ை எழுவாய் வசய்ை வசைதல அல்லது வசய்யும் வசைதல எடுத்துக்
கூறும் வாக்கிைத்ைின் ெீ ைமுள்ள பகுைி பைனிதல என்பபடும். உைாைணத்ைிற்கு, [1]-ல், plays the piano
என்பது படவிட் வசய்ை வசைதல விவரிக்கிறது. வாக்கிைத்ைின் இந்ை வசாற்வறாடதை நாம் பைனிதல
(Predicate) என்கிபறாம்.[2]-ல் interviewed all the witnesses என்பது பைனிதல ஆகும்.
வாக்கிைத்ைின் எழுவாய் ெற்றும் பைனிதலதை எடுத்துதைக்கும் சில வாக்கிைங்கள் கீ பழ
வகாடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன.
எழுவாய் பயனியல
244
Spoken English
Directions: In the text boxes provided below each item, identify the sentence's simple subject and
simple predicate.
Subject =
predicate =
2. In less than two hours, the entire cake had been eaten.
Subject =
predicate =
3. For most of his career, Jim has ridden his bicycle to his office.
Subject =
predicate =
245
Spoken English
எழுவாய் =
பைனிதல =
2. In less than two hours, the entire cake had been eaten.
எழுவாய் =
பைனிதல =
3. For most of his career, Jim has ridden his bicycle to his office.
எழுவாய் =
பைனிதல =
246
Spoken English
4. Two beautiful goldfish in the pond were eating the insects on the top of the water.
Subject =
predicate =
Subject =
predicate =
Subject =
predicate =
Subject =
predicate =
Subject =
predicate =
9. The farmers in that part of the county are planting their fields this week.
Subject =
predicate =
Subject =
predicate =
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Spoken English
4. Two beautiful goldfish in the pond were eating the insects on the top of the water.
எழுவாய் =
பைனிதல =
எழுவாய் =
பைனிதல =
எழுவாய் =
பைனிதல =
எழுவாய் =
பைனிதல =
எழுவாய் =
பைனிதல =
9. The farmers in that part of the county are planting their fields this week.
எழுவாய் =
பைனிதல =
எழுவாய் =
பைனிதல =
248
Spoken English
III.
Types of Sentences:
Compound Sentence - “I love chocolate, and I love eating chocolate.” Two or more
independent clauses.
Complex Sentence – “I love chocolate because it’s decadent.” One independent clause and
one or more dependent clauses (italicized).
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Spoken English
III.
வாக்கியங்களின் வயககள்:
• கலதவ வாக்கிைங்கள் - “I love chocolate, and I love eating chocolate.” இைண்டு அல்லது
அைற்கு பெற்பட்ட வசாற்வறாடர்கள்.
ஒன்தற சார்ந்ை கலப்பு வாக்கிைம் – “I love chocolate because it’s decadent.” ஒரு ைனிப்பட்ட
வாக்கிைம் ெற்றும் ஒன்று அல்லது அைற்கு பெற்ப்பட்ட சார்ந்ை வசாற்வறாடர்கள் ( சாய்வு
எழுத்ைில் எழுைப்பட்டது)
250
Spoken English
Exercise:
Identify these sentences by choosing (a) Simple, (b) Compound or (c) Complex
1) The training rooms of these college athletes smell of grease and gasoline.
a) Simple
b) Compound
c) Complex
2) Their practice field is a stretch of asphalt, and their heroes make a living driving cars.
a) Simple
b) Compound
c) Complex
3) Their tools are screwdrivers and spanners rather than basketballs and footballs.
a) Simple
b) Compound
c) Complex
4) This new brand of college athlete is involved in the sport of auto racing.
a) Simple
b) Compound
c) Complex
5) Most of the students are engineering majors, and they devote every minute of their spare time
to their sport.
a) Simple
b) Compound
c) Complex
6) Although the sport is new, it has already attracted six collegiate teams in the Southeast.
a) Simple
b) Compound
c) Complex
7) The students work on special cars designed for their sport.
a) Simple
b) Compound
c) Complex
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Spoken English
பயிற்ெி:
கீ ழ்கண்ட வாக்கியங்கயள (a) ொதாரண (Simple), (b) கலயவ (Compound) அல்லது (c) ஒன்தற
சார்ந்ை கலப்பு Complex என வயகப்படுத்திக் கண்டறியவும்.
1) The training rooms of these college athletes smell of grease and gasoline.
a) Simple
b) Compound
c) Complex
2) Their practice field is a stretch of asphalt, and their heroes make a living driving cars.
a) Simple
b) Compound
c) Complex
3) Their tools are screwdrivers and spanners rather than basketballs and footballs.
a) Simple
b) Compound
c) Complex
4) This new brand of college athlete is involved in the sport of auto racing.
a) Simple
b) Compound
c) Complex
5) Most of the students are engineering majors, and they devote every minute of their spare time
to their sport.
a) Simple
b) Compound
c) Complex
6) Although the sport is new, it has already attracted six collegiate teams in the Southeast.
a) Simple
b) Compound
c) Complex
7) The students work on special cars designed for their sport.
a) Simple
b) Compound
c) Complex
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Spoken English
8) The cars are called Legends cars, models of Fords and Chevys from 1932 to 1934, and they
are refitted by the students with 1200 cc motorcycle engines.
a) Simple
b) Compound
c) Complex
9) Although their usual speed ranges from 50 to 90 miles an hour, Legends cars can move up to
100 miles an hour on a straightaway.
a) Simple
b) Compound
c) Complex
10) The Saturday morning races of the competing teams have attracted as many as 3,500 fans, but
the students concede they are no threat to the nation's fastest growing sport of stock car
racing.
a) Simple
b) Compound
c) Complex
Synthesis of sentence:
Synthesis of Sentences is the opposite of transformation of sentences and means
combination of a number of simple sentences into one new sentence. That new
sentence might be either simple sentence or a compound sentence or a complex
sentence.
The following are the chief ways of combining two or more Simple Sentences into one Single Sentence.
Simple Sentence:
Look at these sentences:
Separate (Simple Sentences) Combined (Single Sentence)
1. (a) He heard a noise. Hearing a noise, he got up.
(b) He got up.
2. (a) He has three sons. He has three sons to educate.
(b) He has to educate them.
3. (a) You will win the election. You’ll certainly win the election.
(b) That is certain.
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Spoken English
8) The cars are called Legends cars, models of Fords and Chevys from 1932 to 1934, and they
are refitted by the students with 1200 cc motorcycle engines.
a) Simple
b) Compound
c) Complex
9) Although their usual speed ranges from 50 to 90 miles an hour, Legends cars can move up to
100 miles an hour on a straightaway.
a) Simple
b) Compound
c) Complex
10) The Saturday morning races of the competing teams have attracted as many as 3,500 fans, but
the students concede they are no threat to the nation's fastest growing sport of stock car
racing.
a) Simple
b) Compound
c) Complex
வாக்கியங்களின் சதாகுப்பு:
ொதாரண வாக்கியம்:
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Spoken English
Compound Sentence:
Look at these sentences:
Note: There may be many main clauses in a complex sentence but one of them at least, must be
subordinate clause.
Combining Simple Sentences:
Now, we’ll learn how to combine simple sentences.
I. Use of and, as well as, both … and, not only … but also
Look at these sentences:
Separate (Simple Sentences) Combined (Single Sentence)
1. (a) I finished my breakfast. I finished my breakfast and went
for a walk.
(b) I went for a walk.
2. (a) Madhu was punished. Madhu as well as Hanif was
punished.
(b) Hanif was punished.
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Spoken English
கலயவ வாக்கியம்
(ii) கதலதவ வாக்கிைத்ைின் இதணப்புகள் – and, still, however, both … and, or yet, n
evertheless, neither… nor, but, nor, therefore, not only ….. but also.
கலப்பு வாக்கியம்:
இந்த வாக்கியங்கயள கவனிக்கவும்:
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Spoken English
II. Use of or, nor, neither, else, otherwise, either… or, neither … nor
Look at these sentences:
Separate (Simple Sentences) Combined (Single Sentence)
1. (a) Will you have tea? Will you have tea or coffee?
(b) Will you have coffee?
2. (a) He does not play football. He plays neither football nor cricket.
(b) He does not play cricket.
3. (a) Rahim does not smoke. Rahim neither smokes nor drinks.
(b) He does not drink.
4. (a) Run fast. Run fast, else you’ll be late.
(b) You will be late.
5. (a) Mend your ways. Mend your ways, otherwise you will suffer.
(b) You will suffer.
6. (a) Rehana can do it. Either Rehana or Ruby can do it.
(b) Ruby can do it.
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Spoken English
1. (a) Will you have tea? Will you have tea or coffee?
(b) Will you have coffee?
2. (a) He does not play football. He plays neither football nor cricket.
(b) He does not play cricket.
3. (a) Rahim does not smoke. Rahim neither smokes nor drinks.
(b) He does not drink.
4. (a) Run fast. Run fast, else you’ll be late.
(b) You will be late.
5. (a) Mend your ways. Mend your ways, otherwise you will suffer.
(b) You will suffer.
6. (a) Rehana can do it. Either Rehana or Ruby can do it.
(b) Ruby can do it.
III. Use of but, still, yet, nevertheless, however ஆகிைவற்றின் பைன்பாடு
இந்த வாக்கியங்கயள கவனிக்கவும்:
1. (a) Many of you can read English. Many of you can read but cannot
(b) You cannot speak English. speak English.
2. (a) He is rich. He is rich, still he is unhappy.
(b) He is unhappy.
3. (a) Paramita worked hard. Paramita worked hard, yet she failed.
(b) She failed.
4. (a) He has a lot of faults. He has a lot of faults; nevertheless I
(b) I admire him very much. admire him very much.
5. (a) He was ill. He was ill, however, he decided to
(b) He decided to go. go.
258
Spoken English
259
Spoken English
260
Spoken English
VII. Use of when, whenever, while, before, after, as, since, as soon as….
Look at these sentences:
Separate Combined
1. (a) The sun set. When the sun set, we returned home.
(b) We returned home.
2. (a) I want to go. Whenever I want to go, the child begins to cry.
(b) The child begins to cry.
3. (a) I wrote the letter. I wrote the letter while I was in hospital.
(b) I was in hospital.
4. (a) I had left home. I had left home before he came.
(b) He came later.
5. (a) I arrived. I arrived after he had left.
(b) He had left.
6. (a) I found it. I found it as I was going to college.
(b) I was going to college.
7. ( (a) Mr. Rehan is ill. Since Mr. Rehan is ill, he cannot attend the
(b) He cannot attend the Meeting.
meeting.
8. (a) He will do it. He will do it as soon as he comes home.
(b) He comes home.
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Spoken English
VII. when, whenever, while, before, after, as, since, as soon as…. ஆகிைவற்றின் பைன்பாடு
இந்த வாக்கியங்கயள கவனிக்கவும்:
தனியானது இயணக்கப்பட்டது
1. (a) The sun set. When the sun set, we returned home.
(b) We returned home.
2. (a) I want to go. Whenever I want to go, the child begins to cry.
(b) The child begins to cry.
3. (a) I wrote the letter. I wrote the letter while I was in hospital.
(b) I was in hospital.
4. (a) I had left home. I had left home before he came.
(b) He came later.
5. (a) I arrived. I arrived after he had left.
(b) He had left.
6. (a) I found it. I found it as I was going to college.
(b) I was going to college.
7. ( (a) Mr. Rehan is ill. Since Mr. Rehan is ill, he cannot attend the
(b) He cannot attend the Meeting.
meeting.
8. (a) He will do it. He will do it as soon as he comes home.
(b) He comes home.
தனியானது இயணக்கப்பட்டது
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Spoken English
263
Spoken English
264
Spoken English
265
Spoken English
தனியானது இயணக்கப்பட்டது
தனியானது இயணக்கப்பட்டது
1. (a) I saw a tiger. Seeing a tiger, I cried out.
(b) I cried out.
2. (a) She took a pencil. Taking a pencil, she began to write.
(b) She began to write.
3. (a) I read the book. Having read the book, I returned it to
(b) I returned it to Shan. Shan.
4. (a) He lost his fortune. Having lost his fortune, he is now a
(b) He is now a beggar. beggar.
5. (a) He is tired of play. Being tired of play, he wants rest.
(b) He wants rest.
XIV. சபயர்ச்சொல் அல்லது சொற்சறாடரின் ியலகயள மாற்றி அயமத்து பயன்படுத்துதல்
266
Spoken English
Separate Combined
1. a) He jumped up. Jumping up, he ran away.
b) He ran away.
a) He was tired of play. Tired of play, he sat down to rest.
2. b) He sat down to rest.
Exercise:
Combine each of the following sets of sentences into one sentence.
1. He sprang up to his feet. He ran away.
2. This is my mother. Her name is Susie.
3. He has failed many times. He still hopes to succeed.
4. I have some duties. I must perform them.
5. One threw a tomato. Another threw an egg.
6. Tom plays hockey. He plays cricket.
7. Jane is quite friendly. Her brother is rather reserved.
8. Winston Churchill was a great statesman. He was a great writer.
9. He may see your point. He is a reasonable man.
10. The banks are not open today. The schools are not open today.
Exercise:
Put the end marks and the abbreviations for each kind of sentence.
1. Jim has a very bad cold ______________
2. Our barn is on fire ______________
3. Write your name on this card ______________
4. Where did I put my keys ______________
5. We heard several owls during the night _______________
6. Set your glass on the table _______________
7. He is screaming for help _______________
8. Is it bad luck to walk under a ladder_______________
9. Mountain climbers need strength and skill _______________
10. Meet me at the baseball field after supper _______________
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Spoken English
தனியானது இயணக்கப்பட்டது
பயிற்ெி:
கீ நழ இரண்டாக சகாடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ள ஒவ்சவாரு வாக்கியங்கயளயும் இயணக்கவும்.
1. He sprang up to his feet. He ran away.
2. This is my mother. Her name is Susie.
3. He has failed many times. He still hopes to succeed.
4. I have some duties. I must perform them.
5. One threw a tomato. Another threw an egg.
6. Tom plays hockey. He plays cricket.
7. Jane is quite friendly. Her brother is rather reserved.
8. Winston Churchill was a great statesman. He was a great writer.
9. He may see your point. He is a reasonable man.
10. The banks are not open today. The schools are not open today.
பயிற்ெி:
ஒவ்வவாரு வதக வாக்கிைத்ைிலும், நிறுத்ைல் குறிகதள பசர்த்து ெற்றும் அைன் சுருக்கங்கதளயும்
குறிப்பிடவும்.
1. Jim has a very bad cold ______________
2. Our barn is on fire ______________
3. Write your name on this card ______________
4. Where did I put my keys ______________
5. We heard several owls during the night _______________
6. Set your glass on the table _______________
7. He is screaming for help _______________
8. Is it bad luck to walk under a ladder_______________
9. Mountain climbers need strength and skill _______________
10. Meet me at the baseball field after supper _______________
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Spoken English
Add the correct end punctuation to each of these sentences. Then rewrite the sentences according to
the instructions in parentheses. You may have to add or delete words and change word order.
Exercise:
Example:
Did Thomas Edison make the first light bulb?
(Change to a declarative sentence.)
Thomas Edison made the first light bulb.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. Thomas Edison was born in 1847
(Change to an interrogative sentence.)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3. Will you tell me what Edison’s first job was
(Change to an imperative sentence.)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
4. Edison was a creative thinker
(Change to an exclamatory sentence.)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
5. What a tremendous effect Edison’s inventions have had on the world
(Change to a declarative sentence.)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
6. Was Edison the inventor of the phonograph too
(Change to a declarative sentence.)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
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Spoken English
பயிற்ெி:
உதாரணம்:
Did Thomas Edison make the first light bulb?
(Change to a declarative sentence.)
Thomas Edison made the first light bulb.
1. How useful the invention of the light bulb was
(இைதன அறிவிப்பு வாக்கிைொக ொற்றவும்.)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
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Spoken English
____________________________________________________________
Conversational English:
Advanced Vocabulary
Anecdote: A short, interesting story.
Avert: Turn aside, or away; as, to avert the eyes from an object; to ward off, or prevent, the occurrence
or effects of.
Candid: Straightforward, open and sincere, honest.
Dialogue: Conversation between 2 or more people.
Drastic: Extreme, severe.
Erratic: Irregular, unsteady, random; prone to unexpected changes.
Fortify: Strengthen, reinforce.
Isolate: Set apart or cut off from others, separate.
Illuminate: Light on something, light up something.
Urban: Related to or located in the city.
Conversational English: contd
Practice:
Fill in the blanks with the best choice from the words in the box below:
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Spoken English
____________________________________________________________
ஆங்கிலத்தில் உயரயாடல்:
நமம்பட்ட சொற்களஞ்ெியம்
பயிற்ெி:
272
Spoken English
Role play:
Wind vs Sun
Teacher vs Student
Police vs Thief
273
Spoken English
274
Spoken English
275
Spoken English
276
Spoken English
277
Spoken English
278
Spoken English
Lesson Objectives
Learn Tenses and Usage
Conversation on any topic between 2 people
[ E ] TENSES
Activity:
A box contains chits of papers. The participants will be asked to pick up and talk about the topic for 3
minutes. After so, they will be asked to stand aside in separate groups as per their topics. Whosoever
will talk about childhood will be given a placard written “past”, about Sundays “present” and Summer
vacation “future”.
Tell us about your childhood.
How do you spend your Sundays?
Summer vacation, 2013
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Spoken English
பாடத்தின் ந ாக்கம்
வியனயின் காலம் மற்றும் அதன் பயன்பாடு
[ E ] வியனயின் காலம்
பிரிவு ஏ-வின் பாடம் 3, பிரிவு பி-ைின் பாடம் 6 ெற்றும் பாடம் 8-ஐ பார்க்கவும். (பெம்பட்ட
ைகவல் வைாடர்பு
செயல்பாடு:
280
Spoken English
281
Spoken English
282
Spoken English
Future I A: He is going to speak. decision made for the future in one year, next
Simple N: He is not going to speak. conclusion with regard to the week, tomorrow
(going to) Q: Is he going to speak? future
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Spoken English
எளிை முடிவுற்ற A: He has spoken. விதளவுகளுக்கு முக்கிைத்துவம் வகாடுத்ைல் already, ever, just,
நிகழ்கால விதன N: He has not spoken. ைற்பபாதும் நதடவபற்றுக் வகாண்டிருக்கும் never, not yet, so
வசைல்கள்
Q: Has he spoken? far, till now, up to
செீ பத்ைில் நடந்து முடிந்ை வசைல்கள்
now
நிகழ்காலத்ைிலும் ைாக்கத்தை வகாடுக்கும்
நடந்து முடிந்ை வசைல்
பபசுவைற்கு முன் ஒரு முதற நடந்ை,
நடக்காை அல்லது பல முதற நடந்ை
முடிந்ை வசைல்
வைாடர் பூைண A: He has been speaking. ஒரு வசைல் நடந்து வகாண்டிடருக்கும் all day, for 4
காலத்ைிற்கு முக்கிைத்துவம் வகாடுத்ைல் ( years, since 1993,
நிகழ்கால N: He has not been
விதளவுகளுக்கு அல்ல)
விதன speaking. how long?, the
செீ பத்ைில் நடந்து முடிந்ை அல்லது
whole week
Q: Has he been
ைற்பபாதும் அடந்து வகாண்டிருக்கும் வசைல்
speaking? நடந்து முடிந்ை ஆனால் அைன் ைாக்கம்
ைற்பபாதும் உள்ள வசைல்
எளிை முடிவுற்ற A: He had spoken. கடந்ை காலத்ைில் குறிப்பிட்ட கால already, just,
பநைத்ைிற்கு நடந்ை வசைல் never, not yet,
இறந்ைகால N: He had not spoken.
Q: Had he spoken? சில செைங்களில் வைாடர் பூைண இறந்ை
once, until that day
விதன
காலத்துடன் இதடபரிொற்றம் வசய்ைப்பட
if sentence type III
கூடிைது ஆகும்.
(If I had
கால பநைத்தை ெீ து அல்லாெல், உண்தெ
நிகழ்விற்கு ெட்டும் முக்கிைத்துவம்
talked, …)
வகாடுக்கக் கூடிைது ஆகும்.
