BASICS OF SURVEYING

1.0 SUBJECT TITLE : BASICS OF SURVEYING

2.0 SUBJECT CODE : 203

3.0 PAPER CODE :

4.0 SEMESTER : SECOND SEMESTER

5.0 RATIONALE :
Surveying is one of the basic and essential element of knowledge for any engineer/supervisor
dealing with development, modification, alteration related to construction such as roads,
buildings, tunnels; or extraction such as open cast mining, underground mining, placer mining or
ocean mining. Without the knowledge of basic surveying one can not think of acquiring skills
related to chaining, plotting, surveying and other related higher level of skills. Surveying has
advanced with induction of modern technology. GPS and GIS have completely changed the
face of surveying in any field data computations. Highest level of accuracy can be maintained
with these equipment and techniques. This subject is designed with a purpose to understand
fundamental knowledge of surveying and acquire basic skills of using surveying equipment,
keeping in mind the important job functions of a mine surveyor. The essential activities of a mine
surveyor include chaining, leveling, detailed surveying, plotting of survey data and setting out
works.
It is therefore essential to give emphasis on the development of skills on using various
basic survey tools and their application in surveying and data collection for preparation of mine
plans & sections of workings. Hence experiments and projects have been identified for
understanding basic principles of surveying and leveling.

6.0 TEACHING AND EXAMINATION SCHEME :

Teaching Scheme Examination Scheme
Practical Lab Progressiv
Theory Hrs Theory Marks/ Practical Term-work
Hrs per work e Ass.
per week paper duration marks marks
week marks marks
02 04 100/03 50 30 - 20

7.0 ENABLING OBJECTIVES :

The students after completing the course will be able to –

7.1 Understanding the principle of chain surveying.

7.2 Using prismatic compass for calculation of bearing of given land profile.
7.3 Understanding the importance and use of plane table surveying.
7.4 Comprehending levelling and its use in mining operations.
7.5 Using levels for a given situation and compute data for different mining operations.
7.6 Understanding contours and their importance in mining.
7.7 Calculate areas, volumes using formulae.
8.0 DETAILED COURSE CONTENTS :
Mark Hr PRACTICAL
UNIT CONTENTS
s s CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING 12 05 1. Demonstration of
1.1 Definition of surveying, objects of measuring chain, tape,
surveying, ranging road, peg,
Plane and Geodetic surveying. Classification arrow, optical square,
& Basic principles of surveying. line ranger.
Chain Surveying :
1.2 Principle of chain surveying. Equipments 2. Laying and ranging a
in chain line and taking
chain surveying, cross staff , optical square offsets by tape on
its principle and use. either side.
1.3 Different operations in chain surveying,
Ranging: direct & reciprocal ranging. Line 3. Using chain and
ranger structure, principle of working and its cross-staff survey for
use. Chaining: Chaining on flat & slopping calculating area of a
ground, obstacle in chaining, Chain given field.
Triangulation – Survey Station and their
Selections, factors affecting selection of
survey station. Survey lines, Check lines, Tie
lines, base line. Errors in changing.
Offsetting.
1.4 Conventional signs related to survey.
2. COMPASS SURVEYING 20 15
2.1 The Prismatic & Surveyors compass, their 4. Perform temporary
Comparison. adjustment of prismatic
2.2. Bearing of a line: Definitions: True & compass and
Magnetic Meridian; True and Magnetic observing fore & back
bearings, Fore & back bearings, Declination. bearing and calculation
Whole circle bearing system & Quadrantal of included angles from
bearing system. Conversion of bearings from observed bearings.
one system to other. Calculation of angles
from bearings. Calculation of bearings from 5. Measure fore & back
angles. bearing of five sided
2.3. Local attraction: Sources, detection & its closed traverse,
elimination. Magnetic dip & magnetic identify stations
declination. Calculation of True bearings. affected by local
2.4. Traversing with compass: Closed and attraction and calculate
open traverse; Plotting a compass traverse; corrected bearings
Checks for open & closed traverse; Closing
error, Graphical adjustment of closing error.
 Mark Hr PRACTICAL
UNIT CONTENTS
s s CONTENT
3. PLANE TABLE SURVEYING 12 08 6. Demonstration of
3.1 Introduction, Plane table and its plane table and
accessories, Temporary adjustments of Plane accessories, temporary
table, centering, levelling, orienting the plane adjustment, locating
table by method of back sighting by method points by radiation.
of magnetic needle. 7. Methods of plane
3.2 Methods of plane tabling Radiation, Tabling- orientation of
Intersection, Traversing, Resection method. plane table by back
3.3 Advantages & disadvantages of plane sighting and locating
table survey, Errors in plane table survey. details by intersection
method.
4. 20 16 8. Demonstration of
LEVELLING-I
Dumpy level and tilting
4.1 Definitions of the terms used in Levelling. level.
Concept of datum, Back sight, Foresight
stations, change point, height of instrument. 9. Carrying out,
Dumpy and tilling level Construction and
Temporary
temporary adjustments. Levelling staff, their adjustments of dumpy
types. Balancing of back sight and fore sight level and conduct
distances. Holding and Reading the staff,
simple levelling,
simple and differential levelling, and booking recording readings in
of readings.
levelling book and
4.2 Reduction of levels by collimation system apply arithmetic check.
and by Rise & fall system. Arithmetic check,
computation of missing readings.
LEVELLING-II 20 12 10. Differential levelling
4.3 Classification of levelling: Differential, with Dumpy level-
Reciprocal, and Fly levelling, Profile levelling, recording in level book,
cross sectioning. Plotting of a profile and reduction of levels by
cross section. both methods, apply
4.4 Difficulties in levelling, common errors in arithmetic check.
levelling. Permanent adjustments of Dumpy &
Tilling level. Automatic level (General idea 11. Fly levelling for
only) carrying benchmark at
4.5 Transferring levels underground: a station at least 300 m
Measurement of depth of vertical shaft. away by tilting level.
Establishing u/g bench mark in relation to
surface bench mark. 12. Demonstration of
4.6 Marking center & grade line of drift. auto level.
4.7 Marking Highest flood level.
4.8 Study and use of Abney level
Auto set level, Temporary adjustments.
 Mark Hr PRACTICAL
UNIT CONTENTS
s s CONTENT
5. CONTOURING 16 08 13. Use concept of
5.1 Introduction and concept, definitions, contouring in finding
purpose, Characteristic of out area of a given
Contour line, contour interval, factors block.
affecting contour interval, Horizontal 14. Using arithmetical
equivalent. Methods of Locating contours and graphical method
Direct method, Indirect method. Interpolation for estimation.
of contours by estimation, arithmetical and by 15. Block contouring –
graphical method. Plotting of contour maps. block of 200 m X 200 m.
Uses of contour map. with spot level at 10 m X
5.2 Measurement of areas & volumes by 10 m. plotting contours
Simpson’s and Trapezoidal, prizmoidal rule, with contours interval 0.5
to 1.0 m. by interpolation .
measurement of stock of coal, overburden
mines.

