Coordinates: 40°40′N 117°40′W

Great Basin
The Great Basin (Spanish: Gran Cuenca) is the largest area
of contiguous endorheic watersheds – those with no outlets – Great Basin
in North America. It spans nearly all of Nevada, much of
Oregon and Utah, and portions of California, Idaho,
Wyoming, and Baja California, Mexico. It is noted for both its
arid climate and the basin and range topography that varies
from the North American low point at Badwater Basin in
Death Valley to the highest point of the contiguous United
States, less than 100 miles (160 km) away at the summit of
Mount Whitney. The region spans several physiographic
divisions, biomes, ecoregions, and deserts.

Contents
Definition
Hydrology Relief map with Great Basin overlay
Ecology Location United States
Fauna
Coordinates 40°40′N 117°40′W[1]
Geography
Highest point Mount Whitney summit
Great Basin physiographic section
– elevation 14,505 ft (4,421 m)
Settlements and roads
– coordinates 36°34′42.89″N
History 118°17′31.18″W
Climate Area 209,162 sq mi
Significant special designations (541,730 km2)[2]

See also
References
External links

Definition
The term "Great Basin" is applied to hydrographic,[3][4]:11 biological,[3] floristic,[4]:21 physiographic,[4]:14
topographic,[3] and ethnographic geographic areas.[4]:34 The name was originally coined by John C.
Fremont, who, based on information gleaned from Joseph R. Walker as well as his own travels, recognized
the hydrographic nature of the landform as "having no connection to the ocean".[4]:8–9 The hydrographic
definition is the most commonly used,[3] and is the only one with a definitive border. The other definitions
yield not only different geographical boundaries of "Great Basin" regions, but regional borders that vary
from source to source.[4]:11
 The Great Basin Desert is defined by plant and animal
communities, and, according to the National Park Service, its
boundaries approximate the hydrographic Great Basin, but exclude
the southern "panhandle".[3]

The Great Basin Floristic Province was defined by botanist

Armen Takhtajan to extend well beyond the boundaries of the
hydrographically defined Great Basin: it includes the Snake River
Plain, the Colorado Plateau, the Uinta Basin, and parts of Arizona
north of the Mogollon Rim.[5]

The Great Basin physiographic section is a geographic division of

the Basin and Range Province defined by Nevin Fenneman in
1931.[6] The United States Geological Survey adapted Fenneman's
scheme in their Physiographic division of the United States.[7] The
"section" is somewhat larger than the hydrographic definition.

The hydrographic Great Basin
(magenta outline), distinguished from
the Great Basin Desert (black), and
the Basin and Range Geological
Province (teal).[3]
The Great Basin Culture Area or indigenous peoples of the Great
Basin is a cultural classification of indigenous peoples of the
Americas and a cultural region located between the Rocky
Mountains and the Sierra Nevada. The culture area covers
approximately 400,000 sq mi (1,000,000 km2 ),[8] or just less than
twice the area of the hydrographic Great Basin.

Hydrology
The hydrographic Great Basin is a 209,162-square-mile
(541,730 km2 ) area that drains internally. All precipitation in the
region evaporates, sinks underground or flows into lakes (mostly
saline). As observed by Fremont, creeks, streams, or rivers find no
outlet to either the Gulf of Mexico or the Pacific Ocean. The
region is bounded by the Wasatch Mountains to the east, the Sierra
Nevada and Cascade Ranges to the west, and the Snake River
Basin to the north. The south rim is less distinct. The Great Basin
includes most of Nevada, half of Utah, substantial portions of
Oregon and California, and small areas of Idaho, Wyoming, and The Tule Valley watershed and the
Baja California, Mexico. The term "Great Basin" is slightly House Range (Notch Peak) are part
misleading; the region is actually made up of many small basins. of the Great Basin's Great Salt Lake
The Great Salt Lake, Pyramid Lake, and the Humboldt Sink are a hydrologic unit
few of the "drains" in the Great Basin.[3] The Salton Sink is
another closed basin within the Great Basin.[9]

The Great Basin Divide separates the Great Basin from the watersheds draining to the Pacific Ocean. The
southernmost portion of the Great Basin is the watershed area of the Laguna Salada. The Great Basin's
longest and largest river is the Bear River of 350 mi (560 km),[10] and the largest single watershed is the
Humboldt River drainage of roughly 17,000 sq mi (44,000 km2 ). Most Great Basin precipitation is snow,
and the precipitation that neither evaporates nor is extracted for human use will sink into groundwater
aquifers, while evaporation of collected water occurs from geographic sinks.[11] Lake Tahoe, North
America's largest alpine lake,[12] is part of the Great Basin's central Lahontan subregion.

