CEE 9675: Lecture 14

Lecture Overview

• Model Library Summary

• Clarifier modeling
• Hands on Chemical and Bio P removal

Department of CEE
Prof Martha Department of Civil
Dagnew, June &
24- 2021
Environmental Engineering
1. Model Library

2
 1. Model Library
Museum: Activated Sludge Models (ASMs)
Process/model ASM-1 ASM-2 ASM2d ASM3
Hydrolysis X X X X
Fermentation X X
Carbon storage X (for bio-P only) X (for bio-P only)

Carbon oxidation X X X X

Nitrification X X X X

Denitrification X X X X

EBPR X X

Denitrification X
with PAOs
3
1. Model Library
Museum: SUMO

4
1. Model Library
Museum: SUMO

5
1. Model Library
Museum: SUMO

6
2. Clarifier Modeling

7
2. Clarifiers in Wastewater

• Flocculation
• Clarification
• Thickening
• Storage
 2. Primary Clarifier
• Primarily used to remove TSS and BOD
• Handling wet weather flows
• Increasing use to remove phosphorus and divert
additional carbon from the downstream unit
• Reduction of air demand
• Decrease of solid loading on secondary clarifier
• Increase in digester gas production

Secondary Clarifier
• Separate and remove solid/biomass produced in
biological process
• Thicken solid for recirculation and process reuse
9
 2. Gravitation separation theory
• Four Types of Settling Regime

Discrete Flocculent Hindered or Compression

settling settling Zone settling settling

Schematic diagram of settling regions (Kharagpur)

10
 2. Gravitation separation theory
Types of Description Application
separation
phenomena
Discrete Refers to settling of particles in a Removal of grit and sand
particle settling suspension of low solids concentration by particles from wastewater
gravity, particles settle as individuals
Flocculent Settling of dilute suspension of particles Settling in primary clarifiers,
settling that flocculate during settling upper portion of secondary
settling
Hindered Settling of intermediate concentration, Used in secondary clarifiers
settling particles tend to remain in fixed positions
with respect to each other and settle as
one unit, a solid-liquid interface develops
at the settling mass
Compression Settling occur only by compression of the Occurs in thickening,
settling concentrated solid structure dewatering units and lower
end of deep secondary
clarifiers
11
 2. Modelling of clarifiers
1. Volumeless clarifier model –without area or depth
• Zero dimensional models
• Modelling is based on an instantaneous mass balance
around the clarifier
𝑄𝐼 + 𝑄𝑅 ∗ 𝑋𝐹 = 𝑄𝑅 ∗ 𝑋𝑅 + 𝑄𝐸 ∗ 𝑋𝐸
𝑄𝐼 = Influent flow
𝑄𝑅 = Recycle flow (Waste flow)
𝑄𝐸 = Effluent flow
= Raw wastewater or bioreactor mixed liquor concentration
𝑋𝑅 = Return solids concentration (Waste solids
concentration)

12
 2. Modelling of clarifiers

2. One-dimensional models
• Take the volume of the settler into consideration
• Variations exist
• Simple two-compartment models: clarified zone and
sludge blanket
• Mixture of mass balance and empirical models that
estimate underflow, effluent and sludge blanket
concentrations
• Layered 1-D flux model

13
 2. Layered-Settler Model
• Represents clarifiers as a stack of
horizontal layers
• Horizontal movement is not
considered
• Governed by convective (bulk)
movement (U) and gravity
sedimentation (𝑉𝑆 ) on a small section
of height

𝜕𝑋𝑇𝑆𝑆 𝜕𝑋𝑇𝑆𝑆 𝜕(𝑉𝑆 𝑋𝑇𝑆𝑆 )

− =𝑈 +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

Where 𝑋𝑇𝑆𝑆 is the solids concentration

that depend on the time (t) and the spatial
coordinate (𝑧); 𝑈 is convective ‘bulk’
movement and 𝑉𝑆 is gravity settling
velocity(m/d)

• The model’s output is a vertical solids

profile (one concentration for each
Layered settling model of 10 layers (Takács et. al., 2001) layer

14
 2. Layered-Settler Model
𝜕𝑋𝑇𝑆𝑆 𝜕𝑋𝑇𝑆𝑆 𝜕(𝑉𝑆 𝑋𝑇𝑆𝑆 )
− =𝑈 +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧

Where 𝑋𝑇𝑆𝑆 is the solids concentration that depend on the time (t) and the spatial coordinate
(𝑧); 𝑈 is convective ‘bulk’ movement and 𝑉𝑆 is gravity settling velocity(m/d)

• The most well-known 1-layer model is the Takacs model, that proposed double exponential
gravity settling function to describe both clarification and thickening zone.

𝑋∗𝑗 𝑋∗𝑗
𝑣𝑠𝑗 = 𝑣𝑏𝑛𝑑 exp−𝑟ℎ𝑖𝑛 - 𝑣𝑏𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑥𝑝−𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑐
Where
𝑣𝑠𝑗 is gravity settling velocity of the solids in the layer j (m/d)
𝑣𝑏𝑛𝑑 is maximum Vesilind settling velocity (m/d)
𝑟ℎ𝑖𝑛 is hindered settling parameter (m3/g)
𝑟𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑐 is flocculent settling parameter (m3/g)
𝑋 ∗ 𝑗 = 𝑋𝑗 − 𝑋𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑋𝑗 is suspended solids concentration in layer j (g/m3)
𝑋𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑛𝑠 ∗ 𝑋𝑖𝑛
𝑋𝑚𝑖𝑛 is minimum attainable suspended solid concentration (g/m3);
𝑓𝑛𝑠 is non-settleable fraction of 𝑋𝑖𝑛 , 𝑋𝑖𝑛 is influent suspended solid concentration (g/m3))

15
 2. Modelling of clarifiers
3. Three compartment model

• Consists of feed well, point separator, a clear water and sludge blanket compartment
• Chemicals are added in the feed-well then, the liquid flow will go to the clear phase and
underflow to the blanket
• The flocculation process is modelled in the feed well and the floc properties are changed in
this process, whereas the settling process is characterized for the clear water and solids
separately

16
3. Hands on Chem P and BioP removal

17
 CEPT - Three-compartment model Setup in SUMO

Polymer Addition Concepts

The polymer addition in this process unit impacts the solid removal in two ways:
❖ The colloidal substrate flocculation
The flocculation of colloidal substrates with polymer processes rates are
calculated in the code sheet.
rateFLOC,CB,polymer = qFLOC,polymer*MsatFLOC,polymer*MsatCB,KFLOC,polymer*Xpolymer
rateFLOC,CU,polymer = qFLOC,polymer*MsatFLOC,polymer*MsatCU,KFLOC,polymer*Xpolymer

❖ The removal efficiency of solids

The removal efficiency will be adjusted between the Solids percent removal
without polymer and Solids percent removal with polymer values given by the
user. The adjustment between the two values uses a Monod function with the
half-saturation of polymers for solid percent removal improvement parameter.

19