ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all I would like to thanks my God before every things.Next to that I record my sincere
gratitude to Mr. Beyene G and Dept. of Mechanical Engineering and for assigning the project
“MACHINE DESIGN PROJECT ON PRESSURE VESSEL”. Their encouraging attitude and
continuous guidance made it possible to understand the project better & its fulfillment. It is not
possible to acknowledge sufficiently their important contribution of talent and time given
unselfishly in proceeding with this work so their constant voice of advice and constructive
criticism has been my source of inspiration.
ABSTRACT
This project work deals with a detailed study and design procedure of pressure vessel. A detailed
study of various parts of pressure vessels like shell, support, flanges, nozzles, and head.

The first up to third chapter deals with detailed study of pressure vessel i.e. the various materials
used in pressure construction and temperature are mentioned .It also deals with the study of
various parts like flanges, support etc. Various methods of fabrication and testing are also
included. The fourth chapter includes design criteria and design analysis of each part of
pressure vessel.This is followed by procedure of design, which include design shell and its
components, nozzles, reinforcements etc
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATION .

L= length of shell

DM = mean diameter

CA=Corrosion allowance

S= Allowable stress

P=internal design pressure

R = internal radius of the shell

ts= thickness of the shell

Do=Outside diameter of the cylindrical shell

Wh=weight of head

Ws=weight of shell

σ h=¿hoop stress

σ l =longitudinal stress

Vh=Head volume

Vs=volume of shell

E=joint efficiency

A=Area

D= inner diameter of the shell

δ s=¿Tensile strength

σ d=Design stress

σrd= Radial flange stress

Mt= Moment at height h t, Nm

Rn=Radius of the manhole

t n=Nominal thickness of the manhole

w m=The weight of the manhole

p=internal pressure

di=selected inside diameter of manhole

do=outside diameter of manhole

S=stress of material

LW =The length of the welding

D P=The diameter of pad

R P=Radius of the pad

R = Mean radius of vessel, in mm

B=in side diameter of a flange for each pipe

m=gasket factor

Pi=internal pressure of flange

B=in side diameter of a flange for each pipe

b=effective gasket selling width

2b=effective gasket pressure width

tf=thickness of flange

G’=mane diameter of gasket

Hg=gasket reaction forces (pressure forces)

H=total pressure

t rn= thickness of seamless manhole

Hd=pressure force of area inside the flange

Ht=pressure for a flange face

Mop=The moment on the flange

Pb=bolt pitch (spacing), mm

db=bolt diameter, mm
CHAPTER ONE

1.PRESSURE VESSEL

INTRODUCTION
A pressure vessel  is a container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure substantially
different from the ambient pressure.
operation are regulated by engineering authorities backed by legislation. For these reasons, the
definition of a pressure vessel varies from country to country.
Design involves parameters such The pressure differential is dangerous, e and fatal accidents have
occurred in the history of pressure vessel development and operation. Consequently, pressure
vessel design, manufacture, and
as maximum safe operating pressure and temperature, safety factor, corrosion allowance and
minimum design
temperature (for brittle fracture). Construction is tested using nondestructive testing, such as
ultrasonic testing, radiography, and pressure tests. Hydrostatic tests use water, but pneumatic tests
use air or another gas. Hydrostatic testing is preferred, because it is a safer method, as much less
energy is released if a fracture occurs during the test (water does not rapidly increase its volume
when rapid depressurization occurs, unlike gases like air, which fail explosively).
In most countries, vessels over a certain size and pressure (15 PSI) must be built to a formal code.
In the United States that code is the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC). These vessels
also require an authorized inspector to sign off on every new vessel constructed and each vessel
has a nameplate with pertinent information about the vessel, such as maximum allowable working
pressure, maximum temperature, minimum design metal temperature, what company
manufactured it, the date, its registration number (through the National Board), and ASME’s official
stamp for pressure vessels (U-stamp). The nameplate makes the vessel traceable and officially an
ASME Code vessel, the horizontal position pressure vessels in market come saddle support .The
requirement of support for pressure vessel for production of crude oil stored.
1.1 PRESSURE VESSEL CLASSIFICATION
The pressure vessels may be classified as follows:
According to the dimensions.The pressure vessels, according to their dimensions, may be
classified as thin or thick shell. If the wall thickness of the shell (t) is less than 1/10 of the diameter
of the shell (d), then it is called a thin shell. On the other hand, if the wall thickness of shell is
greater than 1/10 of the diameter of the shell, then it is said to be a thick shell. Thin shells are used
in boilers, tanks and pipes, whereas thick shells are used in high press
According to the end construction.The pressure vessels, according to the end construction, may
be classified as open end or closed end. A simple cylinder with a piston, such as cylinder of a press
is an example of an open end vessel, whereas a tank is an example of a closed end vessel. In case of
vessels having open ends, the circumferential or hoop stresses are induced by the fluid pressure,
whereas in case of closed ends, longitudinal stresses in addition to circumferential stresses are
induced.

1.2 PRESSURE VESSEL TYPES

 Horizontal pressure vessel
 Vertical pressure vessel
 Spherical pressure vessel

1.3 COMPONENTS OF PRESSURE VESSEL

1 Shell
The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure. Pressure vessel shells are welded
together to form a structure that has a common rotational axis. There are two different classes of
shell, such as thick shell and thin shell.
2 Head
All pressure vessel shells must be closed at the ends by heads (or another shell section). Heads are
typically curved rather than flat. Curved configurations are stronger and allow the heads to be
thinner, lighter, and less expensive than flat heads. Heads can also be used inside a vessel. These
“intermediate heads” separate sections of the pressure vessel to permit different design conditions
in each section
3 Nozzle
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of a pressure vessel. The
nozzle ends are usually flanged to allow for the necessary connections and to permit easy
disassembly for maintenance or access.

5 Saddle support
Horizontal pressure vessels and tanks are supported on two vertical cradles called saddles. A
saddle support spreads the weight load over a large area of the shell to prevent an excessive local
stress in the shell at the support points. The width of the saddle, among other design details, is
determined by the specific size and design conditions of the pressure vessel. The use of more than
two saddles should be avoided. The reason for not using is that it creates an indeterminate
structure, both theoretically and practically. Saddle itself as various parts: the web, base plate, ribs
and wears plate. The saddle itself is normally bolted to a foundation via anchor bolts. The other
support is normally free to permit unrestrained longitudinal thermal expansion of the drum
Saddles may be steel or concrete.
6 MANHOLE
A manhole is an opening using for the inspection of the vessel during operation.
They are using for regular maintenance such as painting if corrosion occurs
cleaning and examination if same un-wanted dust exist inside the vessel.
Manholes are not to be less than 300 x 400 mm or 400 mm in inside diameter.
Where the neck height of a manhole is excessive, the size of the manhole is to be
suitably increased.