வைாடர் பூைண A: He had been ஒரு குறீப்பிட்ட கால பநைத்ைிற்கு for, since, the
முன்னைாக நதடவபற்ற வசைல் whole day, all day
இறந்ைகாலம் speaking.
N: He had not been சில செைங்களில் எளிை முடிவுற்ற இறந்ை
காலத்துடன் இதடபரிொற்றம் வசய்ைப்பட
speaking.
கூடிைது ஆகும்.
Q: Had he been கால பநைத்தை ெீ து அல்லது உண்தெ
speaking? நிகழ்விற்கு முக்கிைத்துவம் வகாடுக்கக்
கூடிைது ஆகும்.
எளிை எைிர் A: He will speak. ொற்றம் அல்லது ைாக்கம் ஏதும் இல்lலாெல் in a year, next …,
இருக்ககூடிை எைிர்காலத்ைில் நதடவபற tomorrow
காலம் முைல் N: He will not speak.
உள்ள வசைல்
வதக Q: Will he speak? If-Satz Typ I (If
ைன்னிச்தசைான முடிவு
you ask her,
எைிர்கால வசைல் குறித்து வசய்ைப்படும்
shewill help you.)
அனுொனம்.
assumption: I
think, probably,
perhaps
A: He is going to speak.
எளிை எைிர் N: He is not going to எைிர்காலத்ைிற்காக எடுப்பட்ட முடிவு in one year, next
காலம் முைல் speak. எைிர்கால வைாடர்பான ஒரு ைீர்வு week, tomorrow
வதக (going to) Q: Is he going to speak?
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Spoken English
Exercise:
Put in the verbs in brackets in the correct tenses.
Example: The sun ______________ now. (to shine)
Answer: The sun is shining now.
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Spoken English
எைிர் கால A: He will be speaking. எைிர்காலத்ைில் ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட in one year, next
Iவைாடர்நிதல N: He will not be speaking. காலத்ைிற்கு நதடவபற்றுக் week, tomorrow
முைல் வதக Q: Will he be speaking? வகாண்டு இருக்ககூடிை வசைல்
எைிர்காலத்ைின் நிச்சைம்
நதடவபற்றுக் வகாண்டிருக்கூடிை
வசைல்.
எளிை A: He will have spoken. எைிர்காலத்ைில் ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட by Monday, in a
எைிர்காலம் N: He will not have காலத்ைில் நடந்து முடிைக்கூடிை week
இைண்டாம் spoken. வசைல்.
வதக Q: Will he have spoken?
எைிர் கால A: He will have been எைிர்காலத்ைில் ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட for …, the last
வைாடர்நிதல speaking. கால பநைத்ைிற்கு வைாடர்ந்து couple of hours, all
இைண்டாம் N: He will not have been நடந்து முடிைக்கூடிை வசைல். day long
வதக speaking. பெற்வகாள்ளப்பட பவண்டிை
Q: Will he have been வசைலுக்கு முக்கிைத்துவம்
speaking? அளிக்கிறது.
நிபந்ைதன A: He would speak. நடக்கக்கூடும் என்பது பபான்ற if sentences type II
வாக்கிைம் N: He would not speak. வசைல் (If I were you,
எளிைது முை Q: Would he speak? I would go home.)
ல் வதக
பயிற்ெி:
வகாடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ள வசய்விதனகதள சரிைான கால வடிவத்ைில் ொற்றி பகாடிட்ட இடத்தை நிைப்பவும்.
உைாைணம்: The sun ______________ now. (to shine)
விதட: The sun is shining now.
1) We ______________ TV when it started to rain. (to watch)
2) I ___________ to visit you yesterday, but you _____________ not at home.(to want) (to be)
3) Look! It ___________, so we can't ___________ to the beach. (to rain) (to go)
4) There are a lot of clouds! It ___________ soon. (to rain)
5) The sun ___________ in the East. (to rise)
6) Since 2003 they ___________ their son every year. (to visit)
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9) After Larry ___________ the film on TV, he decided to buy the book. (to see)
10) Wait a minute, I ___________ this box for you. (to carry)
Exercise:
Choose the correct alternative and fill in the blanks:
1) Although the police ______ every precaution, the robber managed to escape.
a) Take
b) Takes
c) has taken
d) had taken
2) The boys ______ television every night unless they have homework.
a) Watch
b) Watches
c) Watched
d) Watching
3) Maria ______ an appointment to see the doctor. It is at 10.00 am. tomorrow.
a) Make
b) Makes
c) Made
d) has made
4) They ______ when they are ready.
a) Come
b) Came
c) will come
d) have come
5) Judy ______ watching horror films although she has nightmares afterwards.
a) Like
b) Likes
c) Liked
d) will like
6) It ______ every afternoon for the past week. The weather forecast predicts rain for next week too.
a) is raining
b) was raining
c) has been raining
d) had been raining
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9) After Larry ___________ the film on TV, he decided to buy the book. (to see)
10) Wait a minute, I ___________ this box for you. (to carry)
பயிற்ெி:
1) Although the police ______ every precaution, the robber managed to escape.
a) Take
b) Takes
c) has taken
d) had taken
2) The boys ______ television every night unless they have homework.
a) Watch
b) Watches
c) Watched
d) Watching
3) Maria ______ an appointment to see the doctor. It is at 10.00 am. tomorrow.
a) Make
b) Makes
c) Made
d) has made
4) They ______ when they are ready.
a) Come
b) Came
c) will come
d) have come
5) Judy ______ watching horror films although she has nightmares afterwards.
a) Like
b) Likes
c) Liked
d) will like
6) It ______ every afternoon for the past week. The weather forecast predicts rain for next week too.
a) is raining
b) was raining
c) has been raining
a) had been raining
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7) I ______ the door before I realized that the keys were inside the house.
a) Lock
b) Locked
c) has locked
d) had locked
8) When Sally ______ her first pay, she bought presents for her parents.
a) Receive
b) Received
c) has received
d) had received
9) It's lovely to wake up in the morning and ______ birds singing.
a) Hear
b) Hears
c) Heard
d) Hearing
10) Aaron ______ $80.00 for that bag.
a) Pay
b) Paid
c) Pays
d) Paying
Conversational English:
Conversation :
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7) I ______ the door before I realized that the keys were inside the house.
a) Lock
b) Locked
c) has locked
d) had locked
8) When Sally ______ her first pay, she bought presents for her parents.
a) Receive
b) Received
c) has received
d) had received
9) It's lovely to wake up in the morning and ______ birds singing.
a) Hear
b) Hears
c) Heard
d) Hearing
10) Aaron ______ $80.00 for that bag.
a) Pay
b) Paid
c) Pays
d) Paying
ஆங்கிலத்ைில் உதைைாடல்:
உயரயாடல்:
Last Sunday
India 2014
Traffic in Metro Cities of India
செயல்பாடுகள் :
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Lesson Objectives
Learn Subject-Verb Agreement
The 20 Rules of Subject Verb Agreement in Standard
English
Conversaton between Two
Advanced Vocabulary
[ F ] MORE ON VERBS
I.
Subject-Verb Agreement
Activity:
The teacher will give the students print outs of different rhymes. The students will have to underline the
subject and the related verb of each of the subjects.
Subjects are the person or thing that is doing the action of the
verb.
e.g. I eat; The dog sleeps; George talks a lot; They walk to work.
The subject of a sentence can be singular (one) or plural (many).
e.g. i) The computer is old. (singular)
ii)The computers are old. (plural)
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பாடத்தின் ந ாக்கங்கள்
எழுவாய் - வியனச்சொல் உடன்பாடு குறித்து அறிதல்
இருவர்களுக்கியடநய ஆன உயரயாடல்
நமம்பட்ட சொற்களஞ்ெியம்
உ.ம். eat, sleep, talk, walk, do, buy ஆகிை அதனத்தும் விதனச்வசாற்கள்.
எழுவாய் என்பது வியனச்சொல்லின் செயயல செய்யும் பர் அல்லது
சபாருயள குறிக்கிறது.
உ.ம். I eat; The dog sleeps; George talks a lot; They walk to work.
ஒரு வாக்கியத்தில் எழுவாய் ஒருயம (ஒன்று) அல்லது பன்யம (பல) என இருக்கலாம்.
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The formula
Single subject = single verb, plural subject = plural verb.
3. How does this work?
In regular verbs:
singular plural
First person e.g.: I like bananas. We like bananas.
Second person e.g.: You like bananas. You like bananas.
Third person e.g.: He / she / it likes bananas. They like bananas.
So, in one word, we can say that….
Subject-verb agreement is a grammatical rule that states that the verb must agree in number with
its subject.
Note: She likes to cycle to work.(correct) / She like to cycle to work.(incorrect)
We like swimming. (correct) / We likes swimming. (incorrect).
2. Don’t get confused by the words that come between the subject and verb; they do not affect
agreement.
The dog, who is chewing on my jeans, is usually very good.
3. Prepositional phrases between the subject and verb usually do not affect agreement.
The colors of the rainbow are beautiful.
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வாய்பாடு
ஒருயம எழுவாய் = ஒருயம வியன, பன்யம எழுவாய் = பன்யம வியன
3. இது எப்படி பவதல வசய்கிறது.
ஒழுங்கு வியனகளில்:
ஒருயம பன்யம
தன்யம உ.ம்.:
I like bananas. We like bananas.
முன்னியல உ.ம்.: You like bananas. You like bananas.
படர்க்யக உ.ம்.: He / she / it likes bananas. They like bananas.
எனபவ, இதை ஒபை வார்த்தைைில் நாம் கூற பவண்டுொனால்…
எழுவாய் - வியன உடன்பாடு என்ற இலக்கண விதி, எழுவாயின் எண்ணிக்யகக்கு ஏற்ப வியன
உடன்பட நவண்டும் என்பயத குறிப்பிடுகிறது.
குறிப்பு: She likes to cycle to work.(ெரி) / She like to cycle to work.(தவறு)
We like swimming. (ெரி) / We likes swimming. (தவறு).
ஆங்கிலத்தில், எழுவாய் வியன உடன்பாடு சதாடர்பான 20 விதிகள்:
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4. When sentences start with “there” or “here,” the subject will always be placed after the
verb, so care needs to be taken to identify it correctly.
There is a problem with the balance sheet. Here are the papers you requested.
5. Subjects don't always come before verbs in questions. Make sure you accurately identify
the subject before deciding on the proper verb form to use.
Does Lefty usually eat grass? Where are the pieces of this puzzle?
6. If two subjects are joined by and, they typically require a plural verb form.
The cow and the pig are jumping over the moon.
7. The verb is singular if the two subjects separated by and refer to the same person or thing.
Red beans and rice is my mom's favorite dish.
8. If one of the words each, every, or no comes before the subject, the verb is singular.
No smoking or drinking is allowed. Every man and woman is required to check in.
9. If the subjects are both singular and are connected by the words or, nor, neither/nor, either/or,
and not only/but also the verb is singular.
Jessica or Christian is to blame for the accident.
10. The only time when the object of the preposition factors into the decision of plural or
singular verb forms is when noun and pronoun subjects like some, half, none, more, all, etc.
are followed by a prepositional phrase. In these sentences, the object of the preposition
determines the form of the verb.
All of the chicken is gone. All of the chickens are gone.
11. The singular verb form is usually used for units of measurement.
Four quarts of oil was required to get the car running.
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There is a problem with the balance sheet. Here are the papers you requested.
5. வினாக்களில் எழுவாய் எப்பபாதுபெ விதனக்கு முன்பு வருவைில்தல. சரிைான விதனச்வசால்
வடிவத்தை முடிவு வசய்வைற்கு முன்பு எழுவாதை சரிைாக முடிவு வசய்ைவும்.
Does Lefty usually eat grass? Where are the pieces of this puzzle?
6. இைண்டு எழுவாய்கள் and என்பைால் இதணக்கப்பட்டிருந்ைால், அவற்றுக்கு பன்தெ வடிவ
விதனச்வசால்தல பைன்படுத்ை பவண்டிைது அவசிைம்.
The cow and the pig are jumping over the moon.
7. ஒபை நபர் அல்லது ஒரு வபாருதள பற்றி குறிப்பிடும் இைண்டு எழுவாய் and உடன்
இதணக்கப்பட்டிருந்ைால், விதனச்வசால் ஒருதெைாக இருக்க பவண்டும்.
9. இரண்டு எழுவாய்கள் ஒருயமயாக இருந்து அயவ or, nor, neither/nor, either/or, மற்றும் not
only/but also ஆகியவற்றால் இயணக்கப்பட்டிருந்தால், அந்த வியனச்சொல் ஒருயமயாக
இருக்கநவண்டும்.
Jessica or Christian is to blame for the accident.
10. some, half, none, more, all, நபான்ற சபயர் சொல் அல்லது பிரதிசபயர் சொல்யல
முன்னியடசொற்சறாடர் சதாடர்ந்து வரும் நபாது, அந்த ெமயத்தில் மட்டும்
முன்னியடச்சொல்லின் எழுவாய் வியனச்சொல் ஒருயமயில் இருக்க நவண்டுமா அல்லது
பன்யமயியில் இருக்க நவண்டுமா என்பயத தீர்மானிக்கிறது. இந்த வாக்கியங்களில்,
முன்னியடச்சொல்லின் எழுவாய் வியன சொல்லின் வடிவத்யத தீர்மானிக்கிறது.
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12. If the subjects are both plural and are connected by the words or, nor, neither/nor, either/or,
and not only/but also, the verb is plural.
Dogs and cats are both available at the pound.
13. If one subject is singular and one plural and the words are connected by the words or, nor,
neither/nor, either/or, and not only/but also, you use the verb form of the subject that is nearest
the verb.
Either the bears or the lion has escaped from the zoo. Neither the lion nor the bears have escaped
from the zoo.
19. Titles of books, movies, novels, etc. are treated as singular and take a singular verb.
The Burbs is a movie starring Tom Hanks.
20. Final Rule – Remember, only the subject affects the verb!
Exercise:
Choose the correct verb so that subject and verb agree.
1: The rhythm of the pounding waves _____ calming. (Clue: Make the subject and verb agree when
words intervene between them.)
(b) is
(c) are
2: All of the dogs in the neighborhood _____ barking. (Clue: Make the subject and verb agree when
words intervene between them.)
(a) were
(b) was
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12. இரண்டு எழுவாய்கள் பன்யமயாக இருந்து அயவ or, nor, neither/nor, either/or, மற்றும் not
only/but also, ஆகியவற்றால் இயணக்கப்பட்டிருந்தால் வியனச்சொல் பன்யமயாக இருக்கும்.
Dogs and cats are both available at the pound.
13. ஒரு எழுவாய் ஒருயமயாகவும், ஒரு எழுவாய் பன்யமயாகவும் இருந்து அயவ or, nor, neither/nor,
either/or, மற்றும் not only/but also, ஆகியவற்றால் இயணக்கப்பட்டிருந்தால், வியனச்சொல்லுக்கு
அருகில் வரும் எழுவாயய சகாண்டு வியன வடிவத்யத முடிவு செய்ய நவண்டும்.
Either the bears or the lion has escaped from the zoo. Neither the lion nor the bears have escaped
from the zoo.
14. ிச்ெயமற்ற பிரதி சபயர்கள் எப்நபாதும் ஒருயம சபரும்பாலும் ஒருயம வியனச்சொல்யல* ஏற்று
வரும்.
Everybody wants to be loved.
15. இந்த பிரதி சபயர்கள் (few, many, several, both, all, some) *தவிர எப்நபாதும் பன்யம வடிவத்தில்
இருக்கும்.
Few were left alive after the flood.
16. இரண்டு வியனசயச்ெங்கள் and மூலம் பிரிக்கப்பட்டிருந்தால், and வியனச்சொல்லின் பன்யம
வடிவத்யத ஏற்கும்.
To walk and to chew gum require great skill.
17. ஒரு சொற்சறாடரில் சதாழிற்சபயர்கள் எழுவாயாக பயன்படுத்தப்படும்நபாது, அது
வியனச்சொல்லின் ஒருயம வடிவத்யத ஏற்கும். ஆனால் அயவ and மூலம் இயணக்கப்படும்நபாது
அயவ பன்யம வடிவத்யத ஏற்கும்.
Standing in the water was a bad idea. Swimming in the ocean and playing drums are my hobbies.
18. herd, senate, class, crowd நபான்ற கூட்டு சபயற்சொற்கள், வியனச்சொல்லின் ஒருயம
வடிவத்யத ஏற்கும்.
The herd is stampeding.
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3: A high tax, not to mention unemployment, _____ votes. (Clue: The grammatical number of the
subject does not change with the addition of expressions beginning with such words as the
following: accompanied by, along with, as well as, in addition to, including, no less than, not to
mention, together with.)
(a) influence
(b) influences
4: My friends and my mother _____ each other. (Clue: Subjects joined by and are usually plural.)
(a) like
(b) likes
5: The team and the band _____ on the field. (Clue: Subjects joined by and are usually plural.)
(a) was
(b) were
6: Building a good marriage and building a good log fire _____ similar in many ways. (Clue: Subjects
joined by and are usually plural.)
(a) is
(b) are
7: John or Doris _____ to us regularly. (Clue: Singular subjects joined by or, either . . . or, neither . . .
nor take a singular verb.)
(a) write
(b) writes
8: Either Patty or Tom _____ asked to lead the meeting. (Clue: Singular subjects joined by or, either . .
. or, neither . . . nor take a singular verb.)
(a) was
(b) were
9: Neither Carol nor Ted _____ excluded from the meeting. (Clue: Singular subjects joined by or,
either . . . or, neither . . . nor take a singular verb.)
(a) is
(b) are
10: Neither the basket nor the apples _____ expensive. (Clue: If one subject is singular and one is
plural, the verb agrees with the nearer subject.)
(a) was
(b) were
11: Neither the apples nor the basket _____ expensive. (Clue: If one subject is singular and one is
plural, the verb agrees with the nearer subject.)
(a) was
(b) were
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3: A high tax, not to mention unemployment, _____ votes. (குறிப்பு:கீ பழ வகாடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளதைப் பபான்ற
வார்த்தைகளுடன் வைாடங்கும் கூடுைல் வசாற்கள், எழுவாைின் இலக்கண நிதலப்பாட்தட
ொற்றுவைில்தல: accompanied by, along with, as well as, in addition to, including, no less than, not
to mention, together with.)
(a) influence
(b) influences
4: My friends and my mother _____ each other. (குறிப்பு: எழுவாய்கள் and மூலம் இதணக்கபட்டால்
அவதவ வபாதுவாக பன்தெைாக இருக்கும்..)
(a) like
(b) likes
5: The team and the band _____ on the field. (குறிப்பு: எழுவாய்கள் and மூலம் இதணக்கபட்டால் அதவ
வபாதுவாக பன்தெைாக இருக்கும்.)
(a) was
(b) were
6: Building a good marriage and building a good log fire _____ similar in many ways. (குறிப்பு:
எழுவாய்கள் and மூலம் இதணக்கபட்டால் அவதவ வபாதுவாக பன்தெைாக இருக்கும்..)
(a) is
(b) are
7: John or Doris _____ to us regularly. (குறிப்பு: or, either . . . or, neither . . . nor பபான்ற வார்த்தைகளால்
இதணக்கப்படும் எழுவாய் ஒருதெ வசாற்கள் ஒருதெ விதனச்வசால்தல வகாண்டிருக்கும்.)
(a) write
(b) writes
8: Either Patty or Tom _____ asked to lead the meeting. (குறிப்பு: or, either . . . or, neither . . . nor பபான்ற
வார்த்தைகளால் இதணக்கப்படும் எழுவாய் ஒருதெ வசாற்கள் ஒருதெ விதனச்வசால்தல
வகாண்டிருக்கும்.)
(a) was
(b) were
9: Neither Carol nor Ted _____ excluded from the meeting. (குறிப்பு: or, either . . . or, neither . . . nor பபான்ற
வார்த்தைகளால் இதணக்கப்படும் எழுவாய் ஒருதெ வசாற்கள் ஒருதெ விதனச்வசால்தல
வகாண்டிருக்கும்.)