9.0 SUGGESTED SPECIFICATION TABLE (THEORY) :

UNITS TENTATIVE
S. No. Total DISTRIBUTION OF
Hours MARKS
K C A TOTAL
MARKS
1. Introduction to surveying 05 05 04 03 12
2. Compass Surveying 15 05 08 07 20
3. Plane table surveying 08 04 04 04 12
4. Levelling I 16 04 06 10 20
5. Levelling II 12 06 10 04 20
6. Contouring 08 06 06 04 16
TOTAL 64 30 38 32 100
Abbreviations: K=Knowledge level, C = Comprehension Level, A = Application level
10.0 SUGGESTED IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES:
10.1 Class room teaching
10.2 Field work and practical exercises
10.3 Library and Home assignments
10.4 Field visits
10.5 Industrial Training
11.0 SUGGESTED LIST OF TUTORIALS :
11.1 Chain & cross staff Survey for finding area of a field (Numerical problems) Errors
in chain Surveying & applying Corrections for chain & Tape numerical problems).
11.2 Calculation of bearings from angles (solving numerical).
11.2 Calculation of True bearings (solving numerical).
11.3 Plotting of a profile and cross section.
11.4 Permanent adjustments of Dumpy & Tilling level.
11.5 Marking center & grade line of drift.
11.7 Marking of highest flood level.
11.6 Using graphical method of contouring.
12.0 SUGGESTED LEARNING RESOURCES :
S.No. TITLE AUTHOR, PUBLISHER, ISBN
EDITION AND YEAR OF NUMBER
PUBLICATION
1. Surveying and levelling Volume I & II T. P. Kanetkar & S. V. Kulkarni,
Pune Vidyapith Griha
Prakashan Pune; 1995
2. Surveying & Levelling B.C. Punmia
3. Amarjit Aggarwal, H.Tata
Surveying & Levelling
International Publication, 1992

13.0 LIST OF EXPERTS AND TEACHERS WHO CONTRIBUTED FOR THIS

CURRICULUM:

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