7 Bolt and nut: - A bolt and nut in combination is a fastening device used to hold two parts
together. The body of the bolt, called shank is cylindrical in form, the head; square or hexagonal
in shape, is formed by forging. Screw threads are cut on the other end of the shank. Nuts in
general are square or hexagonal in shape. The nuts with internal threads engage with the
corresponding size of the external threads of the bolt.
1.4 Background
The pressure differential is dangerous and fatal accidents have occurred in the history of pressure
vessels development and operation. Consequently, pressure vessels design, manufacturing and
operations regulated by engineering authorities backed by legislation. For these reason pressure
vessels involves maximum safe operating pressure and temperature.[4]Pressure vessels store
energy and as such, have inherent safety risks. Many states began to enact
rule and regulations regarding the construction of steam boilers and pressure vessels following
several catastrophic accidents that occurred at the turn of the twentieth century that resulted in
large Loss of life. By 1911 it was apparent to manufacturers and users of boilers and pressure
vessels that the lack of uniformity in these regulations between states made it difficult to
constructvessels.Pressures, was published in 1914 and formally adopted in the spring of 1915.The
first Code rules for pressure vessels, entitled Rules for the Construction of Unfired Pressure Vessels,
followed in 1925. From this simple beginning the Code has now evolved into the present eleven
Section documents, with multiple subdivisions, parts, subsections, and Mandatory and non
mandatory almost all pressure vessels used in the process industry are designed and constructed in
their accordance.[1]

1.5 Statement of problem

Many project that done by any others mechanical engineers has problem such as lack of uniformity
pressure vessel ,better quality ,material selection problem and e.t.c .In this project I want to proof
the following. uniformity of pressure vessel , lack better quality , lack of material selection .so I
design my project in vertical positioned pressure vessel which saddle support element that has
pressure is= 24Mpa, nominal volume= 3.0 , factory safety =2.The problem is analyzed in order to
find out whether the strength requirements are met at the design pressure .The most significant
material parameter is the yield strength ,but there are also many other material parameters that
are significant in the design of pressure vessels. Ductility is usually very important .

1.6 General objective of project

1.6.1 General objective

Design of pressure vessel

1.6.2 Specific objective

Design of saddle support pressure vessel with horizontal position.

1.7 Scope of project

Design of horizontal type pressure vessel with it nozzle ,saddle support, flat flanged head ,bolt, man
hole and shell.

1.8SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

This project has more significant to understand about pressure vessel for the future manufacturing
based on its properties, conditions, types, materials needed, calculations required and economical
needed. The pressure vessels (i.e. cylinders or tanks) are used to store crude oil under pressure. For
storage of crude oil at atmospheric pressure, cylindrical tanks with saddle support and flat
flanged.commonly used. For smaller volume under pressure, cylindrical tanks with formed heads
are more economical.

1.9 Limitation of project

 From the design we made we encountered some problem like lack of the excess references
and modern electronic devices such as CAD, CAM etc. to accomplish our project in more
accurate and reliable way. Sometimes to dimensions and stresses we need to simply
obtainable.
 Shortage of practical visit for industries that uses pressure vessels made before. Lack of
many references to update our knowledge and understanding behind our project.
 Shortage of raw materials to practice with and enhance our designing ability from time to
time, since seeing and practicing is understood than theory.
 Shortage of excess laboratory even to differentiate with method of manufacturing
processwe will follow.

Time is also being an influential problem hindering us from visiting even local construction of the
pressure vessel
  In future When I will have graduated my bachelor degree of mechanical engineering
program, I must investigate and fabricate the pressure vessel by safe and serious way for
my country as well as for different industries at where pressure vessel is needed.
The coming study of pressure vessel is important because it gives the idea on these kinds of
previous study byThe present study is based on one typical case study.
There is a provision for repeating this study considering a large number of foundations with
varying parameters to arrive at a more comprehensive conclusion.

CHAPTER TWO

The main target of this literature review is to get information about the project design from
different

horizontal pressure vessels are generally structures having complex geometry comprising of
various geometrical discontinuities and are commonly required to work under high loading
conditions such as external forces ,thermal loads, internal pressure etc.

Sunil Kumar D [1] designed and evaluated the pressure ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,”
Section VIII, Pressure Vessels Division, 2. ED2010. [2] gives the vessel “design rules for supports
and attachments used to support the pressure vessel.Ong and Lu [3] suggested a parametric study
for determination of optimal support radius of loose-fitting saddle support for cylindrical pressure
vessel. They found that the high localized stress arising from saddle support can be reduced by
using a clearance - fit saddle support. Parametric formulae were developed and validated with
examples.N.El-Abbasi, S.A. Maguid and A. Czekanski [4] carried out a three dimensional finite
elementpressure vessel and determined the static and thermal analysis considering for a given
pressure and temperature design conditions. Stress linearization values greater than the allowable
stresses of the material and the min fatigue life is obtained less than1e6 cycles, factor of safety of
less than 1 considered for fully reversal cycle, hence designed fail. Then modified pressure vessel
has an increased thickness of pressure vessel and shell by 5mm in accordance to ASME sec VIII
Division 2 rules. After increasing the thickness of vessel the stress linearization results for modified
design and hence obtained the induced stress values below the allowable stress limits of the
materials and obtained the min fatigue life cycle greater than 1e6 cycles for infinite life design and
with factor of safety more than 1 to achieve fatigue life greater than 1e6 cycles for considering fully
reversal cycle. VinodKumar [5] he did comparative study on stresses by using mathematical
approach and by ANSYS software. He did modifications in present design, reduced maximum stress
value at critical zone and optimizes the cost of equipment. Some modifications are done like
inserted wear plate between saddle and vessel, made saddle support radius greater than vessel
outer radius and made it flexible at the saddle horn.

The FEA for different configurations of pressure vessel on saddle supports is done using ANSYS.
The stress intensities in various cases are analyzed and the optimal location when the saddles are
placed away from heads is considered as the most suitable design for the large horizontal vessels.
The effect of stiffening is also considered in three cases. The reduction in stress intensity is found
for one of the cases. For this the optimization of thickness was done which resulted huge reduction
of weight. PallaviJ.Pudke[6] the stress distribution of various geometric parameters of gussets and
number of gussets of saddle is observed to select the optimal size of saddle. Moss [7]explained the
detailed process for designing of horizontal pressure vessel and designing of saddle support for
large

vessels. Nash et al. D. H. Nash, W. M. Banks and F. Bernaudon [8] explained the design for the
horizontal pressure vessel model led using finite element method. They applied external loads like
self-weight, filled liquid weight and internal pressure to the model. They evaluated and plotted the
vessel strain and contact interface pressure which was in line with experimental data. The
magnitude of strains at horn is considerably reduced. Spence et alJ. Spence, D.H. Nash[9] discussed
the various important events occurred over the years in the development of technology of pressure
vessels. They recognized the various smilestones which stimulated the manufacturing, operation,
PiotrDzierwa& Jan Taler [10] In year 2015 developed a method for studying time-optimum medium
temperature changes in element .heating is the done with time variation. Circumferential stress and
thermal stresses are kept within the allowable range to study the stress concentration.
 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 METHODOLOGY OF PRESSURE VESSEL

To design of pressure vessel the selection of Code are important as a reference

guide to achieve the safety pressure vessel. The selections of ASME VIII div 2 are described.
The standard of material use are explains in this chapter. Beside of that, the design and
analysis software to obtain the result are introduced. Instead of that, design process
methodology is also described.

3.2 MATERIAL SELECTION

Several of materials have been use in pressure vessel fabrication. The selection of material
is base on the appropriateness of the design requirement. AU the materials used in the
manufacture of the receivers shall comply with the requirements of the relevant design
code, and be identifiable with mill sheets. The selection of materials of the shell shall take
into account the suitability of the materials with the maximum working pressure and
fabrication process.