Ecology
 The

Great Basin snowstorm in the Snake

Valley of Utah and Nevada

hydrographic Great Basin contains multiple deserts

and ecoregions, each with its own distinctive set of
flora and fauna.[3] The ecological boundaries and
divisions in the Great Basin are unclear.[15]

The Great Basin overlaps four different deserts:

portions of the hot Mojave and Colorado (a region
within the Sonoran desert) Deserts to the south, and
the cold Great Basin and Oregon High Deserts in
the north. The deserts can be distinguished by their
plants: the Joshua tree and creosote bush occur in Ecoregions as currently delineated by the
the hot deserts, while the cold deserts have neither. Environmental Protection Agency[13] and World
The cold deserts are generally higher than the hot Wildlife Fund[14]
and have more even spread of precipitation
throughout the year.[16]

The climate and flora of the Great Basin is strongly dependent on elevation; as the elevation increases, the
temperature decreases and precipitation increases. Because of this, forests can occur at higher elevations.
Utah juniper/single-leaf pinyon (southern regions) and mountain mahogany (northern regions) form open
pinyon-juniper woodland on the slopes of most ranges. Stands of limber pine and Great Basin bristlecone
pine (Pinus longaeva) can be found in some of the higher ranges. In riparian areas with dependable water
cottonwoods (Populus fremontii) and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) groves exist.

Because the forest ecosystem is distinct from a typical desert, some authorities, such as the World Wildlife
Fund, separate the mountains of the Great Basin desert into their own ecoregion: the Great Basin montane
forests.[17] Many rare and endemic species occur in this ecoregion, because the individual mountain ranges
are isolated from each other. During the Last Glacial Period, the Great Basin was wetter. As it dried during
the Holocene epoch, some species retreated to the higher isolated mountains and have high genetic
diversity.[17]

Other authorities divide the Great Basin into different ecoregions, depending on their own criteria. Armen
Takhtajan defined the "Great Basin floristic province". The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency divides
the Great Basin into three ecoregions roughly according to latitude: the Northern Basin and Range
ecoregion, the Central Basin and Range ecoregion, and the Mojave Basin and Range ecoregion.

Fauna
Great Basin wildlife includes pronghorn, mule deer, mountain lion, and lagomorphs such as black-tailed
jackrabbit and desert cottontail and the coyotes that prey on them. Packrats, kangaroo rats and other small
rodents are also common, and are predominantly nocturnal. Elk and bighorn sheep are present but
uncommon. Small lizards such as the Great Basin fence lizard, longnose leopard lizard and horned lizard
are common, especially in lower elevations. Rattlesnakes and gopher snakes are also present. The Inyo
Mountains salamander is endangered. Shorebirds such as phalaropes and curlews can be found in wet
areas. American white pelicans are common at Pyramid Lake. Golden eagles are also very common in the
Great Basin.[18] Mourning dove, western meadowlark, black-billed magpie, and common raven are other
common bird species.

Two endangered species of fish are found in Pyramid Lake: the Cui-ui sucker fish (endangered 1967) and
the Lahontan cutthroat trout (threatened 1970).[19]

Large invertebrates include tarantulas (genus Aphonopelma) and Mormon crickets. Exotic species,
including chukar, grey partridge, and Himalayan snowcock, have been successfully introduced to the Great
Basin, although the latter has only thrived in the Ruby Mountains. Cheatgrass, an invasive species which
was unintentionally introduced, forms a critical portion of their diets. Feral horses (mustangs) and feral
burros are highly reproductive, and ecosystem-controversial, alien species. Most of the Great Basin is open
range and domestic cattle and sheep are widespread.

