Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication for 5G New Radio

IEEE Workshop on 5G Technologies for Tactical and First Responder Networks

Rapeepat Ratasuk, Principal Research Specialist

Nokia Bell Labs
October 23rd , 2018

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5G and URLLC
>10 Gbps 100 Mbps
peak data rates
whenever needed
<4 ms
radio latency Enhanced 10 000
Mobile x more traffic
Broadband
(eMBB)
1.000.000
devices per km2
<1 ms
radio latency
Range Massive Ultra Reliable
164 dB MCL machine type Low Latency
communication communication Ultra Reliable
< 10-5 outage
>15 years
on battery
Zero
mobility
mMTC interruption
ultra low cost

URLLC is one of the three usage scenarios identified by ITU IMT-2020

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Use Cases
Selected URLLC Use Cases

Factory Automation (local area) Smart City Automation (wide area)

Motion Control Mobile Harbor Automation Smart Grid Autonomous

• Indoor Robots/AGVs • Remote control of Protection and Vehicles
• Most stringent • Indoor & outdoor cranes and vehicles Control • Outdoor
availability, latency, • Stringent availability, • Indoor & outdoor • Outdoor • Stringent
and jitter latency, and jitter • Mixed data traffic • Stringent requirements on
• Limited mobility • Ultra reliable mobility types requirements on availability, latency
(following pre-defined • High reliability availability, latency, • Ultra reliable mobility
paths) and jitter (over wide area)

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© Nokia 2018 AGV: Automatic guided vehicle
URLLC Use Cases and Requirements (TS 22.261)
Table 7.2.2-1 Performance requirements for low-latency and high-reliability scenarios.
Scenario End-to- Communication Reliability User Payload Traffic Connection Service area
end service experienced size density density dimension
latency availability data rate
Discrete automation 1 ms 99,9999% 99,9999% 1 Mbps Small 1 Tbps/km2 100 000/km2 100 x 100 x 30
– motion control up to 10 Mbps m
Discrete automation 10 ms 99,99% 99,99% 10 Mbps Small to 1 Tbps/km2 100 000/km2 1000 x 1000 x
big 30 m
Process automation 50 ms 99,9999% 99,9999% 1 Mbps Small to 100 Gbps/km2 1 000/km2 300 x 300 x 50
– remote control up to 100 big m
Mbps
Process automation 50 ms 99,9% 99,9% 1 Mbps Small 10 Gbps/km2 10 000/km2 300 x 300 x 50
‒ monitoring
Electricity 25 ms 99,9% 99,9% 10 Mbps Small to 10 Gbps/km2 1 000/km2 100 km along
distribution – big power line
medium voltage
Electricity 5 ms 99,9999% 99,9999% 10 Mbps Small 100 Gbps/km2 1 000/km2 200 km along
distribution – high power line
voltage
Intelligent transport 10 ms 99,9999% 99,9999% 10 Mbps Small to 10 Gbps/km2 1 000/km2 2 km along a
systems – big road
infrastructure
backhaul
Tactile interaction 0,5 ms [99,999%] [99,999%] [Low] [Small] [Low] [Low] TBC
Remote control [5 ms] [99,999%] [99,999%] [From low to [Small to [Low] [Low] TBC
10 Mbps] big]

Various requirements from different URLLC services

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URLLC Requirements from 3GPP RAN TR 38.913 (v14.3.0, August 2017)

Requirements value
7.4 Control plane latency 10ms
From a battery efficient state to start of continuous data transfer

7.5 User plane latency 0.5ms for both UL

The time it takes to successfully deliver an application layer packet/message from the radio protocol layer
2/3 SDU ingress point to the radio protocol layer 2/3 SDU egress point via the radio interface in both uplink and DL
and downlink directions

7.7 Mobility interruption time 0ms

The shortest time duration supported by the system during which a user terminal cannot exchange user
plane packets.

