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Ans8 --Mushrooms have saprophytic mode of nutrition. This is the reason organisms like mushrooms nourish on a
dead and decomposing plant or animal matter. That is, they obtain their nutrition from metabolizing non-living
organic matter.

Ans10. ---
• Some useful fungi are mushrooms and Penicillium.
• Antibiotics are prepared from penicillium to act against bacterial infections. One of the best antibiotics
produced from fungi was penicillin, which saved many people.
• Mushrooms act like anti-oxidants and rich in Vitamin D.

Ans -12--These nutrients include Carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O2). These are also called 'macro-elements',
which can be supplied through manures and fertilisers. These are essential for the growth and production of plants
and formation of proteins. These are nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur

2marks question

Ans1--Stomata are the tiny openings present on the epidermis of leaves. ... In some of the plants, stomata are
present on stems and other parts of plants. Stomata play an important role in gaseous exchange and photosynthesis.
They allow the exchange of gases (CO2 and O2) with the atmosphere. Evaporation of water from the leaf surface
occurs through the stomata. Thus, the stomata help in the process of transpiration. Based on the climatic conditions,
it closes or opens its pores to maintain the moisture balance.

Ans 2-These green patches arise due to the presence of organisms called algae which contains chlorophyll that is
responsible for its green colour. Due to the presence of chlorophyll algae are capable of preparing their own food by
the process of photosynthesis in the same way autotrophic plants do.

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Ans3-Pitcher plant is an insectivorous plant that derives nitrogenous compounds by trapping and consuming insects.
The leaf of a pitcher plant is modified to form a pitcher-like structure. When an insect sits on the pitcher, the lid of
the pitcher gets closed and the insect gets trapped inside. The insect is then digested by the enzymes secreted by the
plant. In this manner, pitcher plants fulfil their requirement of nitrogen by feeding on insects

.
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Ans12---

Ans13—
Autotrophs Examples include plants, algae, and some types of bacteria. Heterotrophs Examples. Dogs, birds, fish,
and humans are all examples of heterotrophs.

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Ans6=

Ans 7-
Carnivorous plant, sometimes called insectivorous plant, any plant especially adapted for capturing and digesting
insects and other animals by means of ingenious pitfalls and traps Pitcher plant is an insectivorous plant that derives
nitrogenous compounds by trapping and consuming insects. The leaf of a pitcher plant is modified to form a pitcher-
like structure. When an insect sits on the pitcher, the lid of the pitcher gets closed and the insect gets trapped inside.
The insect is then digested by the enzymes secreted by the plant. In this manner, pitcher plants fulfil their
requirement of nitrogen by feeding on insects

Ans 8—

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An9—
The insectivorous plants grow in soil which do not contain sufficient nitrogen mineral. These plants (e.g. pitcher
plant) are green and carry out photosynthesis to obtain a part of the food required by them. But they do not get the
nitrogen from the soil in which they grow. So, insectivorous or carnivorous plants feed on insects to obtain the
nitrogen needed for their growth.

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Ans 10-
When two species engage in a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship, they are in the socalled "mutualism" type
of symbiosis. Leeches and their microbiota: naturally simple symbiosis models. Strictly blood-feeding leeches and
their limited microbiota provide natural and powerful model systems to examine symbiosis. Blood is devoid of
essential nutrients and it is thought that symbiotic bacteria synthesize these for the host.

Ans 11-
The spores of fungi are generally present in air. When they and on wet and warm things they germinate and grow.
The weather in rainy season is moist and humid which is most suitable to germinate and grow for fungi.