The selection of a proper material, for engineering purposes, is one of the most
difficult problems for the designer. The best material is one which serves the desired
objective at the minimum cost. The following factors should be considered while selecting
the material:

 Availability of the materials,

 Suitability of the materials for the working conditions in service, and

 The cost of the materials.

The important properties, which determine the utility of the materials are physical,
chemical and mechanical properties. The main factors that influence material selections
are:-

 Strength

 Corrosion resistance
  Resistance to hydrogen attack

 Fracture

 Cost

GENERALLY:- For this project, I have selected stainless steel material that has low
carbon content. Type 304stain less steel is an austenitic alloy containing 18% chromium
and 8% nickel. Stainless steel has been selected for reasons of:

 It has Excellent corrosion resistance

 Ease of fabrication and the most versatile

 Good strength and toughness at cryogenic temperatures

 Excellent formability, poor conductor of electricity and wear resist.

 Weld ability and forming properties of type 304 are excellent whilst mach
inability is reasonable.

 They are nonmagnetic and possess greatest resistance to corrosion and good
mechanical properties at elevated temperature. The alloy also benefits from
very good draw ability not only for stress and deflection design but also for
filling gaps, space, or for as the tics qualities to resist corrosion. For the
selection of materials the physical, mechanical, chemical, and their
manufacturing process are the most important decision the designer has to
make.

3.3. Mechanical Properties of Metals:-The mechanical properties of the metals are those
which are associated with the ability of the material to resist mechanical forces and load.
These mechanical properties of the metal include strength, stiffness, elasticity, plasticity,
ductility, brittleness, malleability, toughness, resilience, creep and hardness. We discus
these properties as follows:

3.3.1 Strength. It is the ability of a material to resist the externally applied forces without
breaking or yielding. The internal resistance offered by a part to an externally applied force
is called stress.
  Yield strength:- the region which a material changes from plastic to elastic
deformation. Some of the material I select for my presser vessel are shown below
and there yield strength .The stress level at which the plastic deformation begins.
Table3.1 yield strength
Metal alloys Aluminum Copper Nickel Cast iron Stainless
steel18Cr/8Ni(304)

Yield 35 69 138 138 205

strength(Mpa)

Ultimate tensile strength (UTS): The ultimate tensile strength (tensile stress) is a
measure of the basic strength of the material .it is the maximum stress that the
material will stand and measure by a standard tensile test.

Table 3.2 .Ultimate tensile strength

Material Aluminum Copper Nickel Cast iron Stainless
steel18Cr/8Ni(304)

UTS(MPa) 90 200 520 414 510

 Creep strength: Material are often pleased in a service at elevated temperature

and exposed to static mechanical stress the deformation under such circumstance
is termed creep .The time dependent and permanent deformation of material
when subjected to a constant lode and stress.

 Rupture strength: Is the martial resistance to the fracture caused by the internal
pressure of the fluid that was present inside the tank. And it is proportional to tensile
strength(UTS) which means the martial have high UTS and it have good Rupture
strength.

3.3.2 Stiffness. It is the ability of a material to resist deformation under stress. The
modulus of elasticity is the measure of stiffness.

3.3.3 Elasticity. It is the property of a material to regain its original shape after
deformation when the external forces are removed.
3.3.4 Plasticity. It is property of a material which retains the deformation produced under
load permanently. This property of the material is necessary for forgings, in stamping
images on coins and in ornamental work.

3.3.5 Ductility. It is the property of a material enabling it to be drawn into wire with the
application of a tensile force. A ductile material must be both strong and plastic. The
ductility is usually measured by the terms, percentage elongation and percentage reduction
in area.

3.3.6 Brittleness. It is the property of a material opposite to ductility. It is the property of

breaking of a material with little permanent distortion.

3.3.7 Malleability. It is a special case of ductility which permits materials to be rolled or

hammered into thin sheets and etc.

3.4. Manufacturing Processes:- The knowledge of manufacturing processes is of great

importance for a design engineer. The following are the various manufacturing processes
used in Mechanical Engineering.

3.4.1 Primary shaping processes. The processes used for the preliminary shaping of the
machine component are known as primary shaping processes. The common operations
used for this process are casting, forging, extruding, rolling, drawing, bending, shearing,
spinning, powder metal forming, squeezing, etc.

3.4.2. Machining processes. The processes used for giving final shape to the machine
component, according to planned dimensions are known as machining processes. The
common operations used for this process are turning, planning, shaping, drilling, boring,
reaming, sawing, broaching, milling, grinding, hobbing, etc.

3.4.3. Surface Finishing Processes. The processes used to provide a good surface finish
for the machine component are known as surface finishing processes. The common
operations used for this process are polishing, buffing, honing, lapping, abrasive belt
grinding, barrel tumbling, electroplating, super finishing, sherardizing, etc.

3.4.4. Joining Processes. The processes used for joining machine components are known
as joining processes. The common operations used for this process are welding, riveting,
soldering, brazing, screw fastening, pressing, sintering, etc.

3.4.5. Processes Effecting Change in Properties. These processes are used to impart
certain specific properties to the machine components so as to make them suitable for
particular operations or uses. Such processes are heat treatment, hot-working, cold-
working and shot peening. All the parts of pressure vessel; such as pressure shell, pressure
head are fabricated separately with great care. Before assemble all the parts must be
checked. The shell and head are assembled by using welding joints. Also man hole is
welded to the pressure shell. The rest parts such as relief valve, pressure gauge are
mounted properly at proper place on pressure vessel. Heads are one of the important parts
in pressure vessels and refer to the Parts of the vessel that confine the shell from below,
above, and the sides. The ends of the vessels are closed by means of heads before putting
them into operation. It welded to the shell itself. They are also integral with the shell in
forged or cast construction.

3.5 Failure theories for pressure vessel design :

Induced stresses due to loading in any component are meaningless if these stresses are not
compared with proper failure theories. Thus the failure theories compare the combined
stress due to complex loading pattern with the maximum stress at the elastic limit of the
simple tensile test. Generally for the pressure vessel design two important failure theories
are used, these are Maximum principal stress theory and Maximum shear stress theory.
ASME code, section VIII division 1 uses Maximum principal stress failure theory as a basis
of design for pressure vessel H. Mayer, H.L Stark and S. Ambrose has studied the
parameters like stress intensity range and principal stress range on the fatigue design of
the pressure vessel

3.5.1 Factors causing pressure vessel failure:

The following factors are causing the premature failure of the pressure vessel so we have to
take care these factors in the design stage of the liquid nitrogen storage container.

3.5.2 Types of Failures

1. Failure due to elastic deformation

2. Failure due to plastic deformation

3. Failure due to brittle Fracture

4. Failure due to creep or fatigue

5. Failure due to stress corrosion

6. Failure due to corrosion fatigue

Material:
Unsuitable selection of materials or faults in material

Design:

 Due to incorrect or insufficient design data

 Inaccurate design methods

 Inadequate testing facilities

3.6. Design Parameters of Pressure vessel

The following are design parameters of pressure vessel

 Maximum allowable stress

 Corrosion Allowance
 Design Pressure

 Design temperatur
Factors Considered in Designing Pressure Vessels

1. Dimensions-Diameter, length and their limitations.

2. Operating conditions – Pressure and temperature.

3. Available materials and their physical properties and cost.

4. Corrosive nature of reactants and products.

5. Theories of failure.

6. Types of construction i.e. forged, welded or casted.

7. Method of Fabrication.

8. Fatigue, Brittle failure and Creep.

9. Economic consideration

Design loads

A structure must be designed to resist gross plastic deformation and collapse under all the
conditions of loading

Major loads
1. Design pressure: including any significant static head of liquid.

