SEWERAGE

 SEWAGE / WASTEWATER
o SANITARY or DOMESTIC SEWAGE
 Consist of LIQUID WASTES PRODUCED in RESIDENCES,
COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS, and INSTITUTIONS.
 SULLAGE
 Wastewater from BATHROOMS, KITCHENS, etc.
 BLACKWATER
 WASTE and / or HUMAN EXCRETA generated by
TOILETS.
 GREYWATER
 WASTES generated by FIXTURES other than TOILETS.


o INDUSTRIAL WASTE
 LIQUID WASTE DISCHARGED from INDUSTRIES
(PROCESSES).
o ANY SUBSURFACE, SURFACE, or WATER which ENTERS the
SEWERS
 INFILTRATION
 Water that ENTERS SEWERS through POOR JOINTS,
CRACKED PIPES, and the WALLS of the MANHOLES.
 EXFILTRATION
 INFLOW
 Water that ENTERS through PERFORATED MANHOLE
COVERS, ROOF DRAINS connected to the sewers, and
DRAINS from FLOODED CELLARS.
 
o WASTEWATER and SEWAGE are regularly used interchangeably.
 SEWAGE
 SUBSET of WASTEWATER
 Brings TOILETS to mind, it is used to DESCRIBE ALL
TYPES of WASTEWATERS GENERATED from DOMESTIC
DWELLINGS.
 WASTEWATER
 Generated by ALL.
o SEWER
 PHYSICAL STRUCTURES required for the COLLECTION,
TREATMENT, and DISPOSAL.
o SEWARAGE
 COLLECTION, TREATMENT, and DISPOSAL of LIQUID
WASTES.
o SEWERAGE WORKS (SEWAGE WORKS)
  PIPE or CONDUIT, generally closed, but normally NOT FLOWING,
which CARRIES SEWAGE.
o TYPES OF SEWERS
 HOUSE SEWER / BUILDING SEWER
 Pipe conveying wastewater from INDIVIDUAL STRUCTURE
to COMMON SEWER.
 LATERAL SEWER
 COMMON SEWER with NO TRIBUTARY FLOW except
from HOUSE SEWERS.
 BRANCH / SUBMAIN SEWER
 Collects flow from ONE or MORE LATERALS as well as
HOUSE SEWERS.
 MAIN / TRUNK SEWER
 Collects flow from SEVERAL BRANCHES or SUBMAINS as
well as LATERALS and HOUSE SEWERS.
 OUTFALL SEWER
 CARRIES the COLLECTED WASTE to a POINT of
TREATMENT or DISPOSAL.


 FORCE MAIN
 PRESSURIZED SEWER LINES which CONVEY SEWAGE
of a PUMPING STATION to ANOTHER MAIN or to a POINT
of TREATMENT or DISPOSAL.
 Can be a PUMPING STATION.
 It can be an OUTFALL SEWER.
 INTERCEPTING SEWER
 INTERSECTS OTHER SEWERS to SEPARATE the DRY
WEATHER FLOW from STORM WATER FLOW which they
may carry.
 In COMBINED SEWER.
 INTERCEPTS the SEWER to SEPARATE a CERTAIN
AMOUNT of SEWAGE and BRING it to a POINT that it can
treat at that AMOUNT.
 RELIEF SEWER
 Built to CARRY to a PORTION of the FLOW in a SYSTEM
with otherwise INADEQUATE CAPACITY.
 


