Less Understanding Data and Ways to

on Systematically Collect Data

1 What I Need to Know

Hello, dear Learner! How are you today? Before reading this module, you must already have
formulated your problems or objectives and hypotheses, described your conceptual framework, and
defined terms that will be used in your study, right?

This module will help you determine the instruments you need in gathering the data and
statistical tool to be used in processing the data for interpretation. The purpose of this module is to
discuss the different quantitative research designs that are often used in practice.

You will also learn how to write your research recommendations based on your conclusion, to
list references correctly, to edit your final paper and to help you prepare yourself for the presentation
of your best paper design.

This module also contains discussions with examples and activities that will help you know the
appropriate ways of reporting and sharing findings. Finally, pre-test and post-test are given to
measure your mastery of learning.

This module covers the following lessons:

Lesson 1: Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data

Lesson 2: Finding Results through Data Collection
Lesson 3: Reporting and Sharing of Research Outputs

In this module you are expected to do the following tasks:

1. Choosing appropriate quantitative research design;

2. Collecting data using appropriate instruments; and,
3. Drawing conclusions from research findings.

What I Know

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 Each module provides quizzes and activities that would help you check how much you have
learned. Please do not be threatened by the words, quizzes and activities because all were
structured in such a way that makes learning fun and exciting. Read on and enjoy!

I. Multiple Choice. Read the test items carefully and encircle the letter of your
choice that best answer the statement.

1. The following are concepts related in the writing of the methodology,

EXCEPT
A. Instruments C. Problem
B. Participants D. Research design and procedure
2. What type of data are primarily collected in quantitative methods?
A. Descriptive C. Numerical
B. Narrative D. Visual
3. Quantitative research only works when ____________________.
A. You talk to the right people.
B. You talk to the right number of people.
C. You ask the right questions to a number of people.
D. You ask the right questions and analyze the data you get in the right way.
4. In conducting the research study, which describes all the steps?
A. Design C. Methods
B. Instruments D. Procedure
5. Which of these data-gathering strategies is effective in preparing structured
and unstructured questions?
A. Interview C. Survey
B. Questionnaires D. All of these
6. Which type of statistical tool is presented in tables that show how many of
your evaluation participants fall into various categories of interest?
A. Bar chart C. Frequency distribution
B. Correlation D. Weighted mean
7. Which entails measure of a spread of data around the mean?
A. Percentile C. T test
B. Standard deviation D. Z test
8. Which type of quantitative data is collected by someone else for a purpose
different from yours?
A. Inferential data C. Raw data
B. Primary data D. Secondary data
9. Which data collection method makes use of rating scales?
A. Analysis C. Observations
B. Interview D. Questionnaires
10. In descriptive research, which of the following is considered in the questionnaires?
A. Careful selection of variables
B. Critical identification of extraneous variables
C. Validation of the questionnaires
D. Well-defined criterion variables
11. Which of the following is NOT a method of data collection?
A. Experiments C. Questionnaires
B. Interviews D. Variables
12. What is the goal of all scientific endeavors?
A. To compare sources of knowledge
B. To explain, predict and/or control a phenomenon
C. To entail recognition and definition of a problem
D. To collect different data and make some conclusion
13. When we can say that the research topic is good?
A. It involves practices that may harm or affect the participants.

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 B. The topic is stated with an effort to determine what should be done.
C. It holds the researcher’s interest throughout the entire research process.
D. It may not contribute to the improvement or understanding of educational theory or practice
14. Statistical analysis is heavily focused in making the final report of a _____.
A. ethnographic study C. qualitative research
B. Phenomenological study D. quantitative research
15. Which of the following is NOT a key component of data analysis?
A. Analyzing the techniques used
B. Determining the purpose of evaluation
C. Drawing conclusion
D. Presenting the data

Lesson 1.1 Choosing Appropriate Quantitative Research Design

What’s In

You must have read a number of research articles and books about your topic and
synthesized them in your related literature where sources were in accordance with ethical
standards. Your research talks on the review of related literature and studies which provide you with
a starting point of your study. But you must take careful note of the variables used in the
researchers’ studies, their methodology, findings and conclusions, and you must be able to spot the
strong and weak points of their studies.

What’s New

Please read each lesson carefully. Follow instructions and do all the activities in order to
understand and deepen the concepts. You may use calculator for computation and dictionary for
difficult words. Try to answer each activity honestly by not looking at the previous lessons you have
read.
Before you proceed to the discussion of this module, the following terms which follow the
sequence in quantitative investigation are defined for easy understanding.
Research design is the overall plan and scheme for conducting the study. The researcher
may utilize a descriptive design, experimental design or correlation design (Faltado, 2016).
Quantitative analysis is the technique utilized for analyzing the data gathered. Analysis of
data may be statistical in nature or it may be deterministic.
Data collection or data gathering is defined as the process of gathering and measuring
information on variables of interest, in an established systematic method that enables one to answer
stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.

Conclusions shows readers the value of your completely developed argument or thesis. Your
conclusion is the answer to the main problem of the study.
Do the following to achieve the objective of this module:
1. Read the lesson explanations carefully;
2. Answer all the given exercises and activities;
3. Apply the concepts you learned in writing your own recommendations based on the
conclusions of your study;
4. Apply the concepts you learned in listing the references using APA Style;
5. Refer to answer key page for checking your answer in the exercises; and
6. Submit all your written output for checking to your Practical Research 2 teacher.

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 What is It

In this lesson, we will discuss the research designs that are commonly used and are also
based on the nature of the research problem or issue being addressed.

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS

Design is a word which means a plan or something that is conceptualized by the mind. A
design in the field of research serves as a blueprint or a skeletal framework of your research study.
A choice of a research design requires you to finalize your mind on the purpose, philosophical
basis, and types of data of your research, including your method of collecting, analyzing,
interpreting, and presenting the data. It is a plan that directs your mind to several stages of your
research work (De Mey, 2013).
In this lesson, we will discuss the research designs that are commonly used and are also
based on the nature of the research problem or issue being addressed.

I. Descriptive Research Designs

This design describes the status of an identified variable such as events, people and subjects
as they exist. It is used to gather information on current situations and conditions. It provides
answers to the questions of the who, the what, the when, the where and the how of a particular
research study.
II. Experimental Research Designs
Experimental research designs are referred to as interventions because you do more than just
observing the subjects. These studies use the scientific method to establish the cause-effect
relationship among a group of variables that make up a study. A true experiment is any study where
an effort is made to identify and impose control over all other variables except one (Faltado, et al.,
2016).
III. Correlational Design

This is used for research studies which aims to determine the existence of a relationship
between two or more variables and to determine the degree of the relationship. Examples of
correlational research involving two (2) quantitative variables that can be correlated are: mental
ability and grade in math; gender and math performance; advertising costs and sales; and income
and expenses (Prieto et al., 2017).

What’s More

Activity No. 2.1.1 Making It Count!

Do the following:

1. Read and download at least five (5) research articles about the topic you have chosen for your
research output.

2. Identify the research designs used in the chosen research articles.

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 What I Have Learned

Activity No. 2.1.2 Stirring Up Imagination

In the space provided, write everything that comes to your mind about the word DESIGN.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________

Lesson 1.2 Describing Sampling Procedure

What’s In

Spending time in gathering facts and information about your research topic may turn in
voluminous amount of data. In the previous discussion, you were able to explained the meaning of a
research design and familiarized yourself with the nature of each quantitative research design.
Dealing with a lot of quantitative data about a particular topic requires you to devise a systematic
way of identifying, classifying, and organizing facts and information coming from people you
interviewed.

What’s New

Determining the correct sample size and how the samples are selected are difficult in ensuring
the accuracy of an estimate leading to valid research findings.

Activity No. 2.1.3 Find My Match

Before you proceed to the discussion of this module, match the definition of terms in Column
A with the terms in Column B by connecting lines.
Column A Column B
1. It is securing some of the elements A. Population
of a population.
2. It is a member of a population who B. Sampling
can provide information for the
population.
3. It consists of the total elements C. Design
about which you can make
inferences based on the data
gathered from a determined
sample size
D. Element

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 What is It

SAMPLING PROCEDURE, DESIGNS AND TECHNIQUES

According to Faltado et al. (2016) sampling is the process of getting information from a
proper subset of population. The purpose of all sampling plans is to describe the population
characteristics through the values obtained from a sample as accurate as possible.

Sampling Techniques

The basic distinction in modern sampling theory is between probability and the non-probability
sampling.

1. Probability Sampling - refers to a sampling technique in which samples are obtained using
some objective chance mechanisms, thus involving randomization (Burns, 2012).

