Galangal Root: Benefits,

Uses, and Side Effects

 Benefits

 Comparison with ginger and tumeric

 Side effects
 Bottom line

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Galangal root is a spice native to Southern Asia. It’s closely related to ginger
and turmeric and has been used in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese
medicine for centuries (1Trusted Source).

The word galangal refers to the root of several plants of

the Zingiberaceae family. Lesser galangal, or Alpinia officinarum, is most
commonly used.

Similarly to ginger and turmeric, galangal can be eaten fresh or cooked and is
a popular addition to many Chinese, Indonesian, Malaysian, and Thai dishes
(2Trusted Source).

This spice is also used to improve certain ailments, as it’s believed to help
treat infections, reduce inflammation, boost male fertility, and even fight
different types of cancer.

This article reviews the benefits and safety of galangal root and compares it
with ginger and turmeric.
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Potential benefits
Galangal root has been employed in traditional medicine as a remedy for
various ailments, and an increasing number of scientific studies support these
uses.

Rich in antioxidants

Galangal root is a rich source of antioxidants, which are beneficial plant

compounds that help fight disease and protect your cells from damaging free
radicals.

It’s especially rich in polyphenols, a group of antioxidants linked to health

benefits, such as improved memory and lower blood sugar and LDL (bad)
cholesterol levels (3Trusted Source, 4Trusted Source, 5Trusted
Source, 6Trusted Source).
Polyphenols are also thought to protect against mental decline, type 2
diabetes, and heart disease. Both ginger and turmeric — two close relatives of
galangal root — are also rich in polyphenols and have been linked to these
benefits (7Trusted Source, 8Trusted Source, 9Trusted Source, 10Trusted
Source, 11Trusted Source).

However, no studies have directly linked galangal root to these effects, so

more research is needed before strong conclusions can be made.

May protect against certain cancers

Galangal root may help protect your body against certain types of cancer.

Test-tube studies suggest that the active compound in galangal root, known
as galangin, may kill cancer cells or prevent them from spreading (12Trusted
Source, 13Trusted Source, 14Trusted Source, 15Trusted Source, 16Trusted
Source).

More specifically, one study highlighted the spice’s ability to kill two strains of
human colon cancer cells. Other studies suggest it may fight breast, bile duct,
skin, and liver cancer cells (12Trusted Source, 17Trusted Source, 18Trusted
Source, 19Trusted Source, 20Trusted Source).

That said, test-tube findings do not necessarily apply to humans. While study
results have been promising, more research in humans is needed.

May boost male fertility

Emerging evidence suggests that galangal root may boost male fertility.

In one animal study, sperm count and motility increased in rats given galangal

root extract (21Trusted Source).
Additionally, in a 3-month study in 66 men with low sperm quality, taking a
daily supplement containing galangal root and pomegranate fruit extract
experienced a 62% increase in sperm motility, compared with a 20% increase
in those in the placebo group (22Trusted Source).

Although this finding is interesting, it’s unclear whether the effect was due to
galangal root or pomegranate fruit extract.

More human research is needed to determine galangal root’s effects on male

fertility.

May fight inflammation and pain

Galangal root may reduce disease-causing inflammation, as it contains HMP,

a naturally occurring phytochemical that test-tube and animal studies have
suggested boasts potent anti-inflammatory properties (23, 24Trusted
Source, 25Trusted Source, 26Trusted Source).

In fact, plants of the Zingiberaceae family, including galangal, appear to mildly

reduce pain, a common symptom of inflammation (27Trusted Source).

For instance, in one 6-week study in 261 people with osteoarthritis of the

knee, 63% of those who took a ginger and galangal extract daily reported a
reduction in knee pain when standing, compared with 50% of those taking a
placebo (28Trusted Source).

However, more studies on the pain-reducing effects of galangal root

specifically are needed before strong conclusions can be made.

May protect against infections

Essential oils extracted from galangal root may fight a range of
microorganisms.

As such, galangal root may prolong the shelf life of certain foods. Also, adding
fresh galangal root to your recipes may reduce your risk of vibriosis, an
infection caused by eating undercooked shellfish (29Trusted
Source, 30Trusted Source).