o MUNICIPAL SEWAGE
 All the liquid wastes namely, DOMESTIC SEWAGE, INDUSTRIAL
SEWAGE and STORMWATER generated with in the MUNICIPAL
AREA.
o SURFACE DRAIN
 ROADSIDE CHANNELS meant for COLLECTION of SULLAGE
and RAINWATER.
o WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM
 WASTES from WATER CLOSETS are COLLECTED by
FLUSHING with WATER and this WATER is USED to
TRANSPORT the WASTES to TREATMENT WORKS by a
SYSTEM of PIPES.
o SEWAGE TREATMENT
 Any process which may be caused to FAVORABLY MODIFY the
CHARACTERISTICS of the WASTEWATER.
o SEWAGE DISPOSAL
 DISCHARGE of LIQUID WASTES to the ENVIRONMENT.
o TYPE OF COLLECTION SYSTEMS
 SEPARATE SYSTEM
 2 SETS of SEWERS
o SANITARY SEWERS
 Carry DOMESTIC SEWAGE, INDUSTRIAL
WASTE, and whatever GROUND, SURFACE,
and STORMWATER ENTERS through its
MANHOLE COVERS, and DEFECTS in the
SYSTEM (DESIGNED to EXCLUDE STORM
SEWAGE).
o STORM SEWERS
 Designed to CARRY the SURFACE and
STORM WATER PASSING through or
GENERATED in the AREA which they
SERVE.
 COMBINED SYSTEM
 System composed of COMBINED SEWERS (both
SANITARY SEWAGE and STORMWATER are CARRIED in
a SINGLE SEWER).
 
o 2 UNDERGROUND SYSTEMS
 STORMWATER
 SANITARY SEWER
o TYPES OF WASTEWATER COLLECTION SYSTEM DEPENDS ON:
 Size of the Town
 Living Standards of Inhabitants
 Type of Water Supply
 Nature of Pavement
 Topography of the Area
 Intensity and Frequency of Storms
 Financial Resource Available
o SEPARATE SYSTEM
 2 SEPARATE SETS of SEWERS are INSTALLED, ONE for the
COLLECTION and CONVEYANCE of SANITARY SEWAGE and
the OTHER for STORMWATER
 DESIRABLE on the following CONDITIONS:
 When it is REQUIRED to TREAT ONLY SANITARY
SEWAGE and STORMWATER is NOT TREATED.
 When the TOPOGRAPHY is FLAT which necessitates
DEEP-CUTTING if COMBINED SEWERS are USED.
 FREQUENCY and INTENSITY of STORMS are NOT of
HIGH MAGNITUDE, where STORMWATER can be
COLLECTED.
 SEWER LAYING REQUIRES ROCK-CUTTING, where
COST of CUTTING is MORE for LARGE COMBINED
SEWERS.
 When FINANCIAL POSITION does NOT PERMIT to have
LARGE COMBINED SEWERS.
 When there is a CHANCE of COMBINED SEWERS
BACKING UP the FLOW into the HOUSE SEWERS.
 MERITS
 Size of Sewer Requires Less.
 Less Harmless Stormwater can be Disposed-Off by Dilution.
 In a combined system, there is a CHANCE of POLLUTION
of STREAM where OVERFLOW WEIRS are used.
o In a separate system, there is no such possibility.
 Loading on Treatment Plant is Less
 Capacity of Pumps and Their Running Cost is Reduced
 DEMERITS
 Self-Cleaning Velocity Cannot be Attained during Small
Quantity of Dry Weather Flow (DWF).
 In the Absence of Favorable Gradients for the Sewer,
Flushing Tanks are to be Installed for Cleaning.
 Initial Cost is High, when 2 Separate Sets are Sued.
 Maintenance Cost of Sewer is High8
o COMBINED SYSTEM
 Both SANITARY SEWAGE and STORMWATER are CARRIED in
a SINGLE SEWER.
 DESIRABLE on the following CONDITIONS:
 When both the SANITARY SEWAGE and the
STORMWATER require PUMPING.
 When DENSITY of POPULATION is so HIGH, the SPACE
may NOT be AVAILABLE to have 2 SEPARATE SEWERS.
 When the STORM SEWER EXISTS ALREADY, SANITARY
SEWAGE also can be admitted in the SAME SEWER
provided its QUANTITY is SMALL COMPARED to
STORMWATER.
 When the RAINFAILL is EVENLY DISTRIBUTED DURING
the WHOLE YEAR.
 MERIT
 