Types of Probability Sampling

1) Simple random sampling is the best type of probability sampling through which you
can choose sample from a population. This is characterized by the idea that the chance of
selection is the same for every member of the population. For example, you assume that you
want to conduct a survey of 100 senior high school students in a public school. To get the
desired sample size of 100, you can do the selection process, either manually or electronically,
ensuring that each student in the population has an equal chance of being drawn from the total
population of senior high school students in that school.

2) Systematic Sampling follows specific steps in doing the random selection of the
samples. It requires a list of the elements and every nth element in the list is drawn for inclusion
in the sample. For example, you have a list of 5,000 students and you need a sample of 500,
follow the following steps.

 Divide the number of elements in the population by the sample size. Divide 5,000
by 500 which gives a value of 10.
 Choose a random number between one and the value you obtained from Step 1.
In this example, you choose a number between 1 and 10, let’s say you choose 5.
 Starting with the number you picked which is 5, you take every tenth (10 th) and
you use 5 as your starting point. You have to select the samples whose numbers
are 5, 15, 25, 35, 45 and so on until you reach the desired sample size of 500.

3) Stratified Sampling is used when the population is divided into two or more mutually
exclusive categories based on your variables of interest in the research study. Before drawing
the samples, the population is organized into homogeneous subsets. Strata is the population
that is divided into subpopulation. Example, if your variable of interest is economic status based
on family combined income level, you can divide the population into strata of different income
levels, such as low, average, high income. After determining the income levels, you may draw a
sample from each stratum with a separate draw from each of the different strata.

4) Cluster Sampling is used when the target respondents in a research study is spread
across a geographical location. In this method, the population is divided into groups called
clusters which are heterogeneous in nature and are mutually exclusive.

Non-Probability Sampling

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 Non-probability sampling disregards random selection of subjects. In cases where
probability sampling is not applicable, you may consider some non-probability sampling
alternatives (Prieto et al., 2017).

Types of Non-Probability Sampling

1) Quota Sampling is gathering a representative sample from a group based on certain

characteristics of the population chosen by the researcher. For example, if the specific condition
is for both genders, males and females are to be represented equally in the sample group, then
if 50 representatives are needed, then you get 25 males and 25 females from each group.

2) Purposive Sampling is sometimes called judgmental or subjective sampling which

employs a procedure in which samples are chosen for a special purpose. For example, you
may want to conduct a study on why Grade 11 students chose the Academic over the TVL
track. You, therefore, find your samples and your first question would be “Are you planning to
go to the university?” Those who will say “No” would not be included in the study.

3) Snowball Sampling is a technique where the researcher identifies a key informant

about a research of interest and then ask the respondents to refer or identify another
respondent who can participate in the study. This technique is applicable when researchers find
difficulty in locating special numbers of a population (Prieto et al., 2017).

What’s More

Activity No. 2.1.4 Fill Me In

General Instructions: Read and download a least (5) research articles about the topic you have
chosen for your research output. Read its sampling design and technique. Describe and compare
the sampling designs of each article.
Title of the research Sampling design Sampling
article used in the study Techniques Sample size

What I Have Learned

Activity No. 2.1.5 Memory Recall

Directions. Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.
_______________ 1. It is the process of getting information from a proper
subset of population.
_______________ 2. It refers to a sampling technique in which samples are
obtained using some objective chance mechanisms.
_______________ 3. This is characterized by the idea that the chance of
selection is the same for every member of the population.
_______________ 4. It requires a list of the elements and every nth element in
the list is drawn for inclusion in the sample.

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_______________ 5. It refers to the population that is divided into sub-
population.
_______________ 6. In this method, the population is divided into groups
called clusters which are heterogeneous in nature and are mutually exclusive.
_______________ 7. It disregards random selection of subjects.
_______________ 8. This method refers to gathering a representative sample
from a group based on certain characteristics of the population
chosen by the researcher.
_______________ 9. It is sometimes called judgmental or subjective sampling
which employs a procedure in which samples are chosen or a special
purpose.
_______________ 10. This technique is applicable when researchers find
difficulty in locating special numbers of a population.

Lesson 1.3. Constructing an Instrument and Establishing Its Validity and

Reliability

What’s In

After reading the previous lesson, you were able to understand the concept of sample size
and sample procedures. Researches typically use sampling to get a portion or sample from an
entire group of people called population to conduct a research study. It is important that the sample
represents the population. An ideal sample size is predetermined and is selected in a systematic
manner. As you pursue further lessons on statistics, you will learn other ways to determine sample
size in a research study. There are two categories of sampling techniques namely, probability and
nonprobability sampling. The methods of probability sampling discussed in this lesson are simple
random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling and cluster sampling. In nonprobability
sampling, the results using the surveyed sample cannot be inferred from the sample to the whole
population. The nonprobability sampling techniques discussed here were quota, purposive, and
snowball sampling.

What’s New

This section outlines the instruments to be used. This is an important part of the research
study in gathering the data because the quality of research output depends to a large extent on the
quality of research instruments used.
Activity 2.1.6 Pick Me Up
Directions: Pick the word inside the box that is best described by the statements below. Write
it the space provided before the number.

Reliability Validity Instrument

Questionnaire Design Research
Split-half Sampling Sample

______________ 1. It refers to which the instrument measures what it intends

to measure and performs as it is designed to perform.

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______________ 2. It refers to a condition where measurement process yields
consistent responses over repeated measurements.
______________ 3. It is the generic term that researchers use for a
measurement device like survey, questionnaire, and the like.

What is It

INSTRUMENTATION
An important part of the research study is the instrument in gathering the data because the
quality of research output depends to a large extent on the quality of research instruments used.
Instrument is the generic term that researchers use for a measurement device like survey,
questionnaire, and the like (Faltado, 2016).
There are two broad categories of instruments namely:
1) researcher-completed instruments; and
2) subject-completed instruments
The table below will help you differentiate the characteristics of researcher -completed
instruments and subject-completed instruments.
Researcher-completed Instruments Subject-completed Instruments
Rating Scales Questionnaires
Interview schedules/guides Self-checklists
Tally sheets Attitude scales
Flowcharts Personality inventories
Performance checklists Achievement/aptitude tests
Time-and-motion logs Projective devices
Observation forms Sociometric devices

Validity refers to which the instrument measures what it intends to measure and performs as
it is designed to perform. A questionnaire undergoes a validation procedure to make sure that it
accurately measures what it aims to do. It is nearly impossible that an instrument is 100% valid that
is why validity is generally measured in degrees.

Here are ways to assess the validity of a set of measurements:

Types of Validity Description

The experts are asked to provide feedback on how well
Content validity each question measures the variable or construct under
study.
It is an experimental demonstration that a test is
Construct validity measuring the construct it claims to be measuring.
This type of validity measures the relationship between a
Criterion validity measure and an outcome.

Reliability refers to a condition where measurement process yields consistent responses over
repeated measurements. To apply this concept, you need a questionnaire that is reliable.

Attributes of Reliability in Quantitative Research

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 The table below will help you get the main idea in each of the attributes of reliability in
quantitative research.
Attributes Description
The same test or questionnaire is administered twice and
Test-retest reliability correlation between the two sets of scores is computed.
Two different tests covering the same topics are used
Split-half method and the correlation between the two sets of scores is
calculated.
The reliability estimate is based on a single form of test
Internal consistency administered on a single occasion.

What’s More

Activity No. 2.1.7 Word Finder

Directions: Unscramble the words. Write down your answers in the box.
1. LIIDTYAV

2. YTRELIBAILI

3. TERIONIRC

4. ONCTNET

5. TRUSINTNEM

What I Have Learned

Activity No. 2.1.8 Write It Right

Based on the lesson, I have realized that:

1. Instruments is _______________________________________________.
2. Validity refers to ____________________________________________.
3. Criterion validity measures _____________________________________.
4. Reliability refers to __________________________________________ .
5. Split-half method refers ________________________________________.

What I Can Do

Activity No. 2.1.9 I Can Do This

Directions: Answer the following questions intelligently and concisely.
1. Which aspect of your personality is significantly involved in designing a research study? Why?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________

2. If you were to conduct a study, on which quantitative research design would you like to base your
research work? Justify your point.

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_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________

Additional Activities

Activity No. 2.1.10 Sum Me UP

Now that you already have knowledge on the research design, sampling techniques and
research instrument, fill in the spaces provided below with the required data that you can use in
your research title.

Design: _______________________________________________

Sampling Technique: _____________________________________

Research Instrument: ____________________________________

Lesson 1.4 Planning Data Collection

What Is It

Data collection methods in quantitative research focus on random sampling and structured
data collection instruments that fit various experiences that produce results that are easy to
summarize, compare and generalize. It lies on the design and methodology in your research study
(Faltado, 2016).

Sources of Data

1. Primary data (raw data) are collected from the original source in a controlled and uncontrolled
environment. It includes experiment data, survey data and observation data.

2. Secondary data are collected through observation or questionnaires in a natural setting.

Obtained from secondary sources such as reports, books journals, magazines the web and
more.

