Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ENVIRONMENT
Things that are found in the natural environment.
Physical, chemical, biological, and social features of our surroundings.
Contains many trace substances at a wide range of concentrations
Under different temperature and pressure conditions.
Everybody’s business and leads to a great number of difficulties.
FACTORS AFFECTING ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
Physical
Biological
Social / Psychosocial / Socioeconomic
HEALTHY / HARMONIOUS ENVIRONMENT
Clean Air
Safe and Sufficient Water
Sa, Nutritious, and Accessible Food
Safe and String Settlements
Stable Global Environment
EARTH
Main reaction vessel.
Complex reactions take place.
A closed system where atoms and molecules are neither created nor destroyed, and where
balance is maintained.
SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
Industry and Energy Supply
Dust
Agricultural Practices
Household Energy
Waste Management
Transport
SOURCES OF SOIL POLLUTANTS
Industrial (Heavy Metals)
Land Disposal
Irrigation (Treated Wastewater)
Sea and Surface Water (Salt Intrusion)
Domestic / Municipal (Surfactants)
Atmosphere (Acid Rain)
Agrochemicals (Pesticides)
SOURCES OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
Leakage
Disposal Well / Injection Well
Irrigation
Percolation
Pumping Well
FOOD CHAIN TRANSPORT
Consumption of contaminated products may be a significant pathway of human
exposures to contaminants.
TAKE NOTE:
Humans impact the physical environment in many ways.
Changes may trigger climate change, soil erosion, poor quality of air, and poor quality of
water.
Negative impacts may affect HUMAN BEHAVIOR.
Negative effects may also prompt MASS MIGRATIONS or BATTLES OVER
CLEAN WATER.
AIR POLLUTION (both OUTDOOR and HOUSEHOLD) is a SILENT KILLER.
o A child who is exposed to unsafe levels of pollution can face a lifetime of health
impacts.
o Most impacted:
Children
Women
Outdoor Workers
Forest comprises 31% of the total landmass of the Earth. They are vital for the
absorption of carbon dioxide emissions to filter the air we breathe. They are also
responsible to produce vital oxygen essential or living organisms.
HEAVY METALS cause NEUROTOXICITY.
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE fuels the spread of INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
SOUND ENVIRONMENT is also important to human health.
RELEASE = CONTAMINANTS
SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
Organisms that have weak immunity system.
RESERVOIR
Habitat in which the agent LIVES, GROWS, and MULTIPLIES.
Humans, animals, and environment.
MAY or MAY NOT be the source from which an agent is transferred to a host.
HUMAN RESERVOIR
Most common reservoir of common infectious diseases.
Diseases that are transmitted person with intermediaries.
ANIMAL RESERVIOR
Humans are also subject to diseases that have animal reservoirs.
Many of these diseases are transmitted from animal to animal, with humans as
INCIDENTAL HOSTS.
ZOONOSIS
o Infectious disease that is transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate
animals to humans.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESERVOIRS
Plants, soil, and water in the environment are also reservoirs for some infectious agents.
Many fungal agents live and multiply in the soil.
IMMUNITY
Network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body.
IMMUNE RESPONSE
INNATE IMMUNITY
o Occurs IMMEDIATELY when circulating the innate cells recognize a problem.
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
o Occurs LATER as it relies on the coordination and expansion of specific adaptive
immune cells.
IMMUNE MEMORY
Follows the ADAPTIVE RESPONSE, when mature adaptive cells, highly specific to
the original pathogen, are retained for later use.
MACROPHAGES
Principal phagocytic components of the immune system.
Ingest and destroy foreign particles.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Network of tissues and organs.
Help rid the body of toxins, waste, and other unwanted materials.
Transports LYMPH throughout the body.
o A fluid that contains infection fighting white blood cells.
ANTIGEN, ANTIBODY, AND LYMPHOCYTE
Phagocytic cells destroy viral and bacterial antigens by eating them, while B CELLS
produce antibodies that bind to and inactivate antigens.
VACCINATION
Also known as IMMUNIZATION.
Way to train your immune system against a specific pathogen.
Achieves immune memory without an actual infection.
Effective vaccine source will optimally activate both the INNATE and ADAPTIVE
RESPONSE.
The goal of VACCINE DESIGN is to select immunogens that will generate the most
effective and efficient memory response against a pathogen.
IMMUNOGEN
Used to activate the adaptive immune response so that specific memory cells are
generated.
EPIDEMMIOLOGY
Comes from the Greek words
o EPI
On or upon.
o DEMOS
People.
Study of what befalls a population.
Method used to find the causes of health outcomes and diseases in populations.
PATIENT is the community.
INDIVIDUALS are viewed collectively.
Study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in specified
populations.
Application is the control of health problems.
Basic science of public health.
Method of casual reasoning based on developing and testing hypotheses grounded in such
scientific fields.
Integral component of public health.
Provides foundation for directing practical and appropriate public health action based on
this science and causal reasoning.
Originally focused exclusively on EPIDEMICS of communicable diseases but
subsequently expanded to address ENDEMIC communicable diseases and
noncommunicable infectious diseases.
HISTORY OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RELATED DISEASES
CIRCA 400 BC
o HIPPOCRATES
Attempted to explain disease occurrence from a rational than a
supernatural viewpoint.
Environmental and host factors such as behaviors might influence the
development of disease.
1662
o JOHN GRAUNT
London councilman published a landmark analysis of mortality data in
1662.
First to qualify patterns of birth, death, and disease occurrence, noting
disparities between males and females, high infant mortality, urban and
rural differences, and seasonal variations.
1800
o WILLIAM FARR
Considered to be the FATHER OF MODERN VITAL STATISTICS
AND SURVEILLANCE.
Developed many of the basic practices used today in vital statistics and
disease classification.
1854
o JOHN SNOW
Anesthesiologist.
Considered to be the FATHER OF FIELD EPIDEMIOLOGY.
Conducted studies of CHOLERA OUTBREAKS to discover the causes
and prevent its recurrence.
TH TH
19 AND 20 CENTURIES
o MID- and LATE- 1800
Investigation of disease occurrence, focusing on acute infectious diseases.
o 1930 - 1940s
Epidemiologists extended their methods to non-infectious diseases.
o 1960 – EARLY 1970s
Health workers applied epidemiologic methods to eradicate naturally
occurring smallpox worldwide.
Achievement in applied epidemiology of unprecedented proportions.
o 1980s
Extended to the studies of injuries and violence.
o 1990s
Related field of molecular and genetic epidemiology took root.
TH
20 CENTURIES
o Public health workers accept the use of epidemiology regularly to characterize the
health of their community and to solve day to day problems, large and small.
ENVIRONMENT RELATED DISEASES
AIRBORNE DISEASES
o Kills an estimated 7 MILLION people worldwide every year.
o According to World Health Organization, 9 OUT OF 10 people breathe air
containing HIGH LEVELS of pollutants.
o Has a DIRECT NEGATIVE EFFECT on human health.
o Results to cardiac and respiratory diseases, bronchitis, pneumonia, and death.
WATERBORNE DISEASES
o Even our clearest streams, rivers, and lakes can contain chemical pollutants.
o HEAVY METALS can produce severe organ damage.
o Some chemicals can interfere the development of organs and tissues, causing birth
effects.
o Some of the waterways also contain human and animal wastes.
o Caused by variety of microorganisms, biotoxins, and toxic contaminants.
o Leads to devastating illnesses such as CHOLERA, SCHISTOSOMIASIS, and
OTHER GASTROINTESTINAL PROBLEMS.
CHOLERA
Acute diarrheal disease that can kill within hours if left untreated.
Each year there are 1.3 MILLION to 4 MILLION cases.
21,000 to 143,000 deaths worldwide.
80% can be successfully treated with ORAL REHYDRATION
SOLUTION (ORS).
EPIDEMIOLOGY:
o Provision of safe water and sanitation is critical to control
the transmission.
o Safe oral cholera vaccines should be used with
improvements in water and sanitation to control outbreaks.
o A global strategy on cholera control with a target to reduce
cholera deaths by 90% was launched in 2017.
o It is an extremely virulent disease that can cause SEVERE
WATERY DIARRHEA.
o Takes between 12 HOURS and 5 DAYS for a person to
show symptoms after ingesting contaminated food or water.
o It can be ENDEMIC or EPIDEMIC.
CHOLERA ENDEMIC AREA
Were confirmed cholera cases were detected
during the last 3 YEARS with evidence of
LOCAL TRANSMISSION.
Outbreak can be SEASONAL or
SPORADIC.
Represents a greater than expected number
of cases.
In a country where cholera does not
regularly occur, outbreak is defined by the
occurrence of AT LEAST 1 confirmed case
of cholera with evidence of LOCAL
TRANSMISSION in an area where there is
not usually cholera.
CHOLERA OUTBREAK / EPIDEMIC
Both endemic countries and countries where
cholera does not regularly occur.
