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As a general rule, verbs that express like or dislike of an activity usually go with a verb in the "-ing" form:
I don't like playing football very much.
I like going to the theater.
I like doing yoga very much.
I can't stand playing chess.
Do you play basketball? You are very tall.
Sheila started to do yoga last week.
Do you want to go swimming with us?
They do ballet after school.
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbios de frecuencia:
Uso: Los adverbios de frecuencia se utilizan para expresar la frecuencia con la que se hace una acción. Por
lo tanto, muchas veces aparecen con el presente simple, cuyo uso principal es para expresar hábitos.
once a week
una vez a la semana
twice a month
dos veces al mes
every day
todos los días / cada día
hardly ever / reads / she / English newspapers
She hardly ever reads English newspapers.
once a year / take / they / a family vacation
They take a family vacation once a year.
speak / they / always / in English
They always speak in English.
have / I / every day / salad
I have salad every day.
copy / you / sometimes / during tests
You sometimes copy during tests.
she / yoga / twice a week / does.
She does yoga twice a week.
Jessica / travels / often / to Spain
Jessica often travels to Spain, She imports oranges to the United States.
never / we / alcohol / drink
We never drink alcohol.
goes / occasionally / she / for a walk in the park
She occasionally goes for a walk in the park.
usually / watch / TV in the evenings / I
I usually watch TV in the evenings.
Present continuous
Para formar el presente continuo (también conocido como el presente progresivo) se utiliza la forma en
presente de "to be" + el verbo principal en forma "-ing":
Look! It's snowing!
¡Mira! ¡Está nevando!
• situaciones temporales:
• Hábitos molestos:
• Planes en el futuro:
to look looking
mirar mirando
to go going
ir yendo
to hope hoping
esperar esperando
to have having
tener teniendo
Muchas veces se dobla el último consonante en los verbos acabados en consonante + vocal + consonante:
to stop stopping
parar parando
to run running
correr corriendo
to swim swimming
nadar nadando
to sit sitting
sentarse sentándose
to dig digging
excavar excavando
to add adding
añadir añadiendo
Sin embargo, hay algunas excepciones. Por ejemplo, en el inglés norteamericano, se escribe "traveling" . En
el inglés británico, la forma "travelling" es la adecuada.
Look! They are building new apartments near the park. (to build)
The factory produces 300 cars a year. (to produce)
He plays for the local team on Saturdays. (to play)
Solution:
Solution:
1
He is often late for work / He is late for work often / Often, he is late for work. (often)
2
Daniel visits the dentist once a year / Once a year, Daniel visits the dentist. (once a year)
3
Bill gets up at eight o'clock every day / Every day, Bill gets up at eight o'clock / Every day, Bill gets up at 8
o'clock / Bill gets up at 8:00 every day / Every day, Bill gets up at 8:00 / Bill gets up at 8.00 every day /
Every day, Bill gets up at 8.00 / Bill gets up at 8 o'clock every day. (every day)
4
Susan hardly ever reads the newspaper / Hardly ever, Susan reads the newspaper / Susan reads the
newspaper hardly ever. (hardly ever)
5
I do yoga twice a week / Twice a week, I do yoga. (twice a week)
6
He usually watches TV in the evenings / He usually watches T.V. in the evenings / Usually, he watches TV in
the evenings / Usually, he watches T.V. in the evenings / He watches TV usually in the evenings / He
watches T.V. usually in the evenings. (usually)
7
He has never driven a truck. (never)
Se utiliza "there" + "to be" en pasado simple para expresar le existencia de personas / cosas en
el pasado(el equivalente en español sería "había / hubo"). La construcción es parecida a la del
presente simple:
Ejemplos:
No, there weren't.
No, no había.
'Used to + infinitive'
We can use the structure "used to + infinitive" to express habits or states in the past that are no
longer true:
“Used to” only exists in the past form. To talk about habits in the present we use adverbs of
frequency, such as "usually". Compare:
Affirmative
I / you / he / she / it / we / they used to smoke
(+)
Negative
I / you / he / she / it / we / they did not / didn't use to smoke
(-)
Interrogative
did I / you / he / she / it / we / they use to smoke?
(?)
Yes, I / you / he / she / it / we / they did.
Short answer
No, I / you / he / she / it / we / they did not / didn't.
Examples:
Yes, we did.
a) Forma:
b) Uso:
I bought a new house last year. I was watching a movie at ten o’clock last night,
Me compré una casa el año Estuve / Estaba viendo una película anoche a las
pasado. diez.