Data Collection Methods

1. Survey - a research method involving use of interviews and standardized questionnaires

(Melegrito, 2016):

a. Interviews- a consultation meeting at which information is obtained from the respondent and
shall be completed in writing by researcher.

i. Structured interview- the respondents are asked the same standard set of questions in the
same order.

ii. Face to face interview-can be conducted anywhere in the convenience of the respondents.
Follow–up questions can be asked

iii. Telephone interview-the respondents directly answer into the database of a computer

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 iv. Computer assisted personal interview - conducted in person through an electronic device
with online connection.

3. Questionnaires - shall be completed in writing by the respondent. This makes use of checklist
(list of behavior, characteristics that the researcher is looking for) and rating scales (criteria to
describe the frequency or quality of a variable on a study) numbered for the purpose of entering
data into a computer.

Parts of a Questionnaire (Baraceros, 2016):

1. Respondent’s identification data-name, address, date, interviewer
2. Introduction-request for help, purpose of the study, confidentiality aspect
3. Instruction-directions on how to answer the questionnaire
4. Information-questions and response codes
5. Classification data and information-important characteristics of the participants

Types of Questionnaire
a. Pencil and paper questionnaire
b. Online/web-based questionnaire
c. Self-administered/mail-in questionnaire-distributed through mail

Type of Scale Measurement:

1. Nominal Scale. This refers to religion, gender, position and so on. It can be expressed in
terms of percentages, fractions or decimals.

Example: 25% of females

2. Ordinal Scale. This refers to rank.

Example: 1st, 2nd

3. Interval Scale. This refers to the differences of peoples views or attitude.

Example: strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree;

always, most of the times, sometimes, rarely;
poor, fair, good, excellent

4. Ratio. This refers to rating from zero to certain point.

Example: grade of 89%

2. Observation - noting characteristics in their personal setting used when the respondents are
unable to provide data through interviews or questionnaires.

3. Experiment - one where independent variable is manipulated by the researcher, the subject is
randomly assigned to different levels and the results on the treatments of outcomes are
observed.

4. Tests - provide information measured against a variety of standards. In this way the researcher
can assess the participant’s knowledge and capacity to apply this knowledge to new situations.

5. Official statistics - secondary data collected by authorized persons with a purpose different from
the original researcher.

6. Content analysis- refers to analysis of documents and texts that seek to quantify contents in
terms of predetermine categories in a systematic and replicable manner (Bryman, 2012). The
figure presents its quantitative approach:

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 1. Research Question and Hypothesis

2. Conceptualization (valuables used and how will be defined)

3. Operational Measures (for validity)

4. Coding

5. Sampling

6. Reliability

7. Statistical Check

8. Tabulation and Representation

Figure 1: Quantitative Approach

It is important to remember that the researchers will seek written permission from the authorities
for the conduct of the study. An informed consent will also be sought from the respondents,
especially in the case of minors, where written permission from parents is necessary. Finally, the
participants will be oriented on the research objectives and outcomes.

Steps in Writing the Data Collection:

1. Decide the type of data collection method to be used.

2. Describe whose permission will be sought in administering the instruments.

3. Arrange schedule as to when instruments will be administered and who will administer them.

4. Add details on arrangements and administration of instruments, if needed.

Figure 2: Steps in Writing the Data Collection

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 What’s More

Activity No. 2.1.11 You Complete Me

Directions: Identify the appropriate type of data collection technique and the corresponding scale of
measurement each research question has in order to complete the table.
Research Questions Quantitative Data Quantitative Scale of
Collection Technique Measurement
1. How much time did you
spend online last
Sunday?
2. What is the preference of
GAS students in terms of
priority in a subject?
3. What difference, if any, is
there between SHS
learners and JHS
learners in terms of
cooperative learning?

What Have I Learned

Activity No. 2.1.12 Turn On the Data

Based on the lesson on data collection, I have realized that data can be collected through
________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

What Is It

Lesson 1.5 Planning Data Analysis Using Statistics

Statistics is the employment of already developed and accepted statistical methodology as

an aid in the research effort (Melegrito, 2016). Data analytic plan must be suitable to test study
hypotheses.
Steps in Quantitative Data Analysis:

1. Preparing the data

a. Coding system- verbally expressed data into numerical information.

Example giving 1 as code for male, 2 for female

b. Data tabulation-collating the data with the help of a table for easy
classification and distribution
Table 1. Sample Data Tabulation with Sample Size=60; N=number of respondents (Please
make sure there is no Table in the previous chapter. In case there is, Change the
Table No.)
Parameter Choices N Percentage= _____N______

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 Sample Size
Gender Male 31 52%
Female 29 48%
Track GAS 14 23%
BPP 15 25%
EIM 9 15%
SMAW 22 37%
Satisfaction with Strongly agree 7 12%
the School Policy Agree 5 8%
on Tardiness Neutral 15 25%
Disagree 23 38%
Strongly disagree 10 17%

2. Analyzing the data - deciding to use simple statistical analysis or advanced analytical statistics

Statistical Tools:

1. Descriptive Statistics - is used for treatment of variability of samples

a. Univariate analysis- analysis of a single variable (age, gender, income)

i. Frequency Distribution - summary of the frequency (or percentages) of

values for that variable
ii. Central Tendency (mean, median, mode) - an estimate of the center of
distribution of values
iii. Dispersion (range, standard deviation) - the way the values are spread around central
tendency

b. Bivariate analysis - how the variables are related to each other

(i.e. gender and GPA)

i. Bivariate correlation-strength of relationship between two variables

Pearson, r –to determine the relationships between independent variables
ii. Cross tabulation (contingency table)-describes frequency or percentage
of all combinations of two or more nominal variables.

c. Multivariate analysis-analysis of multiple relations between two variables

2. Inferential statistics - used to test the validity of generalization from samples to populations
and used to reach conclusions about associations between variables. It is designed to test
hypothesis.

i.e. Two group comparison- comparing the posttest of the outcomes of treatments and
group variables (1-treatment group, 0-control group, ratio-scaled). Analytic-technique- Analysis
of Variance or ANOVA and statistical test, T-test. T-test -to determine the difference in the
levels of the independent variables between participants.

Steps in Writing the Data Analysis (Potane, 2016):

1. Describe analysis to be done for each research question with the

sequence the same as that in Lesson 2.4 .

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 2. State if tests of hypotheses will be done and for what purpose

3. Indicate that tests of hypotheses will be done at 0.05 level of significance (P-value)

P value-to test level of significance p value of 0.05 = 5/100 results are due to chance alone.

4. Add scoring system for instruments

5. Avoid giving formula or standard procedures for statistical tools

Figure 3: Steps in Writing the Data Analysis

What’s More
Activity No 2.1.13 Perfect Match
Directions: Match the expressions in column A with those in column B by placing the letter that
corresponds to the best answer on the space provided.
A B
_______ 1. ANOVA A. Analysis
_______ 2. Data organizer B. Coding
_______ 3. Data preparation technique C. Data
_______ 4. Data set divider D. Mean
_______ 5. Facts or information E. Median
_______ 6. Part by part examination F. Mode
_______ 7. Repetitive appearance of an item G. Range
_______ 8. Shows variable predictor H. Ratio
_______ 9. Sum divided by number of items I. Regression
_______ 10. The way values are spread J. Standard Deviation
K. Table
L. Variance

What Have I Learned

Activity No 2.1.14 Data Connection

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Based on the lesson on data analysis procedure, I have realized that data can be analyzed through
_____________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.

What Is It

Lesson 1.6 Presenting Research Methodology

Sufficient information on how you obtained and analyzed your results is essential because
the method you chose affects the findings and interpretation. This part also includes the problems
that you will anticipate and the steps you will take to prevent them from re-occurring.

Components of Methodology

1. Research Design
2. Sampling Design
3. Instruments
4. Data Collection Procedure
5. Data Analysis

Steps in Writing Research Methodology (Potane, 2017):

. 1. Introduce the overall methodological approach

2. Indicate how the approach fits the overall research design

.

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 3. Describe the specific methods of data collection

4. Explain how you intend to analyse and interpret your results

(i.e. statistical analysis, theoretical framework).

5. Provide background and rationale for unfamiliar methodologies.

6. Address potential limitations

Figure 4: Steps in Writing Research Methodology

What’s More

Activity No. 2.1.15 Let Me Know

Directions: List the components of research methodology.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________.

What Have I Learned

Activity No. 2.1.16 Now I Know

Based on the lesson on methodology, I have realized that it includes

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________

What Is It

Lesson 1.7 Implementing Art/Design Principles for Research

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 Illustrations are needed to explain more clearly your research paper. It can serve as an
advertisement of your handwork. Balance is essential in designing your conceptual frame work, flow
charts, PowerPoint presentation and research poster.

