Biology at Ease

Scientists And Their Discoveries

Class XI
Scientist Discoveries
1. Carolus Linnaeus Binomial Nomenclature
2. Carolus Linnaeus Used ‘Systema Naturae’ as the title of his publication
3. Carolus Linnaeus Two kingdom classification
4. R.H Whittaker (1969) Five kingdom classification
5. George Bentham & Joseph Natural classification system
Dalton Hooker
6. Aristotle Earliest to attempt scientific basis of classification
7. Anton Von Leeuwenhoek First saw and described a live cell
8. Dimitri Ivanowsky (1892) Coined the name ‘virus’
9. M.W. Beijerinek (1898) Demonstrated that the extract of the infected plants of tobacco could cause infection in
healthy plants and called the fluids as Contagium vivum fluidum (infectious living fluid
10. W.M. Stanley (1935) Showed that the virus could be crystallised and crystals consists largely of proteins
11. T.O. Diener (1971) Discovered ‘viroids’

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Scientists And Their Discoveries

Scientist Discoveries
12. Robert Brown Discovered Nucleus
13. Matthias Schleiden (1838) Examined plants and observed that all plants are composed of different kinds of
cells which form tissues of plant
14. Theodore Schwann (1839) • Studied animal cells and reported that cells had a thin outer layer : Today known
as ‘Plasma Membrane’.
• Stated – Presence if cell wall is unique character of the plant
15. Schwann Proposed the hypothesis that bodies of plants and animals are composed of cells
and products of cells
16. Schleiden & Schwann Cell Theory
17. Rudolf Virchow (1855) Omnis cellulae-e cellulae (Modified Cell Theory)
18. Singer & Nicolson (1972) Fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane
19. Camillo Golgi (1898) Discovered Golgi apparatus
20. George Palade (1953) Observed ribosomes as dense particles under electron microscope
21. Robert Brown (1831) Describe nucleus as a cell organelle
22. Flemming Gave the name ‘Chromatin’ to the material of nucleus
23. Julius von Sachs (1860) Hydroponics
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Scientists And Their Discoveries

Scientist Discoveries
24. Joseph Priestley (1770) Revealed the essential role of air in growth of plants
25. Jen Ingenhousz (1730-1799) Showed that the sunlight is essential to plant process
26. Julius von Sachs (1853) Provided evidence for the production of glucose when plants grow
27. T.W. Engelmann (1843-1909) Described the first action spectrum of photosynthesis
28. Blackman (1905) Law of limiting factors
29. Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof. Parnas Glycolysis

30. F.W. Went Isolated Auxin from tip of coleoptiles of oat seedlings
31. E. Kurosawa (1926) Discovered Gibberellic acid

32. Charles Darwin & Francis Darwin Observed that coleoptiles of Canary grass responded to unilateral
illumination by growing towards the light source.
33. F. Skoog & co-workers Observed that internodal segments of tobacco stems the callus proliferated
only if, in addition to auxins the nutrients medium was supported with one of
the following – extract of vascular tissue, yeast extract, coconut milk or DNA
34 Miller et al (1955) Identified Kinetin
35. H.H. Cousins (1910) Discovered Ethylene
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Scientists And Their Discoveries

Class XII
Scientist Discoveries
36. Gregor Mendel (1856-1863) Laws of Inheritance
37. De Vries, Correns & Von Tschermak Rediscovered Mendel’s Results
38. Walter Sutton & Theodore Boveri Proposed Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
(1962)
39. Thomas Hunt Morgan Experimental verification of Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
40. Langdon Down (1866) Described Down Syndrome
41. Friedrich Miescher (1869) Identified DNA as an acidic substance in Nucleus (named it ‘Nuclein’)
42. James Watson & Francis Crick (1953) Proposed Double helical structure of DNA
43. Erwin Chargaff Ratios b/between Adenine & Thymine & Guanine and Cytosine are constant and
equals one
44. Frederick Griffith (1928) Transforming Principle (Streptococcus pneumoniae)
45. Oswald Avery, Colin Macleod & Biochemical characterization of transforming principle
Maclyn McCarthy (1933-44)
46. Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase Experimentally proved that the genetic material is DNA (worked with
(1952) Bacteriophages)
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Scientists And Their Discoveries

Scientist Discoveries
47. Watson & Crick (1953) Proposed ‘Semi-Conservative nature of DNA Replication’
48. Matthew Meselson & Franklin Experimental proof for ‘Semiconservative Nature of DNA Replication’
Stahl (1958)
49. George Gamow Genetic code
50. Har Gobind Khurana Developed chemical method to synthesize RNA molecules with defined combination
of bases (homopolymers & copolymers)
51. Marshal Nirenberg Developed cell-free system for protein synthesis
52. Francois Jacob & Jacque Monod The Lac operon
53. Alec Jeffreys DNA fingerprinting
54. Early Greek Thinkers Theory of ‘Panspermia’
55. Louis Pasteur Life came from Pre-existing life
56. Oparin & Haldane Proposed ‘Chemical Evolution of Life’
57. S.L Miller Experimental proof for ‘Chemical Evolution of Life’
58. Charles Darwin Based on observations made during a sea voyage in a sail ship (H.M.S Beagle)
concludes that existing life forms share similarities not only among themselves but
also with life forms that existed millions of years ago

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Scientists And Their Discoveries

Scientist Discoveries
59. Charles Darwin Natural selection & ‘Survival of Fittest’
60. Alfred Wallace Co-developed ‘Theory of Natural Selection’ with Darwin
61. Ernst Haeckel Embryological support for Evolution
62. Karl Ernst Von Baer Disapproved ‘Embryological support for Evolution’
63. Lamarck Proposed that ‘Evolution of Life Forms is driven by use and disuse of organs
64. Thomas Malthus His work inspired Darwin to refine Natural selection by starting a reason for
meaningful competition between members if same species
65. Hugo DeVries Worked on ‘Evening primrose’ to put forth the idea of Mutations (Mutation caused
Speciation → Saltation)
66. Hardy – Weinberg Proposed that frequency of occurrence of alleles of a gene or a locus remain fixed &
same through generations
67. Kary Mullis (1980s) Developed PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
68. Stanley Cohen & Herbert Boyer Constructed the ‘First Recombinant DNA)
(1972)
69. Eli Lilly (1983) Synthesized Human insulin
70. Robert Constanza Put price tags on Nature’s life support services

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Scientists And Their Discoveries

Scientist Discoveries
71. Edward Wilson Father of Biodiversity
(Described the combined diversity at all the levels of biological organisation)
72. Ahmed Khan Developed ‘Polyblend’ a fine powder of recycled modified plastic (Polyblend + Bitumen →
Used to lay roads)
73. Ramesh Chandra Dagar Integrated organic farming (Included bee-keeping, dairy management, water harvesting,
composting& agriculture in a chain of processes)
74. Sunderlal Bahuguna (1974) Chipko movement leader
75. Alexander von Humboldt Species Area Relationships
76. Paul Ehrlich Rivet popper hypothesis

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