Merge the sentences making sure not to change the meaning. There is an example.

She called me. She wanted to invite me to her party.

She called me to invite me to her party.

1. Susan wanted to take a shower. She went into the bathroom.

She went into the bathroom to take a shower.

2. They wanted to buy a pair of shoes. They went to the shoe store.

They went to the shoe store to buy a pair of shoes.

3. John wanted to read a book. He turned the light on.

John to read a book turned the light on to read a book.

4. My father came to my house. He wanted to visit me.

My father wanted to visit me to my house came to my house to visit me.

5. Dick wanted to look up a word. He picked up the dictionary.

Dick picked up the dictionary to look up a word.

annoy: I feel annoyed when somebody disturbs me while I am studying.

stress embarrass worry

bore
surprise tire frighten depress
1. I felt so embarrassed when I fell down the stairs in front of everybody.

2. Everybody is frightened stressed as a result of the financial crisis.

3. We were all surprised when they came to dinner, as they had said they would not come.

4. She was terribly ill. We were all very worried about her.

5. The cat was so tired frightened that it hid under the table.

6. The students were so stressed that the teacher decided to finish the class and take the students out to
the playground.

7. Cheer up, Layla! Being so depressed won't help you solve your problems.

8. We were all so boring bored at home that we decided to go to the cinema.

Solution:
- I go to the gym ... to do exercise.
- I go to the beach ... to sunbathe.
- Our friends and I go to the club ... to have fun and dance.
- I go to the bank ... for money.
- My mother usually goes to the swimming pool ... for a swim.
- We are going shopping ... for clothes.
- We are going to the airport ... to catch a plane.
- Tomorrow I'm going to the hospital ... for a check-up.
- The school is going to the museum ... to see an art exhibition.
Choose the most suitable verb for each sentence.

1. - I went there to known meet her boyfriend.

- I've meet known her for a long time.

2. - Could you lend me some money?

- I want to borrow a book from the library.

3. - I was late, so I missed the train.

- She lost her watch when she was swimming in the river.

4. - I have to carry all these bags from the shop to my house.

- She has to wear a uniform to work.

5. - James has to win the race.

- How much money do you earn as a teacher?

I've worked at the grocery store for five years.

I have to wear an ugly uniform and carry large boxes, but it is a good job.

I don't earn very much.

At the end of the month I usually don't have any money left.

Often, I have to borrow from my room-mate, Karen.

I've known her since I was at college.

I don't think she minds lending me the money.

I really need to win the lottery or find a new job.

I'm tired of being poor!

First conditional

Las oraciones condicionales en inglés tienen la misma estructura que en español.

Estas oraciones constan de una oración principal y una subordinada introducida por “if” (si), siendo el
orden de éstas intercambiable.

En la oración subordinada el verbo está en presente y en la oración principal en futuro.

Este tipo de oraciones implica que la acción llevada a cabo en la oración subordinada es bastante
probable que ocurra.
P. ej.: If you study, you will pass your exam.
Si estudias aprobarás el examen.

La estructura a seguir es:

Sin embargo, podemos encontrar variaciones en cuanto a la forma.

1.  Variaciones en la oración principal:

a) Podemos usar un modal (can,  might, may, could,  should,...)

if + presente / modal

If you like it, you can buy it.
Si te  gusta puedes comprarlo.

If you want to pass your exam, you must study.

Si quieres aprobar el examen debes estudiar.

b) Podemos usar otro presente (con verdades universales)

if + presente / presente

If you boil water, it turns into gas.
Si hierves agua  se convierte en vapor.

2.  Variaciones en la oración subordinada:

a) Utilizando un presente continuo

if + presente continuo / futuro

If you are looking for Anna, you will find her in the garden.

Si estás buscando a Anna, la encontrarás  en el jardín.

b) Utilizando un presente perfecto

if + presente perfecto / futuro

If you have eaten, we will go to the beach.

Si has comido iremos  a la playa.

she + go to the store > she + buy cakes
If she goes to the store, she will buy cakes.

he + read the book > he + pass the test
If he reads the book, he will pass the test.

they + come to the party > they + be bored
If they come to the party, they will be bored.

we + travel to India > we + see the Taj Mahal
If we travel to India, we will see the Taj Mahal.

I + talk to my teacher > he + help me with my homework
If I talk to my teacher, he will help me with my homework.

the bus + arrive on time > I + not miss my appointment
If the bus arrives on time, I will not miss my appointment.

you + not write to him > he + be upset
If you do not write to him, he will be upset.
If you don't leave the house, I'll call the police.

