Department of Education

Bureau of Learning Delivery

Teaching and Learning Division

Supplementary Learning Modules

for Senior High School Learners

Grade Level: Grade 11/12

Core Subject: Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Persons

Semester: First/ Second Semester (WEEK 2)

 METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING

Learning Competencies: At the end of the module, you

should be able to;
2.1. Distinguish opinion from truth
PPT11/12-Ic-2.1
2.2. Realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom
and truth PPT11/12-Id-2.3
2.3. Evaluate Opinions.
PPT11/12-Ie-2.4

Lesson 2: Methods of Philosophizing

2.1 The Philosophical Method of Inquiry
2.2 The Branches of Philosophy
2.3 Truth and Knowledge
2.4 Existentialism, Post-Modernism
and Analytical Philosophy
2. 5 Opinion and Truth

Task 1: Identify the correct answer for each statement from the box. Provide a paper for
your answers.

Plato Wisdom Doubt Philosophy Holistic

Love of wisdom Karl Jaspers Partial Thinking Reflection Love

________________1. It is the study or discipline that uses human reason to investigate the
ultimate causes, reasons, and principles which govern all things.
_______________ 2. The Greek term, philosophia, means ______.

_______________ 3. The Greek word, philos, means _________.

_______________ 4. The Greek word, sophia, means _________.

_______________ 5. The Greek philosopher who believes that Philosophy is brought about
by man’s sense of wonder.
_______________ 6. He believes that persons engage in philosophy in order to make sense

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 of difficult life experiences.
_______________ 7. It is an activity that requires a person to examine his or her thoughts,
feelings, and actions and learn from experience.

_______________ 8. Rene Descartes consider this as a reason why people philosophize.

_______________ 9. It is a perspective that considers the “bigger picture” when looking at
problems and situations.

_______________ 10. It is a perspective that focuses on specific aspects of a situation.

PHILOSOPHICAL INQUIRY

It is in the nature of philosophy that man searches for the meaning of himself and his
world. It can truly be said that philosophy was born the very first time man started wondering
at what he saw around him. [Corazon Cruz, 1987]
Philosophy is a dedicated search for meaning. Once it is started it “consumes” the whole
person—his attention, concentration, interest, and effort. A philosopher can hardly afford
distractions as he goes on his “search”. He observes, reads, reflects, and writes. He does so
without let-up until the answer is found, or if the answer is not yet found, the conviction is
reached that for the moment at least he has found the best possible although still imperfect
solution. [Corazon Cruz, 1987

The Philosophical Method of Inquiry

The Philosophical Method of Inquiry is not pure reasoning. It includes contemplation

combined with and confirmed by experience, observation, and introspection. In other words,
the approach is similar to the scientific / rational method but it is coupled with philosophical
reflection.

1. Identifying the problem;

2. Organizing and evaluating the data;
3. Proposing the hypothesis;
4. Testing the hypothesis;
5. Discovering the truths [Conclusion]
6. Applying principles to specific cases [Philosophical Reflection]

The Philosophical Method of Inquiry is applicable to solving the mysteries of the human
person because what is involved are non-empiriological component which cannot be revealed

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 or disclosed by purely empirical and experimental analyses, however penetrating and
efficient these may be. [Felix Montemayor, 1995]
The goal of Philosophical Inquiry is the making of sound judgments about all that man
does. Philosophy as a body of organized and unified knowledge can be attained through
scientific investigation. As a science, it rejects myth, hearsay and wishful thinking and makes
conclusions using empirical evidence. Philosophy has been described as a science because it
deals with the study of the process governing thought and conduct.

Why is there a need to philosophize?

BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

Ethics

Questions:
How should we live?
What is good and evil?
What is the best way to live?
What is Justice?
Is right and wrong the same
everywhere or different everywhere?

Ethics is the branch of study dealing with what is the proper course of action for man. It
answers the question, "What do I do?" It is the study of right and wrong in human endeavors. At
a more fundamental level, it is the method by which we categorize our values and pursue them.
Do we pursue our own happiness, or do we sacrifice ourselves to a greater cause? Is that
foundation of ethics based on the Bible, or on the very nature of man himself, or neither?

Ethics is a requirement for human life. It is our means of deciding a course of action.
Without it, our actions would be random and aimless. There would be no way to work towards a
goal because there would be no way to pick between a limitless numbers of goals. Even with an
ethical standard, we may be unable to pursue our goals with the possibility of success. To the
degree which a rational ethical standard is taken, we are able to correctly organize our goals and
actions to accomplish our most important values. Any flaw in our ethics will reduce ourPageability
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to be successful in our endeavors.
Epistemology
Explore the nature and limitations of knowledge.