PREVENTION AND CONTROL:
o Combination of surveillance, water sanitation, hygiene,
social mobilization, treatment, and oral cholera vaccines
are used.
o GLOBAL ROADMAP:
EARLY DETECTION AND QUICK
RESPONSE TO CONTAIN OUTBREAKS
Focuses on containing the outbreaks through
early detection and multisectoral response.
TARGETED MULTISECTORAL APPROACH
Focuses on prevention of cholera recurrence.
Calls on countries and partners to focus on
cholera hotspots.
EFFECTIVE MECHANISMS OF
COORDINATION FOR TECHNICAL
SUPPORT, ADVOCACY, RESOURCE
MOBILIZATION, AND PARTNERSHIP AT
LOCAL AND GLOBAL LEVELS
TAKE NOTE:
Microorganisms capable of causing disease that usually enter human bodies through
mouth, eyes, nose, or urogenital openings, or through wound or bites.
MOSQUITOES are best known disease vector.
BOTULISM INFECTION is improperly canned food containing C. BOTULINUM
SPORES.
HUMANS were the only reservoir for the smallpox virus.
SOIL is common “playground” of pathogens because it has nutrients and other factors
that makes the pathogens exist.
Outbreaks of LEGIONNAIRE’S DISEASE are often traced to water supplies in cooling
towers.
YEARSINIA PESTIS
o Causative agent of plague.
Susceptibility of a host depends on GENETIC or CONSTITUTIONAL FACTORS,
SPECIFIC IMMUNITY, and NONSPECIFIC FACTORS that affect an individual’s
ability to resist infection or to limit pathogenicity.
Individual’s genetic makeup may either increase or decrease susceptibility.
Portals of exit and entry, and modes of transmission provides a basis for determining
appropriate control measures.
CONTROL MEASURES
o Usually directed against the segment in the infection chain that is most susceptible
to intervention.
DROPLET NUCLEI = 5 MICRONS
Water could serve as a vehicle for transmitting cholera.
Cholera transmission is closely linked to INADEQUATE ACCESS to CLEAN
WATER and SANITATION FACILITIES.
o WORLD BANK
World’s largest multilateral source of financing for in developing
countries.
Offers loans, grants, and technical assistance to governments to support
expanding or improving water infrastructure, improving management
practices, and ensuring community engagement
o UNICEF
Strikes a balance between thorough research and practical solutions for
children.
Partnerships across every sector make all of UNICEF’s work for children
and young people possible.
Work in emergencies and our programs in schools.
o WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
Internal authority on public health.
Leads global efforts to prevent transmission of diseases, advising
governments on health-based regulations.
o SANITATION FOR THE POOR (S4P) PROGRAM
Initiative under the Strategic Impact Evaluation Fund in the Philippines
Evaluates the current integration of sanitation to the Pantawid Pamilyang
Pilipino Program (4Ps), a Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT), to provide
evidence in overcoming barriers to adoption of sanitation for poor
households in the Philippines.
Leveraging an existing poverty targeting system to identify households in
need of financial support.
Designed to scale up access to improved sanitation among the poorest
household in the rural areas of the Philippines.
TAKE NOTE:
Many people lack basic HAND HYGIENE services
o 4 / 10 households do not have soap and water on premises.
o 5 / 10 schools do not have soap and water available to students.
o 4 / 10 healthcare facilities do not have soap and water or hand sanitizer at points
of care.
3 / 10 people lack access to safely managed drinking water services.
In 2017, 45% of the global population used a safely managed sanitation service.
31% of the global population used private sanitation facilities connected to sewers from
which wastewater was treated.
14% of the global population used toilets or latrines where excreta were disposed in situ.
673 MILLION still defecate in the open.
74% of the world’s population used at least a basic sanitation service.
2 BILLION people still do not have basic sanitation facilities.
AT LEAST 10% of the world’s population is thought to consume food irrigated by
wastewater.
CROPLANDS in PERI-URBAN areas irrigated by mostly untreated urban wastewater
is estimated to be approximately 36 MILLION HECTARES.
POOR SANITATION IS LINKED TO TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES.
POOR SANITATION reduces human well-being, social and economic development.
POOR SANITATION CONTRIBUTES TO MALNUTRITION.
SANITATION and HYGIENE shows the inequality.
Elimination of OPEN DEFECATION is difficult to attain.
BUILDING INFRASTRUCTURES IS MUCH EASIER THAN TO CHANGE
ONE’S BEHAVIOR.
Key knowledge gap in the sector is how best to address the financial constraints the
poorest face in acquiring sanitation products and services
o Provide vent with #16 MESH corrosion resistant screen,
faced downward and elevated to minimize drawing of
contaminants into the well.
o Seal wellheads and pump bases using gaskets, sealing
compound, and proper venting to prevent possible
contamination to the well water.
o Complete physical and chemical analysis of water from a
new well shall be conducted after 36 HRS of pumping
water is done.
o If BACTERIOLOGICAL POSITIVE, appropriate water
treatment facilities shall be provided, otherwise the well
shall be ABANDONED.
o The well shall be disinfected in accordance with the
standard requirements set by these implementing rules and
regulations.
o Collect TWO WATER SAMPLES for TWO-WEEK
interval for bacteriological analysis.
o If CONTAMINATION is confirmed and the sources of
contamination if known but cannot be removed, the well
MUST BE CONDEMNED.
o PUMP SITE, RAPID PUMP ROOM LOCATION,
AND PUMP INSTALLATION:
All completed well units shall be preferably
protected to prevent possible contamination or
damage of facilities by trespassers.
Well sire shall be properly graded to ensure proper
ground maintenance and to draw off surface water
effectively from the well.
LEVELS OF WATER SUPPLY
LEVEL I
o Also known as POINT SOURCE.
o Protected well or a developed spring with an outlet but WITHOUT distribution
system.
o Adaptable to rural areas where the houses are thinly scattered.
o Facilities normally serve around 16 HOUSEHOLDS.
LEVEL II
o Also known as COMMUNAL FAUCET SYSTEM or STAND POST
o System composed of a source, reservoir, piped distribution network, and
communal faucets.
o Suitable for rural and urban fringe areas where houses are clustered densely to
justify a simple piped system.
o 1 FAUCET = 4 – 6 HOUSEHOLDS.
LEVEL III
o Also known as WATERWORKS SYSTEM or INDIVIDUAL HOUSE
CONNECTIONS.
o System composed of a source, reservoir, piped distribution network, and
household taps.
o Suited for densely populated urban areas.
SEPTIC TANK
It has a standard size.
Its size is dependent on the number of individuals in the house,
usage, household, and location.
Efficiency is about 30%.
Water-tight receptacle which receives the discharge of plumbing
system or part thereof.
It should be CLOSED.
Designed to accomplish the PARTIAL REMOVAL and digestion
of the suspended solid matter in the sewage through a period of
detention.
Basic sewerage storage and treatment facility.
Commonly found in unsewered domestic developments.
Stores wastewater.
Breaks down solids through SETTLING and ANAEROBIC
PROCESSES.
BAFFLES
o Slows down the flow of water.
ADVANTAGES:
o Can be built and repaired with locally available materials.
o No real problems with flies or odors if used properly.
o Simple and robust technology.
o No electrical energy is required.
o Little space required due to underground construction.
o Low operating costs.
o Long service life.
o Small land area required.
DISADVANTAGES:
o High cost compared to dry or composting toilet systems.
o Constant and enough piped water required to bring the
waste to the treatment unit.
o Low reduction in pathogens, solids, and organics.
o Regular desludging must be ensured.
o Only suitable for low density housing in areas with low
water table and not prone to flooding.
o Manual cleaning is highly hazardous and inhumane task.
o Mechanical cleaning requires sophisticated instruments.
o Effluent and sludge require further treatment and / or
appropriate discharge.
HEALTH ASPECTS / ACCEPTANCE
o Under normal operating conditions, users do not encounter
the effluent or influent.
o Problems regarding septic tanks arise because there is no
adequate consideration is given to the disposal of the tank
effluent.
o EFFLUENT of the septic tank is ANAEROBIC, it is
likely to contain large numbers of pathogens, which can be
a potential source of infection.
o Effluent, scum, and sludge must be handled with care as
they contain high levels of pathogenic organisms.
WHY IT IS NECESSARY TO PUMP OUT A SEPTIC
TANK?
o As the system accumulates wastes, the VOLUME of the
tank is REDUCED.
o Sewerage stored can produce disease causing parasites and
microorganisms which can be detrimental to health and
safety.
o To prevent diseases from spreading.
o To handle household wastes effectively and safely.
HOW OFTEN SHOULD A SEPTIC TANK BE PUMPED
OUT?
o On average, home septic tanks should be pumped out every
2 – 5 YEARS to ensure that the system is functioning at
peak condition.
o It DEPENDS on how many LITERS your septic tank
holds, and how many PEOPLE are in your household.
o PERIODIC SEPTIC TANK PUMPING WILL HELP
IN:
Eliminating bad odors.