 2. Maximum weight of the vessel and contents, under operating conditions.

3. Maximum weight of the vessel and contents under the hydraulic test conditions.

4. Wind loads.

5. Earthquake (seismic) loads.

6. Loads supported by, or reacting on, the vessel.

Subsidiary loads

1. Local stresses caused by supports, internal structures and connecting pipes.

2. Shock loads caused by water hammer, or by surging of the vessel contents3. Bending
moments caused by eccentricity of the centre of the working pressure relative to the
neutral axis of the vessel.

4. Stresses due to temperature differences and differences in the coefficient expansion of

Materials.

5. Loads caused by fluctuations in temperature and pressure.

 A vessel will not be subject to all these loads simultaneously. The designer must determine
what combination of possible loads gives the worst situation, and design for that loading
condition.

Dead Loads

Dead Loads are the loads due to the weight of the vessel itself and any part permanently
connected with the vessel. Depending on the overall state, a vessel can have three different
weights important enough to be considered in the vessel design.

Erection

Dead load is the weight of the vessel without any external extension, fireproofing, operation
contents, or any external structural attachments and piping. Basically, it is the weight of a
stripped vessel as hoisted on the job site. In some small-diameter columns the removal
internals (trays) are shop-installed, and they have to be included in the erection weight. Each
such case has to be investigated separately.

Factors Considered in Designing Pressure Vessels

1. Dimensions-Diameter, length and their limitations.

2. Operating conditions – Pressure and temperature.

3. Available materials and their physical properties and cost.

4. Corrosive nature of reactants and products.

5. Theories of failure.

6. Types of construction i.e. forged, welded or casted.

7. Method of Fabrication.

8. Fatigue, Brittle failure and Creep.

9. Economic consideration

When we conclude my material selection ,from my material of construction stainless

steel 18cr/8Ni, unstablized (304),it has good yield strength ,tensile strength, good fracture
toughness ,good resistance of temperature ,&has good resistance to corrosion & it can be
fabricated in different method except casting-because difficult & special technique needed
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 ANALYSIS OF PROJECT BY GIVEN DATA

General consideration given for pressure vessel design in this projects are;

Inner service pressure, pi = 24Mpa

Nominal volume, V=3m3

Design temperature (Td) =450c

Factor of safety (F.s) =2,

Corrosion allowance of stainless steel=2mm.

Position=Horizontal

Head=Flat Flanged

Medium =crude oil

4.2 DESIGN OF MAJOR COMPONENTS OF PRESSURE VESSEL

We know that the volume of a pressure vessel is 3m 3 and the volume
is equal to the sum of the volume of the head and the volume vessel shell
(which is in cylindrical in shape). According to process equipment design,
brown ell and young suggest that the ratio of L/D can be determined by
according to their presser value. But mostly it is recommended to take L/D.the
pressure that was given for my operating pressure 24MP

Operating pressure: is a pressure which required for the process, served by

the vessel.
Design pressure: is the pressure used in the design of a vessel. It
recommended designing a vessel and its parts for higher pressure than the
operating pressure.

Design pressure=operating pressure+ 5 to 10 percent operating pressure or

using the formula that is Pd =1.1Pi

Pd =1.1Pi

=24MPa*1.1

=26.4MPa is my design pressure.

Pressure

Psi MPa
L/D ratio
3 0-250 0.000-1.724
4 250-500 1.724-3.448
5 >500 >3.448
Table 4.1 used to fined L/D ratio

Therefore the ratio of L/D= 5 and L=5D because the deign

pressure greater than 3.448MPa.

V=V h +Vs

where :- V h=volume of the head and

Vs=volume of the shell

Vh=0 because there head is flat

Vs=π*R2*L

=π*(D/2)2*L

= (1/4)*π*D2*L where, L=length of the shell

V s = (1/4)*π*D2*(5D) L/D=5 and L=5D

Vs = (5/4)*π*D3

And the sum of the volume is 3m3

V=V h +V s

3m3 = (5/4)*π*D3

3m3= (5/4)*π*D3

12m3=15.707D3 and

D = (12/15.707)1/3m

D=0.914m

Therefore D= 0.914m

To change it in standard form D= 0.9m

And L=5D=5*0.9m= 4.5m

In standard form L= 4.5 m

For my design I used material selected from the below table.

 Table4 .2 properties of material

4.3 Design of shell thickness

To find the thickness of the pressure vessel which subjected to

internal design pressure of P=24MPa there are different equations and
its corrosion allowance for stainless steel is (2mm) from the table. There
will be a minimum wall thickness required to ensure that any vessel is
sufficiently rigid to withstand its own weight, and any incidental loads.

Where t = min. required thickness of shell, mm

P = internal design pressure, Pa

R = inside radius of shell, mm

S = max. Allowable stress, Pa

E = joint efficiency (min)

C.A=corrosion allowance, mm

Now I am going to design thickness for two stresses;

a) Circumferential stress (longitudinal joints)

It means that the governing stress will be the circumferential stress (hoop
stress) in the long seam. For this it has to satisfy that P does not exceed
0.385SE .In which case we shall use the following formulae for thickness of
shell

PR
t = (SE−0. 6 P) + C.A

b) Longitudinal stress (circumferential joints)

It means that the governing stress will be the longitudinal stress in the
circumferential joint. For this it has to satisfy that P does not exceed 1.25SE.
OR if the circumferential joint efficiency is less than ½ the longitudinal joint
efficiency. In which case we use the formula for thickness is
 PR
t = (2 SE+ 0 . 4 P) + C.A

let’s use these two equation to fined the thickness of the pressure vessel and
select the smallest value of them because safety purposes. The weight of the
pressure vessel can affect the support leg.

Considering circumferential stress (longitudinal joint) and calculating

thickness;
I select 3 for more safety purpose. Or my safety factor is 3.

=24MPa + 3 *24MPa=96MPa

Given P=26.4MPa
R=0.45m
S= allowable strength/Fs=540/2=270MPa
E=1
C.A=2mm=0.002m

P ≤ 0.385SE
P ≤ 0.385*270MPa*1
26.4MPa ≤103.95MPa ……………………………………………..(satisfied)
Therefore;
PR
t= (SE P) + C.A
0.6

26.4 MPa∗0.45m
t= (270∗1−0.6∗26.4 MPa) + 0.002m

t=0.0487m=48.7mm

t=48.7mm
Considering longitudinal stress (circumferential stress)
P ≤ 1.25SE
P ≤ 1.25*270MPa*1
26.4MPa ≤ 337.5MPa……………………………….. (Satisfied)
Therefore ;
PR
t= (2 SE+ 0.4 P) + C.A

( 26.4 MPa∗0.45 m)
t= ¿ + 0.002m
2∗270 MPa∗1+ 0.4∗26.4 MPa ¿

t= 0.0236m=23.6mm

t=23.6mm

And the smallest value is t=23.6mm and for standard value let’s take

t=24mm.

