Professional Documents
Culture Documents
First Person
I - main
To me - mujhko
My - mera (m) , meri (f) , mere (pl)
We - ham
To us - hamko
Our - hamara (m) , hamari (f) , hamare (pl)
Second Person
Third Person
Singular Plural
Direct - Indirect | Direct - Indirect
yaha/ yeh - is | ye - in
yaha/ yehin - isin | ye hin - inhin
vo - us | ve - un
voin - usin | ve hin - unhin
kaun - kis | kaun - kin
koin - kisin | koin-koin - kinhin
jo - jis | jo - jin
Hindi Verbs
Verbs are referred to in their infinitive noun form which ends in na.
Examples:
bolna to speak
likhna to write
lena to take
ana to come
Examples:
bol
likh
le
a
Present Tense
main hun I am
tu hai you are (intimate)
yaha/ yeh hai this, he, she, it is
vo hai that, he, she, it is
ham hain we are
tum ho you are (familiar)
ap hain you are (respect)
ye hain these, they are
ve hain those, they are
Present Imperfect
The present imperfect is used for habitual actions. It is formed by adding ta, te, or ti to
the stem of the verb followed by the present tense of hona.
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by
replacing bolta and bolte with bolti.
Present Continuous
The present continuous is used for ongoing actions -- like the "-ing" form in English. It is
formed like this:
stem + raha/rahe/rahi + present tense of hona
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by
replacing raha and rahe with rahi.
main bol raha hun I am speaking
tu bol raha hai you are speaking (intimate)
yaha/ yeh bol raha hai this, he, it is speaking
vo bol raha hai that, he, it is speaking
ham bol rahe hain we are speaking
tum bol rahe ho you are speaking (familiar)
ap bol rahe hain you are speaking (respect)
ye bol rahe hain these, they are speaking
ve bol rahe hain those, they are speaking
Past Tense
Past Imperfect
The past imprefect is used for habitual actions in the past. It is formed like the present
imperfect but with the past tense of hona instead of the present tense.
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by
replacing bolta and bolte with bolti, replacing tha with thi, and the with thin.
The past continuous is used for ongoing actions in the past -- like the "-ing" form in
English. It is formed like this:
stem + raha/rahe/rahi + past tense of hona
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by
replacing raha and rahe with rahi, replacing tha with thi, and the with thin.
Future Tense
Future Imperfect
The future imprefect is used to refer to the future as well as to make assumptions about
the presents (just like in English). It is formed by adding unga/i, ega/i, enge/i, or oge/i to
the stem.
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by
replacing the ending a or e with i.
Future Continuous
The future continuous is used to refer to ongoing actions in the future. It is formed as the
present imperfect but with the future of raha instead of hona.
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by
replacing the ending a or e with i in both verbs.
Imperative
There are three different imperatives in Hindi: tu, tum, and ap imperative.
The tu imperative is the stem itself
The tum imperative is the stem + o
The ap imperative is the stem + ie or iye
Examples:
Examples:
To Have
There is no Hindi verb for "to have". Possession is expressed in other ways.
Movable Objects
Possession of movable objects is expressed using ke pas after the (English) subject.
Examples:
Ram ke pas gari hai Ram has a car ("near Ram a car it is")
mera pas kitab hai I have a book ("near me a book it is")
Immovable Objects
Examples:
Verb list
to bathe - nahana
to be - hona
to bear - sahna
to beat - marna
to beg - mangna
to behave - bartav karna
to believe - vishwas karna
to be sleepy - nind ana
to be tired - thakna
to bind - bandhna
to bite - katna
to break - torna
to breakfast - nasta karna
to bring - lana
to bring up - palna
to burn - jalna, jalana
to burst - phutana
to bury - dafnana
to call - bulana
to care - parwah karna
to cast - dhalna
to catch - pakarna
to change - badalna
to clean - saf karna
to climb - charhna
to comb - kanghi karna
to come - ana
to converse - bat karna
to cook - pakana
to copy - nakal karna
to cover - dhakna
to creep - rengna
to cry - chillana, rona
to cruch - kuchalna
to cut - katna
to eat - khana
to excuse - maf karna
to expect - asha karna
to explain - samjhana
to express - vichar prakat karna
to fall - girna
to fear - darna
to fight - larna
to fill - bharna
to fly (in air) - urna
to fly (run away) - bhag jana
to forget - bhulna
to forgive - maf karna
to get - pana
to get up - uthana
to give - dena
to go - jana
to jump - kudna
to join - jorna
to judge - vichar karna
to keep - rakhna
to kick - thokar marna
to kill - marna
to kiss - chumna, chumma lena
to know - janna
to laugh - hansna
to lead - karne dena
to learn - sikhna
to let - makan kiraye dena
to lie (on bed) - letna
to lie (speak) - jhuth bolna
to lift - uthana
to like - chahna
to live (reside) - rahna
to live (not to die) - jina
to look - dekhna
to lose - khona
to love - pyar karna
to make - banana
to measure - napna
to mould - dhalna
to move - sarkana
to nibble - kutarna
to open - kholna
to order - hukum dena
to pat - thapthapana
to pay - dena
to play - khelna
to play (music) - baja bajana
to pour - dalna
to promise - vada karna
to pronounce - bolna
to pull - khinchna
to push - dhakka dena
to put - rakhna
Q
to read - parhna
to receive - pana
to recollect - yad karna
to recommend - sifarish karna
to reject - napasnd karna
to reply - jawab dena
to ride - charhna
to rise - uthana
to say - kahna
to scold - dantna
to see - dekhna, talash karna
to seek - dhundhana
to sell - bechna
to send - bhejna
to sew - sina
to shake - hilna
to shout - chillana
to show - dikhana
to shut - band karna
to sing - gana
to sit - baithna
to sleep - sona
to smell - sunghana
to solve - hal karna
to sow - bona
to speak - bolna
to spin - katna
to spit - thukna
to stay - thaharna
to steal - churana
to stop - thaharna, tharana
to swim - tairna
to take - lena
to talk - batchit karna
to taste - chakhna
to tear - pharna
to tease - tang karna
to tell - kahna, batana
to think - sochna
to understand - samajhna
Nouns
Gender
Rule of thumb: nouns ending on a are masculine and nouns ending on i are feminine.
