WHO IS DEVELOPED?

WHO IS DEVELOPING?

MEASUREMENT PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2019
ANIMATION
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX

Some 40 years ago the founding

father of human development,
Professor Amartya Sen, asked a
deceptively simple question: equality
of what? He answered with equal
simplicity: of the things we care
about to build the future we aspire
to.

http://hdr.undp.org/en/2019-report/download
 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
The HDI is calculated as the geometric mean (equally-weighted) of
LIFE EXPECTANCY, EDUCATION, and GNI PER CAPITA
The higher a country’s HDI score, the higher its level of human
development and vice versa.

Source:http://hdr.undp.org/
 Calculating of HDI : Example
1- First defined the minimum and maximum values of each
dimension for your specific country

DIMENSION INDICATOR MIN MAX

HEALTH LIFE EXPECTANCY 20 85
EDUCATION EXPECTED YEARS OF SCHOOLING 0 18

MEAN YEARS OF SCHOOLING 0 15

STANDARD OF LIVING GNI PER CAPITA (PPP 2011 $) 100 75,000

Calculating of HDI : Example
Human Development Index, 2018
Rank Country Value Rank Country Value
1 Norway 0.954 110 Libya 0.708
2 Switzerland 0.946 113 South Africa 0.705
3 Ireland 0.942 129 Iraq 0.689
4 Germany 0.939 129 India 0.647
4 Hong Kong 0.939 144 Equator Gine 0.588
22 Israil /S Korea 0.906 158 Nigeria 0.534
28 Italy 0.883 170 Afghanistan 0.496
49 Russian Fed 0.824 181 Sierra Leone 0.438
59 Turkey 0.806 188 Central Afr Rep 0.381
65 Iran 0.797 189 Niger 0.377
 What about Turkey’s values in HDR

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2001 2014 2017 2018

Value 0.587 0.628 0.674 0.705 0.730 0.734 0.761 0.791 0.806

Level middl middle middle middle middle middle high high Very
e high
Rank 56 64 68 79 75 96 72 64 59

Number 102 113 121 136 145 175 188 189 189
of
countries
INDICATOR TURKEY (2018)
LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH (years) 77.4
MAN YEARS OF SCHOOLING (years) 7.7
EXPECTED YEARS OF SCHOOLING (years) 16.4
GNI PER CAPITA (2011 PPP $) 24,905

http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/TUR.pdf
Turkey’s HDI and component indicators for 2018
relative to selected countries
HDI Rank Life exp at Exp yeras of Mean years of GNI per
birth schooling schooling cap (PPP)

TURKEY 0.806 59 77.4 16.4 7.7 24,905

Azerbaijan 0.754 87 72.9 12.4 10.5 15,240
Serbia 0.799 63 5.8 14.8 11.2 15,218
Veryhigh 0.892 - 79.5 16.4 12.0 40,112
HDI
Gender Inequality Index
Gender Development Index
«Basic Needs» approach
ADEQUATE FOOD, SHELTER, AND CLOTH

UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO EDUCATION

AVAILABILITY OF ADEQUATE HEALTH CARE

AVAILABILITY OF NON-DEMEANING JOBS

SUFFICIENT FREE TIME TO REPRODUCE HUMANITY ITSELF

FREEDOM TO MAKE ONE’S OWN ECONOMIC DECISION

FREEDOM TO PARTICIPATE IN DECISION OF GOVERNMENT AND OTHERS

Sufficient Food Intake

• “The food component of the poverty line is almost universally

anchored to nutritional requirements for good health. “ (Ravallion,
1998:15)
 Access to Education
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u2ZQ-wBqNRc&ab_channel=HevalSociology

Education is a basic human right. But many children still do not have
the opportunity to learn, especially if they live in poverty or are
girls.
HEALTH CARE

Poverty is a major cause of ill health and a barrier to accessing health

care when needed. This relationship is financial: the poor cannot afford
to purchase those things that are needed for good health, including
sufficient quantities of quality food and health care.
 POVERTY
AND
INCOME INEQUALITY
 POVERTY & INCOME INEQUALITY

“We shal require a substantially new manner of thinking if mankind is to survive”

Albert Einstein

(İnsanoğlunun yaşamını sürdürebilmesi için yeni bir düşünme anlayışına ihtiyacımız olacaktır)
 The Share of Population and Income
Share of Population Share of Income
Market exchange rate PPP
Europe 9.6 26.4 23.2
USA/Canada 4.7 26.3 16.6
LAC 8.4 6.6 7.6
SubSaharan Africa 14.3 1.9 3.0
China & India 36.1 18.8 26.3
Japan 1.62 6.2 4.1
MENA 5.9 4.0 6.8
Oceania 0.5 3.0 1.1
Low-income group 9.3 0.06 9.0
Lower-middle income 39.8 8.0 155.0
Upper-middle income 35.0 28.5 30.7
High-income group 15.9 63.4 45.3
https://wir2018.wid.world/part-2.html#article-6
Top 10% national income share across the world, 2016

https://wir2018.wid.world/files/download/wir2018-summary-english.pdf
Top 10% income shares across the world, 1980–2016: Rising
inequality almost everywhere, but at different speeds

https://wir2018.wid.world/files/download/wir2018-summary.pdf
Top 1% vs. Bottom 50% national income shares in the US and Western
Europe, 1980–2016: Diverging income inequality trajectories