Preventing sewer and drain blockages.
Minimizing discharge of raw sewerage.
Preventing damage to pumps and/or sand filters
clogging.
Preventing slow draining showers and sinks, and
toilets that will not flush.
WARNING SIGNS OF AN UNHEALTHY SEPTIC TANKS:
o Strong and unpleasant smells (rotten egg-like gas).
o Toilets and drains are struggling to clear.
o Grass around the septic tank area is darker green and
thriving well.
o Liquid waste overflows.
o Wet areas near or top of the septic tank.
HOW TO MAINTAIN SEPTIC TANKS?
o Do not put harsh chemicals or paint down the drain.
o Avoid planting trees and shrubs with deep roots near your
septic tank system.
o Use a trained technician to pump the system.
o Do not flush items down the toilets to maintain and
efficient system.
o Allow as little fat and grease into drains.
o Regularly maintaining and pumping your home septic tanks
is paramount in preventing long term sewerage issues.
o Conserve water through ENERGY STAR appliances.
o Fix leaking faucets and repair running toilet to maintain an
efficient system.
DIGESTER TANK
Same as septic tank, but it can be used as BIOGAS.
Conversion of the waste into energy is not yet approved in the
Philippines due to Clean Air Act.
This can be used for supplying electricity.
ADVANTAGES:
o Eco-friendly and maintenance-free system to manage
human wastes.
o Converts the organic waste into METHANE and
CARBON DIOXIDE which inactivates pathogens
responsible for waterborne diseases.
o All fecal matter is converted into liquid, which is
PATHOGEN-FREE, unlike the pit system which can
contaminate the ground water.
o Water can be allowed to either seep into the ground or be
collected for gardening acting as an effective liquid
fertilizer.
o Odor-free effluent water contains RICH NUTRIENTS.
o Reduces soil and water pollution.
DISADVANTAGES:
o Experts are required for the design of the reactor.
o Skilled labor is required for the construction of a GAS-
TIGHT TANK.
o Frequent sludge removal for settlers that are not designed
for anaerobic processes.
o Effluent, sludge, and scum require further treatment.
o Short circuiting can be a problem.
o Slurry may have to be further treated before reuse.
o Gas production at low temperatures is not interesting from
an economic point of view.
o TS and BOD content, as well as C/N ration need to be
appropriated.
HEALTH ASPECTS / ACCEPTANCE
o Prevent the release of odorous gases, frequent sludge
removal is necessary.
o Sludge and scum must be handled with care as they contain
high levels of pathogenic organisms. It requires further
treatment and adequate disposal.
o Appropriate protective clothing is necessary for worker s
who may encounter the effluent, scum, or sludge.
o State of hygienisation if the effluent slurry of biogas
digesters STRONGLY DEPENDS on the effluent
concentration in pathogenic microorganisms, retention
time, temperatures, and mixing of antipolo sludge with the
fresh one.
o /\ TEMPERATURE = /\ HYGIENIC
o > 55C were achieved for one to a few days inactivation can
be considered as efficient.
o Enhance the stabilization of the remaining sludge before
reuse, aerobic composting is an adapted post-treatment.
CHEMICAL TANK
Portable tanks.
Can be used for events and travels.
ADVANTAGES:
o Mobility is one of the biggest advantages.
o Completely INDEPENDENT to the local sanitary
facilities.
o Can be used in a private location at any time without being
disturbed.
DISADVANTAGES:
o Chemical toilets have many additives that can cause lasting
damage to nature and our health.
o Contents cannot be disposed anywhere.
o Toilet should be emptied after THREE DAYS at the latest.
o PIT PRIVY such as:
VENTILATED IMPROVED PIT (VIP) LATRINE
Can be either single pit or an alternating twin pit.
Should be lined with open joined brick work or prefabricated
concrete rings.
Lining prevents the soil to collapse during emptying operations or
heavy rains.
Open joints allow liquid to infiltrate into the soil.
Cover slab, usually of reinforced concrete, which covers the pit
and has two holes:
o Squat Holes
o Vent Pipe
Superstructure for privacy and protection from rain and sun, which
can be built according to the choice of the uses.
Vent pipe and the fly screen which keeps the latrine free from flies,
mosquitoes, and unpleasant odors.
ADVANTAGES:
o Controls odor and insects.
o Minimum health risk.
o Low cost.
o Easy construction and maintenance.
o Minimum water requirement.
o Twin pit VIP Latrine System offers a long-term solution.
DISADVANTAGES:
o Potential for groundwater pollution.
o Lack of space for relocating the pit in densely populated
areas.
o Difficulty of construction in rocky and high-water table
areas.
o
PIT TYPE
Consists of a hand dug hole in the ground covered with either a
squatting plate or a slab provided with riser and seat.
Excreta drop through the hole to enter the dry pit.
Pit is often lined but the bottom remains open to allow drainage of
liquid into the soil and leaving the solids behind.
ADVANTAGES:
o Effective sanitation systems because they isolate human
excreta form the surrounding environment and prevent the
transmission of fecal orally transmitted diseases.
o Do not require water so are appropriate in areas where there
is no adequate water supply.
o Squatting is normal to many people and thus acceptable to
users.
o Alternating double pits will allow the excreta to drain,
degrade, and transform into a nutrient-rich, safe humic
material that can be used to improve soils.
o Avoid contamination to surface water and topsoil if
properly installed and maintained.
o Can be constructed with minimum cost using local material
and local skills.
o Presence of properly constructed slabs will allow easy
cleaning and avoid flies and unsightliness.
DISADVANTAGES:
o Foul odor from the pit.
o Favorable place for breeding of flies and mosquitoes.
o When single pits are full, new pit needs to be dug.
o Susceptible to failure / overflowing during floods.
o Usage of water for anal cleansing shall be avoided because
it may affect the decomposition rate of human excreta.
“ANTIPOLO” TOILET
Elevated toilet house or shallow pit is extended upwards.
Closed pit type of toilet facility without a water-sealed bowl.
Depository is constructed usually of large circular tubes made of
concrete or clay with a top cover and small opening.
May or may not have a box for sitting or squatting over the
opening.
CHEMICAL PRIVY
Fecal matter is deposited into a tank containing a caustic chemical
solution to prevent septic action while the organic matter is
decomposed.
COMMUNAL EXCRETA DISPOSAL SYSTEM
o Excreta disposal system serving a group of dwelling units.
o
DIGESTIVE CESSPOOL
o Pit for the reception or detention of sewage.
o
DISTRIBUTION BOX
o Small concrete receptacle between the SEPTIC TANK and the DRAIN FIELD
from which lines of drain tiles extend and which acts as surge tank to distribute
the flow of sewage equally to each line of drain tiles.
o
DISTRIBUTION LINE OF A LEACHING TILE SYSTEM
o Pipe from within the distribution box to the drain field.
o
DOMESTIC SEWAGE
o Sewage containing human excrement and liquid household waste.
o Also known as SANITARY SEWAGE.
o Combination of kitchen wastes and toilet wastes.
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
o Drainage pipes of a plumbing system taking the wastewater from the plumbing
fixtures and delivering it to the sewer or some other outlet.
FREEBOARD
o Also known as AIRSPACE OF A SEPTIC TANK
o Distance as measured
o from the liquid level line to the inside top of the septic tank.
o
HOUSE SEWER
o Pipeline conveying sewage from the house or building to the septic tank or to any
point of discharge.
INDIVIDUAL EXCRETA DISPOSAL SYSTEM
o Excreta disposal system serving a dwelling unit.
o Sewage disposal system serving a dwelling unit / building.
PRIVY
o Structure that is not connected to a sewerage system.
o Used for RECEPTION, DISPOSITION, AND STORAGE of feces or other
excreta from the human body.
PUBLIC SANITARY SEWER
o Common sewer to which all abutters have equal rights of connections.
o Anybody can connect if that person has capacity to pay for the treatment that will
be charged by the company.
o The treated wastewater must be discharged far from the source of drinking water.
o
PUBLIC TOILET
o Facility located at public places.
SEPTAGE
o Sludge produced on individual onsite wastewater disposal systems, principally
SEPTIC TANKS and CESSPOOLS.
o
SEPTIC TANK ABSORPTION BED
o Also known as DRAIN BED.
o Underground system of pipes leading from the outlet of the septic tank.
o Consists of open jointed or perforated pipes distributed so that the effluent from a
septic tank is oxidized and absorbed by the soil.
o
SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
o System of collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal od sewage.
o
SEWAGE
o Means waterborne human or animal wastes removed from residences, buildings,
institutions, industrial, and commercial establishments together with such
groundwater, surface water, and storm water.
o Excluding oil wastes.
SEWER PIPE
o Conduit or channel intended to convey sewage.
SEWERAGE
o Also known as SEWERAGE WORKS.
o System or network of pipelines, ditches, channels, or conduits.