There are exceptions.
Number
Case
Masculine nouns on -a
Feminine nouns on -i
Postpositions
Postpositions in Hindi are like prepositions in English but they are placed after the noun.
The use of postpositions makes it possible to express the "missing" cases in Hindi.
Adjectives
An adjective ending with -a changes form according to the gender and number of the
noun it qualifies.
chota = small
Masculine Feminine
Singular saf kamra saf mez
Plural saf kamre saf mezen
The comparative and superlative forms are made by adding the words usase (or se) and
sabse in front of the positive form.
Positive sundar
Comparative usase sundar / se sundar
Superlative sabse sundar
When an adjective is repeated twice it emphasises different kinds of the noun or the
intensity or selectivity.
Adjective list
easy - asan
difficult - mushkil
sweet - mitha
bitte - karwa
sour - khatta
good - achchha
bad - kharab
blunt - bhaunta
sharp - paina
dark - light
open - khula
closed - band
full - bhara
empty - khali
tired - thaka
fresh - taza
stale - basi
fat - mota
lean - dubla
dirty - ganda
clean - saf
thick - mota
thin - patla
true - sachcha
false - jhutha
distant - dur
near - pas
hot - garam
cold - thanda
honest - imandar
dishonest - beiman
hollow - pola
solid - thos
liquid - taral
glad - khusk
sad - ranjida
wealthy - maldar
rich - dhani
poor - garib
healthy - tandurust
sick - bimar
long - lamba
short - chhota
new - naya
old - purana
young - jawan
old - buddha
light (color) - halka
dark (color) - gahra
light - halka
heavy - bhari
polite - namra
rude - badtamiz
mannerless - badtamiz
narrow - sankra, tang
wide - chaura
broad - chaura
active - phurtila
lazy - sust
smart - hoshiyar
dull - mattha, manda
angry - naraz
kind - meharban
pleased - khush
displeased - naraz
proud - ghamandi
humble - namra
cheap - sasta
dear - mahnga
dry - sukha
wet - gila
clever - hoshiyar
stupid - bewakuf
deep - gahra
shallow - uthla
urban - shahri
rural - dehati
brave - vir
coward - kayar
handsome - sundar
pretty - sundar
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beautiful &;- kachcha
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cooked - paka
smelling good - khushbudar
smelling bad - badbudar
noisy - shorgul ka
quiet - shant
all - sab
little - kuchh
interesting - dilchaspa
dull - ubane wala
durable - mazbut
not durable - kamzor
strong - takatwar
weak - kamzor
elder - (usase) bara
younger - (usase) chhota
big - bara
small - chhota
high (person) - bare
low (person) - chhote
high (things) - uncha
low (things) - nicha
some - thora
much - zyada
few - kuchh
many - bahut
right - sahi
wrong - galat
excellent - barhiya
worthless - raddi
wise - buddhiman
foolish - bewakuf
sweet - mitha
harsh - kara
national - deshi ya rashtriya
foreign - videshi
this much - itna, itni
as many - jitne, jitna
several - kai
that much - utna, utni
such - aisa, aisi
whatever - jo kuchh
hard - sakhta
soft - mulayam
other - dusra
same - voi
Different words
Questions
who - kaun
what - kya
why - kyon
when - kab
where - kahan
how - kaise
which - kaunsa
how many - kitne
how much - kitna
Cardinal numbers
0 - sunya, sifar
1 - ek
2 - do
3 - tin
4 - char
5 - panch
6 - chhah
7 - sat
8 - ath
9 - nau
10 - das
20 - bis
30 - tis
40 - chalis
50 - pachas
60 - sath
70 - sattar
80 - assi
90 - nabbe
100 - ek sau
101 - ek sau ek
200 - do sau
1.000 - ek hazar
lac - ek lakh (100.000)
crore - ek karor (10.000.000)
1st - pahla
2nd - dusra
3rd - tisra
4th - cautha
5th - pancvan
6th - chatha
7th - satvan
8th - athvan
9th - nauvan
10th - dasvan
1/2 - adha
1/3 - tihai
1/4 - cauthai
3/4 - pauna
Colors
black - kala
blue - nila
bright - chamkila
brown - bhura
color - rang
golden - sunahra
gray - bhura
green - hara
indigo - baingni
orange - naranji
red - lal
rosy - gulabi
white - safed
yellow - pila