Guidelines of an Effective Research Artwork (Vequiso, 2018):

1. Rapid concept presentation

Use blocks and arrow progression to guide the eye movements

2. Concise
Express your output with compact precise description.

3. Visual figures
Draw your audience into your artwork with attractive design and clear
illustrations:

a. Use an appealing design and size. Font must be readable, legible and well-organized
(for Poster: readable from 6-10 ft away, large front size: 30+). Use different size fonts for
main points and secondary points. Only a standard font (Times New Roman or Arial) is
acceptable. Use italics/bold font only when powerful emphasis is needed.
b. Use a colour of font that contrasts sharply with a light background i.e. blue font on white
background to reinforce the logic of your structure and to emphasize a point.
c. Use key words and phrases only.
d. Make your figures clear and simple with caption/title.
e. Spell check.

What’s More

Activity No. 2.1.17 I am Artistic

Directions: Explain your methodology procedure through creating a research flow chart
diagram/artwork. You may use digital format or original handcraft. Use box below.

What Have I Learned

Activity No. 2.1.18 Showcase My Design

Based on this lesson, I have realized that art/ design principles in research
includes ______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________.

19
 Lesson
Finding Results through Data Collection

What I Can Do

Activity No. 2.1.19 Write it Right

1. Write the data collection procedure of your research study, following the steps in Lesson 1.4.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
___________

2. Write the data analysis of your research study, following the guide in Lesson 1.5.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
___________

3. To produce the Chapter 3-Methodology part of your own research paper, incorporate your
teacher’s feedback in your research design, sampling design, instruments, data collection and data
analysis write –ups and consolidate them. Present to the class. Refer to the Methodology Rubrics.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

2
What’s In

Quantitative Research Designs

These are the following quantitative research designs according to the purpose of the
researcher, Experimental Research Design: True Experimental Design, Quasi – Experimental
Design and Non – Experimental Design: Survey, Correlational, Comparative, Evaluative.

20
Quantitative Research Tools and Instrument in Data Collection
These are the following quantitative research designs according to the purpose of the
researcher, questionnaires, survey forms and other research tool that may help in the data
collection

What’s New

You are at the middle of your goal now. You have with you the raw data, the responds of your
respondents and other numerical data you generated from your survey and other collection
procedures. The data you have gathered will lead you to the solution of your research problem.
However, you need to know the statistical tool that will help and guide you formulate and make
interpretations.

Lesson 2.1 Collecting Data Using Appropriate Instrument

What Is It

What is Quantitative Research?

Quantitative Research is a method used in the natural sciences. It is used to find out how
much, how many, how often and to what extent a certain variable influences or affects a situation. It
aims to be objective and scientific in its approach to measure and assess. It also aims to
understand the world well so that you might predict and control it through identifying cause and
effect relationships. In general, quantitative research highlights numerical analysis of data and is
concerned with numbers and their relationship with events.

What are some examples of a Quantitative Research?

When you want to study and analyze the comparison between the motivation of Grade 11
STEM students of Kapatagan National High School in learning Basic Calculus through
contextualized modules and the motivation of Grade 11 STEM students of Kapatagan National High
School in learning Basic Calculus through textbooks, we employ quantitative research. In this case
you need to get the average of the level of motivation of the students in learning Basic Calculus
through the different learning materials and use statistical tools to compute for differences and
relationships.
Another example of a quantitative research is surveying the effects of strong family
relationship and the students interest in pursuing a college course. You need to use a scaled survey
questionnaire to get numerical data like in the first example you get the mean and the relationships.

How to gather data?

The following instruments may be used in gathering the data for a quantitative research:
1. observations
2. questionnaires
3. interviews
4. experiments
5. other researches
How to Determine the Appropriate Instrument to Gather the Data?

The problem you have identified and the hypothesis you have formulated will determine the
most appropriate instruments you will use in data gathering.For example, the study on the

21
comparison between the motivation of Grade 11 STEM students of Kapatagan National High
School in learning Basic Calculus through contextualized modules and the motivation of Grade 11
STEM students of Kapatagan National High School in learning Basic Calculus through textbooks will
use scaled questionnaires to generate the data on the level of motivation in learning Basic Calculus
and some interviews to support the results from the questionnaires. Statistics tools will be used
in processing the data for interpretation.

Lesson 2.2 Presenting Data through Graphs and Tables and Interpreting
Differences and Relationships

Quantitative Data Analysis

Data generated from surveys, questionnaires and other instruments in quantitative research
methods have to be interpreted and analyzed. Statistical procedures are quantitative data
approaches. These are the common statistical approaches and emphasis on a conceptual
understanding for quantitative data analysis.

Figure 5. Shows the schematic diagram of the different quantitative data

analysis for a quantitative research design.

The following are the quantitative data analysis to help the researcher analyze the data
generated from the different instruments.

Measures of Central Tendency

1. Mode – is the defined as the most common value or the most frequent value that appears.
Example, if you have the test scores 1,2,2,3,4,2,5,6,7,8 the mode is the test score 2 because it
appears 3 times.
2. Median – is the value that divides the upper half and the lower half of the data. Example,
consider the test scores 1,2,3,4,5 the median is the middle value which is equal to 3. If the number
of data is and odd number like in the example that there are 5 test scores, the value at the middle is
the median. In the case that the number of your data is even say you have these test scores
1,2,3,4,5,6, the median is the quotient of the sum of 3 and 4 which is 3.5.

22
3. Mean – the average which is used to measure central tendency. It is the summation of all the
test scores divided by how many test scores you have.
For example, to get the mean of the test scores above you simply add
1+3+5+7=16 divided by 4, which is the number of test scores and the result will give you the
mean equal to 4.
4. Standard Deviation - a standard deviation tells you how close the scores are centered around
the mean. When the scores are bunched together around the mean, the standard deviation is
small while when the scores are distributed away from the mean, the standard deviation is big. You
may use computer programs in finding the standard deviation like Microsoft Excel, Minitab,
SPSS and other soft wares.
For example to get the standard deviation of the test scores above you have to find the
variance first. Square each of the results, you get 9, 9, 1, and 1. Get the total, the sum is 20. In
this example, n = 4, and therefore n – 1 = 3, you divide 20 by 3 you will get 6.67, which is the
variance. Finally, you take the square root of 6.67, to get 2.58. The standard deviation for
these four quiz scores is 2.58 points.

5. Testing for Significant Differences between Two Means - the researcher will use the statistical
tool called t – Test to find for the significant differences of the dependent or independent variables.
This can be solved by the help of the soft wares. The results may be written in a table or in a
graph like in the examples below.

Table 2. The mean and Standard Deviation of the Motivation in Learning

Mathematics of the Grade 11 STEM
Standard
Mean Deviation

Contextualized Module 4 2.58

Textbook 3 2.59

N = 4 ; degrees of freedom = 3; p – value = 0.47; t- value = 3.18

16
12
8
4
0
Total
Mean
SD

4. Correlation Coefficient - The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (denoted by ‘r’) is

used to show the strength of relationship between two variables. It is important to note that
correlation has direction and can be positive or negative. The p-value ranges from 0 t0 1. A small p-
value like p≤ 0.05 indicates a strong evidence while on the other hand a big p-value indicates the
other otherwise.

23
 What’s More

Activity No. 2.2.1 Tell Me

You are going to do this. Take time to think. Then write what is asked on the space provided.
I. Write your approved quantitative research title.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________
II. Explain briefly what numerical data you will need to find to analyze your study.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________
III. List down you raw data. Find the measures of central tendency. Calculate the p- value and the t-
value.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________

What I Have Learned

Activity No. 2.2.2 Complete Me

Let us measure what you can remember and what you have learned throughout the lesson by filling
out the blanks with the appropriate words.
1. Quantitative methods deal with _________ and anything that is measurable in a systematic way
of investigation.
2. The data can be gathered using __________________________________.
3. Quantitative research is classified into __________and _______________ .

4. Two types of experimental research are ____________________ and quasi-experimental.

5. Non - experimental research designs are descriptive, ________, correlational,
_________________ and _____________________.
6. Data can be presented in _________ or _____________.
7. Quantitative research use _____________in analyzing the data for interpretation.

What I Can Do

Activity No. 2.2.3 Show Me

Let us measure how far you can remember. Read carefully the instruction.
I. Identification. Identify which does not belong to the group and encircle the letter that corresponds
to your answer.
1. a. cellphone b. laptop c. textbook d. netbook
2. a. gathering b. interpreting c. analyzing d. defining a problem
3. a. experimental b. survey c. case study d. evaluative
4. a. computation b. numbers c. graphing d. narrating
5. a. understanding culture
b. understanding cause and effect between variables
c. evaluating a program
d. comparing variables
II. Enumeration.