Including:
Pumping Stations
Lift Stations
Force Mains
Service Connections
o It includes the transport, pumping, and treatment of sewage to a point of disposal.
SLUDGE
o Any solid, semi-solid, or liquid wastes or residue generated from a wastewater
treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or water control pollution facility or
any other such as having similar characteristics and effects.
WASTEWATER
o Waste in liquid state containing pollutants.
WATER POLLUTION
o Any alteration of the physical, chemical biological, or radiological properties of a
water body resulting in the impairment of its purity or quality.
SEWAGE MANAGEMENT
ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR (RBC)
o Also known as ROTATING BIOLOGICAL FILTERS.
o Fixed-bed reactors consisting of stacks of rotating disks mounted on a horizontal
shaft.
o Partially submerged and rotated as wastewater flows through.
o Used in conventional wastewater treatment plants as secondary treatment after
primary sedimentation of domestic grey- or blackwater, or any other
biodegradable effluent.
o Microbial community is alternately exposed to the atmosphere and wastewater,
allowing both AERATION and ASSIMILATION of dissolved organic
pollutants and nutrients for their degradation.
o Adapted for urban areas.
o Land requirements are low, but continuous and consequent energy supply as well
as semi-skilled labor are indispensable.
o ADVANTAGES:
High contact time.
High effluent quality (both BOD and NUTRIENTS).
High process stability.
Resistant to shock hydraulic or organic loading.
Short contact periods are required because of the large active surface.
Low space requirement.
Well drainable excess sludge collected in clarifier.
Process is relatively silent compared to dosing pumps for aeration.
Low sludge production.
o DISADVANTAGES:
Continuous electricity supply required.
Contact media not available at local market.
High investment as well as operation and maintenance costs.
Must be protected against sunlight, wind, and rain, as well as freezing in
cold climates.
Odor problems may occur.
Requires permanent skilled technical labor for operation and maintenance.
ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
o Multi-chamber reactor unit that makes use of highly concentrated microorganisms
to degrade organics and remove nutrients from wastewater to produce a high-
quality effluent.
o Continuous and well-timed supply of oxygen is required to maintain the aerobic
conditions and to keep the activated sludge suspended.
o ADVANTAGES:
Resistant to organic and hydraulic shock loads.
Can be operated at a range of organic and hydraulic loading rates.
High reduction of BOD and PATHOGENS up to 99% at after secondary
treatment.
High nutrient removal possible.
Can be modified by adding tanks to meet specific discharge limits.
o DISADVANTAGES:
High energy consumption.
Constant source of electricity is required.
24/7 operation.
High capital and operating costs.
Requires operation and maintenance by skilled personnel.
Prone to complicated chemical and microbiological problems.
Not all parts and materials may be locally available.
Sludge and possibly effluent require further treatment and/or appropriate
discharge.
o
o
BIODEGRADABLE WASTES
o Any material that can be reduced into finer particles by microbiological
organisms or enzymes.
o Can be degraded or decomposed.
o
CHEMICAL WASTE
o Comprises of discarded solid, liquid, and gaseous chemicals.
o CHEMICAL WASTES MAY BE:
HAZARDOUS
When it is toxic, corrosive, flammable, reactive, or genotoxic.
Considered nonhazardous if it consists of chemicals other than
those described above.
NONHAZARDOUS
o
COMMERCIAL REFUSE
o Refuse resulting from the use or occupation of any commercial or business
establishments or premises where any business of work is carried out, other than a
manufacturing process.
o
COMPOSTING
o Process of biological degradation under controlled conditions.
o Process of biodegradable waste by mixing them with the soil, water, biological
additives, or activators and air.
o One way to reduce the waste that we are disposing in the sanitary landfill.
o TYPES
AEROBIC COMPOSTING
Decomposition of organic matter in the PRESENCE of
OXYGEN with a range temperature BEYOND 60C for a certain
length of time.
Less smelly compared to the ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING.
ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING
Decomposition of organic matter in the ABSENCE of OXYGEN.
o
DISPOSAL AREA
o Any site, location, tract of land, or structure used for refuse disposal.
o
DOMESTIC REFUSE
o Refuse from households.
o Distinguished from industrial, commercial, and institutional wastes.
o
ECOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
o Method of handling wastes that facilitates their sanitary retrieval, reuse, or
recycling without degrading the environment nor polluting are, water, and soil.
GARBAGE
o Wastes or rejected food constituents which have been produced.
o
GARDEN REFUSE
o Waste from cutting or loping of grasses, trees, bushes, shrubs, flowers, seeds, or
other similar materials.
o Biodegradable wastes.
GENERAL WASTES
o DOMESTIC TYPE of waste and other waste materials or substances that do not
require special handling.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
o Waste that is potentially dangerous to environment and health because of
chemical reactivity, flammability, and explosiveness.
o This should not be disposed as a regular waste.
o It should be transported by a DENR ACCREDITTED transporter.
o The regulation for this waste is REPUBLIC ACT 6969.
o Contamination can be remediated through:
BIOREMEDIATION
By use of microorganisms or enzymes that eat chemicals.
Expensive.
CHEMICAL REMEDIATION
o
HEALTH CARE FACILITY
o Includes hospital, clinics, laboratories, research institutions, and other similar
establishments.
INCINERATION
o Controlled process by which combustible wastes are BURNED and CHANGED
into gases and residues that contain little or no combustible.
o
INDUSTRIAL REFUSE
o Solid wastes resulting from industrial processes and manufacturing operations.
o Scraps and does not have any value anymore.
o
INFECTIOUS WASTE
o Includes cultures and stocks of infectious agents from laboratory work, waste
from surgery, and autopsies of patients with infectious diseases, waste from
infected patients in isolation wards, waste from potentially infected cases, waste
that has been in contact with infected patients undergoing hemodialysis, and
waste that has been in contact with animals inoculated with an infectious agent or
suffering from an infectious disease.
o
o
ELECTRONIC WASTE
o Also known as E-WASTE.
o HMR SUPER SURPLUS BODEGA
Buyer, seller, and reseller of repurposed office electronics that are in mint
condition.
o ENVIROCYCLE
DENR ACCREDITED TREATMENT, STORAGE, and DISPOSAL
(TSD) FACILITY capable of handling not just e-waste but a variety of
other hazardous waste.
Their vehicles are DENR REGISTERED HAZARDOUS WASTE
TRANSPORTER (TP4A-34-00250).
o E-WASTE MANAGEMENT (PHILIPPINES)
NON-BIODEGRADABLE WASTE
o Wastes that are non-compostable and non-putrescible.
OFFAL
o By-products, organs, glands, and tissues other than meat of the food animal which
may or may not be edible.
o
OPEN DUMPSITE
o Site used for the disposal of refuse where waste is exposed in the open.
o
PATHOLOGICAL WASTE
o Includes tissues, organs, or body parts from surgical operations, biopsy and
autopsy, remains, aborted fetus, animal carcass, and blood and bloody fluids.
o It has no impervious linings.
PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE
o Includes spoiled, spilled, banned, expired, contaminated, or used pharmaceutical
products, drugs, and chemical that are to be discarded because they are no longer
necessary.
PRESSURIZED CAN OR CONTAINER
o Includes innocuous or inert gas and aerosol can or container that may explode
when incinerated or accidentally punctured.
o
RADIOACTIVE WASTE
o Waste that is contaminated with radioactivity generated from hospital nuclear
medicine section, research institution, nuclear plant, radioactive implant,
diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and the paraphernalia used.
o
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
o Also known as REFUSE MANAGEMENT
o Integrated system, approach, or process on the generation, segregation, storage,
collection, transport, processing, recycling, recovery, and final disposal or
containment of solid waste.
RESOURCE RECOVERY
o Extraction of materials or energy from wastes.
RUBBISH
o NON-PUTRESCIBLE solid waste constituents.
RECYCLABLE WASTE
o Waste materials that can be retrieved and reused as feeds, factory returnables,
fuel, fermentables, fine crafts, or filling materials.
REFUSE
o Also known as SOLID WASTE
o ORGANIC or INORGANIC non-liquid and non-gaseous portions of the total
waste mass.
o consists of all PUTRESCIBLE and NON-PUTRESCIBLE solid materials
EXCEPT for body wastes.
REFUSE DISPOSAL
o Also known as SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
o Complete final discarding of waste materials that cannot be reused and recycled.
SANITARY LANDFILL
o Land disposal site employing an engineered method of disposing solid wastes on
land in a manner that minimizes environmental hazards.
o DONE BY:
SPREADING the solid wastes in thin layers.
COMPACTING solid wastes to the smallest practical volume.
APPLYING cover material at the end of each operating day.
o This should be properly maintained to prevent its effects to the biodiversity.
o
SANITARY PERMIT
o Permission or certification in writing issued by the CITY or MUNICIPAL
HEALTH OFFICER or SANITARY ENGINEER that the establishment
complies with the existing minimum sanitation requirements upon evaluation or
inspection.
o It is conducted in accordance with PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO 522 and
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 856 and LOCAL ORDINANCES.