Furthermore, test-tube studies suggest that galangal root may kill harmful
bacteria, including E. coli, Staphyloccocus aureus, and Salmonella Typhi,
although its effectiveness appears to vary between studies (4Trusted
Source, 31, 32Trusted Source).

Finally, some research suggests that galangal root may protect against fungi,
yeasts, and parasites. However, not all studies agree (4Trusted
Source, 33Trusted Source).

SUMMARY

Galangal root is rich in antioxidants and may boost male fertility and reduce
inflammation and pain. It may even protect against infections and certain
types of cancer, but more research is needed.
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How does it compare with ginger

and turmeric?
Galangal is closely related to ginger and turmeric, and all three roots can be
used fresh or dried to add flavor to your dishes.
Ginger offers a fresh, sweet-yet-spicy taste, while galangal’s flavor is sharper,
spicier, and slightly more peppery. Turmeric has the most pungent and bitter
flavor of the three.

Research links all three spices to similar health benefits. Like galangal
root, ginger and turmeric are rich in antioxidants and have anti-inflammatory
properties that may reduce joint stiffness and pain (28Trusted
Source, 34Trusted Source, 35Trusted Source, 36Trusted Source).

What’s more, all three spices contain compounds that may prevent or combat
different forms of cancer (37Trusted Source, 38Trusted Source).

Nevertheless, galangal root is the only one of the three that has been shown
to potentially boost male fertility. Conversely, ginger’s anti-nausea and
stomach-emptying abilities have yet to be matched by either galangal root or
turmeric (21Trusted Source, 22Trusted Source, 39Trusted Source, 40Trusted
Source, 41Trusted Source).

Ginger and turmeric have been linked to a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and
heart disease, the prevention of memory loss, and protection against age-
related losses in brain function (7Trusted Source, 8Trusted Source, 9Trusted
Source, 10Trusted Source, 11Trusted Source).

Due to their similarities, galangal root may offer comparable benefits.

SUMMARY

Galangal root is closely related to ginger and turmeric. All three can be used
to flavor foods and may offer similar health benefits. Yet, more studies have
analyzed the effects of ginger and turmeric than those of galangal root.

Precautions and side effects

Galangal root has been used in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine
for centuries and is likely safe when consumed in the amounts typically found
in foods (1Trusted Source).

That said, there’s limited information regarding a safe dosage or the potential
side effects of consuming it in larger amounts, such as those found in
supplements.

One animal study observed that doses of 909 mg per pound (2,000 mg per
kg) of body weight resulted in serious side effects, including a drop in energy
levels, lack of appetite, excessive urination, diarrhea, coma, and even death
(42Trusted Source).

These side effects were absent at significantly smaller dosages of 136 mg per
pound (300 mg per kg) of body weight (42Trusted Source).

Nonetheless, information about the safety and potential side effects of

galangal root supplements in humans is lacking.

SUMMARY

Galangal root is likely safe when consumed in the amounts typically found in
foods. Yet, there’s currently scant research on the safety or potential side
effects of larger doses, such as those found in supplements.

The bottom line

Galangal root is a spice closely related to ginger and turmeric and a popularly
employed remedy in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine.

It can add flavor, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory compounds to your

dishes and may provide a slew of health benefits. These include boosting
male fertility and protecting you from infections and potentially even certain
forms of cancer.

Although you’ll likely need to visit an Asian or specialty market to get your
hands on fresh galangal root, dried slices and ground powder are widely
available, including online.

All in all, this spice is well worth adding to your recipes.

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Last medically reviewed on November 14, 2019

FEEDBACK:
 Written by Alina Petre, MS, RD (NL) on November 14, 2019 — Medically reviewed 

Galangal Root: Benefits, Uses, and Side Effects - Healthline

https://www.healthline.com › nutrition › galangal-root

April 25, 2021

J Econ Entomol



. 2011 Oct;104(5):1534-40.
 doi: 10.1603/ec11080.