Geography
The Great Basin includes valleys, basins, lakes and mountain
ranges of the Basin and Range Province.[20] Geographic features
near the Great Basin include the Continental Divide of the
Americas, the Great Divide Basin, and the Gulf of California.

Great Basin
physiographic section

The Great Basin physiographic Basin and Range topography as

section of the Basin and Range seen from the air
Province contains the Great Basin,
but extends into eastern Oregon,
southern Idaho, and the Colorado River watershed (including the Las
Vegas metropolitan area and the northwest corner of Arizona).[21] The
Basin and Range region is the product of geological forces stretching the
earth's crust, creating many north–south trending mountain ranges. These
ranges are separated by flat valleys or basins. These hundreds of ranges
make Nevada the most mountainous state in the country.[3]

Map showing the Great Settlements and roads

Basin physiographic section
(shown as 22a)
The Great Basin's two most populous metropolitan areas are the Reno-
Sparks metropolitan area to the west and the Wasatch Front to the east
(with the latter being significantly more populous than the former). The
region between these two areas is sparsely populated, but includes the smaller cities of Elko, Ely,
Wendover, West Wendover, and Winnemucca. To the north are; in California Susanville, in Oregon Burns
and Hines, in Idaho Malad and in Wyoming Evanston. To the south are Cedar City, Tonopah, and Bishop
and the very southern area of the basin has the communities of Pahrump, Palmdale, Victorville, and Palm
Springs. Interstate Highways traversing the Great Basin are Interstate 80 (I-80) and I-15, and I-70 and I-84
have their respective endpoints within its boundaries. Other major roadways are U.S. Route 6 (US 6),
US 50, US 93, US 95 and US 395. The section of US 50 between Delta, Utah, and Fallon, Nevada, is
nicknamed "The Loneliest Road in America",[22] and Nevada State Route 375 is designated the
"Extraterrestrial Highway".[23] The Great Basin is traversed by several rail lines including the Union
Pacific Railroad's Overland Route (Union Pacific Railroad) through Reno and Ogden, Feather River
Route, Central Corridor and Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad.

History
Sediment build-up over thousands of years filled the down-faulted basins between ranges and created
relatively flat lacustrine plains from Pleistocene lake beds of the Great Basin.[24] For example, after forming
about 32,000 years ago, Lake Bonneville overflowed about 14,500 years ago in the Bonneville Flood
through Red Rock Pass and lowered to the "Provo Lake"[25] level (the Great Salt Lake, Utah Lake, Sevier
Lake, Rush Lake, and Little Salt Lake remain).[26] Lake Lahontan, Lake Manly, and Lake Mojave were
similar Pleistocene lakes.

Paleo-Indian habitation by the Great Basin tribes began as early as

10,000 B.C. (the Numic-speaking Shoshonean peoples arrived as
late as 1000 A.D.).[27] Archaeological evidence of habitation sites
along the shore of Lake Lahontan date from the end of the ice age
when its shoreline was approximately 500 feet (150 m) higher
along the sides of the surrounding mountains. The Great Basin
was inhabited for at least several thousand years by Uto-Aztecan
language group-speaking Native American Great Basin tribes,
including the Shoshone, Ute, Mono, and Northern Paiute.

European exploration of the Great Basin occurred during the 18th

century Spanish colonization of the Americas. The first immigrant
American to cross the Great Basin from the Sierra Nevada was
Jedediah Strong Smith in 1827.[28] Peter Skene Ogden of the
British Hudson's Bay Company explored the Great Salt Lake and Native American tribes that inhabited
Humboldt River regions in the late 1820s, following the eastern the Great Basin were divided
side of the Sierra Nevada to the Gulf of California.[29] Benjamin between the "Great Basin" and, in
Bonneville explored the northeast portion during an 1832 the Colorado desert region, the
expedition. The United States had acquired claims to the territory "California" tribal classifications.
north of the 42nd parallel via the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty with
Spain and 1846 Oregon Treaty with Britain. The US gained claims
to most of the rest of the Great Basin via the 1848 Mexican Cession. The first non-indigenous settlement
was in 1847 in the Great Salt Lake Valley, leading to first American religious settlement effort of the
Mormon provisional State of Deseret in 1849 in present-day Utah and northern Nevada. Later settlements
were connected with the eastern regions of the 1848 California Gold Rush, with its immigrants crossing the
Great Basin on the California Trail along Nevada's Humboldt River to Carson Pass in the Sierras. The
Oregon Territory was established in 1848 and the Utah Territory in 1850.