Degree of Complication and Expense is Reduce for House
Plumbing of the Individual.
 Both Domestic Sewage and Stormwater can be Carried in a
Single Sewer, so Construction Cost is Less.
 Sanitary Sewage Strength Gets Reduced because of
Dilution of Storm Water.
 DEMERITS
 Size of Sewer is Large
 Excavation Depth is More for Self-Cleaning Velocities during
Dry Weather Flow (DWF).
 Pumping Cost is More, and Treatment Plant Size becomes
Larger.
 During HEAVY RAINS, there is a Possibility of Backflow into
the House Plumbing Fixtures.
o PARTIALLY SEPARATE
 INITIAL WASHINGS from the DRAINAGE AREA due to RAINS is
INCLUDED in a COMMON SEWER.
 When the STORMWATER EXCEEDS its SPECIFIED LIMIT,
the EXCESS is DIVERTED into NATURAL
WATERCOURSES.
 MERITS
 Simplified House Drainage Connections.
 Decomposition of Sewage Solids in Sewer does Not Occur.
 Sewers are of Reasonable Size.
 DEMERITS
 During DWF, Deposition Takes Place in Sewers.
 As Initial Stormwater is Included, the Cost of Pumping and
Disposal Units Size Increase.
 Requires the Construction of Stormwater Overflow.
o PATTERNS OF SEWARAGE LAYOUT
 TOPOGRAPHICAL and HYDROLOGICAL FEATURE in the
AREA.
 LOCATION and METHODS of TREATMENT and DISPOSAL
WORKS.
 TYPE of SEWERAGE SYSTEM EMPLOYED.
 AREA to be SERVED.
 LOCATION of TREATMENT FACILITY
 RECEIVING BODIES of WATER to ACHIEVE FLOW due to
GRAVITY.
o It is the LOWEST PART of the ENVIRONMENT.
o It LESSENS OPERATIONAL COST.
 PERPENDICULAR
  Sewers carrying STORMWATER are laid in such a way as
to SEEK the SHORTEST POSSIBLE to the NATURE
WATER COURSE.
 It is NOT SUITABLE for COMBINED SYSTEM because
firstly, it is VERY DIFFUCULT to TREAT the SEWAGE due
to LARGE NUMBER of OUTLETS and secondly, it
POLLUTES the WATER of NATURAL COURSES.


 INTERCEPTER
 IMPROVED over the PERPENDICULAR PATTERN.
 Has LARGE SIZE SEWER.
 If the QUANTITY of STORMWATER is VERY LARGE,
OVERFLOWS should be PROVIDED ALLOWING the
EXCESSIVE SEWAGE to SPILL over into the NATURE
WATER COURSES through OUTLETS, which were
EXISTING BEFORE the INTERCEPTION.
 

 ZONE
 In the INTERCEPTOR PATTERN only ONE SINGLE
LARGE SIZE INTERCEPTING SEWER is USED to
COLLECT and CONVEY the ENTIRE SEWAGE due to
which is OVERLOADED.
 This OVERLOADING can be REMOVED by PROVIDING
NUMBER of INTERCEPTORS of EACH ZONE.
 MOST SUITED to SLOPPY AREAS as HILLS than FLAT
AREAS.
 
 FAN
 If the CITY is SITUATED NEAR the RIVER, which is on
ONE SIDE of it only, SEWER can be LAID in such a way
that the WHOLE SEWER FLOWS to a COMMON POINT
where one TREATMENT PLANT is LOCATED.
 ADVANTAGE
o SINGLE UNIT of TREATMENT WORK.
 The DRAWBACK of this pattern is that if the OUTLYING
SUBURBS DEVELOP, it will INCREASE the LOAD on the
TREATMENT WORKS, RESTRICTING the
DEVELOPMENT.
 

 RADIAL
 Type of pattern that can be EMPLOYED if the SEWAGE is
to be DISPOSED OFF on LAND around the TOWN.
 In this pattern, LARGE NUMBER of OUTLETS are
PROVIDED.
 The CENTER of the CITY, therefore, this is called as
RADIAL PATTERN.
 This pattern is SUBURBS can be SERVED by
RELATIVELY SMALL and SHORT LINES of SEWERS
which make it ECONOMICAL.
 DISADVANTAGE
o LARGE NUMBER of DISPOSAL WORKS.
 
o

o QUANTITY OF STORMWATER that goes to the SEWERS DEPENDS on:

 Intensity and Duration of Rainfall
 Time of Concentration
 Impervious Factor
 Catchment Area
o SEWER APPURTENANCES
 MANHOLE
 MOST IMPORTANT structure used in sewerage system.
 MASONRY or R.C.C. CHAMBER constructed at SUITABLE
INTERVALS along the sewer lines, for providing ACCESS.
 For INSPECTION, CLEANING, and MAINTENANCE of
sewer.
 PROVIDED at EVERY:
o Bend
o Junction
o Change of Gradient
o Change of Diameter of the Sewer
 FIXED INTERVAL of 100 – 150 m.
 SEWER LINE between the 2 MANHOLES is PROVIDED is
LAID STRAIGHT with EVEN GRADIENT.
 STRAIGHT SEWER LINE
o MANHOLES are PROVIDED at REGULAR
INTERVAL DEPENDING upon the DIAMETER of the
SEWER.
 MINIMUM WIDTH
o NOT be < INTERNAL DIAMETER of the SEWER
PIPE + 150 mm BENCHING on BOTH SIDES.
 SHALLOW DEPTH
o 75 – 90 cm
 NORMAL DEPTH
o Up to 150 cm
 DEEP
o > 150 cm
 IMPORTANT PARTS
o ACCESS SHAFT
 Portion of the hole starting from the cover and
going down to the full depth.
 HEIGHT
 0.9 – 1.5 m
o WORKING CHAMBER
 LOWER PORTION of the manhole with vertical
wall.
 STEPS or LADDER
 Provided for a man to ENTER IN and
check the fault if any.
  Either MOBILE LADDER or
INSTALLED PERMANENTLY in the
access shaft.
o FOUNDATION
 BOTTOM of the manhole is MADE of
CONCRETE and is called INVERT.
 SLOPING TOWARDS the CHANNEL which is
a part of the sewer.
o COVER
 Manhole is provided with a FRAME on the
TOP which is FIRMLY EMBEDDED in
PAVEMENT.
 It should be STRONG ENOUGH to
WITHSTAND the LOADS of TRAFFIC.
o

 DROP MANHOLE
 Constructed to PROVIDE a CONNECTION between 2
SEWERS when the DIFFERENCE of ELEVATION between
the 2 PIPES is >/= 60cm.
  It has a VERTICAL PIPE to PREVENT TURBULENCE in
the manhole and to ALLOW the MAINTENANCE WORKS
to ENTER the MANHOLES SAFELY.
 AVOIDS UNNECESSARY STEEP GRADIENT of and thus
SAVE a LARGE QUANTITY of EARTH WORK.
 It can be INSPECTED HORIZONTALLY like a manhole.
 GREASE AND OIL TRAPS
 Used for INSTITUTIONS, COMMERCIAL UNITS,
RESTAURANTS, DWELLINGS, and OTHER PLACES
which DISCHARGE OIL and GREASE in their effluent.
 Used to REMOVE OIL and GREASE before the EFFLUENT
ENTERS the SEWAGE PIPES.
 GREASE and OIL AFFECT the SEWERS and
TREATMENT PLANT EQUIPMENT that is why they should
be removed.
 In case of the PIPES, GREASE STICKS to the WALLS and
COLLECTS SAND and OTHER SOLIDS leading eventually
to the DECREASE in the PIPE DIAMETER and sometimes
to COMPLETE CLOGGING.
 

 INVERTED SIPHON
 Also known as DEPRESSED SEWER.
 Sewer that RUNS FULL UNDER GRAVITY FLOW at a
PRESSURE ABOVE ATMOSPHERE in the sewer.
 Used to PASS UNDER OBSTACLES.
 As the inverted siphon requires considerable attention for
MAINTENANCE, it should be USED only where other
means of passing an obstacle in line of the sewer are
impracticable.
 

 LAMP HOLE
 OPENING or HOLE CONSTRUCTED in a SEWER for
purpose of LOWERING a LAMP INSIDE it.
 Consists of STONEWARE or CONCRETE PIPE, which is
CONNECTED to SEWER LINE through a T-JUNCTION.
 Pipe is covered with concrete to make it stable.
 MANHOLE COVER of SUFFICIENT STRENGTH is
PROVIDED at GROUND LEVEL to TAKE the LOAD of the
TRAFFIC.
 ELECTRIC LAMP is INSERTED in the LAMP HOLE and the
LIGHT of LAMP is OBSERVED from MANHOLES.
 If SEWER LENGTH is UNOBSTRUCTED, the LIGHT of
lamp will be SEEN.
 CONSTRUCTED when CONTRUCTION of MANHOLE is
DIFFICULT.
 In PRESENT PRACTICE, as far as possible, the USE of
LAMP HOLE is AVOIDED.
 It can also be used for FLUSHING the SEWER.
 If TOP COVER is PERFORATED it will also HELP in
VENTILATING the SEWER, such lamp hole is known as
FRESH AIR INLET.
 