24
 Lesson
Reporting and Sharing of Research Outputs
1.
What
are
the two ways in presenting the data you have gathered?
2. How can you gather data?
3. What statistical tool to be used in analyzing the data, and explain briefly what it measures.
III. Logical Sequence. Arrange the following steps in quantitative research in logical sequence by
writing the ordinal number that corresponds to the given step on the space provided before the
number.
___a. analyze data
___b. collect data
___c. review literature
___d. design research
___e. identify a research problem
___f. formulate hypothesis
___g. interpret data
IV. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter that corresponds to the best answer and write it before the
number.
1. It is also known as the average.
a. median b. sum c. mean d. correlation
2. What statistical tool measures significant difference between variables?
a. mean b. T – test c. correlation d. standard deviation
3. Which is true about quasi – experimental?
a. It employs random sampling.
b. It is a true experiment.
c. It is a kind of qualitative research.
d. It has no controlled group.
4. Pearson Correlation measures ___________________________.
a. central tendency b. significant difference
c. mean d. relationship between variables
5. Which is NOT TRUE in a quantitative research?
a. The data is numerical.
b. It employs statistics.
c. It focus on the human culture.
d. It is a Laboratory research.

3
What I Need to Know

Congratulations! You are now at the last part of your research paper. In this lesson, you will
learn how to write your research recommendations based on your conclusion, cite references
accurately, edit your final work, and present your best research design.

This module contains discussions with examples and activities that will help you know the
appropriate ways of reporting and sharing findings. Pre-test and posttest are given to measure your
mastery of learning.

Basically, this module has five lessons:

25
 Lesson 3.1 Writing Conclusions
Lesson 3.2 Formulating recommendations based on conclusions CS_RS12-IIh-j-2;
Lesson 3.3 Determining techniques in listing references CS_RS12-IIh-j-3;
Lesson 3.4 Presenting written research reports CS_RS12-IIh-j-4;
Lesson 3.5 Finalizing and present best design CS_RS12-IIh-j
Lesson 3.6 Present research workbook CS_RS12-IIh-j-6

As you successfully finished this module, you are expected to write conclusions based on
your findings, write recommendations of your study from your conclusions, and discover the
techniques in listing references using the American Psychological Association (APA) Style of
Reference. Aside from finalizing your written research report for best design, you will also present
your final paper confidently.

To achieve the objectives of this lesson, do the following:

 Read the lesson explanations carefully
 Answer all the given exercises and activities
 Apply the concepts you learned in writing your own conclusions based on the
findings of your paper
 Apply the concepts you learned in writing your own recommendations based on your
conclusions
 Apply the concepts you learned in listing the references using APA Style of citation
 Refer to answer key page for checking your answer in the exercises
 Submit all your written output for checking to your Practical Research 2 teacher

Lesson 3.1 Drawing Conclusions from Research Findings

What’s In

What comes out in your mind when you heard the word conclusion? Write your idea on the
line provided below the picture. Some clues are found in the cloud for you to get started.

Decis_on ins_ght_
O de judg_m_nt

_______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

What’s New

Activity 2.3.1 Guess and Match

Directions: Match the RESEARCH FINDINGS in Column A to the possible CONCLUSIONS in

Column B. Write the letter of your answer on the first column below.
Ans
wer COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Findings show that 70% of A. As revealed on the

26
 students with excessive face book findings, workers are
usage have lower grades in all highly motivated due to
subjects. incentives.
2. Survey reveals that workers’ were B. Based on the findings,
highly motivated because of their lower grades of the
weekly incentives in sales. students are associated
with their excessive face
book usage.

What Is It

Did you guessed correctly the activity in What’s New? Conclusions are simply
drawn from research findings. Conclusions are insights described from the findings per
sub-problem. It is simply stated without further explanation of the results of the study. It
will answer each of the research problem.
In addition, conclusion is stating the decision whether the hypothesis stated is to
be accepted or rejected.

Below are illustrations on drawing conclusions from the research findings.

Sample Findings 1

“After the journal writing intervention, the control group retained their
anxiety level in writing to moderate, while the experimental group’s anxiety level
decreased from high anxiety to moderate anxiety level.”

Sample Conclusion 1

Sample Findings
Based on2 the findings, the journal writing intervention can decrease
students’ anxiety level in writing when implemented.
“The findings of the study revealed that very reason why students commit
absences was due to playing computer games during class hours.”

Sample Conclusion 2

The students’ habitual gaming sessions in the internet cafés significantly

increase the chances of them skipping classes.

What’s More

Activity No. 2.3.2 Pick and Match

Directions: In the box are useful expressions or keywords in making conclusions. Select an
appropriate phrase from the box to complete the given conclusions below.

is found to be has significant relationship

insignificantly related
significant to great influence

27
 1. The availability of the online resources ___________________
2. a factor of the frequency of visits by grade 11 students.
3. The presence of needed books, magazines and other reading materials
_____________________________________with the repetitive visits.
4. The parental involvement has _____________________ in the academic performance of
their children.
5. Student’s tardiness is _____________________________ the attitude of the teacher.
6. Students’ absenteeism is _________________________ the frequency of home visitation of
the adviser.

What I Have Learned

Activity No. 2.3.3 Smile or Frown

Draw a smiley face on the space provided if the statement is correct and a sad face if
the statement is incorrect.

____ 1. Conclusion needs lengthy explanation.

____ 2. Conclusion is based on the findings of the study.
____ 3. “Insignificantly related to” and ‘great influence” are key words in writing conclusions.
____ 4. Conclusion answers each research problem.
____ 5. Conclusion is stating the decision whether the hypothesis stated is to be accepted or
rejected.

What I Can Do

Activity No. 2.3.4 Think and Write

Directions: Write your own conclusions based on the given findings. Remember, the main
purpose of writing research conclusion is to answer each of the research problem

Findings 1

There is a significant increase on the level of academic performance of Grade 12 students as

the level of their parents’ school involvement increases.

Write your own conclusion on the space provided below .

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________.

Findings 2

28
 Based on the findings, anxiety of the students towards the subject Math decreased after the
journal writing intervention.

Write your own conclusion on the space provided below.

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________.

Lesson 3.2 Formulating Recommendations Based on Conclusions

What’s In

Activity 2.3.5 Recommend Me

What comes out in your mind if you hear the word recommendation? Write your idea or
answer on the lines provided below the picture.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

What’s New

The word recommendations also means suggestions. Writing research

recommendations is similar when you give suggestions or advice to the problems of
your friends, who are seeking your help you.
Here is an illustration:

Situation: Your classmate asks an idea from you on what he will do in order to pass his
Math class, after getting a failing grade.

Suggestion: You may suggests to him that he needs to give more time in studying Math and
submit all requirements being asked.

What Is It

Writing research recommendation is a collection of simple words of

suggestions supported by evidences. These evidences are the findings and
conclusions of your study. Writing your research recommendation is based on the
conclusion you made from the previous module.

29
Below are illustrations on formulating research recommendations based on a conclusion.

Sample Conclusion 1

“There is an increased grade in Math after studying longer hours in the

subject. “
Sample Recommendation 1

“A longer study time period in Math may be tried out by other students who
failed in Math in order to pass the subject.”

Recommendation is based on a conclusion. The main purpose of writing

recommendations would favorably encourage others to act and make change for
better outcomes.

Sample Conclusion 2

“The findings of the study revealed that students’ absence in class is

significantly due to playing computer or mobile games during school hours.”
Sample Recommendation 2

“Based on the findings, it is highly recommended that the internet café

owners should not allow students to play during class hour.”

Recommendation is also based on findings of the study. They are written in

clear, short and exact terms. Writing recommendations is done to help improve current
situations.
What’s More

Activity No. 2.3.6 Pick and Match 2

Directions: Fill in the blanks below with appropriate words that will complete the
recommendations. The words that you need to complete a recommendation are all
found in its corresponding conclusion as illustrated below.
Example
Conclusion
Parents’ advice has great influenced to the choice of course to
pursue by their children.

Recommendation
It is recommended that parents’ shall participate in the Career
Guidance Parents’ Orientation so that they can provide proper
guidance to their children in the choice of course to pursue.

1. Conclusion 1
Based from the findings, the reading habits of the students has significant
relationship to the reading performance of the students.

Recommendation 1

30
 Teachers could increase the _____(1)_____ assignment of the students since reading
habits has a ____(2)______ relationship to the reading ____(3)____ of the
_______(4)_______.

2. Conclusion 2
Tardiness is found to be a determinant of students’ low academic performance.
Recommendation 2

Parents should be concern on the _____(5)________ of their children since it is

found as _______(6)_________ of students’ low ____ (7)_______ Performance.

What I Have Learned

Activity 2.3.7 Recommend the Goal

After learning what recommendations are, I have realized recommendations are based from
_______________. The main goal of recommendation is
______________________________________________.

