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From Ely, D.P. (1963). The changing role of the audiovisual process: a definitionand glossary of related terms.
Audiovisual Communications Review, 11(1), supplement 6.
Figure 2.2. A Model of the Communication Process
From Ely, D.P. (1963). The changing role of the audiovisual process: a definition and glossary of related terms.
Audiovisual Communications Review, 11(1), supplement 6.
Figure 2.3. The Educational Communication Process
From Ely, D.P. (1963). The changing role of the audiovisual process: a definition and glossary of related terms.
Audiovisual Communications Review, 11(1), supplement 6.
Shannon and Weaver’s “mathematical model” of a one-way linear transmission of messages. (From Shannon and
Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Communication, Urbana, IL, University of Illinois Press, 1949, p. 98.)
Copyright 1949 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois.
The presence of noise, or unintended information, was undesirable for the theorist or researcher because it could
skew or present a confounding variable in a study. Noise was also undesirable for the practitioner who used such a
communication model because noise reduced the certainty and control of the intended message. Although control
relates to both science and engineering, here it was used in an engineering sense. It is a cybernetic view of control:
that control takes place to ensure that a particular outcome, as the result of a particular process, occurs.
From: Association for Educational Communications and Technology (1972). The field of educational technology: A
statement of definition. Audiovisual Instruction, 17, 36–43.
The Field
The decision to refer to educational technology as a field of study rather than a theory or a branch of theory did at
least four things: (1) it acknowledged that there was more than one theory of educational technology, more than
one way to think about the role of educational technology;4 (2) it promoted philosophical discussions by members of
the profession;5 (3) using the word “field” encompassed both the “hardware” and “process” orientations of
instructional technology reported by the Presidential Commission (1970); and (4) it allowed a definition based on the
“tangible elements” (Ely, 1972) that people could observe. This meant defining educational technology by what
educational technologists actually did or how they functioned in their profession rather than as an abstract concept,
as in the case of the 1963 definition, where educational technology was viewed as a theory.
The concept of “field” has been difficult for educational technologists. Like many areas of study within education, it
is very difficult to discuss educational technology without using the word “field” as a descriptor. Certainly AV
professionals used the term to describe the “audiovisual field” before either instructional technology or educational
technology were ever used. The 1963 definition frequently used “field” (Ely, 1963) to move the discussion along,
even though it was argued that
From: Heinich, R. (1970). Technology and the management of instruction. Washington, D.C.: Association for
Educational Communications and Technology.
Figure 4.2. The Entry of Instructional Technology into the Instruction Process
From: Heinich, R. (1970). Technology and the management of instruction. Washington, D.C.: Association for
Educational Communications and Technology.
Seels, Barbara B., and Rita C.Richey (1994). Instructional Technology: The Definition and Domains of the Field. p.
10. Association for Educational Communications and Technology, Washington D.C.
Figure 5.2. The Domains of Instructional Technology
Seels, Barbara B., and Rita C.Richey (1994). Instructional Technology: The Definition and Domains of the Field. p.
26. Association for Educational Communications and Technology, Washington D.C.
Seels, Barbara B., and Rita C.Richey (1994). Instructional Technology: The Definition and Domains of the Field. p.
70. Association for Educational Communications and Technology, Washington D.C.
Seels, Barbara B., and Rita C.Richey (1994). Instructional Technology: The Definition and Domains of the Field. p.
71. Association for Educational Communications and Technology, Washington D.C.
Notes
1. Having sat through most of the deliberations and debate regarding changes to the definition, I can say that the
discussions were indeed sincere. However, the irony of having a professional organization that for more than 20
years had been called the Association for Educational Communications and Technology sponsor a definition of
“Instructional Technology” is still not lost on me.
2. I mention this now because it seems perfectly reasonable to consider processes as resources. However, doing so
would complicate matters. One of the purposes of this definition was to try to simplify the definition. Another
possible reason for maintaining the distinction between resources and processes was to keep the definition as
inclusive as possible. This definition could include both the advocates of a “systems approach” interpretation of
Educational Technology as well as those who believe in a “tools” conception of Educational Technology. See Eraut
(1985) for a further explanation of conceptions of Educational Technology.
3. For a more complete explanation of these differing perspectives of educational technology, I suggest looking at
the Handbook of research on educational communications and technology. (1996. Edited by David Jonassen. New
York: Macmillan. Particularly chapters 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 38, 40, and 41).
Dale, Edgar
AV instruction development, 13, 14–15
on communications, 26–27, 31, 32
cone of experience, 14, 27
educational technology definition, xxi
social frameworks of communications, 27–28
Dalton Plan, 60
DAVI. See Department of Audiovisual Instruction
Definition of Educational Technology , 78
Definitions, educational technology
1963 definition
criticisms of, 49–52
field of study, 53–54, 115, 116
learning resources, 55
rationale, 17–19
1972 definition
criticisms of, 73–74
field of study, 53–54, 69, 115–16
individualized learning, 57
learning resources, 54–57, 81, 83
rationale, 52
1977 definition
criticisms of, 104–5
instructional development concept, 91–93
learning resources, 79, 81–83
management concept, 85, 90–91
politics of, 116
process, education technology as a, 79–80
professionalism, 80–81
rationale, 77–79
1994 definition, 103, 106–9
comparisons of, xviii, xxiii
“definition” defined, 117
learning resources and, 54–57, 79, 81–83, 108
need for, xix–xx
politics of, xviii–xix, 116–17
problems with, 113–18
Department of Audiovisual Instruction (DAVI).
See also Association for Educational Communications and Technology;
Definitions, educational technology
AECT, name change to, 49–50
audiovisual education development, 12–13
Deschooling Society , 67
Dewey, John
and AV education, 14
on communication, 27
on educational engineering, 7–9
Finn on, 11
on objectives, 39–40
reflective thinking and, 23
science and, 9–10, 12
Durrell, Donald, 14
Eboch, Sydney, 19
Education, scientific management in, 3–4, 38, 39
Educational-communicant system, 21
Educational engineering
characteristics of engineers, 6, 7, 69
and communication theory, 31, 42, 47
and curriculum development, 40
development of, 3–6
Lasswell, Harold, 26
Law of effect (Thorndike), 33–34
Law of exercise (Thorndike), 33–34
Law of negative entropy (Thorndike), 46
Learner aptitude, 63
Learner-communicant system, 21
Learning
1994 definition and, 109
Learning resources
and AV education, 56, 84
hardware as, 55
and JIMS, 82
vs. media, 82
1963 definition and, 55
1972 definition and, 54–55, 56, 57, 81, 83
1977 definition and, 79, 81–83
1994 definition and, 108
people as, 55
processes as, 56–57
systems approach and, 84
types of, 83, 84–85
Learning theories
and 1963 definition, 50
behavior modification, 42–43
behavioral learning theory, 35–36
behavioral objectives and, 38–41
and communication theory, 41–43
control and, 42–43
and educational technology, 21, 32
programmed instruction, 33–37
and psychologists, 32
teaching machines, 33–37
Lehman, Henry, 72
Lumsdaine, Arthur, xxi, 100
Ramo, Simon, 97
Reflective thinking, 7–9, 23, 65, 66
Rogers, Carl, 68
Zisman, Samuel, 13