7.9 Reliability 1-10-5 for 32 bytes

Reliability is defined as the success probability R of transmitting X bits within a certain delay at a certain
channel quality (e.g. coverage-edge). with a user plane
latency of 1ms

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Flexible NR Framework 7 symbols (example)

Freq 12x15 KHz

V2X
U
12x30 KHz
R
eMBB L eMBB
L
U B
Frequency

C
R
L eMBB
BLANK
L
A eMBB
Bandwidth
L N parts
C K

Broadcast
12x60 kHz

mMTC - eMTC

eMBB eMBB
mMTC – NB-IoT

Time Time

• NR provides flexible framework to support different services and QoS • NR transmission is well-contained in
requirements time and frequency
• Scalable slot duration, mini-slot and slot aggregation • Future features can be easily
• Self-contained slot structure accommodated
• Traffic preemption for URLLC
• Support for different numerologies for different services
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Ultra Reliable and Low Latency Communication
It is not only about radio…
Hybrid connectivity O&M NW planning & Flexible architecture
(e.g. multi-operator, multi-RAT) (e.g. E2E reliability monitoring optimization (e.g. lower latency with MEC, SDN &
and verification, fault detection/ (e.g. channel prediction, deployment VNF reliability)
prediction/prevention) self-optimization)

5GC concepts NW Slicing

(e.g. admission & policy ctrl, flow (e.g. slice provisioning, dynamic
based QoS, context awareness, CP resource usage)
decomposition)
E2E Reliability
NR L2-3 concepts Techno-economics
(e.g. multi-connectivity, conditional (e.g. TCO analysis, e2e reliability
handover, SON-MRO) modeling, reliability cost functions)

NR L1 concepts HW SW Security Transport

(e.g. shorter TTI, multiplexing, grant (e.g. HW reliability (e.g. sw reliability (e.g. protection (e.g. rapid rerouting, PON slicing and
based DL, grant free UL, joint analysis and analysis and against cyper scheduling)
transmission, control channel improvements, hot improvements, sw attacks)
enhancements) swap mechanisms) maintenance breaks)

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Timeline – URLLC Related Items
2017 2018 2019 2020

Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1

Rel-15 NSA Rel-15 NSA

(option-3) (option-3)
freeze ASN.1 Rel-15 SA Rel-15 SA
(option-2) (option-2)
freeze ASN.1 Rel-15 late Rel-15 late
drop freeze drop ASN.1

Rel-16 NR URLLC L1 Enhancements SI RP-181477 Rel-16 NR URLLC L1 Enhancements WI

Rel-16 NR Industrial IoT SI RP-181479 Rel-16 NR Industrial IoT WI

Rel-16 Rel-16
freeze ASN.1

We are here

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 Physical Channels & Physical Signals

PDSCH gNodeB
DL shared channel

PBCH PUSCH
Broadcast channel UL shared channel

PDCCH PUCCH
DL control channel UL control channel

DL Physical Signals PRACH

Random access channel
Demodulation Ref (DM-RS)
Phase-tracking Ref (PT-RS)
UL Physical Signals
Ch State Inf Ref (CSI-RS)
User Equipment Demodulation Ref (DM-RS)
Primary Sync (PSS)
Phase-tracking Ref (PT-RS)
Secondary Sync (SSS)
Sounding Ref (SRS)

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 • NR supports scalable numerology to address different spectrum,
Scalable NR Numerology bandwidth, deployment and services
• Sub-carrier spacing (SCS) of 15, 30, 60, 120 kHz is supported for
data channels
Macro 15 kHz SCS • 2n scaling of SCS allows for efficient FFT processing
Coverage
Supported data numerologies in
BW (e.g. 10, 20 MHz) Frequency Range 1 (FR1) (below 6 GHz):
Carrier bandwidth (MHz)
Macro 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 80 90 100
30 kHz SCS
Coverage /
Small Cell
15        

SCS (kHz)
BW (e.g. 100 MHz)
30            
60           
60 kHz SCS
Indoor
Supported data numerologies
in FR2 (above 24 GHz):
BW (e.g. 200 MHz)
*800 MHz contiguous allocation supported with 2x400 MHz aggregation Carrier BW (MHz)

50 100 200 400

120 kHz SCS
mmWave 60   

(kHz)
SCS 
120    
BW (e.g. 400 MHz)