SCAVENGER
o Person engaged in the business of collection, recover, and transportation of
recyclable refuse by specific hire or contract with another individual, firm,
corporation, public agency, or institution.
o Does not include public agency responsible by law for the collection of refuse in
each jurisdiction.
SHARPS
o Needles, syringes, scalpels, saws, blades, broken glass, nails, and other that can
cause a cut or puncture.
SWILL
o Garbage, which is wholly or nearly so, edible, usable as food and having food
value for animals or fowls, accumulating from animal, vegetable, or other matter
wasted from households or food establishments.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR REFUSE MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL
OPERATING PERMIT
o This is should be received from a REGIONAL HEALTH OFFICER.
o Refuse Collection Service.
o Refuse Disposal Area and Facilities.
o REQUIREMENTS
Letter of Application
Project Description
Locational Plans
Technical Specifications / Descriptions of Facilities / Equipment
SANITARY PERMIT
o No person, firm, corporation, local government unit, public agency, or institution
shall operate or manage a refuse collection service, refuse disposal area and
facilities, swill collection, junk dealership, private scavenging, or swine feeding
platform without a sanitary permit issued by LOCAL HEALTH OFFICER.
o Any extension or additional construction or alteration in an establishment shall
require a NEW SANITARY PERMIT before it could be operated.
NOTING PERMIT
o If there is a CHANGE in OWNERSHIP of the establishment, the new owner
shall apply to the city / municipal health officer within 14 WORKING DAYS to
have such change noted in the records and permit certificate and shall pay the
corresponding fee for such nothing.
VALIDITY
o Sanitary permit shall be valid on the day of issuance until the LAST DAY of
DECEMBER of the same year.
o Shall be renewed every beginning od the year.
o Sanitary permit shall be suspended or revoked for violation of any sanitary rules
and regulations.
POSTING OF PERMIT
o Sanitary permit shall be posted in a conspicuous place of the establishment for
public information.
o It shall be available for inspection by authorized health and other regulatory
personnel.
RECORD OF SANITARY PERMIT
o Every city or municipality shall keep a record of all establishments that have been
issued sanitary permit and renewal thereof.
o Record shall be available at all reasonable times for inspection by any authorized
officer of the Department of Health or local government unit.
SANITARY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SEGRAGATION AND STORAGE OF
REFUSE / SOLID WASTE
MINIMUM STANDARD AND REQUIREMENTS:
o There shall be a separate container for each type of waste in all establishments
and dwelling units.
o Refuse container shall be properly marked for on-site collection.
It should be in BOLD LETTER with height of 5 CENTIMETERS in
size.
Containers shall be painted with a color identifying the waste or lined with
color-coded plastic bags.
o STANDARD COLOR CODING
BLACK
Storage of NON-BIODEGRADABLE general waste.
GREEN
Storage of BIODEGRADABLE general waste.
YELLOW
Storage of INFECTIOUS and PATHOLOGICAL waste.
ORANGE
Storage of RADIOACTIVE WASTE.
RED
Storage of SHARPS and PRESSURIZED CONTAINERS.
Punctured-proof containers.
YELLOW WITH BLACK BAND
Storage of CHEMICAL waste.
o Solid waste container shall be sufficient in number and / or size to store total
volume of refuse produced within the collection period of 2 – 3 DAYS.
Shall be equipped with tight closing and well attached hinged lids to
prevent the escape of foul odors and entry of vermin.
CONTAINERS WITH > 38 KILIGRAMS
Shall be equipped with handles or designed with rollers.
Shall be made of non-corrosive lightweight materials and leak
proof.
o Other accumulation of refuse / solid waste between the collection may be placed
in a container of any size and shape that can be easily lifted and handled without
spillage by the collector but shall be placed only at the designated collected point.
o Collection of extraordinary accumulation or bulk of refuse / solid waste shall be
placed in appropriate containers acceptable to the collector and the local health
officer.
o Tree trimmings may be placed for collection outside of a container provided such
trimmings are secured in bundles of convenient size and weight and did not
exceed 1.20 METERS in length.
o PROPER STORAGE OF DIFFERENT WASTE
ASHES
Shall be placed only in PLATICS, METAL, or EQUIVALENT
CONTAINERS with covers.
Others shall be placed in sturdy well built containers that will not break,
fall apart, rip, or tear while being handled by the collector.
o BULK HANDLING and STORAGE OF REFUSE of any character shall be
subject to review by the local health officer as recommended by the sanitary
engineer / sanitary inspector. The owner and occupant of any residential,
industrial, commercial, or business establishment shall make such provisions as
the health officer may require.
SANITARY REQUIREMENTS FOR COLLECTION OF REFUSE / SOLID WASTE
OPERATING PERMIT
o No refuse or solid waste collection shall be allowed without an operating permit
issued by REGIONAL HEALTH OFFICER.
SANITARY PERMIT
o No refuse or solid waste collection service shall operate without a sanitary permit
issued by the LOCAL HEALTH OFFICER.
PERSONNEL
o All refuse collectors, drivers, and those involved in the collection of refuse shall
possess an UP-TO-DATE HEALTH CERTIFICATE issued by the LOCAL
HEALTH OFFICER.
o HEALTH CERTIFICATE
Non-transferable.
Shall be renewed AT LEAST 1 YEAR.
Shall be attached to the upper portion of the refuse collector’s garment
while working.
o They shall be provided with and required to use Personal Protective Equipment.
o REFUSE COLLECTOR
Shall be given orientation by the LOCAL HEALTH OFFICE on the
collection of refuse with emphasis on refuse storage, color-coding scheme,
handling, recycling, and disposal.
Shall not be allowed to collect refuse that is NOT SORTED or
SEGREGATED (either by COLOR CODING or LABELING).
OPERATION
o Collector shall empty and return all containers to a designated collection area with
care.
o Paper and other temporary containers may be placed in collection vehicle
unemptied unless the occupant or owner requested the return of the container.
o Collector shall not dent, bent, or otherwise damage, or alter the condition of a
container.
o Container in poor condition shall not be returned unless specifically requested by
the owner.
o Collector shall inform the owner to repair or replace the container.
o Collector shall not leave behind the spilled contents of any container, or any
refuse falling out of the collection vehicle, or any refuse properly placed in the
designated collection area.
APPROVAL
o Every vehicle used for the transportation of refuse shall be approved by the local
health officer as recommended by the sanitary inspector.
o Vehicle shall be owned by, and / or operated under the supervision of the person
who is the holder of the sanitary permit to transport refuse.
VEHICLE COMPARTMENTS
o Vehicles shall be constructed preferable with TWO COMPARTMENTS, for
BIODEGRADABLE WASTE and NON-BIODEGRADABLE WASTE.
In the ABSENCE of this type of vehicle, the OPTIONS ARE:
Separate placement of refuse within the collection vehicle.
Separate schedule for collection of refuse.
VEHICLE WITH BUILT-INCOMPACTOR
o Only non-biodegradable wastes shall be compacted.
o Biodegradable wastes are hauled in a specially designed
compartment.
Special types of waste shall be collected on separate vehicle with
necessary precautions.
HAULING BODY
o Every vehicle used for the transportation of refuse shall have a hauling body
constructed a metal.
o It shall have a metal lining on the floor and all side walls.
o All joints shall be effectively closed and smooth so that no drippage or leakage of
draining water or liquid or any debris can occur.
VEHICLE COVERING
o Every vehicle shall be provided with a means of covering the refuse to be hauled
and of keeping such refuse securely within the hauling body.
o The HAULING BODY shall be provided with:
TIGHT METAL HOOD having adequate opening fitted with smoothly
operating loading and unloading door.
HEAVY TARPAULIN or OTHER CANVAS COVER fitted with
proper eyes, grommets, and ties ropes which are hooked to held securely
over the loaded refuse.
o Vehicles without permanent cover shall not be loaded with refuse or solid waste
to a level ABOVE the side wall height.
MAINTENANCE AND CLEANLINESS
o Every vehicle used for refuse or solid waste collection and transport shall be kept
well painted, clean, and in good condition.
o Every vehicle used for carrying refuse or solid waste shall be washed and be
applied with disinfectant / deodorizer as often as may be necessary to prevent
persistent odors and, in any event, shall be cleaned AT LEAST ONCE A
WEEK.
o Every vehicle used for hauling refuse or solid waste shall be cleaned and properly
disinfected before used for any other purpose.
o Provision for wash bay area for vehicles shall be approved by the LOCAL
HEALTH OFFICER.