If she doesn't order fries, I'll ask for fries with my fish.

If he doesn't speak Russian, he'll have to learn.

If we don't make dinner now, we'll eat very late.

If they don't reserve a seat now, they'll lose a lot of money.

If he's sick, then he won't go to school.

Your mother and I will buy you a toy if you eat your dinner.

I'll let you watch the television if you eat your dinner.

OK, I'll buy you a horse if you eat your dinner.

Wow a horse! If I eat my dinner, you'll buy me a horse? No!

We'll take you to the circus if you eat your dinner.

If I eat my dinner, you'll take me to the circus? No!

Your mother and I will take you to Disney World if you eat your dinner.

If I eat my dinner, you'll take me to Disney World? Alright.

The passive

The passive voice

The passive voice is commonly used in English. To form it we use different tenses and structures with
the verb "To be" with the past participle form of the verb.

We often use the passive voice when the agent of an action is unknown, not important, or not
specified:

My car was stolen. (Agent is unknown - I don't know who stole it)

English is spoken all over the world. (NOT People speak English all over the world. -  Agent
"People" is not important)

We also use the passive voice when we want to emphasize the action or the subject (receiver):

His brother was advised to study Law. (His brother or the fact that he was advised is more important
than who advised him)

The table below shows how the passive voice is formed with different tenses and verbal structures:

ACTIVE / PASSIVE
present simple present form

He pays the check.

 am / is / are + past participle

The check is paid.

am / is / are + gerund

He is paying the check.

present continuous
am / is / are + being + past
participle

The check is being paid.

past form

He paid the check.

past simple
was / were + past participle

The check was paid.

was / were + gerund

He was paying the check.

past continuous
was / were + being + past participle

The check was being paid.

have / has + past participle

He has paid the check.

present perfect
have / has + been + past participle

The check has been paid.

had + past participle

He had paid the check.

past perfect
had + been + past participle

The check had been paid.

will + infinitive

He will pay the check.

future simple
will + be + participle

The check will be paid.

be going to be going to + infinitive
 He is going to pay the check.

be going to + be + participle

The check is going to be paid.

modal + infinitive

He can pay the check.

He must pay the check.

He would pay the check.

modal verbs
modal + be + participle

The check can be paid.

The check must be paid.

The check would be paid.

Note: future progressive and perfect progressive tenses (e.g. "the check will be being paid for or
"the check has been being paid for") in the passive voice are uncommon.

The agent of a passive structure is introduced with the particle “by”. It's not necessary mention the
agent, especially when the agent is obvious/implied, unknown, or unimportant. Compare:

Romeo and Juliet was written in the sixteenth century. (Agent is not important)

Romeo and Juliet was written by Shakespeare. (Agent is important)

Verbs with two objects can also exist in the passive voice:

They sent me the new catalog. (active form)

The new catalog was sent to me. (passive form with direct object as subject)

I was sent the new catalog. (passive form with indirect object as subject)

He is said to...

When we want to express a general opinion or speculation of a group of people with verbs like say,
believe, think, etc., it's common to use the passive voice:

He is said to have a child. (People say he has a child)

The president is expected to arrive at lunchtime today. (People expect the president to arrive at
lunchtime today)

Prepositions/phrasal verbs in the passive voice

Prepositions tend to maintain their position after the verb:

Will you read to me?

I like being read to.

Don’t shout at me!

I hate being shouted at.

Thanks for cooking for me.

I appreciate being cooked for.

Phrasal verbs generally maintain their particles after the verb too:

Don’t worry, someone is looking after the children.

Don’t worry, the children are being looked after.

Subject questions

The preposition “by”, which is used to indicate the agent in passive voice, can also appear at the end
of subject questions (when the question word is also the subject):

Who were The Canterbury Tales written by?

The Canterbury Tales were written by G. Chaucer.

Who was the radio invented by?

The radio was invented by Marconi.

Who was “Sunflowers” painted by?

“Sunflowers” was painted by Vincent Van Gogh.

Shakespeare wrote Macbeth in about three years.
Macbeth was written by Shakespeare in about three years

Jean cleans the living room every day.
The living room is cleaned by Jean every day.

Thomas Edison invented the light bulb.
The light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison.

Picasso painted Guernica.
Guernica was painted by Picasso.