In 1869 the First Transcontinental Railroad was completed at Promontory Summit in the Great Basin.[30]
Around 1902, the San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad was constructed in the lower basin and
Mojave Desert for California-Nevada rail service to Las Vegas, Nevada.

To close a 1951 Indian Claims Commission case, the Western Shoshone Claims Distribution Act of 2004
established the United States payment of $117 million to the Great Basin tribe for the acquisition of 39,000
square miles (100,000 km2 ).
The Dixie Valley, Nevada, earthquake (6.6–7.1) in the Great Basin was in 1954.

Climate
Climate varies throughout the Great Basin by elevation, latitude,
and other factors. Higher elevations tend to be cooler and receive
more precipitation. The western areas of the basin tend to be drier
than the eastern areas because of the rain shadow of the Sierra
Nevada. Most of the basin experiences a semi-arid or arid climate
with warm summers and cold winters. However, some of the
mountainous areas in the basin are high enough in elevation to
experience an alpine climate. Due to the region's altitude and
aridity, most areas in the Great Basin experience a substantial
diurnal temperature variation. Wah Wah Valley, Utah, thunderstorm

Significant special designations

Great Basin National Park: President Warren G. Harding created Lehman Caves National
Monument by presidential proclamation on January 24, 1922. It was incorporated into the
national park on October 27, 1986.
Death Valley National Park: Death Valley National Monument was designated in 1933 and
the park was substantially expanded and became a national park in 1994.[31]
Joshua Tree National Park was initially created as a National Monument on 10 August
1936, containing 825,000 acres (334,000 ha), after Minerva Hoyt led activism aimed at
persuading the state and federal governments at protecting the area.[32] The park was
elevated to a National Park on 31 October 1994 by the Desert Protection Act, which also
added 234,000 acres to the park.[33]
Valley of Fire State Park was designated as a National Natural Landmark in 1968
The Golden Spike National Historic Site as authorized as a National Historic Site on April 2,
1957 under non-federal ownership. It was authorized for federal ownership and
administration by an act of Congress on July 30, 1965. It was redesignated as a National
Historical Park in 2019.
The Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail was designated in 1990.
The Pony Express and California National Historic Trails were designated in 1992.
The Mojave National Preserve was established October 31, 1994 with the passage of the
California Desert Protection Act by the US Congress.[34]
The Black Rock Desert–High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails National Conservation Area
was created by the Black Rock Desert–High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails National
Conservation Area Act of 2000.[35]
The Old Spanish National Historic Trail was designated in 2002.
The Great Basin National Heritage Area was designated on October 13, 2006 under
P.L.109-338[36]
A section of the Amargosa River was a designated Wild and Scenic River in 2009 and is
also a Bureau of Land Management Natural Area.[37]
The Basin and Range National Monument was designated on July 9, 2015 under the
authority of the Antiquities Act by President Barack Obama on the boundary of the Great
Basin and Mojave Deserts, encompassing Garden and Coal Valleys in Southern
Nevada.[38]
See also
Bonneville Salt Flats
Great Basin Landscape Conservation Cooperative
Hastings Cutoff
Hidden Cave, an archaeological cave site located in the Great Basin
Nevada Basin
Salton Sea

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37. "Amargosa River Natural Area" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160301194616/http://www.bl
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External links
"Great Basin" (https://historytogo.utah.gov/great-basin/) from the Utah History Encyclopedia
by Gary B. Peterson
"Great Basin" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6di
a/Great_Basin). New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Basin&oldid=1039977973"

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