Cuando usamos el pasado simple más de una vez en una frase, normalmente indica una
secuencia de acciones consecutivas (una acción tras otra):
I closed the door and fastened my seatbelt. I turned the key in the ignition and the
engine started.
Cerré la puerta y me abroché el cinturón. Giré la llave y se arrancó el motor.
El verbo en pasado continuo suele referirse a una acción más larga, y el pasado simple a una
más corta, o una que interrumpe:
Cuando usamos el pasado continuo más de una vez en la misma frase, normalmente quiere
decir que las dos acciones son más largas y/o simultaneas:
When I went out (to go), it was raining. (to rain)
He cleaned (to clean) the house while I was making (to make) a cake.
I found (to find) this ring when I was gardening. (to garden)
Peter was listening (to listen) to the radio when we left. (to leave)
The last time I saw (to see) her, she was expecting (to expect) a baby.
I didn't hear (not, to hear) anything because the children were crying. (to cry)
While she was dancing (to dance) she fell (to fall) over.
I was reading (to read) a book when the policeman arrived. (to arrive)
I was walking (to walk) to work when I saw (to see) an accident.
She was training (to train) to be a nurse the last time we met. (to meet)
Comparatives: short and long adjectives
Los adjetivos comparativos se utilizan para comparar una cosa (normalmente un sustantivo) con otra. La
forma comparativa de la mayoría de los adjetivos monosilábicos se forma añadiendo el sufijo: "-er":
old older
viejo / mayor más viejo / más mayor
tall taller
alto más alto
slow slower
lento más lento
hot hotter
caloroso/a más caloroso/a
big bigger
grande más grande
thin thinner
delgado/a más delgado/a
nice nicer
agradable más agradable
late later
tarde más tarde
wide wider
ancho/a más ancho/a
good better
bien mejor
bad worse
mal peor
far father / further
lejos más lejos
Si el adjetivo tiene dos sílabas y acaba en "-y", reemplazamos la "y" con "ier":
happy happier
feliz más feliz
heavy heavier
pesado/a más pesada/o
early earlier
pronto más pronto
Para los otros adjetivos con dos sílabas o más, utilizamos "more" + el adjetivo sin cambiarlo:
Algunos adjetivos de dos sílabas se pueden tratar como los de una sílaba:
Inferioridad
Hasta ahora hemos tratado el comparativo de superioridad, pero también existe el comparativo
de inferioridad que, en español, se traduce por “menos + adjetivo + que”:
No hace falta distinguir entre los adjetivos largos y cortos en este caso, y es una alternativa a la
comparativa superioridad. Se puede decir:
I am less tall than her.
Soy menos alta que ella.
Este último uso a veces suena extraño. En la mayoría de los casos buscamos un adjetivo alternativo o
reformamos la oración con un verbo en negativo:
I am shorter than her.
Soy más bajita que ella.
Comparatives and superlatives: adjectives and nouns
ADJECTIVES
more ... than ... (long adjective)
The comparative forms of superiority and inferiority can go with quantifiers in order to emphasize or to
soften the comparison:
ADJECTIVES
the most (long adjectives)
The superlative forms of superiority and inferiority can sometimes be modified with BY FAR, NEARLY, and
EASILY:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mr. White is the happiest and the friendliest.
He is much happier than Mr. Black.
He has got the most money and the fewest children.
He is a lucky man!
Mr. Grey is a bit happier than Mr. Black.
He is a bit less friendly than Mr. White.
He has got more problems than Mr. White.
And he has got fewer children than Mr. Black.
But his car is just as expensive as Mr. White's.
Mr. Black is the least friendly and the least happy man in the street.
He has got the most children and the least money.
His car is not as expensive as Mr. Grey's or Mr. White's.
Lions are bigger than cats. (big)
A teenager is older than a baby. (old)
Dolphins are more intelligent than fish. (intelligent)
You are a bit taller than your brother. (tall)
His apartment is more luxurious than mine. (luxurious)
Skiing is more exciting than watching TV. (exciting)
A factory is much noisier than a library. (noisy)
He is worse today than yesterday. (bad)
She was ironing, when the lights went out.
They were playing cards, when the lights went out.
He was taking a shower, when the lights went out.
The baby was crying, when the lights went out.
The children were watching television, when the lights went out.
She was making a salad, when the lights went out.
It was starting to rain, when the lights went out.
We were doing our homework, when the lights went out.
used to / use to / usually
I used to live in the country when I was a child.
used to / use to / usually
Did you use to have a pet?