Many Belgians speak French.
French is spoken by many Belgians.
The Spanish grow oranges.
Oranges are grown by the Spanish.

Charles Dickens wrote "Oliver Twist" in 1839.
"Oliver Twist" was written in 1839 by Charles Dickens.

Frank Gehry built the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao.
The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao was built by Frank Gehry.

Leonardo DaVinci painted the Mona Lisa in 1506.
The Mona Lisa was painted in 1506 by Leonardo DaVinci.

The United States bought Alaska in 1867.
Alaska was bought in 1867 by the United States.

Someone sent the letter
the letter was sent by someone.

The Briggs invited us to dinner.
We were invited to dinner.

Someone sold the painting for a million dollars.
The painting was sold for a million dollars.

Someone gave the hospital a thousand dollars.
A thousand dollars were given to the hospital.

Someone found a rare coin on the beach.
A rare coin was found on the beach.

They don't use their summer house very often.
Their summer house isn't used very often.

The teacher took the class to the theater.
The class was taken to the theater.

When did someone build this bridge?
When was this bridge built?

How do you spell this word?
How is this word spelled?

Choose between active and passive voice to conjugate the verbs.

1They (sell)  sell  cars.

2The red car (sell)  was sold  yesterday.
3In summer, more ice cream (eat)  eaten  than in winter.
4He (call)  calls  his parents every Friday.
5The letters (type)  types  on the computer every day.
6The boy (take)  take  his medicine every day.
7Mary (take / not)  doesn't take  to high school by her mother.
8We (go)  go  to school by car.
9She (work / not)  doesn't work  at a hotel.
10Milk (keep)  kept  in the refrigerator.

Solution:

1They (sell) sell cars.
2The red car (sell) was sold yesterday.
3In summer, more ice cream (eat) is eaten than in winter.
4He (call) calls his parents every Friday.
5The letters (type) are typed on the computer every day.
6The boy (take) takes his medicine every day.
7Mary (take / not) is not taken / isn't taken to high school by her mother.
8We (go) go to school by car.
9She (work / not) does not work / doesn't work at a hotel.
10Milk (keep) is kept in the refrigerator.

Complete the sentences with the first conditional.

1The tennis match  be  (be) canceled if it  will snows  (snow).

2I  go  (go) to the party if Alex  will comes  (come) with me.
3If you  do not drive  (not drive) carefully, you  will have  (have) an accident.
4If nobody  waters  (water) the plants, they  will  (die).
5If we  walk  (walk) so slowly, we  will be  (be) late.
6If we  run  (run), we  will not be  (not be) late.

Solution:

1The tennis match will be (be) canceled if it snows (snow).

2I will go / 'll go (go) to the party if Alex comes (come) with me.
3If you don't drive / do not drive (not drive) carefully, you will have / 'll have (have) an accident.
4If nobody waters (water) the plants, they will die / 'll die (die).
5If we walk (walk) so slowly, we will be (be) late.
6If we run (run), we won't be / will not be (not be) late.

Read the text and complete the tasks.

Brides and flowers – a very old tradition

Flowers have always represented a wide spectrum of feelings and emotions. For instance, lilies stand for
virtue and roses symbolize eternal love. Once upon a time, many thousands of years ago, brides would
keep certain types of herbs under their veil as a sign of faithfulness.
Ivy - a plant that is always green, was used by brides in Greece to represent never-ending love and
passion. People in Spain chose the flower of the orange tree, symbolizing happiness, because the orange
tree is one of the few trees able to bear flowers and fruits at the same time.

Long before that, when people were still highly superstitious and scared of evil beings, brides would carry
bad-smelling plants to scare off evil demons. These days flowers are a symbol of beauty and grace, and
brides carry them to honor a very old tradition on their special day.

Task 1: Answer the questions with "true" or "false".

1. Greek brides carried roses. False

2. Spanish brides carried the fruits of the orange tree. True False

3. Bad-smelling plants were used to scare off evil. False True

4. Today, brides carry different types of flowers. True

5. Roses symbolize virtue False

Task 2: Choose the correct statement.

1. A. The orange tree blossoms and bears fruits simultaneously.

2. C. Some plants were believed to protect brides from demons.

3. B. Nowadays, brides honor an old tradition.

Listen and fill in the gaps.