 Definition of knowledge
 Investigates how knowledge is obtained
 Explores the relationship between belief,
Questions: truth, and knowledge.
What is knowledge?
How is knowledge acquired? How do we know what we know?

Epistemology is the study of our method of acquiring knowledge. It answers the

question, "How do we know?" It encompasses the nature of concepts, the constructing of
concepts, the validity of the senses, logical reasoning, as well as thoughts, ideas, memories,
emotions, and all things mental. It is concerned with how our minds are related to reality,
and whether these relationships are valid or invalid.
Epistemology is the explanation of how we think. It is required in order to be able to
determine the true from the false, by determining a proper method of evaluation. It is needed
in order to use and obtain knowledge of the world around us. Without epistemology, we
could not think. More specifically, we would have no reason to believe our thinking was
productive or correct, as opposed to random images flashing before our mind. With an
incorrect epistemology, we would not be able to distinguish truth from error. The
consequences are obvious. The degree to which our epistemology is correct is the degree to
which we could understand reality, and the degree to which we could use that knowledge to
promote our lives and goals. Flaws in epistemology will make it harder to accomplish
anything.
Epistemological Questions:

What is knowledge?
How is knowledge acquired?
What do people know?
How do we know what we know?
Is human knowledge is trustworthy?
Can our senses must be trusted?
Difference between opinion, knowledge and wisdom.

Metaphysics

Knowledge Science
Explores the fundamental
nature of reality and being
Ontology, Existence, Objects
Questions: Properties, Space and Time, Cause and Effect
What is real?
What is reality?

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What is reality like?

Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy responsible for the study of existence. It is

the foundation of a worldview. It answers the question "What is?" It encompasses
everything that exists, as well as the nature of existence itself. It says whether the world
is real, or merely an illusion. It is a fundamental view of the world around us.

Metaphysics is the foundation of philosophy. Without an explanation or an

interpretation of the world around us, we would be helpless to deal with reality. We could
not feed ourselves, or act to preserve our lives. The degree to which our metaphysical
worldview is correct is the degree to which we are able to comprehend the world, and act
accordingly. Without this firm foundation, all knowledge becomes suspect. Any flaw in
our view of reality will make it more difficult to live.

Politics

Political Philosophy
Explores the relationship
between citizens and
governments.

Liberty, Legal Justice,

Property Ownership, Citizen's
Questions: Rights System of Law
How should government be organized?
What makes a government legitimate?
Who decides who the leaders should be?
What laws are good and necessary?
How should law be enforced?

Politics is ethics applied to a group of people. Politics tells you how a society
must be set up and how one should act within a society. The requirement for a political
system is that the individuals within that system are allowed to fully function
according to their nature. If that's not the case, they will either rebel, as in Czarist
Russia, or the system will eventually collapse, as in Communist Russia.
Reason is man's prime means of survival. A human being cannot survive in an
environment where reason is ineffective, and will thrive or starve to a degree in
proportion to the effectiveness of reason. This means that the prime goal of a political
system must be the preservation and enabling of the faculty of reason.
Reason does not function under coercion. A man can be forced to act at the point
of a gun, but he cannot be forced to think. Likewise, in an environment where might
makes right, reason cannot function because the fruits of rationality cannot be enjoyed.
Why plant crops and domesticate animals if any raider can come by and take them
from you?
A moral political system must ban coercion. Or put another way, a moral political
system must ban the initiation of force, since retaliatory force is both just and
necessary. This means there must be some way to keep one person from killing,
threatening, or robbing another. This is accomplished by bestowing on government a
monopoly on retaliatory force and objectifying laws.

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Aesthetics
Sensori-Emotional Values
Explores the nature of beauty, art, and
taste with the creation and appreciation of
beauty.

What is beauty? What is art?

What is the value of beauty and art?
Who should judge what is beautiful or artistic?
How should art and beauty be judged?

Questions:

Discussion:
On the left is Marcel Duchamp's ready-
made “sculpture” called “Fountain”. It's
a factory-made urinal on a stand.
Is this “Art”?
Why / Why not?
Is it beautiful? Offensive?
Why?