(a) is
(b) are
10: Neither the basket nor the apples _____ expensive. (குறிப்பு: ஒரு எழுவாய் ஒருதெைிலும் ெற்வறாரு
எழுவாய் பன்தெைிலும் இருந்ைால், விதனச் வசால் அைற்உ ெிக அருகில் இருக்கும் எழுவாதை ஒத்து
இருக்கும்.)
(a) was
(b) were
11: Neither the apples nor the basket _____ expensive. (குறிப்பு:ஒரு எழுவாய் ஒருதெைிலும் ெற்வறாரு
எழுவாய் பன்தெைிலும் இருந்ைால், விதனச் வசால் அைற்கு ெிக அருகில் இருக்கும் எழுவாதை ஒத்து
இருக்கும்.)
(a) was
(b) were
308
Spoken English
12: Either Maria or you _____ late for class. (Clue: The verb also agrees with the nearer subject in
person.)
(a) was
(b) were
13: Either you or Maria _____ late for class. (Clue: The verb also agrees with the nearer subject in
person.)
(a) was
(b) were
14: Hardest hit by the high temperatures and drought _____ the farmers. (Clue: Do not let inverted word
order cause you to make a mistake in agreement.)
(a) was
(b) were
15: Neither of them _____ going to the show. (Clue: When used as subjects, such words as each,
either, one, everybody, and anyone regularly take singular verbs.)
(a) like
(b) likes
16: Each of them _____ a good seat. (Clue: When used as subjects, such words as each, either, one,
everybody, and anyone regularly take singular verbs.)
(a) has
(b) have
17: Everybody in the class _____ tickets. (Clue: When used as subjects, such words as each, either,
one, everybody, and anyone regularly take singular verbs.)
(a) has
(b) have
18: Every silver knife, fork, and spoon _____ to be counted. (Clue: Every or each preceding singular
subjects joined by and calls for a singular verb.)
(a) has
(b) have
19: Each cat and each dog _____ its own toy. (Clue: Every or each preceding singular subjects joined
by and calls for a singular verb.)
(a) has
(b) have
20: The committee _____ meeting today. (Clue: Collective nouns take a singular verb when they refer
to the group as a unit.)
(a) is
(b) are
309
Spoken English
12: Either Maria or you _____ late for class. (குறிப்பு: அருகாதெைில் உள்ள நபர்கதள குறிக்கும்
எழுவாதை வபாருத்தும் விதனச்வசாலின் வடிவம் இருக்கும். The verb also agrees with the nearer
subject in person.)
(a) was
(b) were
13: Either you or Maria _____ late for class. (குறிப்பு: அருகாதெைில் உள்ள நபர்கதள குறிக்கும்
எழுவாதை வபாருத்தும் விதனச்வசாலின் வடிவம் இருக்கும்.)
(a) was
(b) were
14: Hardest hit by the high temperatures and drought _____ the farmers. (குறிப்பு: Do not let inverted
word order cause you to make a mistake in agreement.)
(a) was
(b) were
15: Neither of them _____ going to the show. (குறிப்பு: each, either, one, everybody, anyone பபான்ற
வார்த்தைகள் எழுவாைாக பைன்படுத்ைப்பட்டால் அதவ வபாதுவாக ஒருதெ விதனச்வசால்தல
வகாண்டிருக்கும்.)
(a) like
(b) likes
16: Each of them _____ a good seat. (குறிப்பு: each, either, one, everybody, anyone பபான்ற
வார்த்தைகள் எழுவாைாக பைன்படுத்ைப்பட்டால் அதவ வபாதுவாக ஒருதெ விதனச்வசால்தல
வகாண்டிருக்கும்.)
(a) has
(b) have
17: Everybody in the class _____ tickets. (குறிப்பு: each, either, one, everybody, anyone பபான்ற
வார்த்தைகள் எழுவாைாக பைன்படுத்ைப்பட்டால் அதவ வபாதுவாக ஒருதெ விதனச்வசால்தல
வகாண்டிருக்கும்.)
(a) has
(b) have
18: Every silver knife, fork, and spoon _____ to be counted. (குறிப்பு: எழுவாய் ஒருதெ வசாற்கள்
முன்னால், Every அல்லது each வந்து அதவ and மூலம் இதணக்கப்பட்டால் அதவ ஒருதெ
விதனச்வசால்தல வகாண்டிருக்கும்.)
(a) has
(b) have
19: Each cat and each dog _____ its own toy. (குறிப்பு: எழுவாய் ஒருதெ வசாற்கள் முன்னால், Every
அல்லது each வந்து அதவ and மூலம் இதனக்கப்பட்டால் அதவ ஒருதெ விதனச்வசால்தல
வகாண்டிருக்கும்.)
(a) has
(b) have
20: The committee _____ meeting today. (குறிப்பு: ஒரு குழுதவ குறிப்பிடும் வபைர்வசால் அதெப்பு
ஒன்தற குறிப்பிடும் பபாது அந்ை கூட்டு வபைர்வசாற்கள் ஒருதெ விதனச்வசால்தல
வகாண்டிருக்கும்.)
(a) is
(b) are
310
Spoken English
21: Ten million gallons of oil _____ a lot of oil. (Clue: Collective nouns take a singular verb when they
refer to the group as a unit.)
(a) is
(b) are
22: The jury _____ today. (Clue: Collective nouns take a singular verb when they refer to the group as a
unit.)
(a) vote
(b) votes
23: The number _____ very small. (Clue: Collective nouns take a singular verb when they refer to the
group as a unit.)
(a) is
(b) are
24: A number of students _____ absent. (Clue: Collective nouns take a plural verb when they refer to
individuals or parts of the group.)
(a) was
(b) were
25: Ten million gallons of oil _____ spilled. (Clue: Collective nouns take a plural verb when they refer to
individuals or parts of the group.)
(a) was
(b) were
26: The majority of us _____ in favor. (Clue: Collective nouns take a plural verb when they refer to
individuals or parts of the group.)
(a) is
(b) are
27: Statistics _____ an interesting subject. (Clue: Some nouns (such as athletics, politics, series, deer,
and sheep) can be either singular or plural depending on meaning.)
(a) is
(b) are
28: Statistics _____ often misleading. (Clue: Some nouns (such as athletics, politics, series, deer, and
sheep) can be either singular or plural depending on meaning.)
(a) is
(b) are
29: The sheep _____ when the gate is left open. (Clue: Some nouns (such as athletics, politics, series,
deer, and sheep) can be either singular or plural depending on meaning.)
(a) stray
(b) strays
311
Spoken English
21: Ten million gallons of oil _____ a lot of oil. (குறிப்பு: குறிப்பு: ஒரு குழுதவ குறிப்பிடும் வபைர்வசால்
அதெப்பு ஒன்தற குறிப்பிடும் பபாது அந்ை கூட்டு வபைர்வசாற்கள் ஒருதெ விதனச்வசால்தல
வகாண்டிருக்கும்.)
(a) is
(b) are
22: The jury _____ today. (குறிப்பு: ஒரு குழுதவ குறிப்பிடும் வபைர்வசால் அதெப்பு ஒன்தற
குறிப்பிடும் பபாது அந்ை கூட்டு வபைர்வசாற்கள் ஒருதெ விதனச்வசால்தல வகாண்டிருக்கும்)
(a) vote
(b) votes
23: The number _____ very small. (குறிப்பு: ஒரு குழுதவ குறிப்பிடும் வபைர்வசால் அதெப்பு ஒன்தற
குறிப்பிடும் பபாது அந்ை கூட்டு வபைர்வசாற்கள் ஒருதெ விதனச்வசால்தல வகாண்டிருக்கும். )
(a) is
(b) are
24: A number of students _____ absent. (குறிப்பு: குழுவில் உள்ள நபர்கள் அல்லது பாகங்கதளப் பற்றி
குறிப்பிடும் பபாது அந்ை கூட்டுப் வபைர் வசால் பன்தெ விதனச்வசால்தல வகாண்டிருக்கும்.)
(a) was
(b) were
25: Ten million gallons of oil _____ spilled. (குறிப்பு: குழுவில் உள்ள நபர்கள் அல்லது பாகங்கதளப்
பற்றி குறிப்பிடும் பபாது அந்ை கூட்டுப் வபைர் வசால் பன்தெ விதனச்வசால்தல வகாண்டிருக்கும்.)
(a) was
(b) were
26: The majority of us _____ in favor. (குறிப்பு: குழுவில் உள்ள நபர்கள் அல்லது பாகங்கதளப் பற்றி
குறிப்பிடும் பபாது அந்ை கூட்டுப் வபைர் வசால் பன்தெ விதனச்வசால்தல வகாண்டிருக்கும்.)
(a) is
(b) are
27: Statistics _____ an interesting subject. (குறிப்பு: சில வபைர் வசாற்கள் (athletics, politics, series, deer,
sheep பபான்றதவ ) அைன் வபாருதளப் வபாருத்து ஒருதெைாகபவா பன்தெைாகபவா
இருக்கலாம்.)
(a) is
(b) are
28: Statistics _____ often misleading. (குறிப்பு: குறிப்பு: சில வபைர் வசாற்கள் (athletics, politics, series, deer,
sheep பபான்றதவ ) அைன் வபாருதளப் வபாருத்து ஒருதெைாகபவா பன்தெைாகபவா
இருக்கலாம்.)
(a) is
(b) are
29: The sheep _____ when the gate is left open. (குறிப்பு: சில வபைர் வசாற்கள் (athletics, politics, series,
deer, sheep பபான்றதவ ) அைன் வபாருதளப் வபாருத்து ஒருதெைாகபவா பன்தெைாகபவா
இருக்கலாம்.)
(a) stray
(b) strays
312
Spoken English
30: Sheep _____ when the gate is left open. (Clue: Some nouns (such as athletics, politics, series,
deer, and sheep) can be either singular or plural depending on meaning.)
(a) stray
(b) strays
Exercise:
Select one answer from the choices provided after each sentence. The word you choose should fit the
blank in the sentence.
1) Either the physicians in this hospital or the chief administrator ____ going to have to make a
decision.
a) is
b) are
2) ______ my boss or my sisters in the union going to win this grievance?
a) is
b) are
3) Some of the votes __________ to have been miscounted.
a) seem
b) seems
4) The tornadoes that tear through this county every spring _____ more than just a nuisance.
a) are
b) is
5) Everyone selected to serve on this jury _____ to be willing to give up a lot of time.
a) have
b) has
6) Kara Wolters, together with her teammates, _________ a formidable opponent on the basketball
court.
a) presents
b) present
7) He seems to forget that there __________ things to be done before he can graduate.
a) are
b) is
8) There _______ to be some people left in that town after yesterday's flood.
a) have
b) has
9) Some of the grain __________ to be contaminated.
a) appear
b) appears
313
Spoken English
30: Sheep _____ when the gate is left open. (குறிப்பு: சில வபைர் வசாற்கள் (athletics, politics, series, deer,
sheep பபான்றதவ) அைன் வபாருதளப் வபாருத்து ஒருதெைாகபவா பன்தெைாகபவா இருக்கலாம்.)
(a) stray
(b) strays
பயிற்ெி:
ஒவ்வவாரு வசாற்வறாடரிலும் கீ ழ் உள்ளவற்றில் இருந்து பகாடிட்ட இடத்துக்கான சரிைான பைிதல
பைர்வு வசய்ைவும்.
1) Either the physicians in this hospital or the chief administrator ____ going to have to make a
decision.
a) is
b) are
2) ______ my boss or my sisters in the union going to win this grievance?
a) is
b) are
3) Some of the votes __________ to have been miscounted.
a) seem
b) seems
4) The tornadoes that tear through this county every spring _____ more than just a nuisance.
a) are
b) is
5) Everyone selected to serve on this jury _____ to be willing to give up a lot of time.
a) have
b) has
6) Kara Wolters, together with her teammates, _________ a formidable opponent on the basketball
court.
a) presents
b) present
7) He seems to forget that there __________ things to be done before he can graduate.
a) are
b) is
8) There _______ to be some people left in that town after yesterday's flood.
a) have
b) has
9) Some of the grain __________ to be contaminated.
a) Appear
b) appears
314
Spoken English
Conversational English:
Topic…1: Rosie overslept because her alarm clock didn't go off this morning....
Make a conversation between Rosie and her sister Anna.
Use this phrase in the conversation: “My alarm clock didn't go off this morning”.
Topic…2: Marc knew that there would be a shower today, but he didn't realize it
would rain so heavily.... ….Make a conversation between Marc and Mona.
Advanced Vocabulary:
Apathy: Lack of interest or concern.
Dismal: Gloomy; depressing; dreary.
Dismay: To cause the sudden loss of courage; to cause the feeling of consternation and distress.
Emulation: The imitation or copying of someone.
Endeavor: To try very hard to achieve something.
Frugal: Thrifty; economical
Impair: To cause to diminish, as in strength, value, or quality.
Mercenary: A professional soldier hired to serve in a foreign army.
Naive: Lacking experience.
Stringent: Imposing rigorous standards of performance; severe.
Practise…….
Instruction: Select the word or phrase that is closest in meaning…..
1. Impair:
a) To free
b) To repair
c) To harm
d) To break into two
315
Spoken English
Topic…1: Rosie overslept because her alarm clock didn't go off this morning....
Make a conversation between Rosie and her sister Anna.
Use this phrase in the conversation: “My alarm clock didn't go off this morning”.
Topic…2: Marc knew that there would be a shower today, but he didn't realize it
would rain so heavily.... ….Make a conversation between Marc and Mona.
இந்ை கூட்டு வாக்கிைத்தை பைன்படுத்துக: It's raining cats and dogs today.
உயர்தர சொற்கள்:
Apathy: ஆர்வக்குதறவு அல்லது பற்றின்தெ.
Dismal: Gloomy; depressing; dreary. துைருற்ற; பசார்வுற்ற; ெகிழ்ச்சிைற்ற
Dismay: உடனடிைாக தைரிைத்தை இழத்ைல்; கடுந்துன்பத்தையும் அச்சத்தையும் ஏற்படுத்தும்
உணர்வு.
Emulation: ஏபைா ஒன்றின் பபாலி அல்லது நகல்.
Endeavor: ஒரு இலக்தக அதடை கடினொக பாடுபடுைல்.
Frugal: சிக்கனொன
Impair: பலம், ெைிப்பு அல்லது அளவில் நலிவு படுத்துைல்.
Mercenary: அைல்நாட்டு ைாணுவத்ைில் பணிபுரியும் கூலிப்பதட வைன்.
ீ
Naive: சூதுவாது இல்லாை.
Stringent: விைிகதள கண்டிப்பாக, கடுதெைாக வசைல்படுத்துைல்.
பயிற்ெி…….
316
Spoken English
2. Emulation:
a) Rejection
b) Relaxation
c) The mood of the nation
d) Imitation
3. Dismay:
a) To relieve
b) To delay
c) To discourage
d) The month of May of the current year
4. Mercenary:
a) a store clerk
b) A soldier for hire
c) A soldier out of control
d) A young priest
5. Frugal:
a) Hardworking
b) Thrifty
c) Ethical
d) Trustworthy
6. Dismal:
a) A nearby shopping center
b) An insult
c) Gloomy
d) A minute object
7. Stringent:
a) Wordy
b) Lenient
c) Vague
d) Severe
8. Apathy:
a) A cute road
b) Insufficient effort
c) Excessive enthusiasm
d) Lack of interest
317
Spoken English
2. Emulation:
a) Rejection
b) Relaxation
c) The mood of the nation
d) Imitation
3. Dismay:
a) To relieve
b) To delay
c) To discourage
d) The month of May of the current year
4. Mercenary:
a) a store clerk
b) A soldier for hire
c) A soldier out of control
d) A young priest
5. Frugal:
a) Hardworking
b) Thrifty
c) Ethical
d) Trustworthy
6. Dismal:
a) A nearby shopping center
b) An insult
c) Gloomy
d) A minute object
7. Stringent:
a) Wordy
b) Lenient
c) Vague
d) Severe
8. Apathy:
a) A cute road
b) Insufficient effort
c) Excessive enthusiasm
d) Lack of interest
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Spoken English
9. Naïve:
a) Smart
b) Small in stature
c) Persistent
d) Lacking experience
10. Endeavour:
a) Eat quickly
b) Repeat
c) Try
d) Eat large quantities.
319
Spoken English
9. Naïve:
a) Smart
b) Small in stature
c) Persistent
d) Lacking experience
10. Endeavour:
a) Eat quickly
b) Repeat
c) Try
d) Eat large quantities.
320
Spoken English
Lesson Objectives
Phrasal Verbs & Its use
Practice of Advanced Impromptu
Conversation Between Two
Advanced Vocabulary
II .
Phrasal Verbs & Its Use
Activity:
Read aloud:
He met her at the beach bar. They started to dance, but at 10 o’ clock she got out of the bar.
Next morning he asked around about her and he found out in what hotel she was in. So he showed up in
her hotel, but she had already checked out. The receptionist told him that she was from another country
and her plane took off in 30 minutes; so he started to run and went to the airport. When he arrived, he
saw her and he screamed to her: “Hold on! I love you!” She ignored him and to board her plane…but
suddenly, it blew up!
The students will be paired. One will have to identify the verbs and the preposition used after each of the
verbs. The other will have to replace the expression with some other verbs.
Phrasal verbs are very common in spoken and written English. So, we need them to understand and
speak natural English. If you're in a hurry to learn just a few verbs, take a look here:
1. A phrasal verb is the combination of verb and preposition or adverb which creates a meaning
different from the original verb.
Example: I ran into my teacher at the movies last night. run + into = meet
He ran away when he was 15. run + away = leave home
2. Some phrasal verbs are intransitive. An intransitive verb cannot be followed by an object.
Example: He suddenly showed up. "show up" cannot take an object
3. Some phrasal verbs are transitive. A transitive verb is followed by an object.
Example: I made up the story. "story" is the object of "make up"
4. Some transitive phrasal verbs are separable. The object is placed between the verb and the
preposition.
Example: I talked my mother into letting me borrow the car.
She looked the phone number up.
5. Some transitive phrasal verbs are inseparable. The object is placed after the preposition.
Example: I ran into an old friend yesterday.
They are looking into the problem.
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Spoken English
பாடத்தின் ந ாக்கங்கள்
Phrasal verbs மற்றும் அவற்றின் பயன்பாடுகள்
நமம்பட்ட நபச்சுப் பயிற்ெி
இருவருக்கு இயடயிலான உயரயாடல்
நமம்பட்ட சொற்களஞ்ெியம் (Vocabulary)
II .
Phrasal verbs மற்றும் அவற்றின் பயன்பாடுகள்
செயல்பாடு:
ெத்தமாக வாெிக்கவும்:
He met her at the beach bar. They started to dance, but at 10 o’ clock she got out of the bar.
Next morning he asked around about her and he found out in what hotel she was in. So he showed up in her hotel,
but she had already checked out. The receptionist told him that she was from another country and her plane took
off in 30 minutes; so he started to run and went to the airport. When he arrived, he saw her and he screamed to
her: “Hold on! I love you!” She ignored him and to board her plane…but suddenly, it blew up!
ொணவர்கள் பஜாடிகளாக பிரிக்கப்படுவார்கள். விதனச்வசாற்கதளயும் (verbs) ெற்றும் ஒவ்வவாரு
விதனச்வசால்லுக்கும் பின்னால் பைன்படுத்ைப்படும் முன்னிதடச்வசால்தலயும் (preposition) ஒருவர் கண்டுபிடிக்க
பவண்டும். அடுத்ைவர் பவறு சில verbs -ஐ பைன்படுத்ைி அவற்தற ொற்ற பவண்டும்.
ஆங்கிலத்ைில் பபசுவைற்கும் எழுதுவைற்கும் Phrasal verbs ெிகப் வபாதுவாக பைன்படுத்ைப்படுகின்றன. எனபவ, நாம்
அவற்தற புரிந்துவகாண்டு இைல்பான ஆங்கிலத்ைில் பபச பவண்டும். நீங்கள் ஒரு சில விதனச்வசாற்கதளக் (verbs)
கற்றுக் வகாள்ள ைீவிைொக இருந்ைால், இங்பக பார்க்கவும்:
1. phrasal verb என்பது verb ெற்றும் preposition அல்லது adverb பசர்ந்ை கலதவைாகும், இது உண்தெைான verb
-ைிலிருந்து ொறுபட்ட அர்த்ைத்தை உருவாக்குகிறது.