MARKINGS AND LOGO
o Every vehicle used for transporting of refuse or solid waste shall carry the name,
logo, and telephone number of the refuse contractor / agency collecting refuse.
o LETTERS shall not be < 10 CENTIMETERS (4 INCHES) in height.
o LETTERING and LOGO shall be painted on the sidewall of the HAULING
BODY.
o COLOR shall be contrast to the color of the vehicle.
o VEHICLE HAS OTHER USES
Lettering and logo shall be placed on a separate durable metal or wood
plaque which shall be firmly fixed to the vehicle when used for refuse
collection and transportation.
LOADING OF REFUSE OR SOLID WASTE
o No vehicle shall be loaded with refuse or solid waste in a manner that will permit
material to swing off, fall out, or jar loose, and dall to the ground while in motion.
o Loose paper, trash, and small materials shall be secured against any wind
dispersal, jiggling, or jarring which will allor such material to be blown or to fall
out of the vehicle.
o Whenever the vehicle is used to be for the transportation of containers holding
garbage, swill, or waste matter, the containers shall meet the requirements for
containers under these implementing rules and regulations.
FACILITIES AND OTHER WASTE PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES
SANITARY LANDFILL
o OPERATING PERMIT
No disposal area shall be allowed without an operating permit issued by
the REGIONAL HEALTH OFFICE concerned.
The approval of the disposal area shall be in accordance with other
existing national laws and regulations.
o SANITARY PERMIT
No disposal area shall operate without a sanitary permit issued by the
LOCAL HEALTH OFFICE.
Sanitary permit application and renewal shall be in accordance with the
requirements of these implementing rules and regulations.
o CAPACITY OF DISPOSAL AREA
Entire disposal area shall be adequate to hold all refuse accepted for the
entire period during which it is proposed to operate.
Estimates of capacity shall be supported with competent engineering data.
o DWELLINGS AND HABITATION
There shall be no dwelling unit close than 200 METERS to any portion of
the premises designated as a landfill area.
No person shall be permitted to occupy the premises designated as a
disposal area for living or sleeping purposes, except for the authorized
personnel or guards.
AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL shall only use the place for resting
purposes while working or guarding the area.
The LANDFILL should be > 200 METERS to the RESIDENTIAL
AREA.
o DRAINAGE
The disposal area shall be free of STANDING WATER as much as
feasible and practicable.
No plan for new disposal area shall be approved where the area is subject
to FLOODING.
Area shall be provided with sufficient natural or artificial drainage to keep
the disposal area free of standing water.
Drainage from refuse or solid waster disposal shall be handled as
SEWAGE and shall be disposed in accordance with the provisions of
CHAPTER XVII – SEWAGE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL,
EXCRETA DISPOSAL AND DRAINAGE of the CODE ON
SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES (PD 856) and its implementing
rules and regulations.
o ACCESSIBILITY
Disposal area shall always be accessible over a hard-surfaced roadway.
ACCESS ROAD
shall be kept free from all hazards to vehicles or vehicle tires by
the landfill operator.
Shall be maintained, paved, and kept clean by the landfill operator.
o FIRE PROTECTION
Property shall be provided with adequate facilities and equipment for
controlling and extinguishing fires.
Where no fire water service is available from a public water system,
premises shall be provided with water supply not < 32 LITERS PER
SECOND at 276 KILOPASCALS (500 GALLONS PER MINUTE at a
pressure of 40 POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH).
One mobile foam type extinguisher or fire truck of a design and capacity
approved by the local fire department shall likewise be provided.
o COVERING OR REFUSE OR SOLID WASTE
All refuse or solid wastes shall be covered with fill of earth or other
material acceptable to the local health officer within 24 HOURS upon
arrival at the disposal area.
THICKNESS and SOIL TYPE of cover shall be determined by the
SANITARY ENGINEER on the basis of the character of fill material,
but in no event shall the depth of cover be < 15 CENITMETERS (6
INCHES) soil cover free of cracks and extrusion of refuse.
Cover materials shall be so placed that setting by weather, rain,
compaction, or decomposition will not open cracks, or allow extrusion of
refuse within 6 MONTHS time.
o EQUIPMENT
Disposal area shall have all required or necessary equipment comprised of
bulldozer, clam, bull clam, compactor, or equivalent equipment in
sufficient capacity and of such operating quality that the fill can be
covered according to schedules required.
All equipment shall be kept serviceable.
o RECORDING
Character and volume of refuse to be accepted in the public disposal area
shall be listed and posted at the premises entrance or in the premises office
which shall be adjacent to the entrance.
PREMIT HOLDER shall furnish copy of the list to the LOCAL
HEALTH OFFICE and the PUBLIC SERVICE OFFICE any other
office having jurisdiction over the disposal area.
Person in charge permanently stationed at the disposal area shall keep a
record of the source of material and the estimated volume, or tonnage
disposed every month in such form as may be required by the LOCAL
HEALTH OFFICER or the PUBLIC SERVICES DEPARTMENT.
Shall divide material received into sources such as private individuals,
industrial establishments, agricultural, processing plants, and local refuse
collection service.
Shall be available for inspection by authorized personnel of the
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIT, or
OTHER GOVERNMENT REGULATORY OFFICES.
o VERMIN CONTROL
VERMIN ABATEMENT PROGRAM shall always be maintained in the
disposal area by the operator.
NON-BIODEGRADABLE WASTE MATERIALS shall be compacted
to prevent harborage of vermin.
No biodegradable waste shall be used as filling material.
o GARBAGE GRINDER
DOMESTIC GARBAGE GRINDER shall only be permitted whenever a
sewerage system or street sewer is 20 CENTIMETERS (8 INCHES) or
larger in diameter and it shall be proportionate to the designed capacity.
Whenever a GARBAGE GRINDER IS USED, the following design for
SEWERAGE SYSTEM shall be:
Requirements for the SLUDGE CAPACITY in the SEPTIC
TANK or DIGESTER shall be increased at the rate of 0.23
KILOGRAM (0.50 POUND) dry solids per capita per day.
Allowance for FLOW CAPACITY shall be increased by 2%.
Allowance for any FILTER TREATMENT shall recognize a
25% increase in BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)
loading.
Waste generated which has not been thoroughly macerated and pulverized
to a size passing a number 16 (1/6 INCH) WIRE MESH SCREEN no be
permitted in the house drainage system.
TYPICAL SANITARY LANFILL DESIGN
TAKE NOTE:
PH < 2 is ACID.
PH > 12 is BASE.
Due to COVID-19, amount of ASHES increased by means of cremating the dead bodies.
ASHES can be mixed to compost to reduce the amount.
ZONROX
o Its CONCENTRATE should not be disposed directly to the drainage.
o Before disposing its container, make sure that it is empty.
Most of the ENVIRONMENTALISTS prioritizes the SINGLE USE PLASTIC
disposal because it is easier to campaign on it compared to e-wastes.
E-WASTE DISPOSAL is still a problem in the whole world.
There is still NO PROPER TREATMENT to monitors.
Every treatment, it should be accredited by DENR.
OIL SPILL treatment is one of the hardest because the treatment is dependent on the
GRAVITY of the spillage.
It can use INCINERATION if it does not emit TOXIC FUMES that can affect the air
quality.
CLEAN AIR ACT, or even other laws, should be updated for us to use incineration of
refuse because as of now incineration devices are now “updated”.
Most of the laws in the Philippines are copy and pasted from other countries.
The revision should be based about the country.
INFECTIOUS WASTE must be disinfected or neutralized before disposing it.
The disinfection of INFECTIOUS WASTE is by using 10 LITERS of water with 500
MILLILITERS of CHLORINE or other disinfectant.
BE RESPONSIBLE IN DISPOSING YOUR WASTES.
BATTERIES should have a special disposal, collection, and treatment.
INCINERATION used to be the method in treating HEALTH CARE WASTES, but
due to CLEAN AIR ACT, the use of the method is PROHIBITED.
By eating an OFFAL, we are helping in reducing it.
SANITARY LANDFILL is more structured than the OPEN DUMPSITE.
As a SANITARY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER, we need to develop
treatment facilities that can extract materials or energy from wastes.
SANITARY LANDFILL is engineered and has structure, as well as groundwater
monitoring, unlike OPEN DUMPSITE.
Make a hard decision when getting involved to any work that could affect the
environment. MONEY VS OWN PRINCIPLE.
The VALIDITY of SANITARY PERMIT expires during the last day of DECEMBER,
even if you renewed your sanitary permit on the first day of December.
If you suggest something on the PUBLIC HEARING, all the “participants” should agree
to your suggestion. If one does not agree your suggestion will not be acknowledged.
VERMIN CONTROL
CHAPTER XVI of the PD 856.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
o BIODEGRADATION
Process in which a material is decomposed by microbiological organisms
or enzymes.
o BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Pest control method which utilizes predators, parasites, and natural
enemies of pest species to reduce or eliminate pest population.
o CHEMICAL CONTROL
Pest control method which utilizes RODENTICIDES. INSECTICIDES,
LARVICIDES, and PESTICIDES.
o DISINFESTATION
Any measure taken to kill the vermin present in land, places, buildings,
residences, conveyances, and establishments.
o INFESTATION
Presence within or around a building, place, or conveyance of any insect,
rodent, or other pests.
o INSECTS
Flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches, bedbugs, fleas, lice, ticks, ants, and other
insects that are of public health significance.
o INTEGRATED CONTROL
controlling pests using several different methods and procedures which are
used to complement each other.