Aesthetics is the study of art. It includes what art consists of, as well as the purpose
behind it. Does art consist of music, literature, and painting? Or does it include a good
engineering solution, or a beautiful sunset? These are the questions that aimed at in
esthetics. It also studies methods of evaluating art, and allows judgments of the art. Is art
in the eye of the beholder? Does anything that appeals to you fit under the umbrella of
art? Or does it have a specific nature? Does it accomplish a goal?
Art has existed through all of recorded human history. It is unique to humans
because of our unique form of thinking. Its importance is based on this nature,
specifically, man's ability to abstract. Art is a little understood tool of man to bring
meaning to abstract concept. Aesthetics is important because it delves into the reason
why art has always existed, the burning need of mankind through the ages to see the
world in a different, clear way. It further evaluates art by the standard of human life, and
whether it accomplishes the job of satisfying man's intellectual needs, or whether it tends
to hurt or make worse those needs.

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Logic
Rules for Thinking
-The systematic principles (or rules) for thinking
rationally.
-Inferences are made by construction of
arguments
-Rules of Logic determine which arguments are
VALID and which are FALACIES

*Using correct
Argument patterns

*Distinguishing valid from *Examination

invalid argument fallacies

From Classical Greek λόγος (logos), means originally the word, or what is spoken, (but
comes to mean thought or reason).
The exact definition of logic is a matter of controversy among philosophers, but it is
often said to be the study of arguments.

A philosophical The systematic study The rule of inference

study on the
correct processes of argument
of thinking.

Aristotle holds exactly one member of any contradiction is true and one false: they
cannot both be true, and they cannot both be false.

Truth and Knowledge

Truth lies at the heart of any inquiry. It is a fact that has been verified.

Knowledge is simple data that comes from the outside that pass to our senses. It must be
truthful to gain validity and acceptance.

Propositions
Philosophers consider truth as a kind of quality or value.

Propositions are statements about the world or reality which may or may not carry truth

Page 7 of 24
 What is
truth?Why is
it important?

Knowledge is the clear awareness and understanding of something.

It is the product of questions that allow for clear answers provided by facts.
What we know is what is observable or evident in the real world.
Propositions which are observed to be real or truthful are considered FACTS.
There are statements, however, that are not evidently or immediately known to be
true and they are called CLAIMS. They require further examination to establish
whether it is true or false.

How do we know if something is truth?

 Philosophers emphasize the importance of belief as a

basis for determining truth.
 We assume that everything we know about this world is
true but philosophers who pondered upon the origins of
knowledge doubted everything that there is to know
about themselves and the world. In doing so, they were
able to better understand the means by which humans
gain knowledge and determine the truth about
everything.
 It is said that there are instances when we have to unlearn
something so that we may learn anew. Philosophers
questioned what they knew and even analyzed their
methods of knowing in order to understand themselves
and the world much better.

Note: Doubt has a very important purpose in philosophy as it drives our desire to discover
truth. Nothing is taken as true unless there is it is indeed true.

sI am alive. Am I alive? I am alive.

I have a body. Do I have a body? I have a body.

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 I can breathe. Can I breathe? I can breathe.

Let us analyze…

1. It takes me 30 minutes to walk from my home to school.

2. Living near the school is better because we don’t have to spend much for
transportation.
3. My sister ate the last piece of pizza.
4. My sister is a selfish person because she ate the last piece and didn’t share it with me.
5. The police firmly pushed the suspect to his kneed and placed him in handcuffs.
6. The aggressive manner by which the police arrested the suspect is an example of
brutality that characterizes our police force.

Existentialism

Sartre
• Human existence is contingent and
without explicit purpose
• Existence precedes essence
• There are different ways of
existing.
• There is first being-
in-itself.
• Second being-for-
itself.

Postmodernist

Nietzsche
• Nietzsche concludes that truth
is nothing more than an
illusion.
• He taught that we each
construct our own world
according to our own
perception.

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 Foucault
• As Foucault remarks: “What is
found at the historical beginning of
things is not the inviolable identity
of their origin; it is the dissension
of other things. It is disparity”
(Foucault 1977, 142).
• In short, linear, progressive history
covers up the discontinuities and
interruptions that mark points of
succession in historical time.

Baudrillard
• Baudrillard paints a rather bleak picture
of our current postmodern condition,
arguing that we have lost contact with the
"real" in various ways, that we have
nothing left but a continuing fascination
with its disappearance.
• His vision is highly dystopic.

Method
 questioning and answering to arrive at the truth
 the method in philosophy of answer and cross-
question:
(1) Someone offers or is asked to give an account of
what they know, and
(2) then their account is either accepted or it is refuted.

