Follow the presentation and write down the essential points in your own

words. In this way, you will automatically have your own individual training
document.

© Mahr GmbH, Goettingen/GERMANY

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.1

Your starting situation: You perform a roughness measurement and the
value for parameter Rz is displayed. The result looks satisfactory.

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.2

But what must be particularly observed in surface metrology is: The
measuring result for parameter Rz and for all other surface parameters
can decisively depend upon the filter parameter Lc that is usually called
‚cutoff‘.

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.3

With a different Lc value, you get a different result. These measuring
deviations may not be very large, but in the worst case they may lead to a
wrong assessment of the specimen GO instead of NO GO and vice versa!

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.4

In order to understand the meaning of the cutoff Lc, here is some theory:
Measuring profiles must be filtered because they, in addition to roughness,
generally also contain the waviness and form deviations of the test
surface.

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.5

The use of a roughness filter set with Lc results in the following: On the
one hand, the measuring profile is shortened by the set pre-travel and
post-travel of the filter. On the other hand, the clearly visible waviness is
removed from the primary profile P: The resulting roughness profile R
should be predominantly straight.

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.6

The length of a single measured length in the roughness profile is, in
accordance with the standard, equal to Lc. If the Lc selected is too large
(above), then the single measurement length still contains parts of the
waviness. With the proper choice of Lc (below), the measurement length
is so short that nearly all waviness is eliminated.

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.7

Due to the direct comparison of the measured profiles filtered with
different Lc / λc, with a bit of experience it can be intuitively seen which is
the correct value of the cutoff.

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.8

If the selected cutoff is too short, the roughness of the profile is gradually
filtered in addition to the waviness. This is not wanted, so in this example
0.08 is wrong and 0.25 is the right value for Lc.

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.9

But in practice it is not the feeling of the measurement technician that is
important because the international standardization has established clear
rules as to which Lc value is to be selected in an actual case.

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.10

In order to select the cutoff Lc in accordance with the standard, an
important question about the surface profile type must first be answered:
Was the test surface made in such a way that its surface is periodic or
aperiodic?

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.11

Periodic surfaces are characterized by equally spaced, recurring, typical
profile characteristics that are clearly visible in both the depiction of the
test surface as well as in the profile (in the example, as distinct turning
grooves). In contrast to aperiodic profiles periodic profiles are uniformly
structured.

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.12

In contrast, aperiodic profiles do not show any visually striking special
surface structure: In many cases (on milled profiles, for example) not even
a distinct working direction can be detected on the surface.

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.13

As an alternative to measurement (2) the type of a surface profile can be
determined with suitable optical aids and also using visual inspection (1),
in the case of rough machined surfaces possibly even just by touch (‚nail
test’).

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.14

According to the standard, the selection of the right Lc value must be
handled differently for periodic surface profiles than aperiodic ones.

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.15

In the case of a periodically structured test surface, the value of the mean
size of grooves RSm must be determined by measurement first.

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.16

You can request a chart from Mahr with which the standardized Lc value
can be assigned to the measured RSm value - and which is also
applicable to non-periodic surface profiles.

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.17

With aperiodic profiles, it is not so easy to perform a standardized
selection of the cutoff Lc.

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.18

In the aperiodic case, the most suitable Lc value is determined by one of
four roughness parameters (see the right half of the presentation slide).
There is a separate selection table for each of the three parameters Ra,
Rz and RSm.

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.19

With the reference parameter Rz1max (=Rmax DIN), the Rz-table is used
as if the numerical value of Rz1max were an Rz value. It is thus possible
that Rz and Rz1max must be measured with two different cutoff
wavelengths, as could be the case with other pairs of tolerated roughness
parameters.

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.20

The case may also arise that two different Lc values correspond to the
standard specifications. What should be done then? Which measuring
value is according to standards?

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.21

In the not so rare case that two different Lc values correspond to the
standard specifications, the standard determines that the smaller of the
two Lc values should be used.

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.22

Therefore, an Lc value that corresponds to the specifications of
ISO 4288 is not necessarily correct.

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.23

According to this standard, it is generally necessary to perform a second
measurement with the next smaller Lc value.

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.24

Only if it is proven that the next smaller Lc value does not meet the
requirements of ISO 4288, you may be sure that the Lc cutoff value you
selected first was correct.

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.25

Exercise:
- What type are the three profiles shown above that were measured on
one and the same test surface: periodic or aperiodic?
- Which of the three measurements conforms to ISO 4288?

Notizen/Notes:

MarSurf / ISO 4288 2.26