உதாரணம்: I ran into my teacher at the movies last night. run + into = meet
He ran away when he was 15. run + away = leave home
2. சில phrasal verbs வசைப்படுவபாருள் குன்றிைதவகளாக (intransitive) இருக்கின்றன. வசைப்படுவபாருள்
குன்றிை விதனச் வசால்தலத் (intransitive verb) வைாடர்ந்து ஒரு வசைப்படுவபாருள் (object) வைாது.
உதாரணம்: He suddenly showed up. "show up" cannot take an object
3. சில phrasal verbs வசைப்படுவபாருள் குன்றாைதவகளாகவும் (transitive) இருக்கின்றன. வசைப்படுவபாருள்
குன்றா விதனச் வசால்தலத் (transitive verb) வைாடர்ந்து ஒரு வசைப்படுவபாருள் (object) வரும்.
உதாரணம்: I made up the story. "story" is the object of "make up"
5. சில வசைப்படுவபாருள் குன்றா வசாற்வறாடர் விதனச்வசாற்கள் (transitive phrasal verbs) பிரிக்கக்
கூடிைதவகளாக இருக்கின்றன. விதனச்வசால் (verb) ெற்றும் முன்னிதடச்வசால் (preposition)
இைண்டிற்கும் இதடைில் வசைப்படுவபாருள் (object) தவக்கப்படுகிறது.
உதாரணம்: I talked my mother into letting me borrow the car.
She looked the phone number up.
5. சில வசைப்படுவபாருள் குன்றா வசாற்வறாடர் விதனச்வசாற்கள் (transitive phrasal verbs) பிரிக்க
முடிைாைதவகளாக இருக்கின்றன. முன்னிதடச்வசால்லிற்கு (preposition) பின்னால்
வசைப்படுவபாருள் (object) தவக்கப்படுகிறது.
உதாரணம்: I ran into an old friend yesterday.
They are looking into the problem.
322
Spoken English
7. WARNING! Although many phrasal verbs can take an object in both places, you must put the
object between the verb and the preposition if the object is a pronoun.
A simple list of phrasal verbs for students who are in a hurry to learn just a few basic verbs:
Most phrasal verbs consist of two words, but a few consist of three words, which always stay together.
ask someone out invite on a date Brian asked Judy out to dinner and a
movie.
Ask around ask many people the same I asked around but nobody has seen my
question wallet.
Add up to something equal Your purchases add up to $205.32.
Break something divide into smaller parts Our teacher broke the final project down
down into three separate parts.
Break in force entry to a building Somebody broke in last night and stole
our stereo.
Break into something enter forcibly The firemen had to break into the room
to rescue the children.
323
Spoken English
6. சில சசயப்படுசபொருள் குன்றொ சசொற்சறொடர் வினைச்சசொற்கள் (transitive phrasal verbs) ஒரு சசயப்படுசபொருனை
(object) இரண்டு இடங்கைில் பயன்படுத்தலொம்.
உதொரணம்: I looked the number up in the phone book.
I looked up the number in the phone book.
7. எச்சொிக்னக! பல சசொற்சறொடர் வினைச்சசொற்கள் (phrasal verbs) ஒரு சசயப்படுசபொருனை (object) இரண்டு
இடங்கைில் பயன்படுத்தலொம் என்றொலும், சசயப்படுசபொருைொைது (object) ஒரு பிரதிப்சபயரொக (pronoun) இருந்தொல்
நீங்கள் சசயப்படுசபொருனை (object) வினைச்சசொல் (verb) மற்றும் முன்ைினடச்சசொல் (preposition) இரண்டிற்கும்
இனடயில் னவக்க வவண்டும்.
ask someone out ஒரு வததியில் அனைப்புக் சகொடு Brian asked Judy out to dinner and a
movie.
Ask around ஒவர வகள்வினய பலொிடம் வகள் I asked around but nobody has seen my
wallet.
Add up to something சமம் Your purchases add up to $205.32.
back something up பின்ைொல் சசல் You’ll have to back up your car so that I
can get out.
Back someone up ஆதரவைி My wife backed me up over my decision
to quit my job.
Blow up சவடி The racing car blew up after it crashed
into the fence.
Blow something up கொற்று ஊது We have to blow 50 balloons up for the
party.
Break down இயக்கத்னத நிறுத்து (வொகைம், Our car broke down at the side of the
இயந்திரம்) highway in the snowstorm.
Break down மைவருத்தப்படு The woman broke down when the police
told her that her son had died.
Break something சிறிய பொகங்கைொக பிொி Our teacher broke the final project down
down into three separate parts.
Break in ஒரு கட்டடத்திற்கு வினரவொகச் சசல் Somebody broke in last night and stole
our stereo.
Break into something வலுக்கட்டொயமொக நுனை The firemen had to break into the room
to rescue the children.
324
Spoken English
Break something in wear something a few times so I need to break these shoes in before we
that it doesn’t look/feel new run next week.
Break in interrupt The TV station broke in to report the
news of the president’s death.
Break up end a relationship My boyfriend and I broke up before I
moved to America.
Break up start laughing (informal) The kids just broke up as soon as the
clown started talking.
Break out escape The prisoners broke out of jail when the
guards weren’t looking.
Break out in develop a skin condition I broke out in a rash after our camping
something trip.
Bring someone down make unhappy This sad music is bringing me down.
Bring something up start talking about a subject My mother walks out of the room when
my father brings up sports.
Call around phone many different We called around but we weren’t able to
places/people find the car part we needed.
Call someone back return a phone call I called the company back but the
offices were closed for the weekend.
Call something off cancel Jason called the wedding off because
he wasn’t in love with his fiancé.
Call on someone ask for an answer or opinion The professor called on me for question
1.
Call on someone visit someone We called on you last night but you
weren’t home.
Call someone up phone Give me your phone number and I will
call you up when we are in town.
Calm down relax after being angry You are still mad. You need to calm
down before you drive the car.
Not care for not like (formal) I don’t care for his behavior.
someone/something
325
Spoken English
Bring something up ஒரு ைதலப்பு பற்றி பபசத் My mother walks out of the room when
துவங்கு my father brings up sports.
Call on someone ஒரு பைில் அல்லது கருத்து பகள் The professor called on me for question
1.
Call on someone ஒருவதை சந்ைி We called on you last night but you
weren’t home.
Call someone up ஃபபான் வசய் Give me your phone number and I will
call you up when we are in town.
Calm down பகாபப்பட்ட பிறகு அதெைிைாகு You are still mad. You need to calm
down before you drive the car.
Not care for கவதலப்படாெல் இரு I don’t care for his behavior.
someone/something (முதறைான)
326
Spoken English
Catch up get to the same point as You’ll have to run faster than that if you
someone else want to catch up with Marty.
Check in arrive and register at a hotel or We will get the hotel keys when we
airport check in.
check out leave a hotel You have to check out of the hotel
before 11:00 AM.
Check look at carefully, investigate The company checks out all new
someone/something employees.
out
Check out look at (informal) Check out the crazy hair on that guy!
someone/something
Cheer someone up make happier I brought you some flowers to cheer you
up.
Come apart separate The top and bottom come apart if you
pull hard enough.
Come down with become sick My nephew came down with chicken
something pox this weekend.
Come forward volunteer for a task or to give The woman came forward with her
evidence husband’s finger prints.
Cross something out draw a line through Please cross out your old address and
write your new one.
Cut back on consume less My doctor wants me to cut back on
something sweets and fatty foods.
Cut something down make something fall to the We had to cut the old tree in our yard
ground down after the storm.
327
Spoken English
Catch up வவசறொருவர் வபொல அவத You’ll have to run faster than that if you
இடத்திற்குச் சசல் want to catch up with Marty.
Check in ஒரு வ ொட்டல் அல்லது விமொை We will get the hotel keys when we
நினலயத்தில் வந்து வசர் மற்றும் பதிவு check in.
சசய்
check out வ ொட்டனல கொலி சசய் You have to check out of the hotel
before 11:00 AM.
Check கவைமொக பொர், ஆரொய் The company checks out all new
someone/something employees.
out
Check out பொர் (சொதரணமொக) Check out the crazy hair on that guy!
someone/something
Cheer up சந்வதொஷமனட She cheered up when she heard the
good news.
Cheer someone up சந்வதொஷமொக்கு I brought you some flowers to cheer you
up.
Chip in உதவு If everyone chips in we can get the
kitchen painted by noon.
Clean something up சுத்தம் சசய் Please clean up your bedroom before
you go outside.
Come across எதிர்பொரொத விதமொக பொர் I came across these old photos when I
something was tidying the closet.
Come apart பிொி The top and bottom come apart if you
pull hard enough.
Come down with வநொய்வொய்ப்படு My nephew came down with chicken
something pox this weekend.
Come forward ஒரு வவனலனய தன்ைொர்வமொகச் சசய் The woman came forward with her
அல்லது ஆதொரத்னத தன்ைொர்வமொகக் husband’s finger prints.
சகொடு
328
Spoken English
Cut in start operating (of an engine or The air conditioner cuts in when the
electrical device) temperature gets to 22°C.
Cut something off remove with something sharp The doctors cut off his leg because it
was severely injured.
Cut something off stop providing The phone company cut off our phone
because we didn’t pay the bill.
Cut someone off take out of a will My grandparents cut my father off when
he remarried.
Cut something out remove part of something I cut this ad out of the newspaper.
(usually with scissors and
paper)
Do beat up, ransack (British He’s lucky to be alive. His shop was
someone/something English, informal) done over by a street gang.
over
Do something over do again (North American) My teacher wants me to do my essay
over because she doesn’t like my topic.
Do away with discard It’s time to do away with all of these old
something tax records.
Do something up fasten, close Do your coat up before you go outside.
It’s snowing!
Dress up wear nice clothing It’s a fancy restaurant so we have to
dress up.
Drop back move back in a position/group Andrea dropped back to third place
when she fell off her bike.
Drop in/by/over come without an appointment I might drop in/by/over for tea some
time this week.
Drop take someone/something I have to drop my sister off at work
someone/something somewhere and leave them/it before I come over.
off there
Drop out quit a class, school etc I dropped out of Science because it was
too difficult.
Eat out eat at a restaurant I don’t feel like cooking tonight. Let’s eat
out.
329
Spoken English
Cut in இயக்கு (ஒரு இயந்திரம் அல்லது மின் The air conditioner cuts in when the
சொதைம்) temperature gets to 22°C.
Cut something off கூர்னமயொை ஒன்னறக் சகொண்டு The doctors cut off his leg because it
நீக்கு was severely injured.
Cut something off வைங்குவனத நிறுத்து The phone company cut off our phone
because we didn’t pay the bill.
Cut someone off நட்னப முறி My grandparents cut my father off when
he remarried.
Cut something out ஏதொவது ஒன்றின் ஒரு பகுதினய நீக்கு I cut this ad out of the newspaper.
(சபொதுவொக கத்தொிக்வகொல் மற்றும்
கொகிதம் சகொண்டு)
Do அடி, தொக்கு (பிொிட்டிஷ் இங்கிலிஷ், He’s lucky to be alive. His shop was
someone/something வைக்கத்திற்கு மொறொைது) done over by a street gang.
over
Drop out ஒரு வகுப்பு, பள்ைினய விட்டுவிட்டு I dropped out of Science because it was
too difficult.
Eat out ஒரு உணவகத்தில் சொப்பிடு I don’t feel like cooking tonight. Let’s eat
out.
330
Spoken English
Fall out separate from an interior The money must have fallen out of my
pocket.
Fall out (of hair, teeth) become loose His hair started to fall out when he was
and unattached only 35.
Figure something out understand, find the answer I need to figure out how to fit the piano
and the bookshelf in this room.
Fill something in to write information in blanks Please fill in the form with your name,
(British English) address, and phone number.
Fill something out to write information in blanks The form must be filled out in capital
(N.Amer.) letters.
Fill something up fill to the top I always fill the water jug up when it is
empty.
Find out discover We don’t know where he lives. How can
we find out?
Find something out discover We tried to keep the time of the party a
secret, but Samantha found it out.
Get something communicate, make I tried to get my point across/over to the
across/over understandable judge but she wouldn’t listen.
Get along/on like each other I was surprised how well my new
girlfriend and my sister got along/on.
Get away with do without being noticed or Jason always gets away with cheating
something punished in his maths tests.
Get back return We got back from our vacation last
week.
Get something back receive something you had Liz finally got her Science notes back
before from my room-mate.
331
Spoken English
Fall out உள்ைிருந்து பிொி The money must have fallen out of my
pocket.
Fall out (முடி, பற்கள்) தைர்வொகு மற்றும் பிொி His hair started to fall out when he was
only 35.
Figure something out புொிந்துசகொள், பதினல கண்டுபிடி I need to figure out how to fit the piano
and the bookshelf in this room.
Fill something in வகொடடிட்ட இடங்கைில் தகவல்கனை Please fill in the form with your name,
எழுது (பிொிட்டிஷ் இங்கிலிஷ்) address, and phone number.
Fill something out வகொடடிட்ட இடங்கைில் தகவல்கனை The form must be filled out in capital
எழுது (வட அசமொிக்கொ) letters.
Fill something up விைிம்பு வனர நிரப்பு I always fill the water jug up when it is
empty.
Find out கண்டறி We don’t know where he lives. How can
we find out?
Find something out கண்டறி We tried to keep the time of the party a
secret, but Samantha found it out.
Get something சதொடர்புசகொள், புொிந்துசகொள் I tried to get my point across/over to the
across/over judge but she wouldn’t listen.
Get along/on ஒருவனரசயொருவர் வநசி I was surprised how well my new
girlfriend and my sister got along/on.
Get away with சதொியொமல் சசய் அல்லது Jason always gets away with cheating
something தண்டிக்கப்படு in his maths tests.
Get back திரும்பி வொ We got back from our vacation last
week.
Get something back முன்பு உங்கைிடம் இருந்தனத Liz finally got her Science notes back
திரும்பப் சபறு from my room-mate.
332
Spoken English
Get back at someone retaliate, take revenge My sister got back at me for stealing her
shoes. She stole my favourite hat.
Get back into become interested in I finally got back into my novel and
something something again finished it.
Get on something step onto a vehicle We’re going to freeze out here if you
don’t let us get on the bus.
Get over something recover from an illness, loss, I just got over the flu and now my sister
difficulty has it.
Get over something overcome a problem The company will have to close if it can’t
get over the new regulations.
Get round to finally find time to do (North I don’t know when I am going to get
something American: get around to round to writing the thank you cards.
something)
Get together meet (usually for social Let’s get together for a BBQ this
reasons) weekend.
Give something away ruin a secret My little sister gave the surprise party
away by accident.
Give something away give something to someone for The library was giving away old books
free on Friday.
Give something back return a borrowed item I have to give these skates back to
Franz before his hockey game.
Give in reluctantly stop fighting or My boyfriend didn’t want to go to the
arguing ballet, but he finally gave in.
give something out give to many people (usually at They were giving out free perfume
no cost) samples at the department store.
Give something up quit a habit I am giving up smoking as of January
1st.
give up stop trying My maths homework was too difficult so I
gave up.
333
Spoken English
Get back at someone பதிலடி சகொடு, பைிவொங்கு My sister got back at me for stealing her
shoes. She stole my favourite hat.
Get back into ஒரு கொொியத்தில் மீண்டும் ஆர்வம் I finally got back into my novel and
something சபறு finished it.
Get on something ஒரு வொகைத்தில் ஏறு We’re going to freeze out here if you
don’t let us get on the bus.
Get over something ஒரு வநொய், இைப்பு, சிரமத்திலிருந்து I just got over the flu and now my sister
மீண்டு வொ has it.
Get over something ஒரு பிரச்சனைனய தீர் The company will have to close if it can’t
get over the new regulations.
Get round to இறுதியொக சசய்வதற்கு வநரம் I don’t know when I am going to get
something கினடத்தல் (வட அசமொிக்கொ: get round to writing the thank you cards.
around to something)
Get together சந்தி (சபொதுவொக சமூக Let’s get together for a BBQ this
கொரணங்களுக்கொக) weekend.
Get up படுக்னகனய விட்டு எழுந்திரு I got up early today to study for my
exam.
Get up நில் You should get up and give the elderly
man your seat.
Give someone away ஒருவர் பற்றிய மனறக்கப்பட்ட His wife gave him away to the police.
தகவனல சவைிப்படுத்து
Give someone away மணமகனை வமனடக்கு அனைத்துச் My father gave me away at my wedding.
சசல்
Give something away ஒரு ரகசியத்னத அைி My little sister gave the surprise party
away by accident.
Give something away ஒருவருக்கு ஒன்னற இலவசமொகக் The library was giving away old books
சகொடு on Friday.
Give something back கடன் வொங்கிய சபொருனை திரும்பிக் I have to give these skates back to
சகொடு Franz before his hockey game.
Give in விருப்பமில்லொமல் சண்னட My boyfriend didn’t want to go to the
வபொடுவனத அல்லது வொக்குவொதம் ballet, but he finally gave in.
சசய்வனத நிறுத்து
give something out பல மக்களுக்கு சகொடு (சபொதுவொக They were giving out free perfume
இலவசமொக) samples at the department store.
334
Spoken English
Go after something try to achieve something I went after my dream and now I am a
published writer.
Go against someone compete, oppose We are going against the best soccer
team in the city tonight.
Go ahead start, proceed Please go ahead and eat before the food
gets cold.
Go back return to a place I have to go back home and get my
lunch.
Go out leave home to go on a social We’re going out for dinner tonight.
event
Go out with someone date Jesse has been going out with Luke
since they met last winter.
Go over something review Please go over your answers before you
submit your test.
Go over visit someone nearby I haven’t seen Tina for a long time. I think
I’ll go over for an hour or two.
Grow out of get too big for Elizabeth needs a new pair of shoes
something because she has grown out of her old
ones.
Grow into something grow big enough to fit This bike is too big for him now, but he
should grow into it by next year.
Hand something give something used to I handed my old comic books down to
down someone else my little cousin.
Hand something out to distribute to a group of We will hand out the invitations at the
people door.
335
Spoken English
Go after something ஏதொவது சொதிக்க முயற்சி I went after my dream and now I am a
published writer.
Go against someone வபொட்டியிடு, எதிர் We are going against the best soccer
team in the city tonight.
Go ahead துவங்கு, சதொடர்ந்து சசய் Please go ahead and eat before the food
gets cold.
Go back ஒரு இடத்திற்குத் திரும்பிச் சசல் I have to go back home and get my
lunch.
Go out ஒரு சமுதொய நிகழ்விற்கொக வீட்னட We’re going out for dinner tonight.
விட்டுச் சசல்
Go out with someone வததி Jesse has been going out with Luke
since they met last winter.
Go over something மறுஆய்வு சசய் Please go over your answers before you
submit your test.
Go over அருகிலுள்ை ஒருவனர சந்தி I haven’t seen Tina for a long time. I think
I’ll go over for an hour or two.
Grow apart கொலப்வபொக்கில் நண்பர்கைொக My best friend and I grew apart after she
இருப்பனத நிறுத்து changed schools.
Grow into something சபொருந்துவதற்கு வபொதுமொை அைவு This bike is too big for him now, but he
சபொிதொக வைர் should grow into it by next year.
Hand something பயன்படுத்திய ஒன்னற வவறு I handed my old comic books down to
down ஒருவருக்கு சகொடு my little cousin.
Hand something out ஒரு கூட்ட மக்களுக்கு வைங்கு We will hand out the invitations at the
door.
336
Spoken English
Hand something over give (usually unwillingly) The police asked the man to hand over
his wallet and his weapons.
Hang in stay positive (North American, Hang in there. I’m sure you’ll find a job
informal) very soon.
Hang on wait a short time (informal) Hang on while I grab my coat and shoes!
Hang out spend time relaxing (informal) Instead of going to the party we are just
going to hang out at my place.
Keep on doing continue doing Keep on stirring until the liquid comes to
something a boil.
Keep something from not tell We kept our relationship from our
someone parents for two years.
Keep stop from entering Try to keep the wet dog out of the living
someone/something room.
out
Keep something up continue at the same rate If you keep those results up you will get
into a great college.