JTB or Justified True Belief

• There's the question of the truth of a claim.
• There is also the matter of our personal belief conviction for a claim.
• There are also issues about the evidence or justification that we have for a
claim.

Analytical Philosophy
• These views involved a rejection of much traditional philosophy as essentially
meaningless.

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 • Today, analytic philosophers use a much wider range of methods including
quasi-scientific inference to the best explanation and their own versions of
phenomenological description.
• "There is objective truth." would not be an objective truth —at least, not
without some caveats.
• When we speak about the truth of logical relations or propositional systems in
general, we're in effect either asserting an identity relation (all bachelors are
bachelors) or that definitions are distributive across equated symbols (all
bachelors are unmarried men).

Evaluate Opinions
Fallacies
• A fallacy is a kind of error in reasoning.
• Fallacies should not be persuasive, but they often are.
• Fallacies may be created unintentionally, or they may be created
intentionally in order to deceive other people.

Opinions are comprised of statements which

How can
not only give facts but also provide
philosophy guide
conclusions or perspectives regarding certain
us in distinguishing
truth from situations. They may advance a belief about
opinion? certain things or provide explanations.
Opinions are also the bases for making
arguments and convincing that a certain
claim is a fact. They are often influenced by
bias.

Distinguish Opinion from Truth

• TRUTH is about what's there, no matter what any specific agent believes.

• OPINION on the other hand, is personal and closely related to the concept of
"belief". My opinion, is therefore an expression of what I believe is going on in the
real world.

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  Beliefs are statements that express
convictions that are not easily and clearly
explained by facts. To judge the truthfulness
of a belief, we must also consider things
such as the person’s experiences and views.
 Explanations are statements that assume the
claim to be true and provide reasons why the
statement is true.

 Arguments are a series of statements that

provide reasons to convince the reader or
listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.
They often take the form of statements that
are either claims of facts and are phrased in
such a way that they seem reasonable.
 Fallacies are arguments based on faulty
reasoning.

FALLACY CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE

Of course he believes that

Ad hominem Attacking the person the
government is flawed, he
instead of the argument is a
itself rebel and a Communist.

If you do not agree with

Ad baculum Using the threat of force or my
political opinions, you
(appeal to force) an undesirable event to will
receive flat 70 on your
advance an argument card.

You cant fire me, I have

Ad misericordiam Using emotions such as a wife
and 12 kids who will go
(appeal to pity) pity and sympathy hungry
if I lose this job.

Every boy your age

Ad populum The idea is presented as already has
a girlfriend, you should
(appeal to majority acceptable because a lot go find
or bandwagon) of people accept it one!
Page 12 of 24
 Marriage has
Ad antiquitatem The idea is acceptable traditionally been
between a man and a
(appeal to because it has been true woman;
therefore, gay marriage
tradition) for a long time should
not be allowed.

4 out of 5 dentists agree

Ad verecundiam ‘misusing’ an authority that

brushing your teeth

makes your
life meaningful.

FALLACY CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE

argument based on an Exercise is good. Therefore

Dicto
Simpliciter unqualified generalization everybody should exercise.

Assuming that what is true Each brick in that building

Fallacy of a part is true for the weighs less than a pound.

of
Composition whole Therefore, the building weighs

less than a pound.

Fallacy of Division Assuming that what is true You come from a family of

for the whole is true for its doctors and lawyers! Surely,

parts you can do better in this course!

The generalization is You can't speak French. I can’t

reached too hastily. There speak French. Carla can't

Hasty
Generalization are too few instances or speak French; therefore,
Page 13 of 24
Petitio Principii Assuming that the thing or God exists because the bible
(begging the idea to be proven is true says so. … Why we can trust
question) (circular reasoning) what the Bible says? Easy, the
Bible is the word of God.

Post Hoc Assuming a ‘cause-and- Every time you wear your red
(false cause) effect’ relationship scarf, you cry. You should get
between unrelated events rid of it.

evidences to support such nobody in this school can speak

a conclusion. French.

Sufficiency

Sufficiency is the measure of whether there is enough evidence to guarantee the truth of
the conclusion (or at least make it very likely).
In an argument it's possible (but very rare) for a single premise to be sufficient to guarantee
the conclusion.
P1. Bob and Joe are humans
C. Bob is a human.
An argument may require several premises working together to be sufficient for the
conclusion:
P1. If the Canucks win the Stanley Cup, I will be happy.
P2. The Canucks won the Stanley Cup.
C. I am happy.

