SEPM Applications Layers

Software Engineering and
Project Management
Dr D i v ya S i n dhu L e k h a
A s s i stant Pro fess or
CSE 312 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT, ODD SEMESTER, 2021 1
A quick recap
✓Course outline
A quick recap
✓Course outline
✓Software (Developer vs User perspective)
✓programs + data structures + documentation
A quick recap
✓Course outline
✓Software (Developer vs User perspective)
✓programs + data structures + documentation
✓Software vs. Hardware

✓Engineered
A quick recap
✓Course outline
✓Software – programs + data structures + documentation
✓Engineered
✓Deteriorates over time
A quick recap
✓Course outline
✓Engineered
✓Complex Maintenance
✓Customized components
A quick recap
✓Course outline
✓Engineered
✓Concerns and Challenges

✓Why best practices are important?
A quick recap
✓Course outline
✓Engineered
✓Concerns and Challenges

-Why best practices are important?
Outline – Product and Process
▪Software applications
▪Software engineering
▪Layered technology
▪Process framework
▪Process models
Software applications
Software – A prespecified set of procedural steps (algorithm)
Exceptions?
Software – A prespecified set of procedural steps (algorithm)
Exceptions?
Expert system software, Learning systems (ML, DL, Other Neural Network
applications)
Software – A prespecified set of procedural steps (algorithm) [ Exceptions -
Expert systems, Learning systems]
Nature of a software application depends on information content and

determinacy.
Software – A prespecified set of procedural steps (algorithm) [ Exceptions - Expert systems, Learning systems]
Nature of a software application depends on information content and determinacy.
➢Content – meaning and form of incoming and outgoing information.

E.g. Business applications: highly structured data (database), generates formatted reports.
Software for automated machines – Discrete data items, generates machine commands
➢Determinacy – Predictability of the order and timing of information

E.g. Determinate systems – Data in predefined order; analysis without interruption; structured output
Real-time systems - indeterminate in nature; accepts varied input, output depends on environment and
time.
Classifying Software applications
➢Difficult to develop meaningful generic categories for software applications.
➢As software complexity grows, neat compartmentalization disappears.
Categories of Software applications
➢Difficult to develop meaningful generic categories for software applications.
➢As software complexity grows, neat compartmentalization disappears.
➢Classification based on potential applications:
▪ System software
▪ Real time software
▪ Business software
▪ Engineering/scientific software
▪ Embedded software
▪ Personal computer software
▪ WebApps (Web applications)
▪ AI software
https://www.electronicsandcommunications.com/2020/08/system-software-tutorial-for-beginners.html
System software
❑Collection of programs written to service other programs.
◦ Determinate - e.g., compilers, editors, and file management utilities
◦ Indeterminate - e.g., operating system components, drivers, telecommunications processors
❑Characteristics:
➢ heavy interaction with computer hardware;
➢ heavy usage by multiple users;
➢ concurrent operation that requires scheduling, resource sharing, and sophisticated
process management;
➢ complex data structures; and
➢ multiple external interfaces
Real time software
http://retis.sssup.it/~giorgio/rts-MECS.html
❑Monitors/analyzes/controls real-world events as they occur