Bioefficacy of Alpinia galanga

(Zingiberaceae) rhizome extracts,
(E)-p-acetoxycinnamyl alcohol, and
(E)-p-coumaryl alcohol ethyl ether
against Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera:
Tephritidae) and the impact on
detoxification enzyme activities
N Sukhirun 1, W Pluempanupat, V Bullangpoti, O Koul
Affiliations expand

 PMID: 22066182

 DOI: 10.1603/ec11080
Abstract
The application of insecticides to control oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel
(Diptera: Tephritidae), is a principal component of the current management of these
fruit flies. However, we evaluated four extracts of Alpinia galanga Wild Linn
(Zingiberaceae) rhizomes against adult flies and found hexane and ethanol extracts to
be most effective (LC50 = 4,866 and 6,337 ppm, respectively, after 24 h). This suggested
that both nonpolar and polar compounds could be active in the candidate plant.
Accordingly, the hexane extract was further processed to isolate nonpolar active
compounds from this plant source. Two compounds, (E)-p-acetoxycinnamyl alcohol and
(E)-p-coumaryl alcohol ethyl ether, were identified as active ingredients and found to be
more active than total hexane extract (LC50 = 3,654 and 4,044 ppm, respectively, after
24 h). The data suggested that the compounds were not synergistic but may have some
additive effect in a mixture. The activity of the hexane extract against detoxification
enzymes, carboxylesterase (CE) and glutathione transferase (GST) also was determined
in vitro. CE was inhibited by 70%, whereas GST was not significantly inhibited. Insect CEs
mediate insecticide resistance via their induction; therefore, inhibition of these enzymes
by plant allelochemicals could be a useful alternative approach for the management of
the pest in the field.

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 TOXICITY OF ALPINIA GALANGA (ZINGIBERACEAE) RHIZOME EXTRACTS AGAINST

SPODOPTERA LITURA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE).

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 Kaushik D, Yadav J, Kaushik P, Sacher D, Rani R.Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2011
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J Ethnopharmacol



. 2011 Oct 31;138(1):85-91.
 doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.048. Epub 2011 Sep 1.

Neuroprotective effect of Alpinia

galanga (L.) fractions on Aβ(25-35)
induced amnesia in mice
J C Hanish Singh 1, V Alagarsamy, Prakash V Diwan, S Sathesh Kumar, J C Nisha, Y Narsimha
Reddy
Affiliations expand

 PMID: 21911048

 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.08.048

Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance: The rhizomes of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd
(Zingiberaceae), a ginger substitute for flavouring food was traditionally used as nervine
tonic and stimulant.

Aim of the study: This investigation is designed to screen cognitive improvement of

Alpinia galanga (AG) fractions in Alzheimer's type of amnesia in mice induced by Aβ((25-
35)).

Materials and methods: Alzheimer's disease induced mice treated with fractions (n-
hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate) of AG in 200 and 400mg/kg. Neurotoxicity was
induced by intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ((25-35)) on the 14th day of 21 days
drug treatment. Open field and water maze were carried to determine habituation
memory and hippocampal memory. Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and
antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, catalase and vitamin C) were determined in brain tissue
homogenate to estimate the brain biochemical changes and its anti-amnesic potential
with intensity of oxidative stress signaling. Further bioactive (chloroform) fraction was
eluted through column chromatography to identify the lead molecules.

Results: Increased habituation memory and decreased escape latency in behavioral

parameter are the indicative of the cognitive enhancement after treatment with Alpinia
galanga fractions. Increment in Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and antioxidant activity depicts brain
membrane integrity improvement and free radical scavenging property. AChE level was
decreased to improve the cognition by enhancing cholinergic transmission.

Conclusion: Anti-amnesic effect was exerted by various fractions of Alpinia galanga.

Among all fractions, preeminent neuroprotection was exerted by chloroform fraction,
which has compound, 1'δ-1'-acetoxyeugenol acetate and it may be a potential
therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's type of amnesia. These results further motivate us to
explore the activity of lead compound's anti-amnesic effect on transgenic mice model of
AD.

Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

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https://phcogj.com/sites/default/files/PharmacognJ-10-09.pdf
Antimicrobial and radical scavenging activity of leaf and
rhizome extract of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd
(Zingiberaceae)
Yashoda Kambar1, Vivek M. N1, Prashith Kekuda T.R1, Raghavendra H. L2*

1. P.G. Department of Studies and Research in Microbiology, Sahyadri Science College (Autonomous), Kuvempu Univ
Shivamogga-577203, Karnataka, India
2. College of Medical and Health Sciences, Wollega University, Post Box No: 395, Nekemte, Ethiopia

Corresponding Author: Dr. Raghavendra H L Assistant Professor, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Wollega Univers
395, Nekemte, Ethiopia E-mail: raghu_hl@rediffmail.com
Date of Submission: 08-02-2014 Date of Acceptance: 22-02-2014 Conflict of Interest: NIL Source of Support: NONE

Copyright: © 2014 Dr. Raghavendra H L et al, publisher and licensee IYPF. This is an Open Access article which permits un
noncommercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.