Dualism

Plato
• Plato argued that the soul both pre-existed and survived
the body, going through a continual process of
reincarnation or "transmigration".
• Plato presents 4 main arguments for dualism, which can
all be found in the dialogue Phaedo.
(i) Coming to be and ceasing to be (The Cyclical
Argument).
(ii) Knowing is Remembering (The Recollection
Argument).
(iii) The Indestructibility of the Soul (The Affinity Argument).
(iv) The Argument from Opposites.

Page 14 of 24
 Descartes
• Beginning from his famous Cogito, ergo sum or “I
think, therefore I am”, Descartes developed a theory of
mind as an immaterial, non-extended substance that
engages in various activities such as rational thought,
imagining, feeling, and willing.
• Matter, or extended substance, conforms to the laws
of physics in mechanistic fashion, with the important
exception of the human body, which Descartes believed is
causally affected by the human mind and which causally
produces certain mental events.

Biases are the personal views of the person presenting it. They are not necessarily errors in
reasoning, but refer to tendencies or influences which affect the views of people.

BIAS CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE

Correspondence Tendency to judge a The soldiers who fought in

Bias person’s personality by the war are all bloodthirsty

(Fundamental his/her actions without murderers.

attribution error) regard for external factors

or situations

Confirmation bias the tendency to look for How can I accept his view

and accept information in a that there is no God? I am a

way that confirms one's Christian!

own beliefs and reject

ideas that go against it

Page 15 of 24
 BIAS CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLE

Conflict of interest A person or group is As the daughter of the

connected to or has a accused, I believe that I have
vested interest in the issue the right to express my opinion
on the issue of his alleged
corrupt practices.

Cultural Bias Analyzing an event or I do not agree with this

issue based on one’s Western practice of placing the
cultural standards elderly in retirement homes.
We Filipinos take care of our
family members.

Framing Focusing on a certain Preliminary evidence has still

aspect of a problem while
ignoring other aspects
not pointed out the actual
cause of the plane crash, but
investigators are currently
focusing on the possibility of
pilot error.

Hindsight Is when, after an event When you put a glass on the

(knew-it-all-along occurs, we feel we already edge of a table and you start
phenomenon) knew what was going to cleaning and bumped the glass
happen and it fell to the ground and

Task 2
Direction: Choose a word from the box below.

1. Write down other related words or ideas that you can think of in relation to the
word that you chose.
2. Write your answer in a one whole sheet of paper.

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Task 3:

Supply relevant information on the topics below. Prepare a 2-3 paragraph essay for each
topic. Make sure that you include your resources and you have read the article thoroughly.
You may use the library or the internet in order to complete this task.

1 DepEd Kto12 Program

2 School Rules and Regulations
3 The Philippine Political Structure

Task 4:

What can you say about the picture below? Write your reflection in your notebook.

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Page 17 of 24
Task 5:
Guided Learning:
A. Essay:

1. What are the practical uses of philosophy in our lives?

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Reflect on your life so far. Can you say that you have lived a meaningful life,
considering all your experiences and achievements? What do you consider as the
“highlights” of your life? What things are you looking forward to in the future?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Make a poster showing a holistic view of your life. Come up with creative
visualization that will show your life in its totality and how various experiences
contributed to give meaning to your life.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Which of branch of philosophy deals with arguments?

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

Task 6:
Direction: TRUE or FALSE:
Write the word true if the statement is correct and false if it wrong.

1. Positive or negative undertones → emotive meaning

2. Logical chain of reasoning is usually applied to _________ → Equivocation.

3. The thesis that consciousness is intentional → Husserl's phenomenology

4. If one reaches an inductive generalization based on insufficient evidence → Hasty

Generalization

5. Is achieved through a series of phenomenological "reductions" that eliminate certain

aspects of our experience from consideration → Phenomenological standpoint

Page 18 of 24
Answer Keys:

Task 1 –
1. Philosophy
2. Love of wisdom
3. Love
4. Wisdom
5. Plato
6. Karl Jaspers
7. Reflection
8. Partial Thinking
9. Holistic
10. Doubt

Task 2 – Answers may vary

Task 3 – Answers may vary
Task 4 – Answers may vary
Task 5 – Answers may vary
Task 6 – Answers may vary
1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. True