What I Can Do

Activity 2.3.8 Think and Write 2

Directions: Write your own recommendations based on the given conclusion and findings
below. Remember the main purpose of writing research recommendation is for the
improvement of the people around you.
Conclusion 1
There is a significant increased in the level of academic performance of Grade 12 students as
the level of their parents’ school involvement increases.

Write your own recommendation on the space provided below based on conclusion 1.

_______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion 2
Based on the findings, anxiety of the students towards Math decreased after the journal writing
intervention.

Write your own recommendation on the space provided below based on conclusion 2.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

31
Lesson 3. 3 Listing References

What’s In

What comes out in your mind if you heard the word “references”? You may find ideas on the
picture below. Write your answer on the space provided.

B__K P L_CE D_T_E

I_T_RN_T A_TH_OR

What’s New

A reference is where researchers acknowledge other researchers and bodies of literature that
are actually cited and helped them write their research paper. The common elements in listing
references are author’s name, year of publication, title of work, place of publication and publishing
company.
There are three well-known methods of citation, the American Psychology Association (APA)
Style, Chicago Manual of Style and Modern Language Association of America (MLA). The most
common style of formatting used to cite sources within the social sciences and other academic
discipline is the APA style.
.
Below is an example of listing references based on the basic rules of APA style.
References
Anderson, J.(2003,October) Superego, Journal of Psychology,41. Retrieved November 10,2003,
from EBS cohost.

Binns, T.B. (2001). The bald eagle. Chicago, II: Rourke Publishers.
Donaldson, S. (1995) Protecting the troops from Hemingway: an episode in censorship.The
Hemingway Review, 15, 87-93.
32
 What Is It

Basic Rules of APA Style:

1. Reference list starts on a new page. Type the word “references” centered at the top of the
page.
2. The author should be the first element, even for web pages. If no author the editor’s name. If no
editor is present, start with the book title or article title.
3. Double – space all reference list entries.
4. Use hanging indent form. The first line of each reference is set flush left and subsequent lines
are indented ½ inch.
5. Arrange alphabetically, not by format of publication: book, journal, etc.
6. The author should be the first element, even for web pages. If no author is present, use the
editor’s name. If no editor is present, start with the book title or article title.
7. List author’s last name, followed by a comma then initials for first and middle name. Do not
spell out author’s first and middle name.
8. Use “&” instead of “and” when listing multiple authors of a single work.
9. For a journal article with more than seven authors, list the first seven authors and three
periods, and then list the last author.
10. The date is always the second element and is contained in parentheses. Book and periodical
titles should be in italics. Volume numbers of periodicals should be.

11. If a journal has both a volume and an issue number, write the volume number followed by the
issue number in parenthesis. There is no space between the volume number and the open
parenthesis.
12. Article titles are plain text. No quotes or italics.
13. Capitalize only the first word of the title and the subtitle for books, book chapters, and article
titles.
14. Capitalize the first letter of each word in a periodical title except articles (a, an, the)
15. Each element (author, date, title, etc.) of a citation is separated by a period and one space.

What’s More

Basic Format: Book Citation using basic rules of APA Style

Format: Author, A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for
subtitle. Location: Publisher.
Sample information for formatting:
Author,A.A. : Yin,R.
Year of publication: (2009)
Title of work: Case study: Design and methods
Location: Thousand Oaks,CA
Publisher: Sage
Substitution of sample information to the format:

Yin,R. (2009). Case study: Design and methods. Thousand Oaks,

Author, A.. (Year of publication). Title of work: Location CA:Sage.
Publisher.
Correct format APA style: 33

Yin,R. (2009). Case study: Design and methods. Thousand Oaks,

Sample Reference page from three sources: APA Style using the basic rules

Format: Author, A.A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number (issue
number), pages.
Sample information for formatting:
Author,A.A. : Mott,F.W.
Year of publication: (1916)
Title of article: The effects of high explosives upon the central nervous
system
Title of Periodical: The Lancet.
Volume number (issue number): 1
Pages: 331-338

Substitution of sample information to the format:

Mott, F. W. (1916). The effects of high explosives upon the central nervous system
Author, A.A. (Year). Title of article.
The Lancet. 1, 331-338.
Title of Periodical, volume number (issue number), pages.
Correct format APA style:
Mott, F. W. (1916). The effects of high explosives upon the central nervous system. The
Lancet,1,
Sample Format for331-338.
listing references from three sources using the basic rules of APA style

References
Anderson, J. (2003,October) Superego, Journal of Psychology,41. Retrieved
November 10,2003, from EBS cohost.

Binns, T.B. (2001). The bald eagle. Chicago, II: Rourke Publishers.
Donaldson, S. (1995) Protecting the troops from Hemingway: an episode in
censorship.The Hemingway Review, 15, 87-93.
Note: Rule no. 5. Arrange alphabetically, not by format of publication: book,
journal, etc.

What I Have Learned

Activity 2.3.9 Pick and Arrange

Directions: Arrange the elements of listing references found inside the circle on
the space provided using the basic rules of APA Style.

34
 Title of work

A: Author,(Year of publication).
A. (Year of publication).
Title of w: Author, A. (Year of
Location
publication). Title of work: Capital letter
also for subtitle. Location:
also for Capital letter also for
subtitle. Location:
Publisher. subtitle.
Publisher

Author, A.

Format:
_______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________.

What I Can Do

Activity No. 2.3.10 Mix and Match

Directions: You write a reference list for the entries below using the basic rules
of APA style.

1. Title of Book: Vanishing Wildlife of North America

Author/s: Thomas B. Allen
Copyright: 1974
Publisher: National Geographic Society
Place of publication: Washington, DC.

_________________________________________________
Author, A.A.) ( Year of Publication.) (Title of work.)( Location)
_________
( Publisher.)

2. Title of Book: The Creators: A History of the Heroes of the Imagination.

Author/s: Daniel J. Boorstin
Copyright: 1992
Publisher: Random
Place of Publication: New York, New York

35
 _______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________

3. Make a List of References from the given three sources below.

Mott, F. W. (1916). The effects of high explosives upon the central nervous system. The Lancet,1,
331-338.
Binns, T.B. (2001). The bald eagle. Chicago, II: Rourke Publishers.
Gibali,J. (2003) MLA handbook for writers of research papers. 6th ed. New York: MLA.

References

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________

Lesson 3.4 Presenting Written Research Report

What’s In

I am excited!
I’m excited!
Questions to Ponder;
1. Why do you think the
researcher is excited?
2. What is on the hand of
the researcher?
3. Are you as excited as
the researcher in the
picture?
4. Is your research paper
What’s New ready for presentation?

A research report is an essential product after conducting research. As a

researcher your basic tasks is to present your research to the people around, if you
are a student to the school or if you are an employee to your organization. To
recall, the main purpose of a research paper is to discover new knowledge and to
impart this knowledge to the community.
36
In order to have a meaningful and substantial presentation of your
research study, you should know the characteristics of research report.
 What Is It

The Characteristics of a Researcher Report.

1. Easy-to-understand words
Not everyone who will be reading your work is a scientist or has the same technical
background as you have. To make more people easily know and comprehend the ideas you want to
present, use simple and easy to understand words. Your research work is not a place to show of
your extensive vocabulary. The use of highly technical words (unless necessary) and unfamiliar
words must be avoided. Technical words, if used, should be defined operationally in the Definition of
Terms section.
2. Organized
To show good organization, your paper must be consistent and cohesive. In order to
show consistency, your discussions should focus solely on your research topic, never deviating from
it. Each discussions should be lead to the outcome or results of your study in order to show
cohesion.
3. Comprehensive
One characteristics of a well-written research work is being comprehensive. It means
discussing every angle or perspective, supported by valid data leaving no areas unclarified. You
must not let any stone unturned.
4. Direct to the point
This is not a venue to showcase your creative writing prowess. The use of figures of
speech and other expressions must be avoided as they could lead to misinterpretations. Hence,
your research report must be direct to the point, not beating around.
5. The paper is thoroughly proofread.
Misspellings, grammatical errors, and other errors related to writing conventions can tarnish the
quality of your paper and undermine the effort you put in writing your paper. To avoid this, have
someone thoroughly proofread your paper.

What’s More

Activity No. 2.3.11 This is it!

The guide below aims to assess the researcher if the basic parts of the research are correctly
prepared. Ward and Fetler (as cited Venzon, 2004) formulated the questions written in the table
below when evaluating these components of research report. Fill in the table.
Main Parts
Research Questions Yes No Remarks
Title Is it readily understood?
Is it concise?
Is it informative?
Abstract Does it state the problem where
appropriate?