Related article at Pubmed, Scholar Google

 
Visit for more related articles at International Journal of Drug Development and Research

Abstract

Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd belonging to the family Zingiberaceae is widely distributed in tropical
areas. The plant is used in food preparation and as medicine. The present study was carried out
to determine antimicrobial and radical scavenging effect of leaf and rhizome extract of A.
galanga. The powdered leaf and rhizome were extracted by soxhlet extraction using methanol.
Antimicrobial activity of extracts was determined by Agar well diffusion assay against 15 clinical
isolates of bacteria (from burn, dental caries and urinary tract infection) and two fungi (Candida
albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans). Radical scavenging activity of extracts was
determined by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were
estimated by Folin- Ciocalteau reagent and Aluminium chloride colorimetric estimation method
respectively. Rhizome extract was found to possess high inhibitory activity against fungi and
clinical isolates of bacteria. Inhibitory activity was marked against burn and dental caries
isolates when compared to urinary tract isolates. Overall, Gram positive bacteria showed higher
susceptibility to extracts. Among fungi, C. neoformans was inhibited to higher extent. The
extracts have shown dose dependent scavenging of free radicals. The rhizome extract (IC50
32.34μg/ml) was more efficient in scavenging free radicals than leaf extract as revealed by low
IC50 value. The content of total phenolics and flavonoids were high in rhizome extract when
compared to leaf extract. Marked antimicrobial and radical scavenging potential of rhizome
extract can be ascribed to high phenolic and flavonoid content. The plant can be used for the
development of agents active against pathogenic microbes and radical induced damage.

Key words
Alpinia galanga, DPPH, Agar well diffusion, Total phenolic, flavonoid
INTRODUCTION
Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd (Zingiberaceae) is a rhizomatous plant having distinctive aroma (due to essential oils and phenol
distributed widely in tropical areas and used as a medicine in many countries. The rhizomes act as carminative, used to tre
spleen pain, bronchitis, diabetes mellitus and loss of appetite. The plant is used to treat stomachaches in China and Thaila
rhizome has a characteristic fragrance and pungency. The rhizome is used to flavor cooked food. The rhizome is used as a
component in Thai curries paste[1,2,3]. The plant has got traditional uses. The rhizome is sold for stimulant property by lo
vendors in Tamil Nadu, India[4]. To relieve asthma, the root powder, along with other plants, is mixed with natural honey
administered[5]. The plant has been traditionally used as offerings to god in kani tribal community[6]. In Malaysia, the juic
pounded leaves is applied topically on skin diseases[7]. From the rhizomes, compounds viz., -Sitosterol Diarabinoside[8], -
diglucosyl caprate[9], Galangoflavonoside[10] and 1-Acetoxychavicol acetate[11] have been isolated.

Different parts of the plant have shown to possess various bioactivities. Rhizome extracts showed analgesic[12], anthelmi

mycobacterial[14], antioxidant[15], antiinflammatory[ 16], gastric antisecretory[17], antiulcer[17], cytoprotective[17], CN

