Professional Documents
Culture Documents
clear and precise wording for non-native of time when the anticipated quantities were
English speakers. Furthermore, no disputes increased. This undermined the employer’s
over the FIDIC Blue Book have arisen about entitlement to a fixed completion date and
the wording of the standard “Conditions right to apply delay damages. This omission
of Contract”. The disputes that did arise has been addressed in the amendment to
were typically concerning payment issues clause 7.3 in the new edition which provides
and the meaning of technical specifications for an extension of time:
or soil information. In comparison, the long
and complex clauses from the other FIDIC “…where the actual quantity is greater than
Contracts (in particular the Red, Yellow and the quantity stated in the Contract for that
Silver books), have often led to arguments item having due regard to any reduction in
from employers, engineers and contractors. quantities elsewhere …”.
MARNIX VANDENBERGHE reached was to adopt terminology similar to operation and use of its vessels, the employer
has 25 years of experience dealing with that found in the LOGIC “Standard Contracts should almost always be responsible for
contract drafting and negotiation, third for the U.K. Oil and Gas Industry”. These the overriding permits required to carry
party claims and disputes under contracts. forms do not provide for general inference on out the specific work. This includes permits
He holds a Master’s degree in Law and the subject of fitness for purpose, but where related to construction and zonal planning,
in Port and Maritime Sciences. He spent no purpose is specified, the item shall be fit environmental permits, dredging or disposal
the first part of his career in the risk for its ordinary purpose. The new sub-clause licences. The IADC consulted users and a
management and insurance industry, 5.2 now provides that where the contractor is typical list of statutory fees and charges are
specialising in complex liability issues. responsible for design, it shall be “fit for the now included in the second edition in a tick
He worked consecutively for a German intended purposes as specified in the Contract box contained in the “Contract Data”
corporate insurer, a leading terminal or, where no purposes are specified, fit for for which the employer will be responsible
operator in the port of Antwerp and one of their ordinary purposes”. (Table I).
the big five consulting firms in Brussels.
In 2002, he joined Jan De Nul where Bathymetric surveys The “Notes for Guidance” on clause 2.2
he worked mostly on overseas projects The fourth edition FIDIC Red Book did not contain a further list of permits and licences
and headed the legal department from provide for a simple solution to measurement that may be required for the project and
2009 to 2014. He now lives in Central for marine construction contracts. It envisages that can be incorporated in the contract as
America where he works for Van Oord that engineers possess the means to measure well. This list (Table II) was produced after
as regional counsel for the Americas. He the work (clause 56.1). This is of course true consultation with various dredging companies.
was appointed by IADC to represent the for land based civil works, but not for marine The list is extensive with a suggested
dredging companies at the FIDIC task construction below water level. Dredging indication of responsibility allocation which
group updating the FIDIC Blue Book. contractors own and operate sophisticated reflects common practice in the industry.
underwater measurement equipment that
TIM MADDOCK employers and engineers do not possess and Site data
is deputy general counsel and head it has never been practicable to make the The smooth running of a dredging and
of contracts with Van Oord, dredging engineer responsible for actually executing the reclamation project more often than not
and marine contracting based in the measurement of underwater activities. Whilst depends on the quality of information
Netherlands. Tim is a solicitor. He worked it was not possible to address this matter in provided at the outset. Most importantly,
for various large city law firms in London, the “General Conditions”, this issue is now employers should understand from the start
including six years in the international covered in the “Notes for Guidance”. how much and what level of data is required
arbitration department at Clifford Chance. for the works. Therefore, in clause 2.3 the
Tim joined Van Oord in 2001. He is Permits and licences description of the site data to be provided was
responsible for the international contract Clarity about permits is always important further specified and in the General Section
management and dispute resolution of in dredging and reclamation. Although of the “Notes for Guidance,” as well as under
Van Oord. For the last 15 years, he has the contractor remains responsible for the the notes for clauses 2.3 and 6.1, the nature
been involved in contracting and dispute
resolution worldwide, including Singapore,
Romania, Australia, Dubai, India and
Notices, fees and other 1.6 The Employer shall be responsible for those
Argentina and is very familiar with all
charges to be given or paid ticked below:
international standard forms. He was part
by the Employer
of the FIDIC task group that reviewed Tick box
the Form of Contract for Dredging and
import duties
Reclamation.