37
 Is the methodology identified and
described?
Are the results summarized?
Are conclusions stated?
Problem Statement of the Problem
Are the questions to be answered by
the researcher stated precisely?
Is the problem stated concisely?
Is the problem stated clearly?
Is the problem researchable?
Is the significance of the problem
discussed and the research justified?
Variables
Are the variables identified?
Are the variables differentiated?
Are pertinent terms operationally
defined?
Are the parameters of the study
identified?
Theoretical Is the cited literature pertinent to the
Framework research problem?
Does it provide rationale to the
research?
Are the sources mainly primary
sources?
Is there a logical organization in the
review?
Does the review conclude with a brief
summary
Methodology Subjects
Is the subject population (sampling
frame) described?
Is the sampling method described?
Is the sampling method justified
(especially for non-probability
sampling)?
Are the possible sources of sampling
bias identified?
Are the standards for the protection of
human subjects being followed?
Instruments
Is the instrument valid and related to
the goals and setting?
Does it have construct validity?
Does it have content validity?
Does it have criterion-related validity?
Is the instrument reliable for the
relevant experimental setting and
goals
What is the value of the internal
consistency coefficients?
What is the value of the equivalence
coefficients?

38
 What is the value of the equivalence
stability coefficients?
What is the value of the equivalence
inter-rater coefficients?
Is the development of the instrument,
including the pilot instrument,
described?
Design
Is the design appropriate to the
relevant theory and experimental
hypothesis?
Is the design internally valid?
Are the proper controls included?
Are confounding variables excluded
as far as possible and mentioned
otherwise?
Is the description of the design explicit
enough to allow replication?
Results Are the results presented with clarity
and precision?
Are they logically organized?
Is the information presented sufficient
to answer the hypotheses?
Are the reported statistics relevant to
the nursing research hypotheses?
Are the reported statistics appropriate
to the design?
Are the tables and figures complete
and easily understandable?
Discussion Is each result discussed in terms of
the original problem?
If the hypotheses are stated, are they
addressed in the discussion of
results?
Are the conclusions warranted by the
discussion of results?
Are the implications of the findings
discussed?
Are recommendations for future
research given?

What I Have Learned

Activity 2.3.12 Now I Know

I have realized that the main purpose of conducting research is
_____________________________________________________________.
In order to deliver the new insights of my study to the community, I should be able to prepare a
research _____________.

I also learned that there five characteristics of research report, namely; ______
_________,_____________________________,________________________________________
______________________ ,_____________________.

39
 What I Can Do

Activity 2.3.13 Yes! I Made It

Directions: Use the introduction of your own study. Read it carefully. Identify the
characteristics of writing a paper present in each paragraph. Give a brief explanation why it
is the characteristic you observe. Your answer may vary, but please be guided by the
evaluation criteria or rubrics below. You write your answer in a separate sheet of paper.
Submit your output to your research teacher.
Example
The characteristics of a research report I observed in the first paragraph are
direct to the point and comprehensive because…

Evaluation Criteria
Criteria 10 points 7points 5 points 3 points
Component Selected two Selected one Selected slightly
Selected a
s appropriate appropriate appropriate characteristic
characteristic characteristic characteristics
Not
appropriate
Structure Writing is clear Writing is mostly Writing is unclear Writing is
and concise, clear and concise, and disorganized. unclear and
organized with organized with Thoughts are not thoughts
excellent sentence good sentence expressed in a ramble.
construction. construction. logical manner
Lesson 3.5 Finalizing Best Design and Present Research Workbook

What’s In

Activity 2.3.14 The Final Touch

Look at the picture. What can you say about? Write your idea in the space provided
below.

My
Research Study

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________

What’s New

40
 It is customary for researchers, novice and seasoned, to present their papers in
local research colloquiums or abroad. In your case, you will be presenting your work to a
panel of judges who are experts in the field. They will scrutinize your paper and help you
improve your work through their comments and suggestions.

What Is It

The following are to be expected when conducting your research presentation:

1. Own your research paper. You must know the entirety of your paper starting from the
background all the way up to the results and reference. Study it very well. If you’re working in
groups, make sure that everyone knows the paper. Remember that you will be graded not only
based on the paper itself, but more importantly on your knowledge of the research processes. Your
knowledge of your research paper will not only become evident during the presentation, but more so
in answering the questions after the presentation. Pause and think thoroughly recommendations,
humbly accept them. The judges are there to help you improve your paper and not to antagonize
you. Take a note of their comments and suggestions
2. Be on time and look presentable. Observe proper dress code.
3. Use aids. This can be in the form of the usual Cartolina or Manila paper, a slide presentation, or
any other computer aided program available. Do not just place everything or merely “copy and
paste” the entire paper to your presentation. Select only important items or words which will serve
as your discussions guide. Present the key points in an outline so you would easily know what
comes next. Present the following chapters: background of the study, methodology, results and
discussions, and summary, conclusion, and recommendation.

What’s More

Activity No. 2.3.15 Ready, Get Set , Go!

The questions below are commonly asked during oral defense. Try answering them directly and
confidently.
1. What is the problem of your study?
__________________________________________________________

2. What new insights did you gain from your study?

__________________________________________________________

3. What are the significant contributions your research has?

__________________________________________________________

4. What are the limitations of your study?

__________________________________________________________

5. Who can benefit from this study?

__________________________________________________________

6. What statistical tools did you use in each research problem?

41
 __________________________________________________________

7. What are the recommendations of your research?

__________________________________________________________

8. What are the challenges you met during the conduct of your study?
__________________________________________________________

9. What theory did you anchored on to better understand your research?

__________________________________________________________

10. Why did you conduct this study?

___________________________________________________________

What I have learned

Activity 2.3.16 Finish the Line

In summary, I have learned that

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________

What I Can Do

Activity 2.3.16 The Finale

Familiarize the outline or important concepts of each part of your study from introduction, review of
related literature, methodology, results and findings, conclusion and recommendation and
references. You may present those things through slide presentation or any appropriate visuals you
can have.

Practice for a day in front of a mirror. Maintain a good posture. Loud and clear voice are
necessary as you present your study. Make sure you understand the flow of your study. You can
also discuss the findings of your study with supporting literature.

Have fun and do not be late on the presentation day of your paper. Congratulations in
advance!

42
 KEY POINTS

1. In writing conclusion, it must be based on the specific statements. In most studies, if there is a
hypothesis stated, whether to accept or reject such hypothesis serves as the conclusion of the
study.
2. In writing recommendation, it must be based on your conclusion. It should be a statement or
suggestion with evidence centered towards the problem of the study.
3. In listing references, always follow the basic rules and format in APA Style.
4. In writing research report, always consider the characteristic of a research report.
5. In presenting your final paper, own your paper. Be on time and look presentable. Use aids.
6. Finally, incorporate all the comments and suggestions of the panel of judges when you revise
your paper

Assessment
Activity 2.3.17 The Final Count Down

I. Multiple Choice. Read the test items carefully and encircle the letter of your
choice that best answer the statement.

1. The following are concepts related in the writing of the methodology,

EXCEPT
A. Instruments C. Problem
B. Participants D. Research design and procedure
2. What type of data are primarily collected in quantitative methods?
A. Descriptive C. Numerical
B. Narrative D. Visual
3. Quantitative research only works when ____________________.
A. You talk to the right people.
B. You talk to the right number of people.
C. You ask the right questions to a number of people.
D. You ask the right questions and analyze the data you get in the right way.
4. In conducting the research study, which describes all the steps?
A. Design C. Methods
B. Instruments D. Procedure
5. Which of these data-gathering strategies is effective in preparing structured
and unstructured questions?
A. Interview C. Survey
B. Questionnaires D. All of these
6. Which type of statistical tool is presented in tables that show how many of
your evaluation participants fall into various categories of interest?
A. Bar chart C. Frequency distribution
B. Correlation D. Weighted mean

7. Which entails measure of a spread of data around the mean?

A. Percentile C. T test
B. Standard deviation D. Z test
8. Which type of quantitative data is collected by someone else for a purpose
different from yours?
A. Inferential data C. Raw data
B. Primary data D. Secondary data
9. Which data collection method makes use of rating scales?
A. Analysis C. Observations

43
 B. Interview D. Questionnaires
10. In descriptive research, which of the following is considered in the questionnaires?
A. Careful selection of variables
B. Critical identification of extraneous variables
C. Validation of the questionnaires
D. Well-defined criterion variables
11. Which of the following is NOT a method of data collection?
A. Experiments C. Questionnaires
B. Interviews D. Variables
12. What is the goal of all scientific endeavors?
A. To compare sources of knowledge
B. To explain, predict and/or control a phenomenon
C. To entail recognition and definition of a problem
D. To collect different data and make some conclusion
13. When we can say that the research topic is good?
A. It involves practices that may harm or affect the participants.
B. The topic is stated with an effort to determine what should be done.
C. It holds the researcher’s interest throughout the entire research process.
D. It may not contribute to the improvement or understanding of educational theory or practice
14. Statistical analysis is heavily focused in making the final report of a _____.
A. ethnographic study C. qualitative research
B. Phenomenological study D. quantitative research
15. Which of the following is NOT a key component of data analysis?
A. Analyzing the techniques used
B. Determining the purpose of evaluation
C. Drawing conclusion
D. Presenting the data

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

SUMMATIVE TEST

Name: _______________ Grade/Section: ________ Date: _______Score: ____

CAREFULLY READ AND FOLLOW THE EXAM INSTRUCTIONS

Do not write anything on this questionnaire. Nobody is allowed to go out from the examination room once the
questionnaires are already distributed. Using of electronic gadgets is not allowed. Anybody caught cheating
will be dealt with. You have one-hour to finish the test

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read and analyze each item carefully. Write the letter corresponding the best
answer on your answer sheet. 1 point each.