antidiabetic[19], hepatoprotective[20], hypolipidemic[21] activity and protective effect against diabetic nephropathy[22].
of rhizome showed antimicrobial activity[1,23,24], antioxidant activity[23]. 4’-hydroxycinnamaldehyde isolated from rhizo
cytotoxic to cell lines human leukemic HL-60 and U937[25]. Leaf extract was shown to exhibit antibacterial[26] and wound
property. Seed essential oil was found to possess antibacterial activity[26]. The flower extract was shown to possess inhib
against Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus in a ready-to-eat Turkey ham product[28]. The root extract po
antiinflammatory activity in rat paw edema[29]. 1- Acetoxychavicol acetate isolated from rhizomes ameliorates ovalbumin
asthma in mice[11]. The leaves and pseudostem were shown to possess phytoremediation activity in terms of potential to
lead[3]. The present study was performed to estimate total phenolic and flavonoid content and to determine antimicrobia
scavenging effect of leaf and rhizome extract of A. galanga.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection of plant material
The leaves and rhizomes of A. galanga were collected at Maragalale, Thirthahalli (taluk), Shivamogga (district), Karnataka.
material was authenticated by Dr. Vinayaka K.S. Voucher specimen (SSC/PK-Ag-97) was deposited in the department.
Extraction
The plant materials were shade dried and powdered mechanically. For extraction, 25g each of leaf and rhizome powders w
using methanol (HiMedia, Mumbai) in a soxhlet apparatus. The extracts were filtered through Whatman No. 1 filter paper
concentrated in vacuum under reduced pressure[30]. The leaf and bark extracts were stored in amber colored containers
Antibacterial activity of leaf and rhizome extracts
Inhibitory effect of leaf and rhizome extract was assessed by Agar well diffusion assay[30] against a panel of 15 bacteria w
isolates of Streptococcus mutans (from dental caries), 5 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (from burn) and 5 bacteria viz.,
aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli isolated from urinary
24 hours old Nutrient broth (HiMedia, Mumbai) cultures of test bacteria were inoculated on sterile Nutrient agar (HiMedi
using sterile cotton swabs. Wells of 6mm diameter were punched in the inoculated plates using sterile cork borer. 100μl le
extract (20mg/ml of 25% Dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO; HiMedia, Mumbai]), Chloramphenicol (1mg/ml of sterile water) and
sterile water) were transferred into labeled wells. The plates were incubated at 37oC for 24 hours in upright position. Zon
were measured using a ruler.
Antifungal activity of leaf and rhizome extracts
Antifungal effect of extracts was evaluated against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans by Agar well diffusion
brief, 48 hours old Sabouraud Dextrose broth (HiMedia, Mumbai) cultures of test fungi were swabbed on sterile Sabourau
(HiMedia, Mumbai) using sterile cotton swabs followed by punching wells of 6mm diameter using sterile cork borer. 100μ
rhizome extract (20mg/ml of 25% Dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO; HiMedia, Mumbai]), Fluconazole (1mg/ml of sterile water) a
in sterile water) were transferred into labeled wells. The plates were incubated at 37oC for 48 hours in upright position an
inhibition were measured using a ruler.
Radical scavenging activity of leaf and rhizome extracts
In order to determine radical scavenging effect of extracts, we employed DPPH free radical scavenging assay[31]. Here, 2m
concentrations of leaf and rhizome extracts (0-100 μg/ml) were mixed with 2ml of DPPH solution (0.002% in methanol) in
The tubes were incubated in dark for 30 minutes at room temperature. The absorbance of each tube was measured at 51
spectrophotometer. The absorbance of control (2ml of DPPH+2ml of methanol) was also noted. Ascorbic acid was used as
standard. The radical scavenging activity of each concentration of leaf and rhizome extract was calculated using the formu

Radical scavenging activity (%) = (Ac-At/Ac) x 100, where Ac is absorbance of control and At is the absorbance of extract/s
concentration of extract required to scavenge 50% of free radicals (IC50) was calculated.
Total phenolic content of leaf and rhizome extracts
The content of total phenolics in leaf and rhizome extracts was estimated using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent (FCR) method[32
concentration of each extract (0.5ml) was mixed with 0.5ml of FC reagent (1:1) and 2ml of sodium carbonate (7%) in clean
tubes. The tubes were allowed to stand for 30 minutes and the optical density was measured at 765nm using a UV-Vis
spectrophotometer. A standard curve was plotted using different concentrations of Gallic acid (standard, 0-1000μg/ml) an
extracts was expressed as μg Gallic acid equivalents (GAE) from the graph.
Total flavonoid content of leaf and rhizome extracts
Aluminium chloride colorimetric method was employed to estimate total flavonoid content of extracts. Here, a dilute con
extract (0.5ml) was mixed with 0.5ml of methanol, 4ml of water and 0.3ml of NaNO2 (5%) and incubated for 5 minutes at
temperature. After incubation, 0.3ml of AlCl3 (10%) was added and the tubes were again incubated at room temperature
Later, 2ml of 1M NaOH and 2.4ml of distilled water were added and the absorbance was read at 510nm using UV-Vis spec
A calibration curve was constructed using different concentrations of Catechin (0-120μg/ml) and the flavonoid content wa
μg Catechin equivalents (CE) from the graph[33].

