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Philosophy of Familiarize in
different
Understand the role
of scientific method
Evaluate and
analyze types of
Develop skills in
creating questions,

Science
philosophies of in determining information. hypothesis,
science. good instruments in experiments, and
data collection and drawing conclusions
validity of data. based on the
interpreted results.

Ann Elaine D.S. Wagan

Department of Biological Sciences
Objectives of this Presentation:
adwagan@ust.edu.ph

Ethical
the study of values in human behavior or the study of
moral problems: e.g., (1) the rightness and wrongness of
actions, (2) the kinds of things which are good or desirable,
and (3) whether actions are blameworthy or praiseworthy.

Epistemological
Science is the study of knowledge. In particular, epistemology
focuses on how we come to acquire knowledge and what
Philosophical types of limits there are to our knowledge. In other words,
how do we know what is true? It is sense experience vs.
problems reason.
Metaphysical
the study of what is really real. Metaphysics deals with the
so-called first principles of the natural order and "the
ultimate generalizations available to the human intellect.”;
laws, causation, explanation

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THREE BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY METAPHYSICS

METAPHYSICS What is the nature of REALITY?

One of the key concepts Subdivided into two

EPISTEMOLOGY What is the nature of KNOWLEDGE? of understanding categories
philosophy Ontology: What is the nature of
Concerned with reality and existence
AXIOLOGY/ETHICS What is the nature of VALUES? existence
Cosmology: Origin and
Asks: What is the nature of reality? organization of the universe

EPISTEMOLOGY AXIOLOGY

Explores the nature of 2 Categories

Raises questions about
the nature of knowledge
Logic is a key dimension to
epistemology
Two kinds of logic
Deductive-general to specific
Inductive-specific facts to
generalization
values
Ethics: study of human conduct and
examines moral values
Aesthetics: values beauty, nature, and
aesthetic experience (often associated
with music, art, literature, dance theater
and other fine arts)

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The Sciences

MATHEMATICS – PHYSICS - BIOLOGY – PSYCHOLOGY SOCIAL SCIENCE

THEOREMS & MEASUREMENT STRUCTURE &
AXIOMS FUNCTION

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Types of Data Types of Data Collection

Diary accounts, in-depth interviews, documents, focus groups, case study research, and
ethnography, open-ended surveys
provide a deep understandings of how people perceive their social realities, and in
consequence, how they act within the social world
QUALITATIVE
DATA

Laboratory and field experimentations, rating scales, closed survey questions such as “Yes” or
QUANTITATIVE DATA QUALITATIVE DATA “No” which can have numerical categories
Statistics help turn quantitative data into useful information that are crucial for decision
Numeric variables Categorical variables making
How many What type QUANTITATIVE Scientifically objective and rational
How much From where DATA
How often Qualities

Types of Data Collection

Example Survey question Reliability
refers to how consistently a method measures
“Why do you prefer to use cloth masks vs surgical masks?”
something. If the same result can be consistently
QUALITATIVE
achieved by using the same methods under the same
DATA
circumstances, the measurement is considered reliable.
“Why do you prefer to use cloth masks vs surgical masks? Choose only 1.”
a. Environmentally friendly
b. Cost-effective
c. Fashionable
QUANTITATIVE d. Reusable
DATA e. It’s the only mask available near me.

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Validity Reliability & Validity

refers to how accurately a method measures what it is
intended to measure. If research has high validity, that • High reliability is one indicator that a measurement is
means it produces results that correspond to real valid. If a method is not reliable, it probably isn’t valid.
properties, characteristics, and variations in the physical
or social world.

RAPPLER, JULY 15

MANILA BULLETIN, JULY 17

Differences in the reported news creates the confusion.

Which one should the public believe in?

Are we really flattening the curve? or

Are we still undergoing a surge in the pandemic?
How do we prevent the
CNN Philippines, UST Official Site, JULY 17
spread of misinformation?
JULY 15

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Always remember CRAAP!!!

Currency Relevance Authority Accuracy Purpose

Is the information Is the information Who is the Is the information What is the purpose
current? important? author/publisher/sp supported by of this news?
onsor of the news? evidence? Does the
author cite credible
sources? Is the
information
verifiable in other
places?