Yes, a dog.
used to / use to / usually
They used to go to the coast many years ago.
used to / use to / usually
She usually rests after lunch.
used to / use to / usually
We used to go to church every Sunday when we were on vacation.
used to / use to / usually
You used to have dark hair, didn't you?
used to / use to / usually
She usually wears mini skirts.
used to / use to / usually
I used to take piano lessons when I was young.
used to / use to / usually
My father doesn't smoke, but he used to smoke a lot.
used to / use to / usually
He didn't use to like vegetables.
Adverbs of time: still, yet, already
I haven’t eaten yet.
ALREADY: can be used to refer to something has happened early or earlier than expected.
I have already eaten.
Have you already eaten?
He still works there.
Is he still getting dressed?
“Still” can also be used in negative sentences, but in this case it goes before the negative verb. The meaning
is not the same as when using “yet”.
Look at the table below to see the different uses and meanings of “already”, “yet” and “still”:
STILL
Affirmative sentences
I’m still waiting for you.
YET
I haven’t eaten yet.
Negative sentences
STILL
We can use "just" with the present perfect or past simple to mean "a very short time ago". It normally goes
before the main verb:
I have just eaten.
In American English, this use of "just" is more common with the past simple than with the present perfect.
EVER /evə/
We can use "ever" with the present perfect or past simple to mean "at any moment until now". It normally
goes before the main verb in interrogative structures:
In American English, this use of "ever" is more common with the past simple than with the present perfect:
Hello, honey. How was India?
Mom! I've just been to Australia.This is for you.
I thought you were in India...
No, I haven't been to India yet, that's next week.
You must go to Canada. I saw a program on TV...
Mom, I've already been to Canada.
Have you ever been to China?
Of course I have! I went there last year.
But you've never been to Japan, have you?
No, that's true... I still haven't been to Japan.
It's twelve o'clock! And I haven't done the shopping yet.
Have you already finished the cake?
That was quick.
He still hasn't phoned...
There has just been an accident!
I haven't seen my family since last summer.
Have they arrived yet?
Yes, look!
When is she having her baby?
She has already had it!
They have known each other for about 10 years.
Have you ever been to Africa?
No, not yet.
She still hasn't passed her test!
Darling, when was the last time you went to France?
Well, mom... I think I haven't been to France for 7 years!
Oh really? That means that you haven't traveled to France since 2009.
Exactly, it has been 7 years since the last time I went there. What about you? When was the last time you tr
aveled?
It has been a long time. I haven't traveled for almost 10 years.
I can't believe it! That's such a long time!
I know! Actually, I haven't been on a plane since 2006.
We have to travel together soon! I am going to plan a trip!
Great! Good idea.
a) Forma:
El pasado y el participio pasado de los verbos regulares tienen la misma forma con "-ed". Los verbos
irregulares tienen formas diferentes:
b) Uso:
- Para expresar una acción que empezó en el pasado pero no ha - Para expresar una acción terminada:
terminado todavía:
Have you ever seen a ghost?
I've seen lots. I saw one yesterday.
Have you ever been to the Antarctic?
Yes, I have. I went there last summer.
But you've never flown a plane!
I have seen Peter a moment ago. Wrong
I saw Peter a moment ago.
- Did you ever go skiing? Wrong
- Yes, once.
- Have you ever been skiing?
- Yes, once.
He just went to the dentist. Wrong
He has just been to the dentist.
I have already seen that movie. Right
She hasn't come home yet. Right
When I was a boy I lived in the country. Right
They have met in December. Wrong
They met in December.
Tercera actividad
I have known (to know) her for years.
The first time we met (to meet) was at college.
We were studying (to study) history together.
She was living (to live) in a student apartment and I decided (to decide) to move in with her.
When we finished (to finish) our course, we toured (to tour) Europe with our backpacks.
The last I heard (to hear), she was doing (to do) voluntary work in South America.
A friend has just told (just , to tell) me she's coming next summer.
I'm looking forward to seeing her.
Go up the hill.
Go down the other side.
Walk across the sand.
Go over the water.
Walk around the sleeping dragon.
Jump off the horse.
Go through the secret door in the mountain.
Look under the black rock.
You will arrive at the airport at 13.48.
You will take the secret papers out of the suitcase and put them in your pocket.
At 13.53 you will go into the airport building and walk from the door in the cafeteria.
Agent 009 will be sitting at table number four, drinking coffee.
You will put the papers in his newspaper.
Then you will walk around like a tourist.
At 14.09 you will go through passport control and wait until they call you to get onto the plane.
When you get off in Moscow, agent 005 will be there to meet you.
------------------------------------------------------------
Future simple
El futuro simple se usa para hablar de acciones que transcurrirán en el futuro. Normalmente se usa el futuro
simple para hacer predicciones o hablar de decisiones no planeadas. El futuro simple se forma
con Will o Should y el infinitivo del verbo sin “to”:
En primera persona (I, we) a veces se puede usar should o will, aunque en inglés moderno se usa más will y
se reserva should para hacer sugerencias.