RESULTS
The result of inhibitory effect of leaf and rhizome extract against clinical isolates of burn (Sa-01 to Sa-05), dental caries (Sm
and urinary tract infection is shown in table 1. The extracts were effective against all test bacteria. The inhibitory effect wa
case of rhizome extract when compared to leaf extract. Overall, inhibitory effect of rhizome extract was marked against b
inhibition 1.6-1.9cm) and dental caries (zone of inhibition 1.7-2.0cm) isolates when compared to urinary tract isolates (zon
1.4-1.7cm). In case of urinary tract isolates, inhibitory effect was marked against Gram positive bacteria than Gram negati
Reference antibiotic caused higher inhibition of test bacteria when compared to extracts. DMSO did not cause inhibition o
bacteria.

Table 2 shows the result of antifungal effect of extracts. The extracts were found inhibitory against both fungi. Susceptibil
case of C. neoformans when compared to C. albicans. Rhizome extract was more inhibitory than leaf extract. Reference an
higher inhibition of test fungi than extracts. DMSO did not cause inhibition of fungi.

The radical scavenging nature of leaf and rhizome extract of A. galanga was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging assay. Th
exhibited dose dependent scavenging of free radicals. The rhizome extract (IC50 32.34μg/ml) scavenged free radicals mor
when compared to leaf extract (IC50 62.09μg/ml). Reference antioxidant ascorbic acid scavenged radicals to higher exten
value of 2.56μg/ml when compared to leaf and rhizome extract (Figure 1).

Table 3 shows the content of phenolics and flavonoids in leaf and rhizome extracts. Content of total phenolics as well as t
were high in rhizome extract when compared to leaf extract.

DISCUSSION
Infectious diseases, caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites, are due to a complex interaction between pathogen,
environment. These diseases have devastated mankind in early periods. The developments in the field of chemotherapy e
discovery of antibiotics is considered as one of the important milestones in medical field. The use of these wonder drugs r
eradication of infections that once challenged mankind. However, the therapy of infections using these antibiotics is going
because of development of resistance in pathogens against antibiotics. A number of pathogens such as S. aureus, E. coli, P
vancomycin resistant enterococci, M. tuberculosis, C. albicans, C. neoformans etc have developed resistance against wide
antibiotics. Above all, these organisms have the ability to transmit or acquire the resistance. The infections caused by thes
resistant bacteria are difficult to treat[34-38]. More than 80% of world’s population depends on traditional medicine for p
healthcare needs. Plants have been used to treat infections long before the discovery of antibiotics. They contain a numb
metabolites, in particular phenolic compounds, having therapeutic value. Traditional healers (herbal healers) from differe
world use many plants as antiinfective agents. Plant based medicines are cost effective and generally lack side effects whi
associated with the use of antibiotics[39,40]. In this study, the rhizome extract of A. galanga exhibited stronger inhibitory
compared to leaf extract against clinical isolates of bacteria. The essential oil of rhizome showed inhibitory activity agains
bacteria[1,24]. The ethanolic extract of rhizome was shown to possess anti-mycobacterial activity[14]. The flower extract
possess inhibitory effect against Listeria monocytogenes and S. aureus in a ready-to-eat Turkey ham product[28].