wharfage
pilotage
harbour dues
dredging and dumping fees
royalties for sand extraction
Though the simple purpose of the channel or
other
reclamation is easy to determine, the long-
term requirements for vessels or buildings are * E mployer to tick to indicate provision
not within the contractor’s control. Engineers by Employer
and employers then argued it was impractical
to specify the purpose for each underlying
item (e.g. a navigation light). The compromise Table I. A typical list of statutory fees and charges that employers have to tick to indicate provision.
18 Terra et Aqua | Number 145 | December 2016
Permits, licences and approvals Responsible Party of the information to be provided is discussed.
Planning or zonal permission or licence Employer These revisions bring more clarity to the site
Environmental Employer data needed.
Dredging licence Employer
Dumping licence Employer The most common dispute on a dredging
Mining licence / Sand extraction permit Employer contract relates to the contractor encountering
Reclamation permit Employer soil conditions that were not reasonably
foreseeable and whether the contractor should
Foreshore licence Employer
be paid for any additional costs that arise. It
Construction permit (onshore / offshore) Employer
is often difficult and expensive to resolve such
Offshore installation permit Employer
disputes. Normally, employers do not want the
Operating permit Employer
contractors to include the risk of unforeseen
Operator permit Employer
conditions in their original price, unless it is
Access permit Employer almost certain this risk will materialise.
No objection certificate from a utility provider or third party Employer
Flag dispensation (CIS) Employer Using a geotechnical base report as a
Customs clearance for imported equipment reference (as generally done on tunnelling
Contractor
[with the assistance of the Employer] contracts) is recommended, as is establishing
All licences and certificates required for the operation of the what the expected soil conditions on a project
Contractor’s equipment including IMO [International Maritime Contractor will be. This in effect creates a specification
Organisation] requirements for seagoing vessels
for the soil in the same way other elements of
All licences and certificates required for the contractor’s construction are specified. In the event of the
Contractor
personnel including visas, safety and other qualifications
project running into difficulties caused by soil
Licence for inland / coastal navigation Contractor conditions, the geotechnical base report can
Table II. A list of permits and licences that may be required for a project. be used to decide if the conditions were really
unforeseeable. This creates the potential for
a claim to fall within the conditions expected
at the site. This is the best way to avoid and/
or resolve disputes over soil conditions and to
ensure that employers only pay for the actual
soil conditions encountered.
the “General Conditions of Contract”, users Payment Provisions for a project if an event is covered by one
of the FIDIC Blue Book considered it necessary The Blue Book is meant to be flexible. As a policy only, with the premium being paid by
to review clause 6.1 “Defined Risks”. At consequence, the payment provisions can be the party best placed to insure that specific
the same time the wording was revised for adapted to almost all forms of pricing. Indeed, risk.
consistency between the various paragraphs. this is very important if an employer requires
This included: simple maintenance dredging. In that case, The provisions of clause 14.1 “Arrangements”
the most cost-effective arrangement would have also been rewritten to make it clearer
• “interruptions due to ship movements in be more akin to a charter contract where the what evidence has to be provided and when in
excess of those specified in the Contract vessel is hired on a day rate (effectively a cost relation to insurance. Employers or engineers
Data” plus basis). Whereas if the employer needs sometimes require the contractor to produce
The “Contract Data” is the place that allows financing to fund a reclamation project, then a copies of entire policies. This practice becomes
the employer to tailor the contract to suit the lump sum price might be required. Again the particularly onerous as regards Protection and
project. Employers determine where the works “Notes for Guidance” were found to be the Indemnity (P&I) insurance where the terms
are to be executed so the risk of interruptions best place to give the parties information on and conditions are contained in entire rule
due to third party ship movements is now the different approaches. books. This situation is not exceptional as
also contemplated as a “Defined Risk” in the dredging companies, just like ship owners in
revised clause 6.1 as specified in the “Contract Prolonged suspension the merchant marine sector, often join a P&I
Data”. Another novelty is the right for the contractor Club to insure the marine liabilities of their
to terminate work following prolonged fleet. In such cases, a certificate of entry for
• “climatic or hydrological conditions more suspension instigated by an engineer’s the relevant vessel issued by a P&I Club should
adverse than those specified in the Contract instruction. If the suspension only affects part be satisfactory evidence that the insurance
Data” of the works, the contractor may seek to omit coverage is in place.