Solution:

•Are you nervous?
•No, not at all.
•I'm playing after this one.
•Are you wearing your lucky T-shirt?
•Of course I am.
•Don't forget you are the best, Nick.
•You will get it!
•You were born to be a performer.
•Next!
•That's you. Good luck.

•He was fantastic!!

 What a wonderful son-in-law!
•Yes, he was wonderful!
•Hold onto him, Jane. He'll be famous one day!
•Yes, I will be famous!
•Let's sign a contract.
•You are going to earn a lot of money!

•Excuse me, are you Nick?

•Yes, I am Nick.
•I own a large club in Los Angeles.
 I'd like to make you a generous offer.
 I'll give you ten thousand dollars a night to play at my club.
•Ten thousand dollars a night!
 Shall we go, darling? To Los Angeles...!
•Hey you!
 Were you sleeping?
 Are you cleaning the table or aren't you? Wake up!!

Comparatives: short and long adjectives

Adjetivos de una sílaba

Los adjetivos comparativos se utilizan para comparar una cosa (normalmente un sustantivo) con otra. La forma
comparativa de la mayoría de los adjetivos monosilábicos se forma añadiendo el sufijo: "-er":

old older
viejo / mayor más viejo / más mayor
tall taller
alto más alto
slow slower
lento más lento

This car is slower than my car.

Este coche es más lento que el mío.

Si el adjetivo acaba en consonante + vocal + consonante, se suele doblar el último consonante:

hot hotter
caloroso/a más caloroso/a
big bigger
grande más grande
thin thinner
delgado/a más delgado/a

It's hotter today than it was yesterday.

Hoy hace un día más caloroso que  ayer.

Si el adjetivo acaba in "-e", solo se añade una "r":

nice nicer
agradable más agradable
late later
tarde más tarde
wide wider
ancho/a más ancho/a

In summer, it gets dark later than in winter.

En el verano, se hace de noche  más tarde que  en el invierno.

Hay algunos adjetivos irregulares:

good better
bien mejor
bad worse
mal peor
far farther / further
lejos más lejos

I'm feeling much better than yesterday.

Me encuentro mucho  mejor que  ayer.
Adjetivos de dos sílabas

Si el adjetivo tiene dos sílabas y acaba en "-y", reemplazamos la "y" con "ier":

happy happier
feliz más feliz
heavy heavier
pesado/a más pesada/o
early earlier
pronto más pronto

She wakes up earlier than you.

Ella se levanta  antes que tú.

Para los otros adjetivos con dos sílabas o más, utilizamos "more" + el adjetivo sin cambiarlo:

difficult more difficult

difícil más difícil
dangerous more dangerous
peligroso/a más peligroso/a
boring more boring
aburrido/a más aburrido/a

This book is more boring than the last one I read.

Este libro es  más aburrido que el último que leí.

Algunos adjetivos de dos sílabas se pueden tratar como los de una sílaba:

He's cleverer than John.  (forma preferida)

Es  más listo que  John.

He's more clever than John. (aceptable, pero menos frecuente)

Es  más listo que  John.

Inferioridad

Hasta ahora hemos tratado el comparativo de  superioridad, pero también existe el comparativo
de inferioridad  que, en español, se traduce por “menos + adjetivo + que”:

La construcción en inglés seria:

less + adjetivo + than

No hace falta distinguir entre los adjetivos largos y cortos en este caso, y es una alternativa a la comparativa
superioridad. Se puede decir:

She is taller than me.

Ella es más  alta que  yo.

I am less tall than her.
Soy menos  alta que  ella.

Este último uso a veces suena extraño. En la mayoría de los casos buscamos un adjetivo alternativo o reformamos la
oración con un verbo en negativo:

I am shorter than her.
Soy más bajita que  ella.
I am not as tall as her.
No soy tan alta como  ella.

 Regular and irregular superlatives

El superlativo se usa para comparar un miembro de un grupo con el resto del grupo (incluyéndolo a él). Expresa el
grado más alto del adjetivo.

En cuanto a su forma, diremos que ocurre lo mismo que con el comparativo de superioridad (más ... que), ya que
dependerá del número de sílabas que tenga el adjetivo.

1. Con adjetivos largos (tres sílabas o más):

The most + adjetivo largo

El más + adjetivo

beautiful               the most beautiful

el más hermoso

careful                 the most careful

el más cuidadoso

exotic                   the most exotic

el más exótico

She is the most beautiful girl in the class.

This the most exotic place in the world.