Let someone down fail to support or help, I need you to be on time. Don’t let me
disappoint down this time.
Let someone in allow to enter Can you let the cat in before you go to
school?
337
Spoken English
Hand something over வகாடு (வபாதுவாக The police asked the man to hand over
விருப்பெின்றி) his wallet and his weapons.
Hang in பநர்ெதறைாக இரு (வட Hang in there. I’m sure you’ll find a job
அவெரிக்க, வழக்கத்ைிற்கு very soon.
ொறான)
Hang on சிறிது பநைம் காத்ைிரு Hang on while I grab my coat and shoes!
(வழக்கத்ைிற்கு ொறான)
Hang out ஓய்வாக பநைம் வசலவிடு Instead of going to the party we are just
(வழக்கத்ைிற்கு ொறான) going to hang out at my place.
Hang up ஒரு வைாதலபபசி அதழப்தப He didn’t say goodbye before he hung
துண்டி up.
Hold வசய்வதை/பபாவதை ைடு I had to hold my dog back because
someone/something there was a cat in the park.
back
Hold something back ஒரு உணர்தவ ெதற Jamie held back his tears at his
grandfather’s funeral.
Hold on சிறிது பநைம் காத்ைிரு Please hold on while I transfer you to
the Sales Department.
Hold onto உங்கள் தககள் அல்லது Hold onto your hat because it’s very
someone/something கைங்கதள பைன்படுத்ைி windy outside.
உறுைிைாகப் பிடி
Keep on doing வைாடர்ந்து வசய் Keep on stirring until the liquid comes to
something a boil.
Keep something from வசால்லாபை We kept our relationship from our
someone parents for two years.
Keep நுதழவதை நிறுத்து Try to keep the wet dog out of the living
someone/something room.
out
Keep something up அபை விகிைத்ைில் வைாடர்ந்து If you keep those results up you will get
வசய் into a great college.
Let someone down ஆைைவு ைா அல்லது உைவு I need you to be on time. Don’t let me
down this time.
Let someone in நுதழை அனுெைி Can you let the cat in before you go to
school?
Look after கவனித்துக் வகாள் I have to look after my sick
someone/something grandmother.
338
Spoken English
Look down on think less of, consider inferior Ever since we stole that chocolate bar
someone your dad has looked down on me.
Look for try to find I’m looking for a red dress for the
someone/something wedding.
Look forward to be excited about the future I’m looking forward to the Christmas
something break.
Look into something investigate We are going to look into the price of
snowboards today.
Look out be careful, vigilant, and take Look out! That car’s going to hit you!
notice
Look out for be especially vigilant for Don’t forget to look out for snakes on
someone/something the hiking trail.
Look something over check, examine Can you look over my essay for spelling
mistakes?
Look something up search and find information in We can look her phone number up on
a reference book or database the Internet.
Look up to someone have a lot of respect for My little sister has always looked up to
me.
Make something up invent, lie about something Josie made up a story about about why
we were late.
Make up forgive each other We were angry last night, but we made
up at breakfast.
Mix something up confuse two or more things I mixed up the twins’ names again!
Pass away die His uncle passed away last night after a
long illness.
Pass out faint It was so hot in the church that an elderly
lady passed out.
Pass something out give the same thing to many The professor passed the textbooks out
people before class.
Pass something up decline (usually something I passed up the job because I am afraid
good) of change.
Pay someone back return owed money Thanks for buying my ticket. I’ll pay you
back on Friday.
339
Spoken English
Look down on ைாழ்வாக நிதன, ைாழ்வாக கருது Ever since we stole that chocolate bar
someone your dad has looked down on me.
Look for கண்டுபிடிக்க முைற்சி I’m looking for a red dress for the
someone/something wedding.
Look forward to எைிர்காலத்தைப் பற்றி உற்சாகங் I’m looking forward to the Christmas
something வகாள் break.
Look into something விசாரி We are going to look into the price of
snowboards today.
Look out கவனொக இரு, விழிப்புடன் இரு, Look out! That car’s going to hit you!
கவனி
Look out for குறிப்பாக விழிப்புடன் இரு Don’t forget to look out for snakes on
someone/something the hiking trail.
Look something over பரிபசாைி, ஆைாய் Can you look over my essay for spelling
mistakes?
Look something up ஒரு குறிப்பு புத்ைகத்ைில் அல்லது We can look her phone number up on
ைைவுத்ைளத்ைில் ைகவதலத் the Internet.
பைடடு ெற்றும் கண்டுபிடி
Look up to someone அைிக ெரிைாதை வசலுத்து My little sister has always looked up to
me.
Make something up கண்டுபிடி, ஒன்தறப் பற்றி வபாய் Josie made up a story about about why
வசால் we were late.
Make up பிறதை ென்னித்துவிடு We were angry last night, but we made
up at breakfast.
Make someone up ஒப்பதன வபாருட்கதள My sisters made me up for my
பைன்படுத்து graduation party.
Mix something up இைண்டு அல்லது அைற்கு I mixed up the twins’ names again!
பெற்பட்ட காரிைங்கதள பசர்த்து
குழப்பு
Pass away இறந்து பபா His uncle passed away last night after a
long illness.
Pass out ெைங்கி விழு It was so hot in the church that an elderly
lady passed out.
Pass something out ஒரு காரிைத்தை பலருக்கு வகாடு The professor passed the textbooks out
before class.
Pass something up வழ்ச்சி
ீ (வபாதுவாக ஏைாவது I passed up the job because I am afraid
நல்லது) of change.
Pay someone back கடதன ைிருப்பிக் வகாடு Thanks for buying my ticket. I’ll pay you
back on Friday.
340
Spoken English
Pay for something be punished for doing That bully will pay for being mean to my
something bad little brother.
Pick something out choose I picked out three sweaters for you to try
on.
Point indicate with your finger I’ll point my boyfriend out when he runs
someone/something by.
out
Put something down put what you are holding on a You can put the groceries down on the
surface or floor kitchen counter.
Put someone down insult, make someone feel The students put the substitute teacher
stupid down because his pants were too short.
Put something off postpone We are putting off our trip until January
because of the hurricane.
Put something out extinguish The neighbors put the fire out before the
firemen arrived.
Put something assemble I have to put the crib together before the
together baby arrives.
Put up with tolerate I don’t think I can put up with three small
someone/something children in the car.
Put something on put clothing/accessories on Don’t forget to put on your new earrings
your body for the party.
Run over drive a vehicle over a person I accidentally ran over your bicycle in the
someone/something or thing driveway.
Run over/through rehearse, review Let’s run over/through these lines one
something more time before the show.
Run away leave unexpectedly, escape The child ran away from home and has
been missing for three days.
Run out have none left We ran out of shampoo so I had to wash
my hair with soap.
Send something back return (usually by mail) My letter got sent back to me because I
used the wrong stamp.
Set something up arrange, organize Our boss set a meeting up with the
president of the company.
341
Spoken English
Pay for something பொசொன ஒன்தற That bully will pay for being mean to my
வசய்ைைற்காக ைண்டிக்கப்படு little brother.
Pick something out பைர்ந்வைடு I picked out three sweaters for you to try
on.
Point விைலால் சுட்டிக்காட்டு I’ll point my boyfriend out when he runs
someone/something by.
out
Put something down பெற்பைப்பில் அல்லது ைதைைில் You can put the groceries down on the
பிடித்ைிருப்பதை தவ kitchen counter.
Put someone down அவொனப்படுத்து, ஒருவதை The students put the substitute teacher
முட்டாளாக உணை தவ down because his pants were too short.
Put something off ஒத்ைிப் பபாடு We are putting off our trip until January
because of the hurricane.
Put something out ைீதை அதண The neighbors put the fire out before the
firemen arrived.
Put something ஒன்று ைிைட்டு I have to put the crib together before the
together baby arrives.
Put up with வபாறுத்துக்வகாள் I don’t think I can put up with three small
someone/something children in the car.
Put something on உடலில் ஆதட/ ஆபைணங்கள் Don’t forget to put on your new earrings
அணி for the party.
Run into எைிர்பாைாை விைொக சந்ைி I ran into an old school-friend at the
someone/something mall.
Run over ஒரு நபர் அல்லது வபாருள் ெீ து I accidentally ran over your bicycle in the
someone/something வாகனத்தை ஏற்று driveway.
Run over/through ஒத்ைிதக பாய், ெறுஆய்வு வசய் Let’s run over/through these lines one
something more time before the show.
Run away எைிர்பாைாை விைொக வசன்று The child ran away from home and has
விடு, ைப்பி been missing for three days.
Run out ஒன்றும் விடாெல் காலி வசய் We ran out of shampoo so I had to wash
my hair with soap.
Send something back ைிருப்பி அனுப்பு (வபாதுவாக My letter got sent back to me because I
அஞ்சல் மூலம்) used the wrong stamp.
Set something up ஏற்பாடு வசய், ஒழுங்குபடுத்து Our boss set a meeting up with the
president of the company.
342
Spoken English
Set someone up trick, trap The police set up the car thief by using a
hidden camera.
Shop around compare prices I want to shop around a little before I
decide on these boots.
Show off act extra special for people He always shows off on his skateboard
watching (usually boastfully)
Sleep over stay somewhere for the night You should sleep over tonight if the
(informal) weather is too bad to drive home.
Sort something out organize, resolve a problem We need to sort the bills out before the
first of the month.
Stick to something continue doing something, limit You will lose weight if you stick to the
yourself to one particular thing diet.
Switch something off stop the energy flow, turn off The light’s too bright. Could you switch it
off.
Switch something on start the energy flow, turn on We heard the news as soon as we
switched on the car radio.
Take after someone resemble a family member I take after my mother. We are both
impatient.
Take something apart purposely break into pieces He took the car brakes apart and found
the problem.
Take something back return an item I have to take our new TV back because
it doesn’t work.
Take off start to fly My plane takes off in five minutes.
Take something off remove something (usually Take off your socks and shoes and
clothing) come in the lake!
Take something out remove from a place or thing Can you take the garbage out to the
street for me?
Take someone out pay for someone to go My grandparents took us out for dinner
somewhere with you and a movie.
Tear something up rip into pieces I tore up my ex-boyfriend’s letters and
gave them back to him.
Think back remember (often + to, When I think back on my youth, I wish I
sometimes + on) had studied harder.
Think something over consider I’ll have to think this job offer over
before I make my final decision.
343
Spoken English
Set someone up தந்திரம் சசய், கண்ணி னவ The police set up the car thief by using a
hidden camera.
Shop around வினலகனை ஒப்பிடு I want to shop around a little before I
decide on these boots.
Show off பொர்ப்பவர்கள் முன் அதிகமொக நடி He always shows off on his skateboard
(சபொதுவொக சபருனமயுடன்)
Sleep over இரவில் எங்கொவது தங்கிவிடு You should sleep over tonight if the
(வைக்கத்திற்கு மொறொக) weather is too bad to drive home.
Sort something out ஒரு பிரச்சனை ஒழுங்குபடுத்து, தீர்வு We need to sort the bills out before the
கொண் first of the month.
Stick to something ஒன்னற சதொடர்ந்து சசய், ஒரு You will lose weight if you stick to the
குறிப்பிட்ட கொொியத்திற்கு உன்னை diet.
கட்டுப்படுத்து
Switch something off ஆற்றல் ஓட்டம் நிறுத்து, அனண The light’s too bright. Could you switch it
off.
Switch something on ஆற்றல் ஓட்டத்னத நிறத்து, இயக்கு We heard the news as soon as we
switched on the car radio.
Take after someone ஒரு குடும்ப உறுப்பிைனர ஒத்திரு I take after my mother. We are both
impatient.
Take something apart வவண்டுசமன்வற துண்டுகைொக உனட He took the car brakes apart and found
the problem.
Take something back ஒரு சபொருனை திரும்பப் சபறு I have to take our new TV back because
it doesn’t work.
Take off பறக்கத் துவங்கு My plane takes off in five minutes.
Take something off எனதயொவது நீக்கு (சபொதுவொக Take off your socks and shoes and
ஆனட) come in the lake!
Take something out ஒரு இடத்தில் அல்லது சபொருைில் Can you take the garbage out to the
இருந்து நீக்கு street for me?
Take someone out உங்களுடன் எங்கொவது வருகிற My grandparents took us out for dinner
ஒருவருக்கு பணம் சசலுத்து and a movie.
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Spoken English
Turn something on start the energy, switch on It’s too dark in here. Let’s turn some
lights on.
Turn something up increase the volume or Can you turn the music up? This is my
strength (heat, light etc) favourite song.
Use something up finish the supply The kids used all of the toothpaste up so
we need to buy some more.
Work something out make a calculation We have to work out the total cost
before we buy the house.
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Spoken English
Turn something up அைவு அல்லது வலினமனய அதிகொி Can you turn the music up? This is my
favourite song.
(சவப்பம், ஒைி வபொன்றனவ)
Try something on உடுத்திப் பொர் I’m going to try these jeans on, but I
don’t think they will fit.
Try something out வசொதனை சசய் I am going to try this new brand of
detergent out.
Use something up தீர்ந்து வபொகச் சசய் The kids used all of the toothpaste up so
we need to buy some more.
Warm சவப்பநினலனய அதிகொி You can warm your feet up in front of the
someone/something fireplace.
up
Warm up உடற்பயிற்சிக்கொக உடனல I always warm up by doing sit-ups
before I go for a run.
தயொர்ப்படுத்து
Work out உடற்பயிற்சி சசய் I work out at the gym three times a
week.
Work out சவற்றிகரமொக இரு Our plan worked out fine.
Work something out கணக்கிடு We have to work out the total cost
before we buy the house.
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Spoken English
Exercise:
Phrasal Verbs Quiz
1) Would you _____my dog for me this weekend?
2) My neighbor_____ eggs yesterday.
3) I ______my leg at my baseball game.
4) Our boss_____ our meeting until next week.
5) Could you______ the music while I'm on the phone.
6) I don't_____ my new Science teacher.
7) I ______meeting your new girlfriend.
8) My car______ on the highway today.
9) It will be easier to read if you ______the lights.
10) I have to ______to the finish line and back.
Exercise:
Use the following verbs (believe, fill, get, look, put, switch, take, throw, turn, try) and the prepositions
(away, down, for, in, off, on, out) an form meaningful sentences.
1. Quick! ________ the bus. It's ready to leave.
2. I don't know where my book is. I have to __________ it.
3. It's dark inside. Can you __________ the light, please?
4. ___________ the form, please.
5. I need some new clothes. Why don't you __________ these jeans?
6. It's warm inside. __________ your coat.
7. This pencil is really old. You can ________ it ________ .
8. It's so loud here. Can you _________ the radio a little.
9. The firemen were able to __________ the fire in Church Street.
10. Does your little brother __________ ghosts?
Conversational English:
a) Friends.
b) Money.
c) Education.
d) Pollution.
e) Why is it important to be honest?
f) Which is better - Being the oldest child in a family or the youngest?
g) What wonderful or unusual place would you like to visit in your lifetime?
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Spoken English
பயிற்சி:
சசொற்சறொடர் வினைச்சசொற்கள் (Phrasal Verbs) விைொடி விைொ
1) Would you _____my dog for me this weekend?
2) My neighbor_____ eggs yesterday.
3) I ______my leg at my baseball game.
4) Our boss_____ our meeting until next week.
5) Could you______ the music while I'm on the phone.
6) I don't_____ my new Science teacher.
7) I ______meeting your new girlfriend.
8) My car______ on the highway today.
9) It will be easier to read if you ______the lights.
10) I have to ______to the finish line and back.
பயிற்சி:
பின்வரும் verbs (believe, fill, get, look, put, switch, take, throw, turn, try) ெற்றும் prepositions (away, down,
for, in, off, on, out) கனை பயன்படுத்தி ஒரு அர்த்தமுள்ை வொக்கியத்னத உருவொக்கவும்.
1. Quick! ________ the bus. It's ready to leave.
2. I don't know where my book is. I have to __________ it.
3. It's dark inside. Can you __________ the light, please?
4. ___________ the form, please.
5. I need some new clothes. Why don't you __________ these jeans?
6. It's warm inside. __________ your coat.
7. This pencil is really old. You can ________ it ________ .
8. It's so loud here. Can you _________ the radio a little.
9. The firemen were able to __________ the fire in Church Street.
10. Does your little brother __________ ghosts?
உனரயொடல் முனற ஆங்கிலம்:
வமம்பட்ட வபச்சுப் பயிற்சி:
a) Friends.
b) Money.
c) Education.
d) Pollution.
e) Why is it important to be honest?
f) Which is better - Being the oldest child in a family or the youngest?
g) What wonderful or unusual place would you like to visit in your lifetime?
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Spoken English
h) If you were stranded on a deserted island, what would you like to have?
i) When you are sad or blue, how do you cheer yourself up?
j) Why is it important to keep a promise?
Conversation Between Two:
Topic 1: Jon thinks that his roommate is taking advantage of him. Terri
suggests that Jon have a talk with his roommate to get things
straight…make a conversation using this phrase: “Honesty is the best
policy”
Topic 2: After so many years, Farha is still in touch with most of her friends
from high school, while Sarah has lost contact with most of her buddies…make
a conversation between two using the phrase: “It's hard to keep up contact!”
Advanced Vocabulary:
Adroit: Dexterous; deft.
Bogus: Not true; fake.
Impede: To retard or obstruct the progress of.
Loathe: Great dislike; abhorrence
Rudimentary: Being in the earliest stages of development; incipient.
Skirmish: A minor or preliminary conflict or dispute
Terse: Brief and to the point; effectively cut short
Trivial: Ordinary; commonplace.
Verify: To prove the truth of by presentation of evidence or testimony; substantiate.
Practice…..
Instruction: Select the word or phrase that is closest in meaning…..
1)Trivial: 2) Skirmish: 3) Verify:
a) petty a) a short dress a) to check
b) to sample b) a meeting b) to be extremely honest
c) a three pack c) a first date c) to be dishonest
d) brief d) a fight d) to finalize
4) Bogus: 5) Rudimentary:
a) thick a) to have bad manners
b) meek b) a negative speech
c) fake c) basic
d) sleek d) advanced
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Spoken English
h) If you were stranded on a deserted island, what would you like to have?
i) When you are sad or blue, how do you cheer yourself up?
j) Why is it important to keep a promise?
இருவருக்கு இயடயிலான உயரயாடல்:
தயலப்பு 1: Jon thinks that his roommate is taking advantage of him. Terri
suggests that Jon have a talk with his roommate to get things straight… இந்ை
வசாற்வறாடதை பைன்படுத்ைி ஒரு உதைைாடதல உருவாக்கவும்: “Honesty is
the best policy”
தயலப்பு 2: After so many years, Farha is still in touch with most of her friends from high
school, while Sarah has lost contact with most of her buddies… இந்ை வசாற்வறாடதை
பைன்படுத்ைி இருவருக்கும் இதடைில் ஒரு உதைைாடதல உருவாக்கவும்: “It's hard
to keep up contact!”
நமம்பட்ட சொற்களஞ்ெியம் (Vocabulary)
Adroit: Dexterous; deft.
Bogus: Not true; fake.
Impede: To retard or obstruct the progress of.
Loathe: Great dislike; abhorrence
Rudimentary: Being in the earliest stages of development; incipient.
Skirmish: A minor or preliminary conflict or dispute
Terse: Brief and to the point; effectively cut short
Trivial: Ordinary; commonplace.
Verify: To prove the truth of by presentation of evidence or testimony; substantiate.
பயிற்ெி.....
அறிவுயரகள்: அர்த்தத்தில் மிகவும் ஓன்று நபால் உள்ள வார்த்யத அல்லது சொற்சறாடயரத்
நதர்ந்சதடுக்கவும்.....
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Spoken English
Lesson Objectives
Learn how to greet someone
Positive expressions
G. Functions
I. How to greet someone
Activity:
Any 3 paticipants:
Jim was walking down the lane with Kelly when he met Sam, his old friend after 5 years. He introduced
Kelly to Sam. They had a good time for 5 minutes.
1. When you greet people in person for the first time—To make a positive first impression when
meeting new people, include the following as part of your greeting: a warm smile, an introduction that
includes your first and last name, a welcoming comment, direct eye contact and a firm handshake, if
appropriate. I also recommend repeating the person’s name. For instance, “It’s very nice to meet you
Bob.”