The parties now also have the opportunity the relevant part. It goes without saying that
in the “Contract Data” to clearly define the keeping dredgers on standby for a longer In general, the insurance clauses are now more
boundaries applicable to allocate the risks of period of time needs to be avoided. Dredging suited to dredging and reclamation, although
climatic and hydrological conditions. vessels are expensive and while being forced they may still require amendment for work to
to stand idle, the dredging contractor may be be carried out in close proximity to operating
• “rebellion, terrorism, revolution, insurrection, missing opportunities to carry out work for facilities such as oil and gas platforms.
military or usurped power, piracy, or civil war, others. A new clause 7.6, “Suspension lasting The revised clause 14.1 also contemplates
affecting the Works” more than 28 days” has been put in place. To insurance to be provided by the employer that
Piracy is a common maritime risk, especially trigger this clause, the suspension may not be may suit a project involving other contractors
when vessels are mobilised through a risk attributable to any failure by the contractor which will require an overall policy or where
zone. The risks of piracy are now expressly and must exceed 28 days. In addition the the employer is better placed to insure. In such
recognised as a “Defined Risk” in clause 6.1(b). contractor has an obligation to submit the circumstances, the employer will be able to
requisite notifications to the employer. save costs or minimise risk by taking out the
With reference to “Defined Risks” 6.1(a) insurance itself.
and 6.1(b), the “Notes for Guidance” clarify Insurance
that a premium increase for the war risks In relation to insurance, IADC members ALIGNMENT WITH THE RAINBOW
cover (which includes piracy) implemented by found that employers are not used to the SUITE OF CONTRACTS
underwriters following advice from the Joint types of insurance maintained in the marine Most users of the Blue Book are also and
War Committee in London, falls within the construction industry. The insurance table now sometimes more familiar with the remainder
scope of additional costs envisaged by clause provided in the “Contract Data” was set up of the FIDIC Rainbow Suite of Contracts
10.4 “Contractor’s Right to Claim”. to clarify the extent and scope of coverage for (Figure 3). With that knowledge many users
each type of insurance. It sets out a default consider that a number of matters were more
Application of standby rates position to identify the party required to properly addressed in the Rainbow Suite.
Dredging contracts often include standby rates take out the respective insurance policies. Acknowledging that, the second edition of the
because the contractor continues to incur cost This feature was clearly lacking in the first Blue Book includes new clauses that align the
while his equipment is standing idle. To avoid edition of the FIDIC Blue Book. The “Notes contract with the Rainbow Suite.
disputes over what sums are recoverable for a for Guidance” now also include detailed
“Defined Risk”, sub-clause 10.4 now expressly explanations of the insurance coverage with Performance security
refers to “the application of rates stated in the the view to ensuring that employers can make First, a clear contractual obligation protecting
Contract for this purpose” when it comes to informed decisions. the contractor against a wrongful call of a
determining the cost of idle time as a result of performance security has been added [clause
a Defined Risk. Another aim was to avoid parties insuring the 4.4]. This reflects sub-clause 4.2 of the FIDIC
same risk twice. It is always more cost-effective Rainbow Suite of Contracts.