PROCEDURES INCLUDE:
Use of pesticides.
Environmental sanitation measures.
Natural control methods.
Mechanical methods.
Biological methods.
o LOCAL HEALTH AUTHORITY
Official or employee responsible for the application of a prescribed health
measure in a LOCAL POLITACAL SUBDIVISION.
In PROVINCE, the local health authority is the GOVERNOR.
In CITY or MUNICIPALITY, the local health authority is the MAYOR.
o LOCAL HEALTH OFFICER
Provincial, city, or municipal health officer.
o PEST
Any destructive or unwanted insect or other small animals that causes
annoyance, discomfort, nuisance, or transmission of disease to humans
and damage to structures.
o MECHANICAL CONTROL
Pest control method which utilizes mechanical device.
o NATURALISTIC CONTROL
Pest control method which utilizes nature and nature’s systems without
disturbing the balance of nature.
o CULTURAL CONTROL
This technique addresses the way we cultivate plants.
Directed at reducing and avoiding pest problems.
Practices that maintain plant health.
HEALTHY PLANTS = FEWER PEST PROBLEM = /\ TOLERANT
OF PESTS.
o PESTICIDES
Any substance or product or mixture intended to control, prevent, destroy,
repel, or mitigate directly or indirectly any pest.
o PLACE
Land, building, residences, pier, watercraft, aircraft, or any means of
conveyance.
o PUBLIC PLACES
Open fields and enclosed areas of public assembly.
o PUBLIC PLACES ESTABLISHMENTS
Hotels, motels, dormitories, lodging, board housing, and other similar
institutions.
o REGIONAL DIRECTOR
Official who heads the DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH REGIONAL
HEALTH OFFICE.
o RODENTS
Small mammal characterized by constantly growing incisor teeth used for
gnawing or nibbling.
o RODENTICIDE
Chemical or other preparations used to destroy rats.
o SAFETY
Condition of being free from danger and hazard which may be cause
accident or disease.
o SANITATION INSPECTOR
Government officer, employed by the national, provincial, city, or
municipal government.
Enforces sanitary rules, laws, and regulations.
Implements environmental sanitation activities under the supervision of
the PROVINCIAL / MUNICIPAL HEALTH OFFICER / SANITARY
ENGINEER.
o SANITARY PERMIT
Certification in writing of the CITY or MUNICIPAL HEALTH
OFFICER or in his absence the CHIEF or HEAD of SANITATION
DIVISION.
o SECRETARY
Secretary of Health.
o TRADITIONAL PESTICIDES
PLANT EXTRACTS or PLANT SUBSTANCES that are used to
control pests.
o URBAN PEST CONTROL
Pest control activities in all habitable areas but not to include agricultural
pest control activities.
o URBAN PEST CONTROL APPLICATOR
Any individual who uses or supervises the use of pesticides or any other
methods or services for urban pest control or implementation of a vermin
abatement program.
Registered by the DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH.
o VECTOR
Any organism which transmits infection by inoculation into the skin or
mucous membrane by:
Biting.
Deposit of infective materials on the skin, food, or other objects.
Biological reproduction within the organism.
o VERMIN
Group of insects or small animals which are vectors of diseases.
o VERMIN ABATEMENT PROGRAM
Series of preventive and control activities or procedures to eliminate or
reduce the presence of vermin.
o LIST OF PESTS OF SIGNIFICANT PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE
COCKROACHES
Controlled to halt the spread of ASTHMA, ALLERGY, and
FOOD CONTAMINATION.
BODY, HEAD, CRAB LICE
Surveyed for and controlled to:
o Prevent the spread of SKIN IRRITATION and RASHES.
o Prevent the occurrence of HOUSEBORNE DISEASES.
MOSQUITOES
Best known disease vector.
Controlled to prevent the spread of MOSQUITOES BEARING
DISEASES.
TICKS
Transmit diseases such as LYME DISEASE, TICKBORNE
RELAPSIN FEVER, EHRLICHIOSIS, and ROCKY
MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER.
BEDBUGS
Controlled because their bites can cause ALLERGIC
REACTIONS.
VARIOUS RATS AND MICE
Controlled to prevent the spread of RODENTBORNE
DISEASES and FOOD CONTAMINATION.
VARIOUS MICROORGANISMS
Subject to control programs by public health agencies and
hospitals for the purpose of preventing the spread of numerous
diseases.
REPTILES AND BIRDS
Controlled to prevent the spread of diseases and direct injuries.
VARIOUS MAMMALS
Have the potential for direct human injury.
Can act as disease reservoirs.
SIGNIFICANT PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE
o PLAGUE
Infectious disease that affects rodents, certain other animals, and humans.
Cause by YESINIA PESTIS bacteria.
Found in many areas if the world.
HOW DO PEOPLE BECOME INFECTED?
Most acquired when they are BITTEN by a FLEA infected with
the PLAGUE BACTERIA.
Can also become infected from DIRECT CONTACT with
infected tissues or fluids while handling an anima that is sick with
or that has died from plague.
Can become infected from INHALING respiratory droplets after
close contact with CATS and HUMANS with PNEUMONIC
PLAGUE.
THREE FORMS:
BUBONIC PLAGUE
o Patients develop sudden onset of FEVER, HEADACHES,
CHILLS, and WEAKNESS and > 1 SWOLLEN,
TENDER, and PAINFUL LYMP NODES (called
BUBOES).
o Usually the result of an INFECTED FLEA BITE.
o Bacteria multiply in the LYMPH NODE closest to where
the bacteria entered the human body.
o If not treated with proper antibiotics, the bacteria can
spread to other parts of the body.
o When left UNTREATED, the plague bacteria can invade
the BLOODSTREAM.
o They spread rapidly throughout the body and cause severe
and often fatal condition called SEPTICEMIC PLAGUE.
o It can also progress into an infection of the lungs, causing
PNEUMONIC PLAUE.
SEPTICEMIC PLAGUE
o Patients develop FEVER, CHILLS, EXTREME
WEAKNESS, ABDOMINAL PAIN, SHOCK, and
possibly BLEEDING into the SKIN and OTHER
ORGANS.
o Skin and other tissues may turn black and die, especially
for fingers, toes, and nose.
o Can occur as the first symptoms of plague.
o May develop from UNTREATED BUBONIC PLAGUE.
o Results of bites of INFECTED FLEAS or from handling
an INFECTED ANIMAL.
PNEUMONIC PLAGUE
o Patients develop FEVER, HEADACHE, WEAKNESS,
and RAPID DEVELOPING PNEUMONIA with
shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and sometimes
bloody or watery mucus.
o May develop from INHALING INFECTIOUS
DROPLETS or from UNTREATED BUBONIC or
SEPTICEMIC PLAGUE that spreads to the lungs.
o Pneumonia may cause respiratory failure and shock.
o MOST SERIOUS form of the disease.
o Only form that can spread from PERSON TO PERSON
(by INFECTIOUS DROPLETS).
o Overflow pipe of elevated and ground level water tanks shall be covered with at
least GAUGE NO. 16 wire mesh screen.
o Septic tanks shall be watertight, and cleanouts shall be fitted with screens.
o Effluent from septic tank shall not be discharged into curbs, open canals, or storm
drainage system.
o Discharging of sullage in curbs, open canals, or street gutters is prohibited.
o All kitchen wastes shall be provided with GREASE TRAP.
o Branches of trees growing close to a building shall be trimmed / cut to prevent
easy access of rodents.
o Biodegradable wastes shall be stored and collected in rat-proofed containers with
tight fitting lids and shall be managed, segregated, or disposed separately from
non-biodegradable wastes.
o Door and window screening or rat-proofing shall be constructed and maintained
as to exclude vermin in food establishments.
o All openings which connect to the outer air shall be effectively protected with
screen of NON-CORROSIVE GAUGE NO. 16 wire mesh or FINER, or with
the use of AIR CURTAIN.
o Door screens shall be tight-fitting and self-closing.
o During actual de-ratting, fogging, spraying, and disinfecting operations, all food
stuff, utensils, food preparations, and cleaning equipment shall be covered
properly to protect them from toxic chemical contamination.
o Provision of separate storage facilities for pesticides, soaps, and chemicals shall
be provided and located far from food and food utensils.
o Decaying vegetables and garbage shall be disposed daily.
o Proper garbage disposal shall be maintained.
o Rat-proofed garbage containers shall be provided for the disposal of solid wastes.
o Residual spraying inside the food establishments shall be made only as the need
arises.
o During emergencies, the use of physical control measures such as electrical
devices, mini flamethrowers, and flooding of exclusive breeding grounds shall be
allowed, if it will not cause nuisance and danger to the public.
o Release of vermin and dissemination of pathogenic organisms shall be undertaken
only in controlled setting as approved by concerned government agencies.