 STORMWATER INLETS
 Provided to ADMIT the SURFACE RUNOFF to the sewers.
 3 MAJOR GROUPS
o Curb Inlet
o Gutter Inlets
o Combined Inlets
 Provided either DEPRESSED or UNIFORM SLOPE FLUSH
with respect to the ELEVATION of the PAVEMENT
SURFACE.
 The structure of the inlet is CONSTRUCTED with
BRICKWORK with CAST IRON GRATING at the
OPENING.
 Where the TRAFFIC LOAD is NOT EXPECTED,
FABRICATED STEEL GRATING can be used.
 CLEAR OPENING shall NOT be > 25 mm.
 The CONNECTING PIPE from the STREET INLET to the
SEWER should be MINIMUM of 200 mm DIAMETER and
laid with SUFFICIENT SLOPE.
 MAXIMUM SPACING of 30 m is recommended between the
INLETS, which DEPENDS upon the ROAD SURFACE,
SIZE, and TYPE of INLET and RAINFALL.


 CATCH BASINS
 Provided to STOP the ENTRY of HEAVY DEBRIS
PRESENT in the STORMWATER into the SEWERS.
  Their use is DISCOURAGED because of the NUISANCE
due to MOSQUITO BREEDING apart from posing
substantial maintenance problems.
 At the BOTTOM of the BASIN, SPACE is PROVIDED for
the ACCUMULATION of IMPURITIES.
 PERFORATED COVER is provided at the TOP of the
BASIN to ADMIT RAINWATER into the BASIN.
 HOOD is provided to PREVENT ESCAPE of SEWER GAS.
 CLEANOUTS
o It is a pipe which is CONNECTED to the
UNDERGROUND SEWER.
o The OTHER ENF of the cleanout pipe is brought up to
GROUND LEVEL and a COVER is PLACED at
GROUND LEVEL.
o Provided at the UPPER END of LATERAL SEWERS
in place of manholes.
o During BLOCKAGE of pipe, the COVER is TAKEN
OUT and WATER is FORCED through the cleanout
pipe to lateral sewers to REMOVE OBSTACLES in
the SEWER LINE.
o For LARGE OBSTACLES, FLEXIBLE ROD may be
INSERTED through the cleanout pipe and MOVED
FORWARD and BACKWARD to remove such
obstacle.


 SEWAGE PUMPING STATIONS
 To ELEVATE and TRANSPORT WASTEWATER when
CONITINUATION of GRAVITY FLOW is NO LONGER
FEASIBLE due to ANY OBSTACLE LIES in the PATH of
SEWER and / or RECEIVING STREAM is HIGHER THAN
the SEWER.
 PUMPS FOR SEWAGE
o NORMALLY USED:
 Centrifugal
 Single Suction
 Non-Clogging Type
o They have IMPELLERS having 2-3 VANES.
o PUMP SUCTION
 LARGER than the DISCHARGE PIPE by
about 25%.
o SMALLEST DISCHARGE PIPE
 75 mm
o SMALLEST SUCTION PIPE
 100 mm
 COMPONENTS OF SEWAGE PUMPING STATION
o SCREENS
 Screen out LARGE FLOATING MATTERS
which can DAMAGE the PUMPS.
o DRY WELL
 HOUSE the PUMP.
o WET WELL
 RECEIPT of WASTEWATER.
 Following are the GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
of SEWAGE PUMPING STATIONS:
o MORE THAN 1 PUMP should be PROVIDED to
COPE with VARIABLE DISCHARGE.
o 2 PUMPS for SMALL PUMPING STATION and
MORE THAN 2 for LARGE PUMPING STATION
should be USED.