Finally let’s find the external radius and diameter

Ro =R+t=0.45m+0.0236m
Ro =0.4736m
D i=2Ri
=2*0.45=0.9m
And
Do=2*Ro
=2*0.4736m
Do=0.9472m

4.4 Design of head

There are different kinds of pressure vessel closed heads. Some of them are
listed blow

a) flat Flange head

b) Elliptical head
c) Hemispherical head

d) Torispherical head

e) Conical head

f) Oriconical head

But for my design I select flat flanged head pressure vessel in shape and
24MPa internal design pressure is applied on it.

th=[0.88pl]÷SE_0.6p
th =[0.88×24Mpa×4.5 m]÷270×1-0.6×24Mpa
th =0.0372m

Pm=[2×S×L×tn]÷Ri+0.2tn

Pm= [2×270Mpa×4.5m×0.0112]/(0.45m+0.2×0.0112)

Pm =27.216/0.4522

Pm=60.2Mpa

According to ASME the pressure vessel should be precede if the flat flange
of the cylinder head fulfill these requirement.

1st Pm > P actual

= 60.2MPa >26.4MPa.

So, my choice & calculations are fulfill according to ASME

4.5 Welding of Head to Shell

To joined the head and shell I use butt walled joint and the head shell have
deferent thickness in according to CODE UW-9(c),UW-13. Joining of a plate
unequal thickness with butt weld, the thickness of the plate shall be tapered is
more than 3.125mm (1/8in).

Fig 4.1 welding type of head to shell

 Thickness of head (t h=37mm) and shell (t s=24mm), their deference (13mm)
is greater than 5.125mm (1/8in) or 5.175mm.

L ≥ 5*y Where:-y=13mm

L≥5*13

L≥65mm.

4.6 Design of manhole

The general equation for the thickness of manhole is required to kept the
balance of person who invent to clear a pressure vessel is given by:-

Where;
Pi = internal pressure (24MPa)
Di = diameter of manhole has taken by supper or assumption
σ = design stress that depends on the material selection
E = the efficiency that design on it

Assumption: Di = 60mm

Since the material I select for manhole is stainless steel design stress is
270MPa at 4500c.

Then; t=Pi*Di/2*δ*E-Pi

=24*60/ (2*270*1-24)

=1440/516
 =2.8mm

4.7 Design of manhole load

Load is the stress that being or applied on the vessel part of man hole design
that is the stress subjected to the vessel part of tangential and horizontal or
parallel to the vessel

The circumferential stress (σ1)

σ1 =24*60/2*2.8

=1440/5.6

=257.1MPa

The longitudinal (σ2) =

σ2 = 24*60/4*2.8

=1440/11.2

=128.6MPa

Hence the design stress is less than allowable stress the design is safe.

4.8 Design of cover plate on manhole

The flat pleat are used as cover for manhole as blain flange and for the end of
small diameter and low pressure vessel, the general equation for the thickness
of felt required to resist a given pressure can be written in the form of

Where;
 D = effective pleat diameter
C = a constant which depends on the edge support

f = the maximum allowable stress

If edge can take as completely required

C = 0.43 and it is essential free volte
C = 0.56

24 MPa
t=0.56∗60 mm
√ 270 MPa
=33.6 √ 0.088888888

=33.6(0.298)mm

t =10.018mm

4.8.1 Material selection of pleat on manhole

The cover pleat on the manhole is constructed from stainless steel (M, S,
design code and slandered is lost for accepted material is accordance with the
rational and suitable material with other and acceptable the environmental
factor.
Therefore:- t=CDi
=0.56*60
=9.699mm
4.8.2 Design of inlet and outlet
This party pressure vessel is used to input the material you want to store and
used to remove the material input offer used to the way to omitted or
throughout from the material by this things.
The general thickness equation inlet and outlet is used the thickness formula
for the shell from the above
 t= (Pi×Di)/ (2σ-Pi)

Where,
Pi = internal press are
Di = internal diameter
σ = allowable stress

t=24*60/[ (2*270)-24]

=1440/516

= 2.8mm,

So thickness of inlet and out let is 2.8mm

The stress subjected on the vessel part vertically or tangentially is called

circumferential stress (δ1) is given by:-
The circumferential stress (σ1)

=24*60/2*2.8

=1440/5.6

=257.1MPa

Since the designed stress is less than allowable the design is safe.

4.9 Design of bolt

Formulas used for design of bolt and nuts are listed as the following:

Let d1 = Nominal diameter of bolts.

D=30mm
The bolts are subjected to shear stress due to the torque transmitted
P P 4P
√
τmax= A = ( n ÷ 4 ) Db2 , Db=
n τ max
, but We know that according to maximum
shear stress theory, the maximum shear stress is one-half the algebraic
difference of the maximum and minimum principal stress. Since the maximum
principal tress is the hoop stress (σh) and minimum principal stress is the
longitudinal stress (σl),
σ h−σ l 257.1−128.6
Maximum shear stress, τmax= 2
= 2
=64.25MPA,
Where p=mg=ρvg=870kg/m3x3m3x9.81=25604.1N
4P
Db=
√ n τ max
= =, Db=
Length of bolt, l=2d+13=2x2=13=17mm, Lb=17mm

Diameter of bolt, Db=30mm

Length of bolt, Lb=73mm

Across flat of bolt, B=1.75D=1.75X30=52.5mm

Across corner of bolt, A/C=2D=2X30=60mm

Head of bolt, H=0.7D=0.7X30=21mm

Tail of nut, T=0.8D=0.8X2=24mm

Pitch of bolt, p=0.1D=0.1X2=3mm

Thread length, TL=2D+6=2X30+6=76mm

Bolt is used to join the part of instrument with a vessels part by using
connecting methods Load on bolt. The load that applied on bolt is subjected to
the stress due to the stress due to the torque transmitted and depends on the
number of bolts and to tall load on the all bolts. Load on each bolt is given by:-
theory
Total load on a bolt:

But the normal load on the bolt is given by:-

F=A×P
=
Where D= diameter of bolt given suppose (assumed)
σb =allowable stress for bolt

4.9.1 Material selection for bolts

For my design I select low alloy steel of code SA-193-B7. Because to serve the
given temperature (4500C in my case) the bolt material should be properly
selected. From allowable stress for bolt [7] pressure vessel design manual
book 3rd edition the maximum allowable stress for SA-193-B7 type at 450 0C is
32ksi. But 1ksi=1000psi then, to obtain in MPa multiplying by 0.006894,
yields allowable stress 220.6MPa. So σ b is 220.6MPa. Generally to design bolt I
rely on pressure vessel design manual book 3rd edition. ( Refer appendix B)

And I assumed external diameter of the bolt 60mm. But internal diameter
becomes 30mm.

Load in each bolt; F= (πd2/4)*σb

=3.14*30 2 /4*220.6

= 155853.9N

= 155.9KN

Total load on all the bolt F = (π*d2/4)*σb*n where n is number of bolt

But the normal load on the bolt is given by:-

F=A*P

= (πd2/4)*P

= (3.14*302/4)*10

= 7065N=7.065KN

Now since the load on all bolt is not equal to the normal load on the bolt;

Number of bolts (n) = multiple of 4 from standard design.

So that numbers of bolts on in 8 the average one. In the bolt design the
diameter is equal to the thickness material bolt d = t.
So the thickness of the bolt is t = 30 mm

4.9.2 Stress analysis on bolt

Stress analysis on the bolt is nothing but the load that applied on bolt directly
and indirectly on each bolt the stress load that applied on each stress.