La forma negativa se construye añadiendo la partícula negativa not al auxiliar will; pero la forma más
común es la abreviatura won’t:
Para la forma interrogativa basta con invertir el orden de “sujeto + will + verbo” por el de “will + sujeto +
verbo”:
Will I eat? ¿Comeré?
Para responder a una pregunta en futuro simple se usa la forma corta, que se forma con el sujeto más el
auxiliar will en afirmativa y won’t en negativa:
Will you come?
Yes, I will.
No, I won’t.
They are going to get married.
I'm going to win!
He is going to buy a camera.
You're going to be a father.
To get / to go / to study / to pick up / to be / to call / to come / to see
Barry: Hello, can I speak to Rick, please?
Woman: One moment, I'll get him.
To get / to go / to study / to pick up / to be / to call / to come / to see
Rick: Hello?
Barry: Hello, it's Barry. Look, it's a beautiful day. Should we go to the beach?
To get / to go / to study / to pick up / to be / to call / to come / to see
Rick: Well, I have to study for my test...Oh, I'll study tomorrow!
To get / to go / to study / to pick up / to be / to call / to come / to see
Barry: Great! I'll pick you up in half an hour, then.
Rick: OK, I'll be ready.
To get / to go / to study / to pick up / to be / to call / to come / to see
Barry: Should I call Paula and invite her too?
Rick: Good idea, but I have to be back by six.
To get / to go / to study / to pick up / to be / to call / to come / to see
Barry: Don't worry, we'll come back before that. I'll see you in a few minutes, then, bye.
Rick: See you.
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Future simple II
I've been tired all day.
I am going to go to bed. (to go)
Have you decided what to do in the summer?
Yes, we are going to travel around Europe by train. (to travel)
I'm afraid there are no seats on the plane.
Alright, we will take the train. (to take)
It's very dark, I can't read.
I will turn on the light. (to turn on)
What are you doing?
I am going to turn on the TV. (to turn on)
It's time for the documentary I want to watch.
Why are you packing your suitcase?
I am going to spend the weekend with my brother. (to spend)
We've won a weekend in Maine!
Wonderful! I will pack the suitcases. (to pack)
I will have a ham sandwich and a beer, please. (to have)
What's for dessert, Mom?
We are going to have chocolate cake and ice-cream. (to have)
Mmm!
Expressing future
On Monday, I'm going to yoga class.
On Tuesday, I'm going to a basketball practice. I don't know what time it will finish.
I'm going to yoga on Wednesday, too.
I'm having dinner with Max on Thursday.
I'm having dinner with Max on Thursday.
I'm going to relax on Saturday night.
On Sunday, I'm gardening and nothing else.
I can't meet with you this afternoon. I’m buying a car. (I have an appointment
with the car dealership. I already paid a deposit.)
I'm seeing the doctor at 4:30 this afternoon. (to see)
I'm going to do more exercise starting ... tomorrow! (to do)
What time am I meeting Mr. Yang? (to meet)
When are you going to start looking for a job? (to start)
I'm going to travel all over the world! (to travel)
We are traveling to Paris on Tuesday. (to travel)
He says he is going to write a book... (to write)
She is going for an interview at 10 o'clock. (to go)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Expressing future
Steve: So, what are your plans for the New Year, Jim?
Jim: First of all, I'm going to stop smoking. (to stop)
And I'm going to do more exercise. (to do)
Steve: Mm, We'll see... Anyway, I'm going to work less, and I'm going to eat less too. (to w
ork, to eat)
Jim: Apart from that, Mary and I are taking a vacation in April.
It's all planned. (to take)
Steve: Really? Where are you going? (to go)
Jim: To Bali.
Steve: It sounds fantastic! Judy and I are taking the children to Disneyworld, in Florida. (to
take)
Jim: Nice! How's business?
Steve: Good. I'm sure this will be a good year. (to be)
Jim: I hope so.
I think there will be some changes in our company. (to be)
Steve: Well, I have to go.
I'll give you a call in a few days. (to give)
Jim: Ok, bye then.
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Number three is going to win.
I 'll always love you.
It is a bit hot in here. I 'll open the window.
What are you going to wear to the party?
Try on this coat. It will look nice with these pants.
We are getting married in June.
Oh no, I'm late.
I'll drive you to the station.
Are you doing anything tonight?
There will be a lot of people at the movies. It's the first night.
I 'm not going out tonight. I'd rather relax.