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Scalable NR Slot Duration

15 kHz SCS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

30 kHz SCS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Slot Slot Slot Slot

60 kHz SCS

Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot Slot

120 kHz SCS

• One slot is comprised of 14 symbols

• Slot length depends on SCS – 1ms for 15 kHz SCS to 0.125ms for 120 kHz SCS

• Mini-slot (2, 4, or 7 symbols) can be allocated for shorter transmissions

• Slots can also be aggregated for longer transmissions
• A frame (10 ms) and sub-frame (1 ms) provide an SCS-agnostic time reference
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3GPP Rel-15 URLLC Toolbox
Low latency
New numerology/slot/mini-slot/bi-
directional structure
Non-slot (i.e. mini-slot) based
scheduling
Downlink multiplexing between URLLC
and eMBB services: pre-emptive
scheduling
Uplink grant free transmission
Reduced processing time
Short PUCCH (one or two symbols)
Reliability
Blind repetitions (i.e. K-repetition)
Micro-diversity (e.g. Rank-1 MIMO)
Slot-aggregation for PDSCH and PUSCH
Multi-slot PUCCH
Configurable BLER targets for CQI report
URLLC MCS/CQI table
PDCP layer data duplication: allows a
packet to be transmitted on two different
carriers

Basic URLLC framework specified in 5G NR Rel-15

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Mini-slot Scheduling (Non-slot based Scheduling)
• Main use cases:
– Low latency when using small SCS (e.g. 15
kHz)
– Supporting TDM within slot when operating at
high carrier frequencies and with RF
beamforming

• Design principles for mini-slot:

– Mini-slot is a shortened version of the slot
– Common DMRS structures between slot and mini-slot
– Common control channel structures

– Flexible HARQ/scheduling timing with symbol

level granularity
– Supported mini-slot lengths
– 2, 4, 7 OFDM symbols will have high priority
– Other lengths can be considered later

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Mini-slot plays a key role for latency reduction especially for smaller subcarrier spacing.
© Nokia 2018
Example Latency Analysis with Mini-Slot Scheduling

Data arrives
Scheduling
Scheduling grant for re-
grant
transmission
UE processing time
DL gNB processing time and DCI DCI
waiting for PDCCH
monitoring occasions

OFDM PDSCH data transmission PDSCH data transmission

Symbol (2 symbols) gNB processing time (2 symbols)
UL A/N

PUCCH
(1 symbol)

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 UL Grant-free Transmission
• 5G network can configure dedicated SPS resource to one UE or a shared SPS resource allocation
pattern to a group of user devices with similar characteristics
• In case of dedicated resource per URLLC UE, no collision and similar operation as in
LTE.
• In case of shared SPS resource:
- Multiple users share the same SPS resource allocation pattern and use contention based access
with load control at base station

Control Data Control

(entirely DL or entirely UL)
Frequency

SCS(kHz) Supported periodicities [ms]

UL grant- DL DMRS UL
free 15 2 symbols, 7 symbols, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 32, 40, 64, 80, 128, 160, 320, 640
resource 30 2 symbols, 7 symbols, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 32, 40, 64, 80, 128, 160, 320, 640
pool
60 2 symbols, 7 symbols (6 symbols for ECP), 0.25,0.5,1,2,5,10,20, , 32, 40, 64, 80,
128, 160, 320, 640
120 2 symbols, 7 symbols, 0.125,0.25,0.5,1,2,5,10,20, 32, 40, 64, 80, 128, 160, 320,
GP OFDM symbol GP GP 640

Time
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 UL Grant-free Transmission Types

• Two types of operation

• Type 1: only based on RRC (re)configuration without any L1 signaling (released also by RRC).
• Type 2: based on both RRC configuration and L1 signaling for activation/deactivation, LTE SPS-alike

UE gNB
UE gNB
RRC configuration RRC configuration UEs are pre-allocated with resources and other
Data to buffer necessary parameters before grant-free
PHY activation
Data transmission
MAC CE ACK
Feedback Data to buffer Using MAC CE to acknowledge PHY control 
Data minimizing misunderstanding on the
configuration.
RRC deactivation Feedback

PHY deactivation
Type 1
Type 2
UL grant-free transmission reducing overall latency by removing the scheduling process
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DL Multiplexing: Pre-emptive Scheduling

Latency critical data arrives for UE #2, and is 
UE #1 (e.g. with eMBB 
immediately scheduled by puncturing the 
traffic) is scheduled on 
ongoing transmission to UE #1, rather than 
the shared channel 
waiting for its completion, i.e. avoiding 
with a certain TTI size. 
additional latency. 