2. When you meet people who don’t tell you their name—If this occurs, simply ask them for their
name. I might say, “I didn’t catch your name.” After they respond, I will repeat their name as described in
the previous point. This is a simple way of demonstrating your interest in them.
3. When someone introduces you and does not include your name—When you are introduced to
someone and the person making the introduction doesn’t include your name, it’s likely they forgot it or
they don’t know how to make a proper introduction. In this case, offer a warm greeting as I described in
the first tip and be sure to include your first and last name. This will prove you are paying attention and
that you realize your name was omitted.
4. When you greet someone who likely forgot your name—When I greet people I have not seen in a
while, I always take the initiative to introduce myself by name. I could say, “Hi Paul; Todd Smith; how are
you doing?” If I don’t remember the person’s name, I will introduce myself by sharing my name and hope
they respond by sharing theirs. If people don’t offer their name in the greeting, I will often say something
like, “Will you kindly remind me of your name?”
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Spoken English
பாடத்தின் ந ாக்கங்கள்
ஒருவயர எவ்வாறு வரநவற்க நவண்டும் என்பயத
கற்றுக்சகாள்ளுதல்
ந ர்மயறயான சவளிப்பாடுகள்
I . செயல் பாடுகள்
ஒருவயர எவ்வாறு வரநவற்க நவண்டும்
செயல்பாடு:
ஏபைனும் 3 பங்பகற்பாளர்கள்:
ஜிம் 5 ஆண்டுகளுக்குப் பிறகு ைனது பதழை நண்பன் சாதெ சந்ைித்ை பபாது அவன் வகல்லியுடன் வைருவில் நடந்து
வகாண்டிருந்ைான். அவன் வகல்லிதை சாமுக்கு அறிமுகப்படுத்ைினான். அவர்கள் 5 நிெிடங்கள் உதைைாடி
ெகிழ்ந்ைனர்.
ெீ ைெிருக்கும் பங்பகற்பளர்கள் உதைைாடதல பகுப்பாய்வு வசய்வார்கள்.
1. ீ ங்கள் முதல் முயறயாக ஒரு பயர ந ரில் வரநவற்கும் நபாது—புைிை நபர்கதள சந்ைிக்கும் பபாது
பநர்ெதறைான முைல் அபிப்பிைாைத்தை உருவாக்க, பின்வருவனவற்தற உங்கள் வைபவற்பின் ஒரு பகுைிைாக
பைன்படுத்துங்கள்: இைொன புன்னதக, உங்கள் முைல் ெற்றும் கதடசி வபைதை பசர்த்துள்ள ஒரு அறிமுகம், ஒரு
வைபவற்பு கருத்து, பநைடி கண் வைாடர்பு ெற்றும் பைதவப்பட்டால் ஒரு உறுைிைான தககுழுக்குைல். நான் அந்ை
நபரின் வபைதை ெீ ண்டும் வசால்ல பவண்டுவென்று பரிந்துதைக்கிபறன். உைாைணொக, “It’s very nice to meet you Bob.”
2. தங்களுயடய சபயயரக் கூறாத பர்கயள ெந்திக்கும்நபாது—இது நடந்ைால், அவர்களின் வபைதைக்
பகளுங்கள். “I didn’t catch your name” எனச் வசால்லலாம். அவர்கள் பைிலளித்ை பிறகு, முந்தைை கட்டத்ைில்
விவரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளபடி ைங்கள் வபைதை நான் ெறுபடியும் கூறுபவன். இது உங்கள் ஆர்வத்தை வவளிப்படுத்தும்
ஒரு எளிதெைான வழிைாகும்.
3. ஒருவர் உங்கயள அறிமுகப்படுத்தும் நபாது மற்றும் உங்களுயடய சபயயர கூறவில்யலசயன்றால்—
நீங்கள் ஒருவருடன் அறிமுகொகும் பபாது அந்ை நபர் உங்களது வபைதை கூறவில்தலவைன்றால், அவர்கள்
ெறந்துவிட்டார்கள் அல்லது சரிைான அறிமுகத்தை எப்படி வவளிப்படுத்துவது என்று அவர்களுக்குத்
வைரிைவில்தல என்று அர்த்ைொகும். இந்ை விஷைத்ைில், முைல் ஆபலாசதனைில் விவரிக்கப்பட்டள்ளது பபால
கனிவான வணக்கத்தைத் வைரிவிக்கவும் பெலும் உங்களுதடை முைல் ெற்றும் கதடசி வபைதை பசர்க்க ெறக்க
பவண்டாம். இது நீங்கள் கவனத்தை வசலுத்துகிறீர்கள் என்பதை காண்பிக்கும் பெலும் உங்கள் வபைர்
விடுபட்டிருப்பதையும் நீங்கள் அறிந்துவகாள்வர்கள்.
ீ
4. உங்கள் சபயயர மறந்து நபாக வாய்ப்புள்ள ஒருவயர ீ ங்கள் வரநவற்கும் நபாது—சில காலொக நீங்கள்
சந்ைிக்காை ஒரு நபதை வைபவற்கும் பபாது, உங்கள் வபைதைச் வசால்லி நீங்கள் உங்கதள அறிமுகப்படுத்ை
முைற்சிக்கவும். “Hi Paul; Todd Smith; how are you doing?” எனச் வசால்லலாம். எனக்கு அந்ை நபரின் வபைர்
ஞாபகெில்தலவைன்றால், எனது வபைதைச் வசால்லி அறிமுகப்படுத்துபவன் ெற்றும் அவர்களும் அவர்களுதடை
வபைதைச் வசால்வார்கள் என நம்பகிபறன். ஒரு நபர் ைனது வணக்கத்ைில் அவருதடை வபைதைச் வசால்லவில்தல
என்றால், “Will you kindly remind me of your name?” என நான் பகட்பபன்.
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Spoken English
5. When you are not introduced—I was with a friend in a restaurant recently and a couple of his friends
stopped by the table to say hi. He talked to them for a few minutes but never introduced me. The proper
etiquette in this circumstance would have been for him to introduce me to his friends.
When I’m not introduced to people, I generally respond by introducing myself if the right opportunity
presents itself. This seems to make everyone feel more comfortable.
6. When you meet with a group of people you DON’T know—Have you ever walked into a room with
a small group of people you didn’t know and stood there awkwardly not knowing what you should do? If
this happens, be proactive and introduce yourself to each person in the room. This will make you stand
out from the group as someone with confidence. It will also make everyone feel more at ease.
7. When you meet with a group of people you DO know—When you get together with a group of
friends or business associates, immediately greet each person with a friendly greeting. As new people
join the group, be the first one to show you care by greeting them. My daughter Hannah calls this “Being
Like a Dog.” Dogs are always happy to see you and they’re the first ones to greet you.
8. When you meet with a group of people-some you know and some you don’t know—When I find
myself in this situation, I will always greet the people I know and introduce myself to the people I have
not yet met. Once again, this seems to make everyone in the group feel comfortable.
9. When you greet a receptionist—Whether you are greeting the receptionist at your dentist’s office or
at the offices of one of your clients, always introduce yourself with a smile and friendly greeting. For
instance, “Hi my name is Todd Smith, I have a 4:00 appointment with Steve Johnson.” In the case of a
business environment, I always hand the receptionist my business card to go along with my verbal
introduction.
10. Practice, practice, practice—If you will follow these tips, you can be assured of making a positive
first impression and enhance your existing relationships. You will be viewed as someone who is friendly,
confident and recognizes the value of making people feel comfortable. I realize some of these
recommendations may feel a little uncomfortable at first, but like anything, the more you do it, the more
comfortable it will become.
Word List
Greeting People
Hello. / Hi.
Good morning. (before 12 o'clock)
Good afternoon.(after 12 o'clock)
Good evening .
Introducing People
What's your name?
Who are you?
My name is ...
I am ...
My friends call me ...
You can call me ...
Haven't we met (before)?
Yes, I think we have.
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Spoken English
5. ீ ங்கள் அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்படாத நபாது—செீ பத்ைில் நான் ஒரு உணவகத்ைில் ஒரு நண்பருடன் இருந்பைன், அவருதடை
நண்பர்களில் சிலர் ஹாய் வசால்லுவைற்காக பெதஜக்கு அருகில் நின்றார்கள். அவர்களிடம் அவர் ஒரு சில நிெிடங்கள் பபசினார்
ஆனால் என்தன அறிமுகப்படுத்ைவில்தல. இந்ை சூழ்நிதலைில் அவருதடை நண்பர்களிடம் என்தன அறிமுகப்படுத்துவபை
சரிைான பண்பாடாகும்.
நீங்கள் அறிமுகப்படுத்ைப்படாை பபாது, வபாதுவாக சரிைான வாய்ப்பு கிதடக்கும் பபாது நான் என்தன அறிமுகப்படுத்துபவன். இது
அதனவதையும் ெிகவும் வசைிைாக உணை தவப்பைாகத் பைான்றுகிறது.
6. உங்களுக்குத் சதரியாத ஒரு ெிறு குழுவினயர ீ ங்கள் ெந்திக்கும் நபாது—உங்களுக்குத் வைரிைாை ஒரு சிறு குழுவினர்
உள்ள ஒரு அதறைில் நுதழந்து நீங்கள் என்ன வசய்ைவவைன்பற வைரிைாெல் குழம்பிைிருக்கும் ஒரு அனுபத்தைப்
வபற்றிருக்கிறீர்களா? இதுபபால நடந்ைால், விழிப்புடன் இருந்து அதறைில் உள்ள ஒவ்வவாரு நபருடனும் உங்கதள
அறிமுகப்படுத்ைிக் வகாள்ளவும். இது இந்ைக் குழுவிற்கு ெத்ைிைில் உங்கதள நம்பிக்தகயுடன் ைனித்து நிற்க தவக்கும். இதுவும்
அதனவதையும் வசைிைாக உணை தவக்கும்.
7. உங்களுக்குத் சதரியாத ஒரு கூட்ட பர்கயள ெந்திக்கும் நபாது—நண்பர்கள் அல்லது விைாபாை பங்காளர்களுடன் நீங்கள்
பசை பநரும் பபாது, உடனடிைாக ஒவ்வவாருவரிடமும் நட்பான வாழ்த்துக்கதள வைரிவியுங்கள். புைிைவர்கள் குழுவில் பசரும்
பபாது, நீங்கள் அவர்கதள அக்கதறயுடன் வைபவற்பைில் முைன்தெைானவைாக இருக்க பவண்டும். எனது ெகள் ஹன்னா இதை
“ஒரு நாதைப் பபால இருப்பது” எனச் வசால்கிறாள். நாய்கள் எப்பபாதும் உங்கதளப் பார்ப்பைில் சந்பைாஷொக இருக்கின்றன,
அதவைான் உங்கதள முைலில் வைபவற்கின்றன.
8. உங்களுக்த சதரியாத மற்றும் உங்களுக்குத் சதரிந்த ஒரு கூட்ட மக்கயள ீ ங்கள் ெந்திக்கும் நபாது—நான் இந்ைச்
சூழ்நிதலைில் இருக்கும் பபாது, எனக்குத் வைரிந்ை நபர்கதளபை நான் எப்பபாதும் வைபவற்பபன் ெற்றும் நான் இதுவதை
சந்ைித்ைிைாை நபர்களிடம் என்தன அறிமுகம் வசய்து தவப்பபன். ெீ ண்டும், இது குழுவில் உள்ள அதனவதையும் வசைிைாக உணை
தவப்பைாகத் வைரிகிறது.
9. ஒரு வரநவற்பாளயர வரநவற்கும் நபாது—உங்கள் பல் ெருத்துவரின் அலுவலகத்ைில் உள்ள அல்லது உங்கள்
வாடிக்தகைாளர் ஒருவரின் அலுவலகத்ைில் உள்ள வைபவற்பாளதை வைபவற்கும் பபாது, புன்னதகயுடனும் நட்பான
வைபவற்புடனும் உங்கதள அறிமுகப்படுத்துங்கள். உைாைணொக, “ஹாய் என் வபைர் படாட் ஸ்ெித், நான் ஸ்டீவ் ஜான்ஸதன 4:00
ெணிக்கு சந்ைிக்க பவண்டும்.” ஒரு விைாபாைச் சூழல் என்றால், நான் எப்பபாதும் எனது வாய்வொழிைாக அறிமுகம் வசய்து எனது
பிஸினஸ் கார்தட வைபவற்பாளரிடம் வகாடுப்பபன்.
10. பயிற்ெி செய்யுங்கள், பயிற்ெி செய்யுங்கள், பயிற்ெி செய்யுங்கள்—நீங்கள் இந்ை ஆபலாசதனகதளப் பின்பற்றினால், இது
நிச்சைொகபவ ஒரு பநர்ெதறைான முைல் அபிப்பிைாைத்தை ஏற்படுத்ைலாம் ெற்றும் ஏற்கனபவ உள்ள உறதவ பெம்படுத்ைலாம்.
நீங்கள் நட்பானவைாகவும், நம்பிக்தகயுடனும், ெக்களுக்கு ெைிப்பளிக்கிற ஒரு நபைாகவும் பிறைால் பார்க்கப்படுவர்கள்.
ீ இந்ை
பரிந்துதைகள் முைலில் வகாஞ்சம் அவசாளகரிைொகத் பைான்றாலாம் என நிதனக்கிபறன், ஆனால் பிற காரிைங்கதளப் பபால
இதையும் நீங்கள் பைிற்சி வசய்ைச் வசய்ை அைிக வசௌகரிைொனைாகிவிடும்.
வார்த்யத பட்டியல்
ெக்கதள வைபவற்றல்
Hello. / Hi.
Good morning. (before 12 o'clock)
Good afternoon.(after 12 o'clock)
Good evening .
மக்கள் அறிமுகம்
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Good bye.
Bye. / See you.
See you later.
See you soon.
See you tomorrow.
See you next week.
Good night.
உடல் லம்
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Lesson Objectives
Learn how to thank someone
Positive expressions
Activity:
Explain to participants that they will have 5 minutes to write a thank you note for each one of their
colleagues in the group. The note should be clear on the reasons for the thank you note.
After writing the notes, delegates should fold them and hand them out to the recipients.
How did you find this exercise? Was it easy to come up with a reason to thank your colleagues? How
does reading other people’s thank you notes make you feel? Will you try this activity or a similar exercise
in the future? How can we improve this exercise?
1. Swallow your pride. You may be less inclined to thank somebody if you feel as if you deserve
whatever they did for you. On the other hand, do you remember being thanked for something
that you considered to be routine? It creates satisfaction for the giver of an item or reaction that
you are openly admitting that you appreciate their efforts and time.
2. Don’t overdo it. Telling somebody thanl you for every little thing will lessen the impact of a
genuine show of appreciation. Just like, “I love you,” use it sparingly, intensely, and not
passively or cordially. Getting a person’s eye contact is a small gesture to ensure appreciation
and truth in giving your thanks.
3. Don’t forget. Put yourself in the position of the person who has done thing worth receiving
thanks for. Several times per day, somebody is doing something for you, if it’s their job or duty,
or just a gift of time and attention, it’s something for you, Always remember that. For example,
appreciate the fact that somebody has taken the time to read your email and perhaps honor a
request or acknowledge some information.
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பாடத்தின் ந ாக்கங்கள்
ஒருவருக்கு எவ்வாறு ன்றி சொல்லுதல் என்பயத
கற்றுக்சகாள்ளுதல்
ந ர்மயறயான சவளிப்பாடுகள்
II.
ஒருவருக்கு எவ்வாறு ன்றி சொல்ல நவண்டும்
வார்த்தைைால் வைரிவிக்காை நன்றிைினால் ைாருக்கும் எந்ை பிைபைாஜனமும் இல்தல. ~ஜி.பி.
ஸ்வடர்ன்
செயல்பாடு:
குழுவில் உள்ள ஒவ்வவாருவரும் ைங்கள் சகநண்பருக்கு ஒரு நன்றிக் குறிப்பு எழுை அவர்களுக்கு 5
நிெிடங்கள் வகாடுக்கப்படும் என பங்பகற்பாளர்களிடம் விளக்கவும். உங்கள் நன்றிக் குறிப்புக்கான
காைணங்கள் வைளிவாக இருக்க பவண்டும்.
இந்ை குறிப்புகதள எழுைிை பிறகு, பங்பகற்பாளர்கள் அவற்தற ெடித்து பசகரிப்பவர்களிடம் வகாடுக்க
பவண்டும்.
ைங்களுதடை குறிப்புகதள படிக்க அவர்களுக்கு 2 நிெிடங்கள் வகாடுக்ககவும்.
இந்ை பைிற்சிதை எப்படி இருந்ைது? உங்கள் சகநண்பருக்கு நன்றி வைரிவிப்பைற்கான ஒரு காைணத்தை
உங்களால் எளிைாக கண்டறிை முடிந்ைைா? அடுத்ைவர்களுதடை நன்றிக் குறிப்தப படிக்கும் பபாது நீங்கள்
எவ்வாறு உணர்ந்ைீர்கள்? நீங்கள் எைிர்காலத்ைில் இந்ை வசைல்பாட்தட அல்லது இபைபபான்ற பைிற்சிதை
முைற்சி வசய்வர்களா?
ீ இந்ை பைிற்சிதை நீங்கள் எவ்வாறு பெம்படுத்ைலாம்?
1. உங்கள் சபருயமயய அழியுங்கள். ஒருவர் உங்களுக்கு வசய்ை உைவிக்கு நன்றி வசால்வைற்கு
நீங்கள் குதறவாகவ நன்றிக் கடன்பட்டிருக்கலாம். ெறுபுறம், நீங்கள் வழக்கொக
வசய்ைப்படுவைாகக் கருதும் ஒன்றுக்கு நீங்கள் நன்றி வைரிவித்ைிருப்பைாக நிதனவிருக்கிறைா?
ஒரு வபாருதள அல்லது வசைதல வழங்குபவருக்கு இது ைிருப்ைிதை அளிக்கிறது, எனபவ
நீங்கள் முைற்சிதையும் பநைத்தையும் நீங்கள் பாைாட்டுவைாக பகிைங்கொக ஒப்புக்வகாள்கிறீர்கள்.
2. அயத அளவுக்கு அதிகமாக செய்யக் கூடாது. நன்றி வசால்வது ஒவ்வவாரு சிறிை
காரிைத்ைிற்கும் ஒரு உண்தெைான பாைாட்டுக் காட்சிைின் ைாக்கத்தை குதறக்கும். “I love you,”
என்று வசால்வது பபால, இதை விழிப்புடன், ைீவிைொக பைன்படுத்துங்கள், ஆனால் வசைலற்ற
அல்லது நட்பான முதறைில் பைன்படுத்ைக் கூடாது. ஒரு நபரின் கண்தண வைாடர்பு வகாள்வது
உங்கள் நன்றிதை வைரிவிப்பைில் உள்ள பாைாட்தடயும் உண்தெதையும் உறுைிப்படுத்துவைற்கான
ஒரு சிறிை தசதகைாகும்.
3. மறக்கக் கூடாது. நன்றிதை வபறுவைற்கு ைகுைியுள்ள காரிைங்கதள வசய்ை நபரின் இடத்ைில்
உங்கதள தவயுங்கள். ஒருநாளில் பல முதற, ஒருவர் உங்களுக்காக ஏபைா வசய்கிறார், அது
அவருதடை பவதலைாக அல்லது கடதெைாக இருந்ைால் அல்லது பநைம் ெற்றும் கவனத்ைின்
பரிசாக இருந்ைாலும், அது உங்களுக்காக வசய்ைப்படுகிறது என்பதை நீங்கள் எப்பபாதும்
நிதனவில் வகாள்ள பவண்டும். உைாைணொக, உங்கள் இவெைிதல வாசிப்பைற்கு ஒருவர் பநைம்
வசலவழித்ைிருக்கிறார் என்பைற்காக பாைாட்டுங்கள் ெற்றும் ஒரு விண்ணப்பத்ைிற்கு
ெைிப்பளியுங்கள் அல்லது சில ைகவல்கதள ஏற்றுக்வகாள்ளுங்கள்.
