Professional Documents
Culture Documents
and
ARYAMAN SINGH MARJARA
1. The Human Eye.
2. The Parts and Functions of a Human Eye.
3. Power of Accommodation and LDDV
4. Defects of Vision and their Correction -
Myopia, Hypermetropia and Presbyopia.
5. Refraction through a Prism.
6. Expression for Refractive Index of Prism.
7. Dispersion .
8. Rainbow.
9. Atmospheric Refraction – Tyndall Effect, Apparent position &
Twinkling of Stars, Delayed Sunrise & Sunset.
10. Scattering of Light - Blue Colour of the Sky and Red Colour of
the Sun.
Internal structure of Human Eye
CRYSTALLINE LENCE
AQUEOUS HUMOUR
PUPIL
IRIS
CORNEA
VITREOUS HUMOUR
OPTIC NERVE
RATINA
CILIARY MUSCLES
•The crystalline lens is a lens which merely provides
the finer adjustment of focal length required to focus
objects at different distances on the ratina.
It is a watery fluid between cornea
and lens
It is a gap between iris which
ensure the amount of light entering
the eye
•Iris is a dark muscular diaphragm behind the cornea and it controls the
size of the pupil.
• The pupil regulates and controls the amount of light entering the eye.
Cornea is a thin membrane which forms the transparent bulge on the
front surface of the eye ball.
Light enters in the eye through it.
Most of the refraction of light rays entering the eye occurs at the outer
surface of the cornea.
It is a oily fluid lens and retina
The nerve which carry the
information regarding the image to
the brain
Image is formed on a light-sensitive screen called the retina.
The eye lens forms an inverted real image of the object on the retina.
These are the muscles which contract or expand to make
the focal length of the lens to increase or decrease.
Power of Accommodation
The ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal length is called
accommodation.
The eye lens is composed of a fibrous, jelly-like material
and its curvature can be modified by the ciliary muscles.
Hence, the focal length can be changed as per the
requirement. This enables us to see the distant or near by
objects clearly.
Least Distance of Distinct Vision
(LDDV):
LDDV = 25 cm
Myopic Eye
O
I
LDDV = 25 cm
O
I
LDDV = 25 cm
O
I I
LDDV = 25 cm
Myopic Eye corrected with Concave Lens
Hypermetropia or Long-sightedness or
Far-sightedness
A person with hypermetropia can see distant objects clearly but cannot
see nearby objects distinctly.
Such a person may has to keep a reading material much beyond 25 cm
from the eye for comfortable reading.
In hypermetropic eye, the image of a nearby object is formed behind the
retina and not on the retinal itself.
This defect may arise due to
(i) long focal length of the eye lens or
(ii) Very small size of the eyeball.
LDDV = 25 cm
Hypermetropic Eye
O
I
LDDV = 25 cm
O
I
LDDV = 25 cm
O
II
LDDV = 25 cm
Sometimes, a person may suffer from both myopia and hypermetropia. Such
people require bi-focal lenses which consists of both concave and convex
lenses. The upper portion is concave for distant vision and the lower portion
is convex for near vision.
REFRACTION OF LIGHT BY A TRIANGULAR
PRISM
Refracting Surfaces
m
is
Pr
Eye
S
P R
Q e
i
N2
N1
Refraction of Light through Prism:
A
A
N1 N2
i e
Q
r1 O r2 R
P S
μ
B C Prism
Refracting Surfaces
DISPERSION OF WHITE LIGHT THROUGH A PRISM
The phenomenon of splitting a ray of white light into its constituent colours
(wavelengths) is called dispersion and the band of colours from violet to red
is called spectrum (VIBGYOR).
D
N R
O
Y
G
White B
light I
V
B C Screen
Recombination of spectrum of white light:
A B’ C’ White
light
White
light
B C A
RAINBOW
A rainbow is a natural spectrum which is caused
by dispersion of sunlight by tiny water droplets
present in the atmosphere after a rain shower.
The incident sunlight with suitable angle of
incidence is refracted, dispersed, and finally
refracted out by the rain drops.
Due to the dispersion and internal reflection,
different colours reach the eye of the observer.
Formation of Rainbow
Rain drop
Sunlight
43º
41º
A line parallel to Sun’s ray
Eye
ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTION
Refraction of light by earth’s atmosphere is called atmospheric refraction.
Flickering of objects above a fire:
The air just above the fire becomes hotter than the further up. The hotter air
is lighter than the cooler air above it, and has a refractive index slightly less
than that of the cooler air.
Since the physical conditions of the refracting medium (air) are not
stationary, the apparent position of the object, as seen through the hot air,
fluctuates. This wavering is therefore due to an effect of atmospheric
refraction on a small scale in the local environment.
Twinkling of Stars:
The twinkling of a star is due to atmospheric refraction
of starlight.
Real Apparent position
The atmospheric refraction occurs in a medium of position of the Star
of the
gradually changing refractive index.
L1 L2 Screen
S
I