Page 19 of 24
 Glossary
Analytic Philosophy-
Appeal to Ignorance
(argumentatum ad ignoratium)
Composition
Deductive Reasoning-
Edmund Husserl-
Equivocation-
Existentialism
Falacy-
Husserl's phenomenology
Inductive Arguments-
Inductive Reasoning-
Jean-Paul Sartre-
Ludwig Wittgenstein-
Philosophizing-
is the conviction that to some significant
degree, philosophical problems, puzzles,
and errors are rooted in language and can
be solved or avoided by a sound
understanding of language and careful
attention to its workings pity or guilt
Whatever has not been proved false must
be true, and vice versa
Infers that something is true of the whole
from the fact that it is true of some part of
the whole. Reverse of division
draws conclusion from usually one broad
judgement or definition and one more
specific assertion, often an inference
founder of phenomenology
A logical chain of reasoning of a term or
a word several times. Giving the
word a different meaning each time
not primarily a philosophical method but
more of an outlook or attitude supported
by diverse doctrines centered on certain
common themes
a defect in an argument other than having
false
the thesis that consciousness is intentional
cannot prove if the premises are true
which will also determine the truth of the
conclusion.
proves only probable support to the
conclusion
employed phenomenological methods to
arrive at or support their specific
variations on existential times
an analytic philosopher who said
language is socially conditioned
is to think or express oneself in a
philosophical manner. Discusses a matter
Page 20 of 24
 from a philological point of view

Phenomenology- the scientific study of the essential

structures of consciousness

Phenomenological standpoint Is achieved through a series of

phenomenological "reductions" that
eliminate certain aspects of our
experience from consideration

Post-Modernism- not a philosophy. It is at best a holding

pattern, perhaps a cry of despair. It rightly
talks about philosophy, the philosophy of
many cultures

Premises- Appeal to pity (argumentum ad

misericordiam) a special kind of appeal to
emotion in which someone tries to win
support for an argument or idea by
exploiting his or her opponent’s feelings
of

Richard Porty- notably developing themes for

pragmatism and certain quarters of
analytic philosophy and bringing these
together with Continental themes

Page 21 of 24
 References

Bogliolo, Louis. Philosophical Anthropology. Shillong: Sacred Heart Theological

College, 1984.

Boon, J.A. “Anthropology, Ethnology and Religion.” The Encyclopaedia of Religion.

Vol.1.
New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1987, 308-317.

Donceel, J.F. Philosophical Anthropology. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1967.
Mondin, Battista. Philosophical Anthropology. Bangalore: Theological Publications of
India, 1998.

Munro, R. “Anthropology.” Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Vol.1. Edinburgh: T

& T Clark, 1925, 561-573.

Ramos, C.C. Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person. Rex Book Store.
First Edition.

Rescher, Nicholas (2011). Philosophical Reasoning: A Study in Methodology of

Philosophizing. (1ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.

Shapiro, H.L. “Anthropology.” Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 3. Jerusalem: Keter

Publishing House, 1974, 37-50.

Bogliolo, Louis. Philosophical Anthropology. Shillong: Sacred Heart Theological

College, 1984.

Boon, J.A. “Anthropology, Ethnology and Religion.” The Encyclopaedia of Religion.

Vol.1.
New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1987, 308-317.

Donceel, J.F. Philosophical Anthropology. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1967.

Mondin, Battista. Philosophical Anthropology. Bangalore: Theological Publications of

India, 1998.

https://www.marxists.org/reference

Copi, Irvin M. and Cohen, Carl, Introduction to Logic, New York: Prentice Hall
International Inc. / Macmillian Publishing Company, 1994;

Cronkite, Walter, A Reporter’s Life, United States of America: Alfred A. Knopf /

Random House of Canada Limited, 1996;

Cruz, Corazon L., Philosophy of Man, Third Edition, Mandaluyong City, National Book
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the Philippines Conference Paper, 2000;
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Store,
The Socratic/Dialectical Method: Socrates

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Questions, and Aristotelian (3 ed.). Saint Agustines Press. Phoenix, AZ.

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Publishing, Inc.

https://www.facebook.com/introductiontothephilosophyofthehumanperson/videos/180092713
0118886/

https://www.facebook.com/introductiontothephilosophyofthehumanperson/videos/179402901
7475364/

https://www.facebook.com/introductiontothephilosophyofthehumanperson/videos/180134370
6743895/

Prepared by:

JUNAL M. MARCON, PhD

Master Teacher I
Schools Division of Passi City
Region VI

Evaluated by:

NESCEL P. PANES, PhD MA. LENNIE F. PAMPOSA, PhD

Education Program Supervisor Education Program Supervisor
Schools Division of Passi City Schools Division of Passi City
Region VI Region VI

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