Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(1 credit hour)
Spring-2021
• Email: sabbir.shuvo@northsouth.edu
Experiment 1 and 2
Experiment 1
Handling of a Light Microscope and Visualization of Prepared Slides
• With the high power objective lens the shape, color and
arrangement of the cell can be observed.
• Light or optical microscope
Figure: A light microscope
• Electrons microscope
Parts of a light microscope
• Condenser lens: It helps to focus the light onto the sample analyzed.
They are particularly helpful when coupled with the highest objective
lens.
• Fine adjustment knob: The knob is turned to fine adjust the focus.
Rules for using Microscope
• Always begin focusing with the 4X objective.
• Use immersion oil ONLY with the 100X objective (oil immersion lens). Oil
immersion is essential for viewing individual bacteria.
• Remove the slide from the stage when you are done.
• ALWAYS clean immersion oil off the objective when you are done using the
microscope. Use a Kim wipe or lens paper to clean the objective.
• Always place the 4X objective over the stage aperture and ensure that it is as far
above the stage as possible before putting the microscope away.
• If the microscope is dirty or in the wrong place, tell your instructor or the lab
assistant.
Microscopic observation of stained cell
• The purpose of this experiment is to use a compound microscope for the visualization
of cellular morphology from permanent-stained slides of microbes.
• Microbiology is the study of all living organisms that are too small to be
visible with naked eye.
• To prevent difficulties staining is important after which the organisms get a different
refractive index which makes a contrast between air and the cells.
• Microorganisms are divided into Bacillus (rod shaped), Coccus (spherical) and
Spirillum (curved) on the basis of shapes.
Methods and Materials
• Procedure
• Materials
⮚ We have already reviewed the instructions for the use
⮚ Compound microscope of microscope giving special attention to the use of oil
⮚ Slide
immersion objective lens. Refer to those instructions for
⮚ Cotton
⮚ Ethanol viewing the prepared slides.
• Amoeba proteus
Scientific classification:
Kingdom: Protista
Family: Amoebidae
Genus: Amoeba
Scientific classification:
Kingdom: Eubacteria
Family: Enterobacteriaceae
Genus: Escherichia
⮚ Simple sugars (simple carbohydrates), such as fructose, glucose and lactose, found in
nutritious whole fruits.
• Carbohydrates are the main fuel source for some cells, especially, those in the brain,
nervous system and red blood cells.
• Muscles also rely on a dependable supply of carbohydrate to fuel intense physical activity.
Yielding on average 4 Kcal/gm, carbohydrates are a readily available fuel for all cells, both
in the form of blood glucose and that stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen.
Principle
• The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the presence of simple sugars in
various food products.
• Benedict's reagent is used for testing the presence of reducing sugars. This includes
all monosaccharides and certain disaccharides, e.g., mannose, lactose and maltose.
• Reducing sugars have either an aldehyde functional (R-CHO) group or have a ketone
(R-CO) group in an open chain form, which can be converted into a carboxylic
group(R-COOH).
Principle (cont.)
• In hot alkaline solutions, reducing sugars reduce the blue Copper (II) ions to brick red
Copper (I) oxide precipitate.
• As the reaction proceeds, the color of the reaction mixture changes progressively from blue to
green, yellow, orange and finally red.
• The coloration developed and the amount of precipitate formed depends upon the amount of
reducing sugars present. Hence, in most conditions, a sufficiently good estimation of the
concentration of glucose and equivalent reducing sugars present in a sample can be obtained.
• Water plus Benedict's reagent is a negative control for the sugar test. It demonstrates a
negative test result (no sugar present). Carbohydrate sample plus Benedict's reagent is a
positive control for the sugar test.
Try to draw
Methodology
• Procedure
• Apparatus • Take 1ml of the apple juice provided in a clean test tube.
⮚ Test tubes • Add 2ml of Benedict’s Solution to each test tube.
⮚ Water bath
• Leave the test tubes in the hot water bath and note your
⮚ Spatula observation.
⮚ Benedict’s reagent
⮚ Distilled water
Thank you!