Where: - F is total load on all bolt. So

F = (πd2/4)*σb*n

=1246831.2N

=1246.83KN

And load on each bolt is F=πd2/4*σb

=3.14*302/4 *220.6

=155853.9N

=155.854KN

4.10Design of Flange

Standard flanges are available in a range of types, sizes and materials; and are
used extensively for pipes, nozzles and other attachments to pressure vessels.

The proportions of standard flanges are set out in various codes and
standards.
 weld neck cl300lb
Figure 4.2 steel welding neck flanges

We know that the flange I select is class 300lb and the material is steel BS
450 I select Welding-neck flanges, because have a long tapered hub between
the flange and the welded joint. . Welding-neck flanges are suitable for
extreme service conditions; where the flange is likely to be subjected to
temperature, shear and vibration loads. They will normally be specified for
the connections and nozzles on process vessels and process equipment.

For my design I select steel neck welding flanges. There are 4 flange that I
used for my pressure vessel their value is shown blow. The given
specifications are;

Two longitudinal pipe with D=150mm

One lateral pipe with D=150mm

One bottom discharge D=65mm

A) Flange Applied Lode and Flange Moment

From the below table we take some constant of standard flanges.

 Table 4.2 standards flange

Calculation of load on flanges

Where;

m=gasket factor

Pi=internal pressure of flange

For selecting the standard dimension and material for the flange by
applying the American National Standard ANSI B16.5-1981 of temperature
and pressure rating[8]. The given temperature is 450OC and pressure is
24MPa And I can’t find the Match value there for design pressure for flange
so let’s change in to standard value which is 26.4from (see appendix C )
Class 400lb.
Hydrostatic test/design pressure 24(1500)
MPa(PSi)
At Temperature, oC Maximum allowable non-shock
pressure, MPa (PSi)
450 or (8500F) 2.44 (355)
So Pi=2.44MPa from above table at Hydrostatic test 24Mpa and this value is
approximately equal with my design pressure 24MPa.

Also B=in side diameter of a flange for each pipe

B=A/2

A=d1-10mm, we take assumption the thickness is 10mm

b=effective gasket selling width

2b=effective gasket pressure width

tf=thickness of flange and

tf=b

hd= (d3 + D – 2d1)/4

hg= (D – d3)/4

ht= (d3 + D)/4

d3’=mane diameter of gasket

 =B + (ht-hg)

Hg=gasket reaction forces (pressure forces)

Hg =πd3’ (2b) mPi

Hd=pressure force of area inside the flange

Hd = (π/4) B2Pi

Ht=pressure for a flange face

Ht=D - Hd

Figure 4.3 forces acting on an integral flange

 Table4.3 standard gaskets factors

So There gasket factor, width and internal pressure for the flange are;

b=10mm, m=2.5, pi=2.44MPa

Now

h d= (d3 + D – 2d1)/4
For 65mm= (90+185-2*76.1)mm/4

=30.7mm

For 150mm=(192+300-2*168.3)mm/4

=38.85mm
 hg= (D – d3)/4
For 65mm= (115-46) mm/4

=23.75mm

For 150mm= (300-192) mm/4

=27mm

ht=(d3+D)/4
For 65mm= (90+185) mm/4

=68.75mm

For 150mm= (192+300) mm/4

=123mm

Thickness of the flange (tf=b)

For 65mm=22mm

For 150mm= 28mm

B=A/2 (assumption) A=d1-10mm

For 65mm= (76.1-10)mm/2

=33.05mm

For 150mm= (168.3-10)mm/2

=79.15mm

G’=B + (ht - hg)

For 65mm=33.05mm + (68.75-23.75) mm

=78.05mm

For 150mm=79.15mm+ (123-27) mm

=175.15mm

H= (π/4) d3’2Pi
For 65mm= (π/4) (90mm) 2 *2.44MPa

=15514.74N

For 150mm= (π/4) (192mm) 2*3.68MPa

=106492.7N

H d= (π/4) B2Pi
For 65mm= (π/4) (33.05mm) 2 * 2.44MPa

=2092.19N

For 150mm= (π/4) (79.15mm)2 * 3.68MPa

=18097.5N

Ht =H-Hd
For 65mm= (15514.15-2092.19)

=13421.96N

For 150mm= (106492.7-18097.5)

=88395.2N

Hg=π d3 (2b) mPi

For 65mm=π (90mm)(2*10mm)2.5*2.44MPa

=34494.68N

For 150mm=π(192mm)(2*10)(2.5*3.68MPa

=110929.92N

Now we calculate the moment as;

Mop=Hd*hd + Ht*ht + Hg*hg

For 65mm pipe

Mop=2092.19*30.7+13421.96*68.75+34494.68*23.75

=1806238.633mm

=1806.238N m

For 150mm pipe

Mop=18097.5*38.85+88395.2*123+110929.92*27

=14570805.32Nmm

=14570.8Nm

The minimum load required bolt load under the operating condition
given by ;
 W m1=H + Hg

Wm1,65=15514.74N+34494.68N

=50009.42N

Wm1,150 =106492.7N+110929.92N

=217422.6N

The force and the momentum must be checked under the bolting up
conditions. The moment is given by;

M atm=Wm2*hg

Where Wm2is the bolt load required to sat the gasket, given by

Wm2=yπd3’b and y=gasket sating pressure (stress) =20MPa

Wm2, 65mm=20*3.14*90*24

=135648N

=135.648KN

Wm,2,150mm=20*3.14*192*24

=289382.4N

=289.3824KN

M atm, 65mm=135648N×23.75

= 3221640N
 Matm,150mm=289382.4N×27

=7813324.8N

4.11 Design of Nozzle

Figure 4.4 cross sectional view of nozzle opening

Calculation of thickness of the nozzle

The thickness of nozzle is given as;

tn= PR/ (SE-0.6P) + C.A

 Where:-t n-thickness of the flange

P-maximum allowable pressure or design pressure

E-joint efficiency (E=1)

S-maximum allowable stress

R-internal radius of the pipe

C.A-corrosion allowance

Now for safety case design pressure must be greater than internal service
pressure so design pressure must be Pd=1.1Pi

So design my pressure for nozzle is Pd=Pi*1.1

=24*1.1=26.4MPa

For my nozzle I select stainless steel semi killed for my temperature (450 o c).