❑Elements:
➢ data gathering component - collects and formats information from an external
environment
➢ analysis component - transforms information as required by the application
➢ control/output component - responds to the external environment
➢ monitoring component - coordinates all other components so that real-time response
can be maintained
Business software
❑Business information processing.
❑Largest single software application area.
◦ E.g. Management Information Systems
❑Characteristics:
➢ restructure existing data to facilitate business operations or management decision
making.
➢ interactive computing (e.g., pointof-sale transaction processing)
Engineering/scientific software
❑Characterized by "number crunching" algorithms
❑Applications:
➢ Astronomy
➢ Volcanology
➢ Automotive stress analysis
➢ Space shuttle orbital dynamics
➢ Molecular biology
➢ Automated manufacturing
Embedded software
❑Resides in read-only memory
❑Used to control products and systems for the consumer and industrial markets.
❑Perform very limited and esoteric functions
e.g., keypad control for a microwave oven
❑Provide significant function and control capability
e.g., digital functions in an automobile such as fuel control, dashboard displays, and
braking
Personal computer software
❑ Word processing
❑ Spreadsheets
❑ Computer graphics
❑ Multimedia
❑ Entertainment
❑ Database management
❑ Personal and business financial applications,
❑ External network
❑ Database access
Web based software
❑ Web pages retrieved by a browser
❑ Incorporates executable instructions (e.g., CGI, HTML, Perl, or Java) , and data (e.g., hypertext
and a variety of visual and audio formats).
❑ New trends:
▪ AI and bots - 24/7 problem-solving potential, human-like experience, and deep consumer behavior
analytics.
▪ Accelerated Mobile Pages (AMP) - Optimized pages that are mobile-friendly and their content is
always readable.
▪ Javascript frameworks - Application framework created with JavaScript. Benefits: high efficiency, fast
performance, coding simplicity. E.g. React, Angular.
Artificial Intelligence software
❑Non-numerical algorithms
❑ Solve complex problems that are not amenable to computation or straightforward analysis.
❑ Expert systems/knowledge-based systems
❑ pattern recognition (image and voice)
❑ Artificial neural networks/ Learning based systems
❑ Theorem proving
❑ Game playing
❑Recent trends – IoT, ML, Cloud computing, AI Cybersecurity, AI enabled Chips
Software – New Categories
➢ Open world computing—pervasive, distributed computing
➢ Ubiquitous computing—wireless networks
➢ Open source—”free” source code open to the computing community (a blessing, but also
a potential curse!)
➢ Data mining
➢ Grid computing
➢ Cognitive machines
➢ Software for nanotechnologies
Legacy Software
“Why it must change?”
▪ software must be adapted to meet the needs of new computing environments or
technology.
▪ software must be enhanced to implement new business requirements.
▪ software must be extended to make it interoperable with other more modern systems or
databases.
▪ software must be re-architected to make it viable within a network environment.
Question
Operating system components are system software. They
handle indeterminate information.
TRUE / FALSE?
Software Engineering
Some realities:
❖ a concerted effort should be made to understand the problem before a software
solution is developed
❖ design becomes a pivotal activity
❖ software should exhibit high quality
❖ software should be maintainable
The seminal definition:
[Software engineering is] the establishment and use of sound engineering principles in order to
obtain economically software that is reliable and works efficiently on real machines.
The IEEE definition:
Software Engineering:
1) The application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the
development, operation, and maintenance of software; that is, the application of
engineering to software.
2) The study of approaches as in (1).
A Layered Technology
tools
methods
process model
a “quality” focus
Quality focus
❑Any engineering approach must rest on an organizational commitment to quality.
❑Total quality management foster a continuous process improvement culture.
❑This culture ultimately leads to the development of increasingly more mature approaches to
software engineering.
❑The bedrock that supports software engineering is a quality focus.
tools
methods
process model
Process layer
❑Foundation for Software Engineering
❑Framework for a set of key process areas that must be established for effective delivery of SE
technology.
❑Key process areas
❑form the basis for management control of software projects.
❑establish the context in which technical methods are applied, work products are produced, milestones are
established, quality is ensured, and change is properly managed.
tools
methods
process model
Methods layer
❑Technical how-to's for building software.
❑Encompass a broad array of tasks (requirements analysis, design, program construction,
testing, and support).
❑Rely on a set of basic principles that govern each area of the technology
❑Include modeling activities and other descriptive techniques
tools
methods
process model
Tools layer
❑Provide automated or semi-automated support for the process and the methods.
❑Tools are integrated for the support of software development, computer-aided software
engineering (CASE).
❑ CASE create a software engineering environment analogous to CAD/CAE (computer-aided
design/engineering) for hardware.
tools
methods
process model
Question
A. A quality focus in SE boosts continuous improvement.
B. Key process areas form the basis for control of project management.
C. CASE creates a manufacturing environment for hardware.
D. All of them.
Some Standards for SE Models, Methods
and Tools (Additional)
Life-Cycle Activity Models Methods & Tools Standards
Effort, Schedule and Cost
Life-Cycle Process Model [IEEE 828]
Estimation
Work Breakdown Structure Risk Analysis [IEEE 1058]
Constructive Cost Model
Data Collection [IEEE 1540]
(COCOMO)
Software Management Project Plan Project Tracking [IEEE 12207]
Configuration Management (CM)
CM Management
Plan
Iterative/Incremental
Risk Management Plan
Development
Agile Development
Functional Model Requirements Elicitation [IEEE 830]
User Class Model Prototyping [IEEE 1012]
Data Flow Diagram Structural Analysis [IEEE 12207]
Object Model Data-Oriented Analysis
Software Requirements Formal Model Object-Oriented Analysis

Object Modeling Language
User Stories
(OML)
Formal Methods
Requirements Specification
Requirements Inspection
Architectural Model Structured Design [IEEE 1012]
Structure Diagram Object-Oriented Design [IEEE 1016]
Object Diagram OML [IEEE 12207]
Class Specification Modular Design [IEEE 42010]
Integrated Development
Software Design Data Model
Environment (IDE)
Database Management System
(DBMS)
Design Review
Refinement
Detail Design Document Detailed Design [IEEE 1008]
Pseudocode Functional Programming [IEEE 1012]
Flow Chart Object-Oriented Programming [IEEE 1016]
Program Code IDE [IEEE 12207]
Unit Test Plan DBMS
Integration Test Plan Black Box/White Box Testing
Software Construction Basic Path Testing
Unit Testing
Code Review
Proof of Correctness
Software Reuse
Integration
Integration Testing
System Test Plan Usability Testing [IEEE 829]

Reliability Model System Testing [IEEE 1012]
Software Maintenance Process Acceptance Testing [IEEE 12207]
Software Testing
Regression Testing
Reliability Testing
Non-Functional Software Testing
Automated Testing Tools [IEEE 1219]
Maintenance Change [IEEE 12207]
Impact Analysis [IEEE 14764]
Software Maintenance Software Maintenance Process Inventory Analysis
Restructuring
Reverse Engineering
Re-engineering
Additional Reads
Web applications working group: https://www.w3.org/2019/webapps/
A write up on CASE tools: http://www.umsl.edu/~sauterv/analysis/F08papers/View.html
Standards for SE: https://www.sebokwiki.org/wiki/Software_Engineering_Features_-
_Models,_Methods,_Tools,_Standards,_and_Metrics

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Software Engineering and

✓Software vs. Hardware

✓Concerns and Challenges

✓Concerns and Challenges

Nature of a software application depends on information content and

➢Content – meaning and form of incoming and outgoing information.

➢Determinacy – Predictability of the order and timing of information

➢As software complexity grows, neat compartmentalization disappears.

➢As software complexity grows, neat compartmentalization disappears.

➢Classification based on potential applications:

❑Monitors/analyzes/controls real-world events as they occur

❑Recent trends – IoT, ML, Cloud computing, AI Cybersecurity, AI enabled Chips

Software Requirements Formal Model Object-Oriented Analysis

System Test Plan Usability Testing [IEEE 829]

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