20 Terra et Aqua | Number 145 | December 2016
“…The Employer shall indemnify and hold In addition, the name of the defined term to change the name of the defined term
the Contractor harmless against and from all “Force Majeure” has been changed as it has “Force Majeure” to “Exceptional Events” as
damages, losses and expenses (including legal different meanings in different jurisdictions. mentioned before.
fees and expenses) resulting from a claim FIDIC was concerned that its use (as a defined
under the performance security which the term) might contradict the meaning it has Limitation of liability
Employer was not entitled to make.” under the applicable law. Therefore, the new Finally, and most controversially, the limitation
FIDIC Blue Book no longer refers to “Force of liability and exclusion of consequential loss
Employer’s financial arrangements Majeure” but to “Exceptional Events”. provisions have been brought in line with the
Secondly, a new provision has been inserted to Rainbow Suite. Users of the FIDIC Blue Book
make sure that an employer provides sufficient Subsequent legislation found the layered set-up of sub-clause 13.3
evidence of funding for the original works A fourth change relates to change in law. In in the “Appendix” difficult to work with. This
or any substantial variation [clause 2.5]. This the first edition, the concept of 'change in often resulted in the provision being replaced
reflects sub-clause 2.4 of the FIDIC Rainbow law' referred to a change in the law of the by more straightforward wording in the
Suite of Contracts. contract. This, however, caused a problem particular conditions. As the Task Group aimed
when the law of the contract was different at avoiding the need for particular conditions,
“The Employer shall submit within 28 from that of the site. The second edition has this sub-clause definitely needed a revision. It
days after receiving any request from the brought that clause in line with the Rainbow was also a matter of record that the liability
Contractor, reasonable evidence that financial Suite, where due regard is given to the effects provisions contained in the Rainbow Suite of
arrangements have been made and are being of changes in the law of the country where Contracts were set up in an entirely different
maintained which will enable the Employer the works are executed. The new Blue Book manner than those of the Blue Book.
to fulfil his payment obligations under the offers the opportunity to include changes
Contract.” in the law of the contract or locations other The new sub-clause 13.3 is as follows:
than the site through adding countries in the (a) Neither Party shall be liable to the
Force majeure or Exceptional events “Contract Data”. It now also recognises that other Party for any loss of use of any
Thirdly, the concept that the contractor could the effect of changes in the governmental or Works, loss of profit, loss of contract,
recover cost incurred as a result of any force judicial interpretations of laws can fall within loss of opportunity or for any indirect
majeure event was abandoned in favour of the ambit of clause 6.1 (o). or consequential loss or damage which
the Rainbow Suite approach. Recovery of cost may be suffered by the other Party in
is now limited to certain categories of force Terminology: Contract data & connection with the Contract other than
majeure events only. The “Defined Risks” in Exceptional events under Sub-Clauses 7.4 [Late Completion]
relation to similar force majeure events has In addition, there is a preference within FIDIC, and 12.4 [Payment upon Termination] and
now been modernised by removing the sub- especially since the Gold Book, for describing except as provided in the Contract Data.
clause dealing with pressure waves and also the “Appendix” as “Contract Data”. This
addresses munitions and piracy [clause 6.1(b) approach was adopted by the Task Group (b) The total liability of the Contractor to the
and (d)]. for obvious reasons of consistency. The same Employer, under or in connection with the
reasoning from the Gold Book was used Contract or at law (including tort), shall not
exceed the amount stated in the Contract depart from the Rainbow Suite approach is areas both clients and consultants prefer their
Data or (if an amount is not so stated) the that, as opposed to civil contractors, dredging own national standard contracts rather than
Accepted Contract Amount. contractors operate equipment with an initial any FIDIC contract. In Russia, there appears
value often exceeding the value of the project to be only one instance when the FIDIC Blue
(c) This Sub-Clause shall not limit liability in itself. An obligation for the contractor to Book was utilised. Generally, contracts in
any case of fraud, deliberate default or leave behind expensive dredging equipment Russia, Scandinavia and the emerging Baltic
reckless misconduct by the defaulting Party. following termination would therefore be a states are based on FIDIC but heavily modified,
disproportionate measure. This idea has now which is not in the contractor’s favour and
The Task Group was split on the need to been redressed and sub-clause 12.1 [Default makes negotiating difficult.
make this change and the matter was by Contractor] was amended accordingly.
made a subject of debate and vote (3:1 in There is widespread use of the Blue Book in
favour) at the “FIDIC International Contract Arbitration India, Indonesia, Nigeria and the Philippines.