Ans12-
Legume crops such as beans, peanuts and soy can fix nitrogen from the air, and flourish on nitrogen- deficient soils.
To do so, they need help from Rhizobium bacteria. These special bacteria stimulate the growth of nodules on the
roots of leguminous plants. The bacteria help the plant by extracting nitrogen from the air, while the plant helps the
bacteria grow by supplying carbon. It is a perfect symbiosis

Page 16
2 Marks question
Ans1--Salivary glands present in the mouth helps in the chemical digestion of food with the help of enzymes. It
contains enzymes known as salivary amylase which digest the starch present in food into sugar. We can say that the
digestion of carbohydrate or starch begins in the mouth itself. Food is taken into the body through the mouth. The
process of taking food into the body is called ingestion. We chew the food with the teeth and break it down
mechanically into small pieces. Each tooth is rooted in a separate socket in the gums

Ans 2 --- As humans, we have two sets of teeth that erupt during our lifetime – the first set is called as milk teeth,
primary teeth or baby teeth and they start erupting when we are 6 months old and the next set of teeth, called
permanent teeth, begin erupting as we turn 6 years old. we all have 32 permanent teeth, milk teeth are just 20 in
number. Milk teeth being thinner, it is also softer than that found in permanent teeth

Ans 3-- The main organs of the alimentary canal are:

• The Mouth and Oral cavity. --The mouth is the first part of our digestive system. Food is ingested through the
mouth. The oral cavity comprises the palate, tongue and teeth.
• Oesophagus. ---It is a muscular tube through which small bolus of food passes from the mouth to the
stomach. It controls the movement of food into the stomach.
• Stomach.-- The core function of the human stomach is as an aid to digestion.
• Small intestine.-- The main function of the small intestine is absorption of nutrients and minerals from food
• Large intestine.-- The large intestine is wider and shorter than small intestine. It is about 1.5 metre in length.
Its function is to absorb water and some salts from the undigested food material. The remaining waste
passes into the rectum and remains there as semi-solid faeces.

Ans 4 -- The digestive glands associated with the alimentary canal includes the salivary glands, the liver and the
pancreas. Pancreas secretes maximum enzymes. Pancreatic juice contains amylases, lipases and nucleases. Salivary
glands produce saliva. Bile is secreted by the liver. Pancreas secretes an alkaline pancreatic juice and hormones.

Ans 5-- Bile is a fluid that is made and released by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile helps with digestion. It
breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can be taken into the body by the digestive tract.
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Ans 6—
• Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are digested in the mouth, stomach and the small intestine. Carbohydrase
enzymes break down the carbohydrates into sugars.
• Proteins. Proteins are digested in the stomach and the small intestine. Proteins breakdown into amino acids
during digestion.
• Lipids (fats and oils): Lipids are digested in the intestine. Lipase enzymes break down the fats into fatty acids
and glycerol.

3 marks question
Ans 1 - The five steps which occur in the process of nutrition in animals are Ingestion, digestion, absorption,
assimilation, and egestion.
Ingestion is the process the food is taken inside through mouth and broken down by teeth and initial digestion takes
place in the mouth by saliva.

• Digestion is the process in which food is digested by using few enzymes and is used by the cells for producing
energy.
• Absorption is the process in which cells use the energy from the digested food and helps in building tissues
in our body.
• Assimilation is the process in which digested food moves into the cells of the body.
• Egestion is the process in which undigested food is removed out from the body through excretion.
Ans 2 ---- The four main types of teeth are:
• Incisors - Your incisors are eight teeth in the front centre of your mouth (four on both bottom and top).
These are typically the first adult teeth that a child will get, coming in when the child is between six and
eight years old. Incisors are the teeth that you use to bite into your food.
• Canines - Your canines are the next teeth that develop in your mouth. You have four of them and they are
your sharpest teeth, used for tearing apart food.
• Premolars - Premolars are used for tearing and crushing food. Unlike your incisors and canines, premolars
have a flat biting surface. You have eight premolars in total.
• Molars - Your molars are your largest teeth. Their function is similar to that of the premolars, to grind, tear,
and crush food. Molars have a large flat biting surface which makes them perfect for this job.

Ans 3 -- The inner lining of the stomach secretes mucous, hydrochloric acid and digestive juices. The mucous protects
the lining of the stomach. The acid kills many bacteria that enter along with the food and makes the medium in the
stomach acidic and helps the digestive juices to act. The digestive juices break down the proteins into simpler
substances.

Ans 4—

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