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4. Put it in writing. If someone has given you a gift or invited you into their home, take the time
out afterward to write a simple thank-you note and send it by old-fashioned snail mail.
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5. Change your wording. Try phrases such as, “I appreciate that,” “That was nice of you/kind of
you,” and “I owe you one,” preceding “Thank you” or “Thanks.”
6. Be specific. Tell the person how they did or what they gave you will make your life more
fulfilling. For example, if someone gave you a digital camera, in addition to saying “thank you,”
say: “This will be perfect for taking pictures of our new baby. I’ve been dying to send pictures
to our friends by e-mail, and now I finally can.”
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5. உங்கள் வார்த்யத முயறகயள மாற்றுங்கள். “I appreciate that,” “That was nice of you/kind of
you,” ெற்றும் “I owe you one,” ெற்றும் “Thank you” or “Thanks” பபான்ற வாக்கிைங்கதள
பைன்படுத்ை முைற்சியுங்கள்.
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7. Just give them a nice little present and attach a thank you note !
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Lesson Objectives
Learn how to apologise
Genuine expressions
Activity:
The participants will be asked to list out the mistakes they did so far.
1. Make it genuine – Anyone can spot a false apology and it will do more harm than good. A
genuine apology is aimed solely at taking responsibility and overcoming a disturbance. There are
no hidden obligations or expectations attached.
2. Don’t justify your actions – If you are busy explaining why you did what you did, it will start to
sound like you aren’t apologizing at all, that you aren’t ready to take responsibility. A brief
explanation may help understanding, while a justification may just fuel the disturbance.
3. Make a commitment to change – If you can’t confirm that you mean to improve, then you aren’t
committed to an apology. If you aren’t committed to changing your habit of getting home late,
don’t say “Sorry I am home late”. This will be a hollow and ineffective apology. You are better off
thanking the other person, “Thanks for putting up with me coming home so late. I appreciate it”
and taking it from there.
4. Phrased you apology carefully – Make sure the other person knows why you are apologizing.
“I was passing by so I thought I’d drop in and say sorry” is a lot different to “I wanted to come and
apologize because I really do care about this relationship”. Don’t fake it. If you have a good
reason to keep the relationship alive the other person will want to hear it.
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Spoken English
பாடத்தின் ந ாக்கங்கள்
எவ்வாறு மன்னிப்பு நகட்பது என்பயத கற்றுசகாள்ளுதல்
உண்யமயான சவளிப்பாடுகள்
செயல்பாடு:
பங்பகற்பாளர்கள் இதுவதை வசய்ை ைவறுகதள பட்டிைலிடும் படி அவர்களிடம் பகட்கப்படும்.
அைற்காக அவர்கள் வருத்ைப்படுகிறார்களா?
1. அது உண்யமயாக்குங்கள் - ஒரு வபாய்ைான ென்னிப்தப ைாரும் எளிைில் கண்டுபிடித்து விடலாம், எனபவ அது
நன்தெதை விட அைிக ைீதெதை உண்டாக்கும். ஒரு உண்தெைான ென்னிப்பு வபாறுப்தப ஏற்றுக்வகாள்வைிலும்
ஒரு இதடயூதற ைகர்ப்பைிலும் ெட்டுபெ கவனம் வசலுத்துகிறது. இதணக்கப்பட்ட ெதறவான பைதவகள் அல்லது
எைிர்பார்ப்பு என்று எதுவும் இல்தல.
2. உங்கள் செயல்கயள ியாயப்படுத்த நவண்டாம் - நீங்கள் ஏன் வசய்ைீர்கள் எதைச் வசய்ைீர்கள் என்பதை
விளக்குவைிபலபை ைீவிைொக இருந்ைால், நீங்கள் ென்னிப்பு பகட்கவில்தல என்பதையும் நீங்கள் வபாறுப்தப
ஏற்றுக்வகாள்ளத் ைைாைாக இல்தல என்பதையும் காண்பிக்க ஆைம்பிக்கும். ஒரு சுருக்கொன விளக்கம்
புரிந்துவகாள்ள உைவும், அபைபநைத்ைில் நிைாைப்படுத்துவது வைால்தலதை ெட்டுபெ அைிகரிக்கும்.
4. ீ ங்கள் கவனமாக மன்னிப்பு நகளுங்கள் - நீங்கள் ஏன் ென்னிப்பு பகட்கிறீர்கள் என்பது அடுத்ை நபருக்கு வைரியும்
என்பதை உறுைிப்படுத்ைைிக் வகாள்ளுங்கள். “நான் இந்ை வழிைாக வந்பைன் அைனால் வந்து ென்னிப்பு பகட்கிபறன்”
என்று வசால்வைற்கும் “நான் வந்து ென்னிப்பு பகட்க விரும்பிபனன் ஏவனன்றால் இந்ை உறவுக்கு நான்
உண்தெைில் ெைிப்பளிக்கிபறன்” என்று வசால்வைற்கும் வபரிை அளவில் வித்ைிைாசம் இருக்கிறது. அதை
பபாலிைாக்காைீர்கள். உறதவ முறிக்காெல் தவத்துக் வகாள்வைற்கு உங்களிடம் ஒரு நல்ல காைணம் இருந்ைால்,
ெற்றவர் அதை பகட்பார்.
5. ஒரு அருவருக்கத்தக்க முடிவுக்கு தயாராக இருங்கள் - சில பநைங்களில் ஒரு ென்னிப்புக்கு ஒரு எைிர் ென்னிப்பு,
அதெைி, ெலர்கள் ெற்றும் காற்றில் அன்பு சுெந்து வரும் சிறு பறதவகள் பைிலாக கிதடக்கின்றன, ஆனால்
அதனவரும் இவ்விைத்ைில் பைிலளிப்பைில்தல. சிலர் அலட்சிைொக நடந்து வகாள்வார்கள், சிலர் வவறுப்பாக
நடந்து வகாள்வார்கள் ெற்றும் சிலர் வவளிப்பதடக விபைாைத்தை வவளிப்படுத்துவார்கள். இது உங்கள்
கட்டுப்பாட்டிற்குள் இருக்காது. நீங்கள் ென்னிப்பு பகட்கும் வழிமுதறதை உருவாக்கிைிருக்கிறர்கள். இதை ஒரு
பைனுள்ள விைத்ைில் வசய்வது சிறந்ைைாகும். ெற்றவர் இதை இன்று அல்லது என்றாவது ஒருநாள் பாைாட்டுவார்.
நீங்கள் எவ்வளவு சிறிைைாக வசய்ைிருந்ைாலும், நீங்கள் சந்று ஓய்வவடுக்கலாம். ெற்றதவ அவற்தறப்
வபாறுத்ைைாகும்.
366
Spoken English
Lesson Objectives
Learn how to introduce yourself
Positive and affirmative expressions
II .
How to introduce yourself
Activity:
The participants will be asked to intoduce themselves.
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Spoken English
பாடத்தின் ந ாக்கங்கள்
உங்கயள எவ்வாறு அறிமுகம் செய்வது என்பயத
ந ர்மயறயான உறுதியான சவளிப்பாடுகள்
II .
உங்கதள எவ்வாறு அறிமுகம் செய்ய நவண்டும்
செயல்பாடு:
பங்பகற்பாளர்கள் ைங்கதள அறிமுகம் வசய்யும் படி பகட்டுக்வகாள்ளப்படுவார்கள்.
அதனவரும் ைங்கதள ெற்றவர்களிடம் அறிமுகம் வசய்வார்கள்.
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Spoken English
2. Smile. It is important to keep a genuine, bright smile (and fresh breath, too). Your smile is your
best icebreaker – it draws people in.
3. Offer a handshake. A firm handshake, once again, demonstrates your self-confidence. Get the
grip just right, though – you don’t want break the other person’s hand. Try squeezing slightly with
your fingers and not your thumb, and release the handshake after two or three seconds.
4. Tell the other person your name, and ask for theirs. If the introduction is formal, say “Hello,
I’m [first name] [last name].” If it’s informal, you can say “Hi, I’m [first name].<Immediately after
you’ve stated your name, ask for the other person’s name by saying “And you are …?” in a
questioning tone. When you learn the other person’s name, repeat it by saying “It’s a pleasure to
meet you, John” or “Nice to meet you, Jane.” Repeating the name will help you remember it, and
give the introduction a more personal touch.br>
o Giving a nickname is absolutely okay, but always give notice it’s a nickname. For
instance, say “My name’s Mike, but they call me ‘The Situation’.” Or “my name is Nicole,
but they call me “Snooki”.
5. Reveal a little bit of your background. It depends on the context of the conversation, but start
off by telling the other person something about yourself. You might start off with where you’re
from, what you do for a living, or why you wanted to meet this person. Whatever you use, it
should be a springboard for more conversation. You may tell a little bit of your background in
order to start your conversation. Telling someone where you work and your title is appropriate
and may lead to many conversation topics.
6. Close the conversation. After you’ve met someone for the first time, you should end the
conversation by restating that you enjoyed meeting them. If the interaction was formal, say
something like “Mrs. Jones, I’m delighted to have met you. I hope we can talk again soon.” If your
conversation was informal, you could say “It was great meeting you, Jane. Hope to see you
around.”
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
When you arrive at the interview site introduce yourself to the receptionist by stating your name and the
purpose of your visit. For example: "My name is Tim Jones and I have an interview scheduled with John
Smith at 2 pm."
You will either be escorted to the interview room or the hiring manager will come out to meet you in the
reception area. Again, take the time to introduce yourself so the interviewer knows who you are.
Offer to shake hands, even if the interviewer doesn't offer their hand first. It's good etiquette to include a
handshake as part of your introduction. Tell the interviewer that it is a pleasure to meet them, smile and
be sure to make eye contact. For example: "I'm Tina Lionel, it's a pleasure to meet you."
Many hiring managers will start an interview with an open-ended question like "Tell me about yourself."
The core of your response should focus on the key elements in your background which will enable you to
excel in the job for which you are interviewing. You should carefully analyze the job prior to the interview
so you can point out the interests, skills, experiences and personal qualities which will enable you to
meet or exceed the requirements.
Keep it Short
Your introduction should be concise enough to hold the interest of the interviewer. Generally, a quick
recap of your most compelling qualifications will suffice. You could also throw in a couple of tidbits which
are not essential to the job, but reflect your persona like the fact that you are an avid skier, have
performed at comedy clubs or collect African Art. Your goal is to connect personally with the interviewer
as well as to show that you're qualified for the job.
Of course, your initial comments should show your enthusiasm for the job and organization. However,
don't overdo it and don't spend too much time talking about yourself. The interviewer has an agenda and
time is limited, so keep it short so you can move on to the next question.
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Spoken English
நீங்கள் இன்டர்வியு வசய்ைப்படும் இடத்ைிற்கு வந்ைதும், உங்கள் வபைர் ெற்றும் வந்ைைற்கான பநாக்கத்தை
வைபவற்பாளரிடம் கூறி உங்கதள அறிமுகப்படுத்துங்கள். உைாைணொக: "My name is Tim Jones and I have an
interview scheduled with John Smith at 2 pm."
ஒன்று நீங்கள் இன்டர்வியு அதறக்கு அதழத்துச் வசல்லப்படுவர்கள்
ீ அல்லது பவதலக்கு ஆட்கதள எடுக்கும்
பெபனஜர் உங்கதள சந்ைிப்பைற்காக வைபவற்பு பகுைிக்கு வருவார். ெீ ண்டும் உங்கதள அறிமுகப்படுத்ை பநைம்
எடுத்துக் வகாள்ளுங்கள் இைன்மூலம் நீங்கள் ைார் என்பதை இன்டர்வியு வசய்பவர் அறிந்துவகாள்வார்.
வபரும்பாலான பவதலக்கு ஆட்கதள எடுக்கும் பெபனஜர்கள் “உங்கதளப் பற்றி வசால்லுங்கள் (Tell me about
yourself)” என்ற ஒரு விரிவான பகள்வியுடன் ைான் ஆைம்பிப்பார்கள். உங்கள் பைிலின தெைம் உங்கள் பின்புலம்
குறித்ை முக்கிை காரிைங்களிபலபை கவனம் வசலுத்ை பவண்டும், இது நீங்கள் இன்டர்வியு வசய்ைப்படும்
பவதலைில் சிறந்து விளங்க உைவும். இன்டர்வியுவிற்கு முன் நீங்கள் பவதல குறித்து கவனொக ஆய்வு வசய்ை
பவண்டும், இைன்மூலம் உங்கள் ஆர்வங்கள், ைிறன்கள், அனுபவங்கள் ெற்றும் ைனிப்பட்ட பண்புகதள
காண்பிக்கும், இது பைதவகதள பூர்த்ைி வசய்ை அல்லது அதையும் ைாண்டி நிரூபிக்க உைவும்.
சுருக்கமாகக் கூறுங்கள்
இன்டர்வியு வசய்பவரின் கவனத்தை ஈர்க்கும் விைத்ைில் உங்கள் அறிமுகம் பபாதுொன அளவு சுருக்கொகவும்
இருக்க பவண்டும். வபாதுவாக, உங்களுதடை ெிகவும் குறிப்பிடத்ைக்க ைகுைிகள் விதைவாக நிதனவுப்படுத்துவது
பபாதுொனைாக இருக்கும். பவதலக்கு பைதவைில்லாை துணுக்குகதள புறக்கணிக்கலாம், ஆனால் ஒரு நீங்கள்
ஒரு ைீவிை ஸ்தகைர், காவெடி கிளப்புகளில் நிகழ்ச்சிகதள வசய்ைிருக்கிறீர்கள் ெற்றும் ஆப்பிரிக்க கதலகதள
பசகரிக்கிறீர்கள் என்பன பபான்ற உங்கள் ைனிப்பட்ட காரிைங்கதள வவளிப்படுத்ைலாம்.
உண்தெைிபல, உங்கள் ஆைம்ப கருத்துக்கள் நீங்கள் பவதலைிலும் நிறுவனம் குறித்தும் ஆர்வொக இருக்கிறீர்கள்
என்பதை காட்ட பவண்டும். ஆனாலும், உங்கதளப் பற்றிக் கூறுவைில் அைிக பநைத்தை வசலவிட பவண்டாம்.
இன்டர்வியு வசய்பவர் ஒரு அஜந்ைா தவத்ைிருப்பார் ெற்றும் பநைம் குறுகிைைாக இருக்கும், எனபவ சுருக்கொகச்
வசால்லுங்கள் இைனால் நீங்கள் அடுத்ை பகள்விக்குச் வசல்லலாம்.
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Spoken English
Follow Up Questions
The interviewer may follow up your introduction with more questions, so it's important to remember that
you will need to support whatever assertions you make during your introduction. Be prepared to provide
specific examples of how and where you have utilized your assets to successfully carry out work or
volunteer roles, academic projects or other productive endeavors.
General tips
Focus on the positive. An introductory conversation is no time to say negative things about yourself or
someone else.
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Spoken English
பின்சதாடரும் நகள்விகள்
இன்டர்வியு வசய்பவர் உங்கள் அறிமுகத்தைத் வைாடர்ந்து அது சார்ந்ை பல பகள்விகள் பகட்பார், எனபவ
உங்கள் அறிமுகத்ைின் பபாது நீங்கள் கூறிை காரிைங்களில் உறுைிைாக இருப்பது ெிக முக்கிைொகும். உங்கள்
பவதல அல்லது ைன்னார்வ வபாறுப்புகள், கல்விசார்ந்ை புைாஜக்ட்கள் அல்லது பிற வசைல்ைிறனுள்ள
முைற்சிகதள வவற்றிகைொக வசய்வைற்கு பைதவைான உடதெகதள நீங்கள் எவ்வாறு ெற்றும் எங்கிருந்து
வபற்றீர்கள் பபான்ற குறிப்பிட்ட உைாைணங்கதளக் கூறத் ைைாைாக இருங்கள்.
சபாதுவான ஆநலாெயனகள்
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Spoken English
Lesson Objectives
Learn how to ask questions
Probing
V.
How to ask questions
Activity:
Dumb charades
The participants will be grouped. There must be 1 representative from every group.
Steps
1. Start with something simple. Asking something simple first lets the information provider know
that you are about to state your opinion, but that you fully realize that you do not comprehend
the whole story, and that you are hoping they can fill in some gaps. For example, "Have you
heard about the latest modifications to the Farm Bill?" If this does not work ask a question you
don't know and keep it broad. For example, "How is that project going?" If this still does not
work go for narrow questions. "How has XYZ affected your work?" After that you will likely be
able to bring the questioning broad again.
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Spoken English
பாடத்தின் ந ாக்கங்கள்
எவ்வாறு நகள்வி நகட்க நவண்டும் என்பயத
கற்றுசகாள்ளுதல்
ஆராய்தல்
V.
எவ்வாறு நகள்வி நகட்க நவண்டும்
செயல்பாடு:
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Spoken English
2. If you're using questions to gather knowledge, define exactly what it is you want to
know. Before you pose a question, it is important to have a concept of what is unclear about
the information in your head, otherwise you risk creating confusion and not getting an answer
that satisfies what you seek to know. On the other hand if you're asking questions in a
leadership role it is important that you do not specifically direct the question to which you have
an answer. Doing so will only frustrate those you work with and they will begin to see you as a
game player. Questions are not only about knowledge, they are also about action.
o Don't ask: "Can you tell me more about droughts in the Southwest?"
o Ask: "I've heard people saying that recent droughts in the Southwest are due to global
warming, but others say it's just part of a natural cycle. Which do you think it is?"
3. Never ask a question in an aggressive manner. This indicates that you are only asking the
question to prove to the other person that you are right and they are wrong, meaning that you
are argumentative and not open-minded. Ask because you are genuinely interested. Otherwise,
you will receive a defensive and less than helpful response.
o Don't ask: "Isn't it true that more people would be well-fed if we ate grains directly rather
than feeding it to animals and eating their meat?"
o Ask: "Many vegetarians argue that there'd be more food available if society didn't invest in
meat production. The argument seems to make sense, but do you know of any arguments
on the flip side?"
4. Lay your concepts or ideas and assumptions on the table. Take care to make sure that the
other person is fully aware of exactly what your current thinking is and why you think it. You can
do this by stating who you are and what field you are working in, studying or researching. You
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Spoken English
do not have to be studying a course - anything about which you are passionate and spend
much time learning about is "study" or "research".
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Spoken English
வைரிவிப்பைன் மூலம் வசய்ைலாம். நீங்கள் எைில் ஆர்வொைிருக்கிறீர்கள் என்பதை அறிை ஒரு பாடப்
பைிற்சிைில் பசை பவண்டிைைில் ெற்றும் “ஆய்வு” அல்லது “ஆைாய்ச்சி” பற்றி அறிந்துவகாள்ள அைிக பநைம்
வசலவழிக்க பவண்டிைைில்தல.
5. Ask politely and second-guess carefully. You are seeking information to fill a gap in your
knowledge and here is the person who may have the answer, so be polite! If appropriate, if you
do not really feel comfortable with the response or feel that it does not respond to what you
have asked, proceed gently by asking how they know this information. Ask what the general
trend is that would short cut a path to that knowledge, meaning that you are seeking the tools to
answer the questions yourself from this point onwards.
6. Be gracious. If you find the information provider is beginning to feel uncomfortable and maybe
out of their depth, do not press the issues. Unless you are questioning in a professional
capacity as a journalist, Senator or a lawyer, it is rare that a public grilling amounts to any good
under most situations. As a member of the public or a student in class, you are seeking
information, not a roasting. Back down and thank them. Often there will be time afterwards to
chase them up and discuss things privately. Even if you are trying to extract information in the
public interest, intelligent questioning will gather much information towards a good campaign.
Tips
Do not use huge words. They will make you sound pretentious. Just tap into your thoughtful but
friendly side and don't worry too much about coming off as brilliant.
Overdoing yourself is not very educated. Don't try to sound educated by using words that you do
not understand or making it under-/over-done, for example:
o "Did you go to the 'pharmacy' yesterday to get a physical?" (wrong word).
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Spoken English
o "Did you go to the doctor to get that thing where they observe and poke at you, do a lot of
testing and stuff to get your doctor to tell you if you're the ship-sharpest person?" (which
sounds too casual).
o "Did you proceed to the physician to obtain a physical for your extracurricular activity to
verify that the practitioner finds you to be in the most perfect exemplary condition in
contrast to all his other patients?" (which sounds over-done).