Users’ Conference” in December 2014. This Within the Task Group the question whether In addition, there is a growing market for
issue was then finally decided by the FIDIC sub-clause 15.3 [International Arbitration] Blue Book contracts in Central and South
Contracts Committee. The earlier approach, should include an option for the parties to America such as the Caribbean, Chile, Costa
which made a differentiation between various determine the seat of the arbitration was also Rica, Colombia, Panama and Uruguay.
grounds for liability, has now been abandoned debated. The consensus was that employers Contrary to what was done for the Rainbow
in favour of a general and reciprocal exclusion and contractors often seek external or in- Suite of Contracts, FIDIC did not provide the
of liability for indirect and consequential house counsel involvement to review their industry with an official Spanish or Portuguese
losses. The new clause 13.3 also leaves it to contracts, and that an informed decision when translation of the Blue Book. Consequently,
the parties to agree on the contractor’s overall choosing the seat of the arbitration should in the near future, the IADC will be assisting
limit on liability to the employer by stating therefore be guaranteed. FIDIC to produce a Spanish and Portuguese
the cap in the “Contract Data”, the default version of the second edition of the Blue Book
position being that the total liability is limited That advice was not followed by the FIDIC to help promote it further in regions where the
to the “Accepted Contract Amount”. Contracts Committee which preferred to translated versions are necessary.
leave the selection of the place of arbitration In addition, statistics suggest that there has
One exception: “vesting” to the Arbitration Court of the International been repeated use by clients that reflects a
On one occasion the Rainbow Suite approach Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and its degree of satisfaction with the FIDIC Blue
was abandoned, as the concept that title to Secretariat in Paris. On that topic, the “Notes Book. This indicates that the value of the FIDIC
the equipment would vest in the employer for Guidance” state that the ICC Court will Blue Book is well recognised and that this new
until completion of the contract is in fact “in accordance with its usual practice, select version, which has clarified many details, will
irreconcilable with dredging practice. The a place in a country which is neutral as to the also be well-received.
requirement for the contractor to leave behind parties and which has a satisfactory arbitration
its dredging equipment following termination law”. The parties can agree either by adding
for default was described in the guidance a particular condition to that effect or by
notes of the first edition as causing 'significant jointly choosing the place when the dispute
practical difficulties'. Imagine the crewing is referred for arbitration, the latter of course
issues the employer of a dredging contractor only being a valid option when the parties are
would face if electing to take over and use the still on speaking terms. Should the parties wish
contractor’s dredging equipment to complete to refer their dispute to another arbitration
the works following termination. The same body than the ICC Court, they can always
goes for complying with insurance and safety agree on another forum through the particular
regulations. conditions.
Moreover, the contractor is not always in a CURRENT USE OF THE FIDIC BLUE
position to allow the employer to take over BOOK
the equipment, even on a temporary basis. According to the information provided by
Equipment supplied by a contractor may the IADC on the use of the FIDIC Blue Book
include ships taken on charter; allowing between 2006 to 2013, the Blue Book
the employer the unrestricted right to use has been slowly gaining popularity, with a
such equipment without the specific written constant increase in usage since 2010 (Figure
agreement of the equipment owner is often 4). However, there has been a low uptake of
prohibited. The practice of “vesting” is also the FIDIC Blue Book in Australia, the United
irreconcilable with the financing arrangements Kingdom and the original European Union
for dredging equipment. Another reason to countries. This is presumably because in these
22 Terra et Aqua | Number 145 | December 2016
R E F E R E NCE S