Wall thickness of nozzle (tn)

tn will be calculated as;

tn, =PR/(SE-0.6P) +2mm

where ;

P=26.4MPa

S=270MPa

Nominal P(MPa) C.A(mm) Radius of

diameter(mm) pipe(mm)
65 26.4 2 16.85
150 26.4 2 84.15

tn, =PR/(SE-0.6P) +2mm

tn,65mm=26.4*16.85/(270*1-0.6*26.4)+2

=444.84/254.16+2

=3.75mm

tn.150mm=26.4*84.15/(270*1-0.6*26.4)+2

=2221.56/254.16+2

=10.7mm

Reinforcement of Opening

The “equal area method” is the simplest method used for calculating the
amount of reinforcement required, and is allowed in most design codes and
standards. The principle used is to provide reinforcement local to the opening,
equal in cross-sectional area to the area removed in forming the opening.
First calculate the reinforcement area

A=D*t*F

where t r-shell thickness=

F-correction factor=1

D-diameter of the pipe

t n- nozzle material thickness

trn = Required thickness of the nozzle wall, in.

 t- Shell material thickness= (for shell 24m or for head 37mm)

A 1=D*t*F

A1.65mm=185×26.4*1

=14884mm2

A1.150mm=168.3×26.4*1

=443.12mm2

By taking A2 as the largest of the A3 or A4 calculating the reinforcement area of

the vessel

tr65mm= 1.63mm

tr.150mm=19.8mm

But A1= (Et-F*tr) D and

A2=2(E*t-F*tr)*(t + tn)

A1, 65mm=(1*26.4-1*1.63)185

=4582.45mm2

A2,65mm= 2(1*26.4-1*1.63)*(15+3.63)

=922.93mm2
A1,150mm=(1*15-1*19.8)168.3

=807.84mm2

A2,150mm=2(1*15-1*19.8)*(15+7.49)

=215.90mm2

There for A2 (reinforcement in shell) will be the largest value of (A1 or A2

A3= (tn-trn) 5t but trn is Required thickness of nozzle wall:

tr=tn -CA

For 65mm trn=1.126mm

For 150mm trn= 1.64mm

A3, 65mm = (3.63-1.126)5×26.4=296.7mm2

A4=2(tn-trn) (2.5tn-te) , te=0(no pad)

A4,65mm =2(3.63-1.126)(2.5*3.63-0)=45.448mm2

A3,150mm=(7.49-1.64)5×26.4=1544.4mm2

A4,150 mm= 2(7.49-1.64)(2.5*7.49)=219.08mm2

Total Area
Area total=A3+A2
A65mm, total=215.90+296.7=512.6mm2
A150mm. total= 321.75+807.84=1129.59mm2

So the reinforcement area is greater than the nozzle area.

A total < A
CHAPTER FIVE

DETAILED DRAWING AND ASSEMBLEYING

 CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION
6.1 RECCOMENDATION
On the completion of this project I recommend some ideas by seeing some problems happens on
pressure vessel continuously. Those recommendations I made were;
While selecting material for designing pressure vessel the material should be selected according to material
selection guide provided then only the design would be safe.
As much as possible it is best to use light material for designing of head to avoid maximum weight applied on
support.
Also during design of bolt as well as flange the allowable stress and pressure respectively on two parts must
be taken with care. Otherwise the part may fail since it can’t hold pressure as well as stress greater than
allowed.
6.2 CONCLUSIONS
A pressure vessel is a closed container to hold gas, liquids at a pressure substantially different from the
ambient pressure.
Pressure vessels are used in a variety of application in both industry & the private sector. They appear in these
sectors as industrial compressed air receivers and domestic hot water storage tanks. Pressure vessels may
theoretically be almost any shape, but shapes made of sections of spheres, cylinders, heads, & cones are
usually employed. A common design is a cylinder with end caps called heads, heads shapes are frequently
either flat flangde or dished. We can calculate length & diameter of vessels by using nominal vessel volume for
typical ratio of length to diameter by using standard table used to find
L/D ratio depending on the inner service pressure given.
While selecting suitable materials, the requirements of the relevant part relating to the function, stress
conditions, and service life have first of all to be considered. The ends of a cylindrical vessel are closed by
heads of various shapes. The corrosion allowance is the additional thickness of metal added to allow for
material lost by corrosion & erosion, or scale. The strength of metals decreases with increasing temperature.
Pressure vessels are built up from preformed parts; cylinders ,heads,& fitting. joined by fusion welding. Heads
to shells attachment by butt welded joints of plates of unequal thickness. The method used to support a vessel
will depend on the size , shape & weight of the vessels, the design temperature & pressure the vessel location
& arrangement & the internal & external fittings attachments. Generally when we design pressure vessel we
have to used gasket, flanges, consider reinforcement of openings, manhole ,earthquake loading, wind load,
external load ,dead weight of vessel , pressure,…etc.

6.3 APPENDIX:_ BASIC TERMINOLOGIES USED

CREEP: Continuous increase in deformation under constant or decreasing stress. The term is

usually with reference to the behavior of metal under tension at elevated temperatures. The

similar yielding of a material under compressive stress is usually called plastic flow or flow.

CORROSION: Chemical erosion by motionless or moving agents. Gradual destruction of a

metal or alloy due to chemical process such as oxidation or action of chemical agents

DESIGN PRESSURE: The pressure used in determining the minimum permissible thickness or

physical characteristics of the different parts of the vessel.

DESIGN TEMPERATURE: The mean metal temperature (through the thickness) expected

under operating conditions for the part considered.

ECENTRICITY: A load or component of a load normal to a given cross section of a member is

eccentric with respect to that section if it does not act through Cancroids. The perpendicular

distance from the line of action of the load to either of principle central axis is the eccentricity

with respect to that axis.

EFFICIENCY OF A WELDED JOINT: The efficiency of the welded joint is expressed as a

numerical quantity and is used in the design of a joint as a multiplier of the appropriate allowable

stress value.

FACTOR OF SAFETY: The ratio of the load that would cause a failure of a member or

structure, to the load that is imposed upon it in service.

FATIGUE: Tendency of materials to fracture under many repetitions of a stress considerably

less than the ultimate static strength.

HEAT TREATMENT: Heat treating operation performed either to produce changes in

mechanical properties of the material or to restore its maximum corrosion resistance. There are

three principle types of heat treatment; annealing, normalizing, and post weld heat treatment

JOINT EFFICIENCY: A numerical value expressed as the ratio of the strength of a riveted,

welded, or braze joint to the strength of the parent metal.

LOADING: Loading (loads) are the results of various forces. The loadings to be considered in

designing a vessel: internal or external pressure, impact loads, weight of the vessel, wind and

earthquake, superimposed loads, local load, and effect of temperature gradients.

REFERANCES
1. H. Mayer, H.L Stark, S. Ambrose Review of fatigue design procedure for pressure vessel,
International Journal Pressure Vessel and Piping 77(2000) 775-781
2. S.V Dubal, S.Y.Gajjal, V.G Patil Review on Stresses in Cylindrical Pressure Vessel and its Design as
per ASME Code, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, Volume11 May 2014
3.] Petrovic, A., 2001, Stress Analysis of the cylindrical vessel with load applied to the free end of
the nozzle, international Journal of Pressure vessels and Piping 78, 485-493.
4. M.Jeyakumar, T.Christopher, Influence of residual stresses on failure pressure of cylindrical
pressure vessels, Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, (2013),26(6): 1415–1421
5. A.Th. Diamantoudis*, Th. Kermanidis, Design by analysis versus design by formula of high
strength steel pressure vessels: a comparative study, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and
Piping 82 (2005) 43–50
6. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1, 2011a Addenda, American Society
of Mechanical Engineers.

7. Pressure vessel design manual,3rd edition, by Dennis moss

8. For Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings American National Standard ANSI B16.5 – 1988
4.12 DESIGN OF SADDLE SUPPORT
Horizontal vessels usually mounted on to saddle supports. a horizontal vessels will
normally be supported on to cross section. if more than two cross section or saddle are
used the distribution of loading is uncertain or it may be intermediate a vessel support on
to saddle can be considered to be as simple support beam with an essentially uniform load.
the maximum bending will be position at which the maximum at the support and at mid
span.

For uniformly load beam the position will be at 21% of the span on each end. The contact
angle should not be less than 120° and will not normally greater than 150° .