USA WESTERN EUROPE

https://wir2018.wid.world/files/download/wir2018-summary-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpKbO6O3O3M&t=835s
ABSOLUTE POVERTY & RELATIVE POVERTY
DEFINITION: DEFINITION:
A situation of being unable to It means poverty defined in
meet the minimum levels of compaison to other people’s
income, food, clothing, standing in the economy. Thus a
healthcare, shelter and other person can be poor in the
essentials relative sense, even if she/he is
not poor in the absoulte sense
Reasons of Rising Absolute Poverty

SLOW OR UNSTABLE GROWTH AND ECONOMC CRISES

ECONOMIC MODELS

FAILURES OF PUBLIC POLICIES

UNEMPLOYMENT CREATED BY TECHNOLOGY

Amarty Sen’s Capability Approach to Poverty
Amartya Sen proposed that there are five general freedoms which underpins
capabilities, the derogation of which will give rise to deprivation or poverty:
1.Political freedom including civil rights;
2.Economic facilities which includes access to credit;
3.Social opportunities which include arrangements for access to health care,
education and other social services;
4.Transparency in relations between people and between people and
governments; and
5.Protective security which includes social and economic safety nets such as
unemployment benefits and famine and emergency relief.
HOW TO MEASURE POVERTY?
qHead-count Ratio or Poverty Ratio
qPoverty Gap and Foster-Greer-Thorbecke index
qSen Index
qWatts Poverty Index
qLorenz Curve, Percintile Measure and Gini Coefficient
qMultidimensional Poverty Index
 Head-count Ratio
The proportion of a population that exists, or lives, below the poverty line
POVERTY HEAD-COUNT RATIO AT $1.90 A DAY(% OF POP)
TURKEY(2018) 0.1 ISRAEL (2016) 0.2
RUSSIAN FED (2010) 0.1 IRAN (2017) 0.3
UZBEKISTAN (2003) 62.1 GREECE (2017) 0.9
VENEZUELA (2006) 10.2 GERMANY (2008) 0.2
UGANDA (2016) 41.7 DENMARK (2017) 0.1
UK (2016) 0.2 CONGO DEM REP 76.6
USA (2016) 1.2 CHINA (2016) 0.5
TURKMENISTAN (1998) 51.4 BRAZIL (2018) 4.4
SOUTH KOREA (2012) 0.2 ARGENTINA (2018) 1.0
 Head-count Ratio
HEAD-COUNT RATIO AT NATIONAL POVERTY LINES (% OF POP)
TURKEY(2017) 13.9 ISRAEL -
RUSSIAN FED (2018) 12.9 IRAN -
UZBEKISTAN (2013) 14.1 GREECE -
VENEZUELA (2015) 33.1 GERMANY -
UGANDA (2016) 21.4 DENMARK -
UK - CONGO DEM REP 63.9
USA - CHINA (2016) 1.7
TURKMENISTAN - BRAZIL -
SOUTH KOREA - ARGENTINA (2018) 32.0
 Poverty Gap Ratio
The sum of the difference between the poverty line and actual income levels of
all people living below that line

Source: Todaro (2011) p.213

Foster-Greer-Thorbecke Index
A class of measures of the level of absolute poverty
 Sen Index
S = Head-count Ratio [Poverty Gap + (1 – Poverty Gap ) Gini coefficient]
 Watts Poverty Index
The index is computed by dividing the poverty line by income, taking logs,
and taking the sum over the poor.
Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient

G=A/(A+B)
 Gini Coefficients of selected countries
BOLIVIA 42.2 PARAGUAY 46.2
BRAZIL 53.9 PHILIPPINES 44.4
COLOMBIA 50.4 S AFRICA 63.0
INDONESIA 39.0 BOTSWANA 53.3
JAPAN 32.9 PAPUA NEW GUİNEA 41.9
MEXİCO 45.4 TURKEY 41.9
FINLAND 27.4 S KOREA 31.6
NETHERLAND 28.5 UK 34.8
PANAMA 49.2 USA 41.4
Multidimensional Poverty Index
 KEY FINDINGS OF MDI 2019
qGlobally 1.3 billion people are multidimensionally poor and
two-thirds live in middle income countries
qHalf of the 1.3 billion multidimensionally poor people are
children under age 18
qIn South Asia 22.7 percent of children under age 5 experience
intrahousehold inequality in deprivation in nutrition
qThere is little or no association between economic inequality
(measured using the Gini coefficient) and the MPI value.
qOf 10 selected countries for which changes over time were
analysed, India and Cambodia reduced their MPI values the
fastest—and they did not leave the poorest groups behind.
NEW POVERTY CONCEPTS
SOCIAL EXCLUSION
UNDERCLASS
MARGINALITY
FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY
WORKING POOR
SPATIAL POVERTY
KUZNETS INVERTED-U CURVE
 POLICIES FOR REDUCING POVERTY
qTaxation
qMicrocredits
qEducation
qPublic policiesAnonymity
qActivities of NGOs
qIntenational organizations