2. Con adjetivos cortos (de una sílaba y alguno de dos):

The + adjetivo corto +  -est

tall                       the tallest

el más alto

long                     the longest

el más largo

short                    the shortest

el más corto

This is the longest river in America.

Anna is the tallest girl in the class.

3. Los adjetivos de dos sílabas o menos que funcionan como cortos son los que acaban en -y, -er, -le, -ow:

happy                  the happiest

el mas feliz

tender                  the tenderest

el más tierno

narrow                 the narrowest

el más estrecho
humble                 the humblest
el más humilde

Debemos prestar atención a la preposición que se usa en este tipo de frases cuando se dice: “del mundo, de la clase, de
mi vida,...”, ya que en inglés siempre se pone “in”:

She is the tallest girl in my class.

Es la chica más alta de  mi clase.

This is the happiest moment in my life.

Es el momento más feliz de  mi vida.

Superlativos irregulares:

bad                      the worst

good                    the best

far                      the farthest / furthest

little                     the least

many / much         the most

-A is the biggest.

B is bigger than C

C is the smallest.

-Helen is the most beautiful.

Rhoda is more beautiful than Marge.

Marge is the ugliest.

-Clare is the most intelligent.

Vernon is more intelligent than Eddie.

eddy is the simplest.

-Laura is the most cheerful.

Tracy is more cheerful than Yolanda.

Yolanda is the saddest.

-Zoe is the most generous.

Kate is more generous than Richard.

Richard is the stingiest.

-Charles is the most talkative.

Rebecca is more talkative than Maureen.
Maureen is the quietest.

This is the most expensive seat in the theater. (expensive)

He is the most famous person in town. (famous)

I think that she is the most cheerful person I know. (cheerful)

Chemistry is the most difficult subject I have. (difficult)

That was the most horrible movie I've ever seen. (horrible)

We had the most delicious paella in Valencia. (delicious)

Do you think Gretta is the most attractive girl in the class? (attractive)

She saw him when he entered.
He was the most handsome man at the party. (handsome)

Ronnie is the most intelligent boy in music class. (intelligent)

Is this the most elegant suit you have? (elegant)

Passive exercise
My company produces these toys.
These toys are produced by my company.

France and England started the Channel Tunnel in 1970.
The Channel Tunnel was started in 1970 by France and England.

Prepositions of place: in, at, on

a) In: Se usa para hablar de una cosa dentro de un espacio cerrado o contenedor.

I am in the kitchen.
(dentro del espacio de la cocina)

b) At: Normalmente se usa para hablar de un punto de referencia en el espacio.

She is at the bus stop.

(en un punto de la calle donde viene el autobús)

Compara In / At:

We’ll meet in the shop.

Nos vemos en la tienda, dentro.

We’ll meet at the shop.

Nos vemos en la tienda, antes de entrar en la puerta.

c)  On: Se usa para hablar de algo encima de una superficie.

The book is on the table.

She is in the living room watching television.

I'm at the end of the line.

We're on the roof.

The fish is in the aquarium.

The fish is on the table.

There is a gas station at the intersection.

He is in the forest.

We went shopping in town.

Look, a spider on the ceiling.

We are at the bus stop.

He is in the garden.
The computer is on the shelf.
My address is on the card.
There is someone at the door.

The passive

Who fixed the car?

The car was fixed by Dad. He drank too much coffee.

You moved the furniture!

The furniture was moved by Dad. He drank too much coffee.

Did you take the dog for a walk?

The dog was taken for a walk by Dad. He drank too much coffee.

You made dinner!

Dinner was made by Dad. He drank too much coffee.

You ironed the clothes!

The clothes were ironed by Dad. He drank too much coffee.
Did you finish your homework?
The homework was done by Dad. He drank too much coffee.

You swept the kitchen!

The kitchen was swept by Dad. He drank too much coffee.

You did the shopping!

The shopping was done by Dad. He drank too much coffee.

You painted the walls!

No, the walls were painted by Dad. He drank too much coffee.

Did you do the housework?

The housework was done by Dad. He drank too much coffee.

Superlatives

What is the most dangerous snake in the wold?
The coral snake is the  most  dangerous snake in the world.

What is the most important book written by Cervantes?
"El Quijote" is the most important book written by Cervantes.

What is the most famous monument in Paris?
The Eiffel Tower is the most famous monument in Paris.

What is the most popular bridge in London?
Tower Bridge is the most popular bridge in London.