Vessel supported by saddle are subjected to:

 longitudinal bending stress

 tangential shear stress
 circumferential stress

Using radius of the shell, length and thickness of the shell based on the following relation,
the value of a, b and θ angle of contact.

Hint:1mm= 0.03937inch

1mm=0.03937inch

24mm=?

So, tshell = 24×0.03937

=0.94m

Radius of the shell (R)

Rshell= 450mm ,when I convert to fit

=13.7fit

And length of shell

Lshell= 450 ×0.00328

=1.5m

Selection of saddle for horizontal vessels by using charts and the values saddle angle
θ=120°

A= 0.2L

=0.2(450)

=90mm2

Therefore the length between two saddle is

l=L-2A

=450-2(90)

=270mm

Where Ws =weight of the shell material across the length

Wf= weight of the fluid across the length

Wm= weight of man hole

Wmanhole=weight of the manhole of material

W1 =wf+Wm+Wmanhole

π π π
W = ¿o−D i)2×l 1× ρm×g+ ¿i) 2×Y × ρcrude oil × g+ lm[do2-di2]ρ mg+ρ crude oil ×Y× g)
4 4 4

Where

Do = outside diameter of the shell =947.2mm or 0.9472m

Di= internal diameter of the shell =0.9m

l1= length of between saddles=270mm=0.27m

ρ m= density of stain less steel 304=8030Kg/m3

ρ crude oill= density of crude oil =750Kg/m3

lm= length of man hole=0.0022m

do= outside diameter of the man hole = 0.3157m

di= inside of diameter of the man hole =0.29m

y= length of man hole perpendicular to the shell surface =0.03m

π π π π
W = ¿o−D i)2×l 1× ρm×g+ ¿i) 2×Y × ρcrude oil × g+ lm[do2-di2]ρ mg+ (di)2×Yρ crude oill× g
4 4 4 4

π π π
= ¿2-0.92)× 0.27×8030×9.81+ (0.92)× 0.03× 750× 9.81+ (0.3162-0.292)
4 4 4
π
× 0.0022× 8030× 9.81+ (0.292)× 0.03× 750× 9.81
4

=1455.7+140.348+2.1435+14.5719

W1= 1612.76Nm or 1612760Nmm

CHAPTER FIVE

DETAILED DRAWING AND ASSEMBLYING

CHAPTER
CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION
6.1 RECCOMENDATION
On the completion of this project I recommend some ideas by seeing some problems happens on
pressure vessel continuously. Those recommendations I made were;
While selecting material for designing pressure vessel the material should be selected according to material
selection guide provided then only the design would be safe.
As much as possible it is best to use light material for designing of head to avoid maximum weight applied on
support.
Also during design of bolt as well as flange the allowable stress and pressure respectively on two parts must
be taken with care. Otherwise the part may fail since it can’t hold pressure as well as stress greater than
allowed.
6.2 CONCLUSIONS
A pressure vessel is a closed container to hold gas, liquids at a pressure substantially different from the
ambient pressure.
Pressure vessels are used in a variety of application in both industry & the private sector. They appear in these
sectors as industrial compressed air receivers and domestic hot water storage tanks. Pressure vessels may
theoretically be almost any shape, but shapes made of sections of spheres, cylinders, heads, & cones are
usually employed. A common design is a cylinder with end caps called heads, heads shapes are frequently
either flat flangde or dished. We can calculate length & diameter of vessels by using nominal vessel volume for
typical ratio of length to diameter by using standard table used to find
L/D ratio depending on the inner service pressure given.
While selecting suitable materials, the requirements of the relevant part relating to the function, stress
conditions, and service life have first of all to be considered. The ends of a cylindrical vessel are closed by
heads of various shapes. The corrosion allowance is the additional thickness of metal added to allow for
material lost by corrosion & erosion, or scale. The strength of metals decreases with increasing temperature.
Pressure vessels are built up from preformed parts; cylinders ,heads,& fitting. joined by fusion welding. Heads
to shells attachment by butt welded joints of plates of unequal thickness. The method used to support a vessel
will depend on the size , shape & weight of the vessels, the design temperature & pressure the vessel location
& arrangement & the internal & external fittings attachments. Generally when we design pressure vessel we
have to used gasket, flanges, consider reinforcement of openings, manhole ,earthquake loading, wind load,
external load ,dead weight of vessel , pressure,…etc.

6.3 APPENDIX:_ BASIC TERMINOLOGIES USED

CREEP: Continuous increase in deformation under constant or decreasing stress. The term is

usually with reference to the behavior of metal under tension at elevated temperatures. The
similar yielding of a material under compressive stress is usually called plastic flow or flow.

CORROSION: Chemical erosion by motionless or moving agents. Gradual destruction of a

metal or alloy due to chemical process such as oxidation or action of chemical agents

DESIGN PRESSURE: The pressure used in determining the minimum permissible thickness or

physical characteristics of the different parts of the vessel.

DESIGN TEMPERATURE: The mean metal temperature (through the thickness) expected

under operating conditions for the part considered.

ECENTRICITY: A load or component of a load normal to a given cross section of a member is

eccentric with respect to that section if it does not act through Cancroids. The perpendicular

distance from the line of action of the load to either of principle central axis is the eccentricity

with respect to that axis.

EFFICIENCY OF A WELDED JOINT: The efficiency of the welded joint is expressed as a

numerical quantity and is used in the design of a joint as a multiplier of the appropriate allowable

stress value.

FACTOR OF SAFETY: The ratio of the load that would cause a failure of a member or

structure, to the load that is imposed upon it in service.

FATIGUE: Tendency of materials to fracture under many repetitions of a stress considerably

less than the ultimate static strength.

HEAT TREATMENT: Heat treating operation performed either to produce changes in

mechanical properties of the material or to restore its maximum corrosion resistance. There are

three principle types of heat treatment; annealing, normalizing, and post weld heat treatment

JOINT EFFICIENCY: A numerical value expressed as the ratio of the strength of a riveted,

welded, or braze joint to the strength of the parent metal.

LOADING: Loading (loads) are the results of various forces. The loadings to be considered in
designing a vessel: internal or external pressure, impact loads, weight of the vessel, wind and

earthquake, superimposed loads, local load, and effect of temperature gradients.

REFERANCES
1. H. Mayer, H.L Stark, S. Ambrose Review of fatigue design procedure for pressure vessel,
International Journal Pressure Vessel and Piping 77(2000) 775-781
2. S.V Dubal, S.Y.Gajjal, V.G Patil Review on Stresses in Cylindrical Pressure Vessel and its Design as
per ASME Code, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, Volume11 May 2014
3.] Petrovic, A., 2001, Stress Analysis of the cylindrical vessel with load applied to the free end of
the nozzle, international Journal of Pressure vessels and Piping 78, 485-493.
4. M.Jeyakumar, T.Christopher, Influence of residual stresses on failure pressure of cylindrical
pressure vessels, Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, (2013),26(6): 1415–1421
5. A.Th. Diamantoudis*, Th. Kermanidis, Design by analysis versus design by formula of high
strength steel pressure vessels: a comparative study, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and
Piping 82 (2005) 43–50
6. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1, 2011a Addenda, American Society
of Mechanical Engineers.

7. Pressure vessel design manual,3rd edition, by Dennis moss

8. For Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings American National Standard ANSI B16.5 – 1988