1. Which kind of research collects and analyze numerical data in order to explain, predict and/or
control a phenomenon?
A. Ethnographic C. Narrative
B. Qualitative D. Quantitative
2. In descriptive research, which of the following is best considered in writing questionnaires?
A. Careful selection of variables
B. Validation of the questionnaires
C. Well-defined criterion variables
D. Critical identification of extraneous variables
3. In a quantitative research method, which concept means data trustworthiness?
A. Reliability C. Validity

44
 B. Triangulation D. Validity and reliability
4. What the most common and stable measure of central tendency that is commonly used by the
researchers in analyzing the data gathered?
A. bar graph B. median C. mean D. pie graph
5. Secondary data can include which of the following?
A. Government statistics
B. Personal diaries
C. Organizational records
D. Observation data
6. In preparing for a presentation, you should do all of the following EXCEPT:
A. get to know more about your audience
B. ignore your nerves
C. practice the presentation
D. take an advanced look, if possible, at the facilities
7. What makes quantitative research is more complex?
A. Factual Data B. Hypothesis C. Numerical Data D. Theories

8. Which of the following involves comparing/contrasting two or more samples of the study subjects
one or more variables often at a single point of time?
A. Action Research C. Quantitative
B. Qualitative D. Research Project
9. What statistical tool measures significant difference between variables?
A. Correlation B. Standard Deviation C. Mean D. T-test
10. It is a suggestive statement supported by evidence.
A. introduction B. Reference C. Conclusion D. Recommendation
11. It refers to the list of sources of information used in research written in APA
style.
A. Introduction B. References C. Conclusion D. Recommendation
12.What is the first element to be written in listing reference?
A. Publisher B. Date of publication C. Author’s name D. Title of the book
13. Which is not true in writing recommendations?
A. The recommendations are identified as practical suggestions for future research in
similar fields
B. The recommendations should be based on the conclusion of your study
C. Recommendations may not be supported by evidences
D. Recommendations are made for the betterment of the society
14. Which statement is incorrect?
A. Recommendation is based on conclusion
B. Reference is a list of the sources of information
C. References come before conclusion
D. Recommendation should be written with literature of study
15. Which of the following is likely to be avoided in the final presentation of your paper?
A. Own your paper C. Understand the findings of your study
B. Dress in a corporate attire D. Get nervous and begin to startle
16. What element will be written first in listing references in the absence of the author’s name?
A. Publisher C. Title of the study
B. Date of publication D. Website location
17. Which of the following element in listing references must be italicized?
A. Publisher C. Title of the study
B. Author’s name D. Website location
18. Which data collection method makes use of rating scales?
A. Analysis B. Interview C. Observations D. Questionnaires
19. Which is the numerical value used as a summary measure for a sample?
A. population mean C. sample parameters
B. range D. sample statistics

45
20. Which describes all the steps in conducting the research study?
A. Design B. Instruments C. Methodology D. Procedure
21. How can you create audience interest in your presentation?
A. Maximizing the use of animation effects
B. Reading from notes
C. Using bullet points
D. Using metaphors
22. Which type of research measures the level of occurrences on the basis of numbers and
calculations?
A. Descriptive B. Evaluative C. Qualitative D. Quantitative
23. Which cannot be answered by quantitative research?
A. How B. How many C. What D. When
24. Which research design requires data in the form of wors, pictures or objects?
A. Action Research C. Quantitative
B. Qualitative D. Research Project
25. What research design requires a large number of respondents?
A. Action Research C. Quantitative
B. Qualitative D. Research Project
26. Which is true about quasi-experimental?
A. It employs random sampling.
B. It has no controlled group.
C. It is a true experiment.
D. It is a kind of qualitative research.
27. What is measured by Pearson Correlation?
A. Central Tendency C. Significant Difference
B. Mean D. Relationship Between Variables
28. What does APA stand for?
A. African Publication Association
B. American Publication Association
C. Association of Psychologist in Australia
D. American Psychologist Association
29. Which of the four citations follow the basic rules in listing references?
A. Patron, I.Y.(2018). Quantitative Research for Senior High School. Quezon City,
Philippines: Great Books Trading.
B. Quantitative Research for Senior High School. Quezon City, Philippines: Great
Books Trading. . Patron, I.Y.(2018).
C. Patron, I.Y. Quantitative Research for Senior High School. Quezon City, Philippines:
Great Books Trading. (2018).
D. Patron, I.Y. Quantitative Research for Senior High School.
(2016) .Quezon City, Philippines: Great Books Trading.
30. The following are concepts related in the writing of the methodology,
EXCEPT
A. Instruments C. Problem
B. Participants D. Research design and procedure
31. Which of the is NOT found in the writing of the methodology?
A. instruments C. problem
B. participants D. research design and procedure
32. Which is a common variable for quantitative research?
A. Constant; Latent C. Extraneous; Confounding
B. Independent; Dependent D. Participant; Situational
33. Which research design is scientific in nature?
A. Action Research C. Quantitative
B. Qualitative D. Research Project
34. Which is NOT TRUE in a quantitative research?
A. The data is numerical.

46
 B. It employs statistics.
C. It focus on the human culture.
D. It is a laboratory research.
35. Which type of statistical tool is presented in tables that show how many of
your evaluation participants fall into various categories of interest?
A. Bar chart C. Frequency distribution
B. Correlation D. Weighted mean
36.When we can say that the research topic is good?
A. It involves practices that may harm or affect the participants.
B. The topic is stated with an effort to determine what should be done.
C. It holds the researcher’s interest throughout the entire research process.
D. It may not contribute to the improvement or understanding of educational
theory or practice
37. Which of the following contains no mistakes:
A. (Richards, et al; 2008)
B. (Simmons & Gerard, 2006; Young and Epstein, 2007)
C. (Smithfield, 2007; Taylor, 2008; Taylor and Gregson, 2004b)
D. (Sydney, 2003; Jones, 1999a)
38. Normally, where in a research report are the hypotheses justified to the reader?
A. In the conclusions.
B. In the discussion.
C. In the introduction.
D. In the recommendations
39. Which is a process of obtaining knowledge about people, things, places or events?
A. Investigation B. Project C. Research D. Study
40. Which observes a phenomenon?
A. Action Research C. Quantitative
B. Qualitative D. Research Project
41. Which refers to the participants of the study?
A. group B. members C. researcher D. sample
42. Which of the following is not an instrument in gathering data for research?
A. interview B. observation C. questionnaire D. review literature
43. Why are the references included in a research project?
A. To be proud of your sources.
B. To fully identify the source of information and ideas discussed in the report so that others
may check for themselves.
C. To impress lecturers.
D. To keep a record of everything that you have read in writing the report.
44.Which of the following lists presents the sections of a research report in the correct order?
A. Abstract, Title Page, Introduction, Method, Discussion, Results,Conclusion, References,
Appendices.
B. Title page, Introduction, Abstarct, Discussion, Method, Results, Conclusion, References,
Appendices.
C. Title page, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results, Conclusion, Discussion, References,
Appendices.
D. Title page, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Appendices,
References.
45. Which is the best of the following regarding citation and references?
A. Cite the actual source you used rather than the source of the original study.
B. Cite the original study because that has the most detail.
C. Cite the original study but then indicate where you got your information from.
D. Cite the original study in the text of the report but leave it out of the list of references
because you have not actually read it.
46. How to measure the extent to which responses vary from the mean?
A. By using mode C. By using standard deviation

47
 B. By using normal distribution D. By using variance
47. How to create an effective research artwork?
A. Use blocks an arrow progression to guide the eye movements.
B. Use complete sentence.
C. Use complicated figures to make a good impression.
D. Use text color that harmonize with the background color.
48. Which of these would NOT help your confidence in the context of a presentation?
A. Good preparation C. Comfort with the situation
B. Presentation software D. Looking good
49. Which of the following is also known as the average?
A. Correlation B. Median C. Mean D. Mean
50. How can the data be presented?
A. essay B. enumerations C. illustrations D. table and graph

48