UE #1 receives the scheduled transmission, 
where part of it is punctured.
Downlink 
shared 
radio 
channel
Scheduled transmission time for UE #1
Time‐line
Resources  Resources 
scheduled for  scheduled for 
UE #1 UE #2

Effective scheduling to reduce DL latency

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 Contacts: J. Moilanen,
K. Pedersen, Zexian Li
Enhancements for latency and reliability in Radio and E2E
Rel.16 URLLC aims for higher reliability and better efficiency
High Reliability
• R15 use case improvements
• K-repetition (>99.9999%)
PDCP duplication
(e.g. AR/VR)
• • Multi-connectivity enhancements
• Various “baseline” • New use cases with higher
• Multi-TRP
features (e.g. requirements (e.g. factory
CQI/MCS tables for • 0ms handover interruption
URLLC, Rank-1 MIMO) • Various L1 enhancements (PDCCH, automation, transport industry,
UCI, PUSCH, processing time line, …) electrical power distribution)
• Flexible
• UL GF enhancements
architecture • QoS monitoring support for URLLC
• Short TTI/non-
slot based
scheduling • Data duplication
• UL grant free Rel.16 enhancements Key Rel.16 SI/WIs Primary
• DL pre-emptive • Scheduling WG
scheduling enhancements for intra-
• Reduced FS_5G_URLLC (SP-180118) SA2
processing time Rel.15 and inter-UE mux of
• Short PUCCH eMBB and URLLC NR_IIoT (RP-181479) RAN2
• … NR_Mob_enh (RP-181433) RAN2

Low Latency URLLC Efficiency NR_eURLLC_L1 (RP-181477) RAN1

(<1ms) [bps/Hz] NR eMIMO (RP-181453) RAN1
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 Contacts: T. Kolding

Industrial IoT with 5G and NR

TSC defined on U-Plane between N6
5G Time Sensitive Communications (TSC) and new reference point N60
[ii, iii] Ext.
Support for Wireless Industrial Ethernet (IEEE 3GPP 5GS TSC service
TSN) and Multi-hop/Internet deterministic descriptors
communications (aka IETF DetNet)
[ii, iii] Extended QoS & PCF
New R16 enablers on top of enhanced URLLC Frame work to reserve UDM NEF N33
network resources for
i. Common understanding of global time
TSC end-to-end
among devices and network N8 N10

ii. Network to support bounded latencies and [ii, iii] Enhanced URLLC
AMF N11 SMF N7 PCF N5 AF
error rates for packet transport (both min and timing/gating flow
and max latency) mechanisms, optimization
for Ethernet/TSN flows
iii. More detailed service descriptors for TSC N2 N4
N1
flows (condition for deterministic
forwarding in TSN/DetNet) Non-
3GPP N60 UE (R)AN N3 UPF N6 Data Network
Devices

Key Rel.16 SI/WIs Primary WG N9

NR_IIoT (RP-181479) RAN2

[iii] Absolute E2E time synchronization to grand master clock (5GS internal or external)
FS_Vertical_LAN (SP-180507) SA2 and sync capability for connected NEs via gPTP (both UE and UPF side)

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Summary
• Diverse requirements expected from different URLLC use cases.

• 5G URLLC is one of the strong enablers of expansion to newly

emerging vertical markets.

• Basic URLLC frame work has been specified in NR Rel-15. In the

studied scenario, URLLC requirement of 10-5 within 1ms can be
achieved.

• The coming Rel-16 will further enhance URLLC features especially e.g.
supporting industrial wireless Ethernet.

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