The free radicals are produced in the cells through aerobic respiration and on exposure to external factors. These free rad
different forms such as superoxide, hydroxyl, hydroperoxyl, peroxyl and alkoxyl radicals. Normally, the natural antioxidan
of the body i.e., antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase and small molecules such as
vitamin E etc., in healthy persons remove these free radicals. However, when the balance between free radical production
antioxidant defense is disturbed, overproduction of free radicals occurs and it leads to a situation called oxidative stress w
implicated in hundreds of disorders such as cancer, aging, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders etc. In oxidative
to biomolecules such as DNA and proteins occurs mainly because of overproduction of free radicals. In such situations, an
particular dietary antioxidants are helpful. Hence, it is important to consume food rich in antioxidants, such as fruits and v
43]. A number of in vitro assays are used to determine radical scavenging nature of various kinds of samples including pla
of the most popular assays is DPPH free radical scavenging assay. This assay is simple, sensitive, rapid and easy to perform
widely to determine radical scavenging effect of samples. DPPH is a stable, organic, nitrogen centred free radical having a
maxima at around 515-520nm in alcoholic solution. On reduction, the purple color of the radical is converted to yellow co
the number of electrons paired. The result is usually expressed as IC50 value which is defined as the concentration of sam
50% decrease in the DPPH absorbance[44-47]. In the present study, we determined radical scavenging nature of leaf and
by DPPH assay and found a dose dependent scavenging activity by the extracts. Rhizome extract scavenged DPPH radicals
as revealed by low IC50 value. Although radical scavenging potential of extracts was lesser than that of ascorbic acid, it is
extracts possess hydrogen donating ability and therefore the extracts could serve as free radical scavengers, acting possib
antioxidants[48]. The essential oil of rhizome showed marked antioxidant activity[23]. The ethanol extract of rhizome was
possess DPPH radical scavenging activity[15].

The term ‘phenolic’ refers to substances possessing one or more hydroxyl groups bonded onto an aromatic ring. The com
containing several or many aromatic rings and hydroxyl substituents are often referred to as polyphenols. The polyphenol
including flavonoids are widely distributed in plant kingdom. They are responsible for UV protection, protection against pa
taste etc. They are present in almost all parts of both edible and non-edible plants and are known to exert a variety of bio
including antioxidant activity. The antioxidant action of the phenolic constituents is strongly associated with their structur
conjugated double bonds and number of hydroxyls in the aromatic ring structure[49,50]. FCR and aluminium chloride colo
estimation methods are commonly used for estimation of total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids respectively[33,
present study, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were highest in rhizome extract than leaf extract. Many studies r
correlation between the content of total phenolics and flavonoids and the antioxidant activity[31-33,52-54]. In our study a
extract possessing high total phenolic and flavonoid content exhibited marked radical scavenging activity when compared
extract.

CONCLUSION
A marked antimicrobial and radical scavenging potential of leaf and rhizome extract of A. galanga was observed in this stu
potential of rhizome extract could be ascribed to the presence of high phenolic and flavonoid content in it. The plant can
source for the development of bioactive agents having therapeutic applications.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors are thankful to Dr. N. Mallikarjun, Associate Professor and Chairman, P.G Department of Studies and Research in
and Principal, Sahyadri Science College (Autonomous), Kuvempu University forproviding all facilities and moral support to

Tables at a glance

Table 1 Table 2 Table 3

Figures at a glance

Figure 1

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https://www.ijddr.in/drug-development/antimicrobial-and-radical-scavenging-activity-of-leaf-and-
rhizomeextract-of-alpinia-galanga-l-willd-zingiberaceae.php?aid=5458

Ground roots of organic Galanga

Belonging to the ginger family, galanga is a plant native to Asia whose root has
beneficial properties on the digestive system.

Indication
Be-Life commitments for the Aromaflor range : "Our organic plants are carefully
selected and meet strict quality criteria for their harvest and drying, giving them an
unparalleled aroma and optimal activity."

use
 Infusion (flowers, leaves and berries): infuse 3 to 5 g of plants in 1/2 liter of
water for about 10 minutes.
 Maceration (external use): put 5 to 8 g of plants in 1/2 liter of water and keep
boiling for 15 minutes. Let stand for 4 to 5 hours in the same water and filter.
 Decoction (for the roots): 3 to 5 g per 1/2 liter of water, to keep boiling for 20
to 30 minutes.

Composition
100% galangal rhizome powder (Alpinia officinarum) organic.
Neither gassed nor irradiated nor refrigerated.
Origin: Indonesia.

Conditioning
Bag of 60 g.
100% vegetal packaging, unique and breathable which allows to preserve the best the
flavor and the quality of the plants, while respecting the environment.
https://www.aroma-zen.com/en/natural-therapies/food-supplements/lactic-ferments/bifibiol-vital-lactic-
ferments-30gelules-life-p-1025.html