ஆநலாெயனகள்
வபரிை வார்த்தைகதள பைன்படுத்ை பவண்டாம். அதவ உங்கதள பகட்டாக காண்பிக்கும். உங்கள்
சிந்ைதனதை ைட்டி எழுப்புங்கள் ஆனால் நட்பான பக்கம் ெற்றும் புத்ைிசாலித்ைனொக ொறுவது குறித்து
அைிகொக கவதலப்பட பவண்டாம்.
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Spoken English
o "Did you go to the doctor to get that thing where they observe and poke at you, do a lot of
testing and stuff to get your doctor to tell you if you're the ship-sharpest person?" (which
sounds too casual).
o "Did you proceed to the physician to obtain a physical for your extracurricular activity to
verify that the practitioner finds you to be in the most perfect exemplary condition in
contrast to all his other patients?" (which sounds over-done).
Incorporate the audience into the question. Invite them in with phrases such as- "did you think
about.." or "Have you considered this question..."
Try to read more to add substance to what you are actually saying.
Example: "Until now, I had always thought that classical music was not worth listening to. Maybe
it is because all my friends hated it. But if musicians and educated men and women enjoy it,
there must be something to it. I know you like it, so can you tell me what there is to appreciate?"
For certain questions, try to do some research ahead of time. Try searching the Internet for the
answers. Google is an amazing tool for finding great resources.
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Spoken English
பகள்விக்குள் பார்தவைாளதைபசர்க்கவும். “did you think about..” அல்லது “Have you considered this
question...” பபான்ற வாக்கிைங்களில் அவர்கதள அதழக்கவும்.
நீங்கள் உண்தெைில் வசால்ல வருவைில் அைிக காரிைங்கதள பசர்க்க அைிகொக படிக்க முைற்சி
முைற்சிக்கவும்.
உைாைணம்: “Until now, I had always thought that classical music was not worth listening to. ஏவனன்றால்
எனது நண்பர்கள் அதனவரும் அதை வவறுக்கிறார்கள். ஆனால் இதசக்கதலஞர்கள் ெற்றும் படித்ை
ஆண்கள் ெற்றும் வபண்கள் அதை ைசித்ைால், அதைச் வசய்வைற்கு ஏைாவது இருக்கும். நீங்கள் அதை
விரும்புகிறீர்கள் என்பது எனக்குத் வைரியும், எனபவ பாைாட்ட என்ன இருக்கிறது என்று வசால்ல
முடியும்? "
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Spoken English
Lesson Objectives
Lean how to interrupt others politely
Group discussion
VI.
How to interrupt others politely
Activity:
Group discussion :
Science- a boon or a curse
Entertainment channels
1. Interrupt the conversation by politely saying, "Please excuse me" and then on to your
announcement. Be sure this is a very important statement that cannot wait until the
conversation reaches a lull.
2. Signal your friend that you need to interrupt. You can politely do this by smiling and looking
directly into the speaker's eyes. The speaker will stop to give you a chance to speak.
3. Clear your throat. Keep eye contact with the speaker. Politely, begin to speak. Make your
announcement short and to the point so that your friends can get back to their chat quickly.
4. Respond to something the speaker is saying when he pauses to take a breath. Interrupt
politely this way, by keeping your statement on topic. Then transition to whatever your
message is about.
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Spoken English
5. Join the people who are having the conversation you need to interrupt. Listen politely. Keep
eye contact with the speaker. The speaker will stop talking and recognize you need to say
something.
6. Acknowledge the speaker by giving him your undivided attention. Let him finish his thought.
Then politely ask if you may interrupt the conversation with an important announcement.
பாடத்தின் ந ாக்கங்கள்
பிறருடன் எவ்வாறு மரியாயதயுடன் குறுக்கிடுவது என்பயத
கற்றுக் சகாள்ளுதல்
குழு விவாதம்
VI.
பிறருடன் மரியாயதயுடன் குறுக்கிடுவது எப்படி
செயல்பாடு:
குழு விவாதம் :
அறிவிைல்- ஒரு வைம் அல்லது ஒரு சாபம்
வபாழுதுபபாக்கு பசனல்கள்
4. பபச்சாளர் சற்று மூச்சு வாங்க நிறுத்தும் பபாது, அவர் வசால்வைற்கு நீங்கள் ஏைாவது பைிலளியுங்கள்.
இவ்வாறு ெரிைாதையுடன் குறுக்கிட்டு உங்கள் கருத்தை ைதலப்பின் ெீ பை தவயுங்கள். அைன்பின்
உங்கள் வசய்ைிக்கு ொறிக் வகாள்ளுங்கள்.
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Spoken English
6. உங்கள் கவனத்தை சிைறவிடாெல் வசலுத்ைி பபச்சாளதை அங்கீ கரியுங்கள். அவர் ைனது சிந்ைதனதை
வைரிவிக்க விடுங்கள். அைன்பின் ஒரு அறிவிப்பு இருக்கிறது உதைைாடலில் குறுக்கிடலாொ என
ெரிைாதையுடன் பகளுங்கள்.
Lesson Objectives
Learn how to ask for information
Precision
VII .
How to ask for information
Activity:
Role play:
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Spoken English
பாடத்தின் ந ாக்கங்கள்
தகவல்கயள எவ்வாறு நகட்பது என்பது குறித்து
கற்றுக்சகாள்ளுதல்
நுட்பம்
VII .
தகவல்கயள எவ்வாறு நகட்க நவண்டும்
செயல்பாடு:
கதாபாத்திரமாக டித்தல்:
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Spoken English
Lesson Objectives
Learn how to agree and disagree
Debate
VIII .
How to agree and disagree
Activity:
Debate:
Books vs computers
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Spoken English
Stating an opinion
In my opinion...
The way I see it...
If you want my honest opinion....
According to Lisa...
பாடத்தின் ந ாக்கங்கள்
ஒப்புக்சகாள்வது மற்றும் மறுப்பது எவ்வாறு என்பயத
கற்றுக்சகாள்ளுதல்
பட்டிமன்றம்
VIII .
எவ்வாறு ஒப்புக்சகாள்ள மற்றும் மறுக்க நவண்டும்
செயல்பாடு:
பட்டிமன்றம்:
வட்டில்
ீ பார்த்து தவத்ை ைிருெணொ காைல் ைிருெணொ
புத்ைகங்களா கம்ப்யூட்டர்களா
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Spoken English
In my opinion...
The way I see it...
If you want my honest opinion....
According to Lisa...
As far as I'm concerned...
If you ask me...
Asking for an opinon
What's your idea?
What are your thoughts on all of this?
How do you feel about that?
Do you have anything to say about this?
What do you think?
Do you agree?
Wouldn't you say?
Expressing agreement
I agree with you 100 percent.
I couldn't agree with you more.
That's so true.
That's for sure.
(slang) Tell me about it!
You're absolutely right.
Absolutely.
That's exactly how I feel.
Exactly.
I'm afraid I agree with James.
I have to side with Dad on this one.
No doubt about it.
(agree with negative statement) Me neither.
(weak) I suppose so./I guess so.
You have a point there.
I was just going to say that.
Expressing disagreement
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Spoken English
I beg to differ.
(strong) I'd say the exact opposite.
Not necessarily.
That's not always true.
மறுப்னப சவைிப்படுத்துதல்
I don't think so.
(உறுதியாக) No way.
I'm afraid I disagree.
(உறுதியாக) I totally disagree.
I beg to differ.
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Spoken English
391
Spoken English
குறுக்கிடுதல்
392
Spoken English
Lesson Objectives
Learn short responses
Pecision
Close ended questions
IX .
Giving Short Responses
Activity:
The participants will be paired. One will ask close ended questions and the other will reply.
As is the case with any verb tense in English, it is generally possible to give short answers to a question.
This is certainly the case for questions in the past tense.
If the question commences with one of the traditional question words such as WHO, WHERE, WHEN,
WHY, WHAT, WHICH or HOW, it requires a more detailed answer and it is not possible to give a short
answer.
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Spoken English
பாடத்தின் ந ாக்கங்கள்
குறுகிய பதில்கயள கற்றுக்சகாள்ளுதல்
நுட்பம்
ஆம் அல்லது இல்யல என பதிலளித்தல்
IX .
குறுகிய பதில்கயள அளித்தல்
செயல்பாடு:
ஆங்கிலத்ைில் எந்ை விதனச் வசால் காலத்தையும் (verb tense) வபாறுத்ை வதை, ஒரு பகள்விக்கு குறுகிை பைல்கதள
ைருவது வபாதுவாக சாத்ைிைொனைாகும். இது நிச்சைொகபவ கடந்ை காலத்ைில் (past tense) உள்ள பகள்விகளுக்கு
உரிை காரிைொகும்.
பகள்விைானது WHO, WHERE, WHEN, WHY, WHAT, WHICH அல்லது HOW பபான்ற நதடமுதற பகள்வி
வார்த்தைகளில் துவங்கினால், அைிக விளக்கமுள்ள பைில் பைதவப்படும் பெலும் இைற்கு ஒரு குறுகிை பைிதல
அளிப்பது சாத்ைிைெில்தல.
ீ ண்ட பதில்களுக்கான எடுத்துக்காட்டுகள்
What did you do on the weekend?
- I went to a party with my friends.
(இந்ை பகள்விக்கு 'Yes, I did' என்பது பபான்ற குறுகிை பைிதல அளிப்பது சாத்ைிைெில்தல).
Examples
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Spoken English
எடுத்துக்காட்டுகள்
395
Spoken English
Did I pass the test? Yes, you did. No, you didn't.
Did you need a dictionary? Yes, I did. No, I didn't.
Did you both like the movie? Yes, we did. No, we didn't.
Did they finish their homework? Yes, they did. No, they didn't.
Did he have a good time? Yes, he did. No, he didn't.
Did she want to leave early? Yes, she did. No, she didn't.
Did it have blue buttons? Yes, it did. No, it didn't.
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Spoken English
In questions that use Was or Were it is possible to give short answers as follows:
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Spoken English
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Spoken English
Lesson Objectives
Conversational Expressions
I’m fine=Nothing much, same old same old, things are OK, hanging in there, I’m doing OK, all right, no
complaints, things are the same, keeping cool, keeping busy, been getting by
Nice to meet you=Nice meeting you, glad to meet you, I’m happy to meet you, it was pleasure meeting
you
After meeting a friend=It’s good to see you again, It’s been fun talking to you, nice running into you,
good seeing you again, thanks for coming, thanks for dropping by, thanks for stopping over, Good bye
for now, bye now, I’ll catch you later, see you around, see you later, take care, talk to you later
Conversation w. strangers= Do you come here often? How did you find out about this…? Is this seat
taken? Can you keep an eye on ..while? Don’t I know you from somewhere? Haven’t we met before?
you got a minute? If you don’t mind my asking…, I’m going to get a coffee would you want one? Did you
see the show last night? Do you have the time? Do you know what time it is? You have nice shoes, is
this your first time in…?
Conversation with. friends= Did you hear the news…they..? hey..guess what? can we talk? do you
have a minute? hey.. the other day I was,
Wait= hold on a sec., hold on, wait a moment, wait a minute/second, just a moment, wait your turn
I’m sad/anxious= I’m going nuts, I’m going crazy, I’m losing my mind, I’m freaking out, I need a break, I
can’t take it anymore
I couldn’t understand= Sorry? Pardon? Come again? Can you say that again? Sorry I couldn’t get it? I
Don’t get it, I don’t follow you, I’m not sure if I know what you mean, I didn’t quite get that, I couldn’t quite
understand what you were saying? what did you say? Could you please repeat it/repeat yourself? Could
you please speak slower/louder? Could you spell that?
When Leaving= sorry but I got to go, I got to run, I have to leave now, well it’s getting late, I need to run,
I’m afraid I must be going, I’d better be off, I better get moving, I’m out of here, time to go, time to run,
got to go, got to run, got to take off, got to shove off, have to go now, have to move along
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Spoken English
பாடத்தின் ந ாக்கங்கள்
உயரயாடல் வாக்கியங்கள்
I’m fine=Nothing much, same old same old, things are OK, hanging in there, I’m doing OK, all right, no
complaints, things are the same, keeping cool, keeping busy, been getting by
Nice to meet you=Nice meeting you, glad to meet you, I’m happy to meet you, it was pleasure meeting
you
ஒரு ண்பயர ெந்தித்த பிறகு =It’s good to see you again, It’s been fun talking to you, nice running into
you, good seeing you again, thanks for coming, thanks for dropping by, thanks for stopping over, Good
bye for now, bye now, I’ll catch you later, see you around, see you later, take care, talk to you later
சதரியாதவர்களுடன் உயரயாடுதல் = Do you come here often? How did you find out about this…? Is
this seat taken? Can you keep an eye on ..while? Don’t I know you from somewhere? Haven’t we met
before? you got a minute? If you don’t mind my asking…, I’m going to get a coffee would you want one?
Did you see the show last night? Do you have the time? Do you know what time it is? You have nice
shoes, is this your first time in…?
ண்பர்களுடன் உயரயாடுதல் = Did you hear the news…they..? hey..guess what? can we talk? do you
have a minute? hey.. the other day I was,
Wait= hold on a sec., hold on, wait a moment, wait a minute/second, just a moment, wait your turn
I’m sad/anxious= I’m going nuts, I’m going crazy, I’m losing my mind, I’m freaking out, I need a break, I
can’t take it anymore
விட்டுச் செல்லும் நபாது = Sorry? Pardon? Come again? Can you say that again? Sorry I couldn’t get
it? I Don’t get it, I don’t follow you, I’m not sure if I know what you mean, I didn’t quite get that, I couldn’t
quite understand what you were saying? what did you say? Could you please repeat it/repeat yourself?
Could you please speak slower/louder? Could you spell that?
When Leaving= sorry but I got to go, I got to run, I have to leave now, well it’s getting late, I need to run,
I’m afraid I must be going, I’d better be off, I better get moving, I’m out of here, time to go, time to run,
got to go, got to run, got to take off, got to shove off, have to go now, have to move along
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Spoken English
ACTIVITIES:
Brainstorming session:
Topics on conversation:
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Spoken English
செயல்பாடுகள்:
crispy
flour
maple
melt
pancake
revive
spicy
stack
stuffed
syrup
II. வாெிப்பதற்கு முந்யதய நகள்விகள்
What kind of food do you eat for breakfast?
How many ways do you know to serve pancakes?
402
Spoken English
A Local Legacy
When you think of pancakes you might think of the kind served in America, hot with melted butter and
maple syrup. But in reality, people around the world love pancakes. As a result, there are lots of different
kinds. In America, pancakes are made with buttermilk and served for breakfast. In Russia, pancakes are
called blinis, and are made from buckwheat flour and often served with caviar and sour cream. The
Chinese use wheat flour and hot water to make pancakes in dozens of ways. In France, pancakes come
in the form of a lacy crepe. In India, there's the Gujarati pancake. Crispy and wafer-thin, it comes stuffed
with spicy potatoes and yogurt. Did you know there were so many ways to make and serve pancakes?
In 1986, an event that bills itself as the World's Largest Pancake Breakfast was revived for the 350th
anniversary of Springfield, Massachusetts. The breakfast has been held every year since then.
Hundreds of volunteers help with the event. In 1999, more than 71,233 servings of pancakes were
served to more than 40,000 people. If you stacked up all those pancakes, they'd be more than 2 miles
high!
Short Answer :
Why was the World's Largest Pancake Breakfast revived in 1986?
Extempore:
1. What was the best part of today?
2. What makes you smile?
3. What is success?
4. If were a bird
5. If I were the President of India
403
Spoken English
A Local Legacy
When you think of pancakes you might think of the kind served in America, hot with melted butter and
maple syrup. But in reality, people around the world love pancakes. As a result, there are lots of different
kinds. In America, pancakes are made with buttermilk and served for breakfast. In Russia, pancakes are
called blinis, and are made from buckwheat flour and often served with caviar and sour cream. The
Chinese use wheat flour and hot water to make pancakes in dozens of ways. In France, pancakes come
in the form of a lacy crepe. In India, there's the Gujarati pancake. Crispy and wafer-thin, it comes stuffed
with spicy potatoes and yogurt. Did you know there were so many ways to make and serve pancakes?
In 1986, an event that bills itself as the World's Largest Pancake Breakfast was revived for the 350th
anniversary of Springfield, Massachusetts. The breakfast has been held every year since then.
Hundreds of volunteers help with the event. In 1999, more than 71,233 servings of pancakes were
served to more than 40,000 people. If you stacked up all those pancakes, they'd be more than 2 miles
high!
404
Spoken English
Picture comprehension:
405
Spoken English
படத்யத புரிந்துசகாள்ளுதல்:
406
Spoken English
407
Spoken English
408
Spoken English
Honesty
Everyone knew that Stuti was the best speller in the whole class. She could spell difficult words like
"encyclopedia" and "amendment" very easily. She used to get perfect scores during each weekly
spelling test.
Ms. Daisy, her English teacher made a rule for the spelling tests that any child who doesn't get at least
60% correct spellings would have to copy each word fifty times for next week's spelling test.Seema, who
sat next to Stuti always struggled in spellings. Last Thursday, she received 56 percent which meant
copying each word fifty times.
Stuti was so confident in her spelling abilities that she had felt and decided not to study for her next
spelling test. The test began. Ms. Daisy pronounced each word and then repeated it. Everything was OK
until she spoke "Handkerchief". Stuti scribbled h-a-n-d-k-e-r-c-h.....now what?? i??...or…e?? Her mind
was blank.
Ms. Daisy started to move on to the next word. It occurred to Stuti that Seema knew how to spell it!!
409
Spoken English
Honesty
Everyone knew that Stuti was the best speller in the whole class. She could spell difficult words like
"encyclopedia" and "amendment" very easily. She used to get perfect scores during each weekly
spelling test.
Ms. Daisy, her English teacher made a rule for the spelling tests that any child who doesn't get at least
60% correct spellings would have to copy each word fifty times for next week's spelling test.Seema, who
sat next to Stuti always struggled in spellings. Last Thursday, she received 56 percent which meant
copying each word fifty times.
Stuti was so confident in her spelling abilities that she had felt and decided not to study for her next
spelling test. The test began. Ms. Daisy pronounced each word and then repeated it. Everything was OK
until she spoke "Handkerchief". Stuti scribbled h-a-n-d-k-e-r-c-h.....now what?? i??...or…e?? Her mind
was blank.
Ms. Daisy started to move on to the next word. It occurred to Stuti that Seema knew how to spell it!!
410
Spoken English
There was wide open space between Stuti and Seema. Stuti's eyes rolled to the right. There it was,
spelled out in Seema's handwriting. Her eyes went quickly back to her own paper and finished the word
with the letters "i-e-f".
Stuti remained tense and nervous as Ms. Daisy read the last spelling word. She had cheated just for the
first time in her life. She thought, "Is this the way I want to keep my perfect record - by being a cheat?"
Frantically, she erased what she had written earlier and replaced it with what she knew was the wrong
answer. She wrote "e-i-f". As her sweaty hands released pencil and passed the test up to the front, she
sighed with relief. She thought, "So, what if my perfect scores are no longer intact? At least my honesty
is."
The participants are paired. One will be Stuti and the other Seema.
Stuti and Seema will have to enact a story which may have the following morals.
411
Spoken English
There was wide open space between Stuti and Seema. Stuti's eyes rolled to the right. There it was,
spelled out in Seema's handwriting. Her eyes went quickly back to her own paper and finished the word
with the letters "i-e-f".
Stuti remained tense and nervous as Ms. Daisy read the last spelling word. She had cheated just for the
first time in her life. She thought, "Is this the way I want to keep my perfect record - by being a cheat?"
Frantically, she erased what she had written earlier and replaced it with what she knew was the wrong
answer. She wrote "e-i-f". As her sweaty hands released pencil and passed the test up to the front, she
sighed with relief. She thought, "So, what if my perfect scores are no longer intact? At least my honesty
is."
The participants are paired. One will be Stuti and the other Seema.
Stuti and Seema will have to enact a story which may have the following morals.
412
Spoken English
413
Spoken English
வாழ்த்துக்கள்!
414