Title Method Features Data

Pattern Recognition in DMD based features Features from Modes ECoG of 1 Patient
Epileptic EEG Signals with classification tests measured at different
via Dynamic Mode times
Decomposition-
JongHyeon Seo -2020
Notes from paper:  Power spectrum, FFT, CWT, cannot identify HF , but DMD mode magnitudes can
 Kuramoto mode captures phase synchronizations which characterizes, unlike the
magnitudes, the communication and coordination of neuronal activity across regions,
anatomically distributed processing is done through the phase
 Patterns of the phase (the imaginary part of the mode entries)
 Magnitude (absolute value of mode entries)
 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝜙. 𝑒 𝑖𝜃𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑖(𝜃𝑡+𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝜙))+𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝜙)
 What is important here is the difference or change of the relative value
of magnitude and angle corresponding to each frequency across
channels

Data Processing  49 channels, Fs reduced from 2000 to 250 Hz, windows of size 1 second with overlap
of 0.8 seconds equivalent to 200 snapshots in common out of the 250 samples
 Labeled as ictal nonictal and awake and asleep
 DMD with h-embeddings such that rows>=2*columns to obtain adequate spectral
information from brain signals,
 Scaled spectral amplitude for each mode is computed and the DMD mode powers are
computed
Feature Extraction  Modes are reordered and vectorized first
 Scaled spectral amplitude
 Power of modes

Replicated Results of page 4

This section computes the phase of a mode within a channel not the phase of the mode (there is no such
thing I guess) because the mode is actually 22x1 so each channel has a certain phase within the complex
number of the modes Phi.

Signals:
x1=10+8*cos(2*pi*2*t)+4*cos(2*pi*7*t);
x2=8+9*cos(2*pi*2*t)+3*cos(2*pi*7*t+0.8);
DMD: 100 stacks or embeddings, r=10 resulting in 10 modes results in Phi of size (3x10)
We can clearly see that the difference between channels at specific modes are captured by finding the
difference between the imaginary of the log of the mode Phi between two channels. Here, consider the
7 Hz oscillations, if we subtract 2.9882 of channel 2 and 2.1882 we get 0.8 which is exactly the phase lag
introduced in the synthetic data equations.

Relate to our work:

 If we are going to use these values as a tuple for our clusters, we will actually have
(frequency, amplitude, Phases) which will result for 22 channel data for each of the 10
modes (2+220).
 I can compute the phase differences relative to a mode or to a channel. (example
subtract the imag(log(Phi)) of mode which is 7Hz with the value of 2Hz (the low
frequency dominant one)) but the measure will still be per channel.

Proposed Features

Scaled spectral amplitude: DMD mode Powers

2|𝑐𝑖 | 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑖 = ||Φ𝑖 ||2

We computed these features. Below we left the power of each mode in each channel (abs(Phi)) which is
the magnitude of the modes which displays the relative influence of all the channels on the
corresponding frequency in a normalized state.

Inspecting the value of the DMD identifies channels with significant phase transition at some special
banded frequencies in the signal.
In the above, we can see that modes 1,2,3,6,7 have high values in channels 1 and 2, while modes
1,4,5,8,9,10 are in channel 3. Indeed channels 1 and 2 had a bias, 2Hz, and 7 Hz components, while
channel 3 had bias, 8 Hz and 5 Hz components. This matrix is sparse.

Feature Extraction

 Prepare windows
 Prepare labels (ictal/inter-ictal, awake/asleep)
 Augment X by h time delays
 Calculate the r modes ϕ(𝑗) for each window j using TDE+DMD with r truncation
 Align modes in frequency :
(𝑗) (𝑗) (𝑗) (𝑗)
ϕ𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑛 = [ϕ𝜎(1) , ϕ𝜎(2) , … , ϕ𝜎(𝑟) ]
(𝑗) (𝑗) (𝑗)
f𝜎(1) ≥ f𝜎(2) ≥ … ≥ f𝜎(𝑟)
(𝑗)
 A pair of consecutive column in each ϕ𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑛 mostly consists of conjugate pairs except of there is
a bias which will result in a constant term value at 0 frequency and the first n rows relate to the
channel data (the first block is the data itself the rest are time delayed). Therefore
(𝑗) (𝑗)
 ϕ𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑐 = ϕ𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑔𝑛 [1: 𝑛, 1: 2: 𝑟] (Equivalent to what we were doing where we merged the two
𝑟 (𝑗)
conjugates to get real valued modes resulting in a 𝑛𝑥 2 modes. Note that ϕ𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑐 is sparse thus
the low rank reduction schemes can be used to reduce the dimension even more.
 A library of DMD modes is performed by vectorizing the (nxr matrix ϕ1 into 𝜙̃1 nrx1 vector)
denoted by ℒ = [𝜙̃1 𝜙̃2 𝜙̃𝑤 ] for w windows
 For classification, they considered only the absolute values of these modes (equivalent to the
reconstruction matrix I used which links modes to channels but in vector form)
 Apply SVD on the obtained ℒ matrix , d-truncation, and compute 𝑎 = 𝑈𝑑𝑇 | ℒ| projection of the
library on these left singular vectors of |ℒ|.
 These features show discriminative power between ictal and non-ictal

Classification

Kernel based SVM

On 1 patient data :

Discussion

 Ictal slow shifts and HFOs were useful to detect ictal onset zone
 The study shows how spatio-temporal patterns can discriminate seizures
 Other

Conclusion