REQUIREMENTS FOR VERMIN ABATEMENT PROGRAM IN BUILDINGS
AND RESIDENCES
o CONSTRUCTION OF NEW BUILDINGS
Owners of buildings and residences shall have the floor of the lower story
constructed of concrete or other impervious material to render the building
vermin proofed.
Plans for vermin proofing shall be approved by the LOCAL HEALTH
OFFICER as recommended by the SANITARY ENGINEER.
Buildings or residences whose floor of the lower story is not made of
concrete or other impervious material shall be elevated so there will be a
clear unobstructed space of AT LEAST 50 CENTIMETERS between
the bottom of the joists and the highest point of thereunder.
o REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE OF BUILDINGS AND RESIDENCES
No occupant, owner, contractor public, utility, company, plumber, or any
other person or entity shall remove or fail to restore in similar and proper
condition the vermin proofing of any building or residences or make new
openings that are closed or sealed against the entry of vermin.
Every owner or occupant of any building or residence that is infested of
vermin shall at once proceed and continue to eradicate such vermin.
Roofs, attics, basements, cellars, or other adjacent to houses or buildings
shall be kept free from food stuff, garbage, forage, and other material
which may serve as food or harborage for vermin.
REQUIREMENTS FOR VERMIN ABATEME PROGRAM IN PORTS,
AIRPORTS, VESSELS, AIRCRAFT, AND OTHER CONVEYANCES
o PORTS AND AIRPORTS
QUARANTINE MEDICAL OFFICER, or in his absence, the LOCAL
HEALTH OFFICER shall take all practicable measures to help port and
airport installation free of vermin.
Every port of entry and area within the perimeter of an airport shall be
kept free from vector of diseases of epidemiological significance.
Disinfection, disinfestation, de-ratting, and other sanitary operations shall
be carried in such manner that will:
Not cause undue discomfort to any person, or injury to his health.
No produce any deleterious effect on the structure of a ship, an
aircraft, or vehicle, or its operating equipment.
Not produce any damage to cargo, goods, baggage, and containers.
EVALUATION OF ESTABLISHMENTS
o SANITARY INSPECTION
RESPONSIBLE OFFICER
LOCAL HEALTH OFFICER
o Shall inspect and evaluate every urban pest control operator
or establishment requiring a sanitary permit for its
operations, AT LEAST EVERY 3 MONTHS.
o Shall cause as many additional inspection and reinspection,
and evaluation.
FREQUENCY OF INSPECTION
Shall be conducted AT LEAST EVERY 3 MONTHS.
RECORDING OF INSPECTION
SANITARY ENGINEER / SANITATION INSPECTOR
o shall record his findings in an inspection form (EHS
FORM NO. 103-B).
o shall furnish the original of such report to the operator of
the establishments.
TAKE NOTE:
We can biodegrade a plastic, but there is still plastic component to it.
Usually termites are being seen if the house is being renovated.
HUMAN-TO-HUMAN transmission is rare and typically requires direct and close
contact with the person with pneumonic plague.
During this pandemic, SPRAYING is NOT ALLOWED already. It should be WET and
WIPE.
METHODS and TECHNIQUES of controlling vermin should be COMMUNITY
FRIENDLY.
It is advisable to use the NATURALISTIC TYPE of control.
It is a MUST to have a VERMIN CONTROL ABATEMENT PROGRAM in a
PUBLIC place.
GARBAGE DUMPING PLACES shall have coverings to prevent the potential
harborage and breeding of vermin.
CRACKS or CREVICES in the house can be a potential egg laying area of vermin.
It is recommended to use mosquito net that has a NET GAUGE NO. 16.
PRINCIPLE 5
Establish the corrective action to be taken when monitoring
indicates that CCP is not under control.
PRINCIPLE 6
Establish procedures for verification to confirm that the HACCP
system is working effectively.
PRINCIPLE 7
Establish documentation concerning all procedures and records
appropriate to these principles and their application.
o GUIDELINES FOR APPLICATION
SANITATION CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 856
FOOD SAFETY ACT OF 2013
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10611
LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7160
CONSUMER ACT OF THE PHILLIPINES
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7394
o MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT FOR THE EFFECTIVE
IMPLEMENTATION OF A HACCP SYSTEM
During hazard identification, evaluation, and subsequent operations in
designing and applying HACCP systems, considerations must be given to
the impact raw material, ingredients, food manufacturing practices, role of
manufacturing processes to control hazards, likely end-use of the product,
categories of consumers of concern, and epidemiological evidence relative
to food safety.
o The intent is to focus control at CCPs.
REDESIGNING of operation must be considered if a hazard which must
be controlled is identified but no CCPs are found.
o Should be applied to each specific operation separately.
CCPs identified in any given example in any CODEX CODE OF
HYGIENIC PRACTICE might not be the only ones identified for
specific application or might be of a different nature.
o HACCP application should be reviewed, and necessary changes made when any
modifications is made in the product, process, or any step.
o It is important to be flexible where appropriate, given the context of the
application considering the nature and the size of the operation.
o APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES
ASSEMBLE MULTIDISCIPLINARY HACCP TEAM
Food operation should assure that the appropriate product specific
knowledge and expertise is available for the development of an
effective HACCP plan.
Where required expertise is not available on site, expert advice
should be obtained from other sources.
DESCRIBE PRODUCT
Full description of the product should be drawn up, including
relevant safety information such as:
o Composition
o Physical / Chemical Structure
o Microcidal / Static Treatments
o Packaging durability and Storage Conditions and Method
of Distribution
IDENTIFY INTENDED USE
Should be based on the expected uses of the product by the end
user or consumer.
In specific cases, vulnerable groups of the population may have to
be considered.
CONSTRUCT FLOW DIAGRAM
Should be constructed by the HACCP team.
Should cover all steps in the operation.
When applying HACCP to a given operation, consideration should
be given to steps preceding and following the specified operation.
ONSITE CONFIRMATION OF FLOW DIAGRAM
HACCP team should confirm the processing operation against the
flow diagram during all stages and hours of operation and amend
the flow diagram where appropriate.
LIST ALL POTENTIAL HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH
STEP, CONDUCT A HAZARD ANALYSIS, AND CONSIDER ANY
MEASURES TO CONTROL IDENTIFIED HAZARDS
See PRINCIPLE 1.
HACCP team should list all the hazards that may be reasonably
expected to occur at each step from primary production,
processing, manufacture, and distribution until the point of
consumption.
HACCP team should next conduct a hazard analysis to identify for
the HACCP plan which hazards are of such a nature that their
elimination or reduction to acceptable levels is essential to the
production of safe food.
In conducting the HAZARD ANALYSIS, wherever possible the
following should be included:
o Likely occurrence of hazards and severity of their adverse
health effects.
o Qualitative and / or quantitative evaluation of the presence
of hazards.
o Survival or multiplication of microorganisms.
o Production or persistence in foods of toxins, chemicals, or
physical agents.
o Conditions leading to the factors.
DETERMINE CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS
See PRINCIPLE 2.
There may be > 1 CCP at which control is applied to address the
same hazard.
Determination of a CCP in the HACCP system can be facilitated
by the application of a decision tree which indicates a logic
reasoning approach.
Based on science driven decisions.
Sometimes MANDATED.
SHOULD WE PLACE IN THE BEGINNING OR END OF
THE PROCESS?
o EARLY
We could end up on a lot of rework.
o LATE
We could end up having many contaminations.
o Usually, however, it will be placed as late as possible in the
process so there is a terminal treatment that will cover
multiple hazards.
o DECISION TREE
Application of a decision tree should be
FLEXIBLE, given whether the operation is for
production, slaughter, processing, storage,
distribution, or others.
Should be used for guidance when determining
CCPs.
FOOD STALL
o Permanently constructed food booth with partition walls, dividers, or equivalent,
with food showcases and food displays, counters, with or without kitchen, selling
cooked meals or snack foods.
o Usually found in fast food areas of multipurpose establishments.
o Sometime referred to as SELF-SERVICE RESTAURANTS.
FOOD HANDLER
o Any person who handles, stores, prepares, or serves food, drinks, or ice.
o Any person who meets any eating or cooking utensils and food vending machines.
GROCERY
o Where staple food is handled and sold.
HEALTH CERTIFICATE
o Certification, in writing, using the prescribed form, and issued by MUNICIPAL
or CITY HEALTH OFFICER to a person after passing the required physical
and medical examinations and immunizations.
HEALTH OFFICER
o Provincial, City, or Municipal Health Officer.
o Usually DOCTORS.
LOCAL HEATH AUTHORITY
o Also known as LHA.
o Official or employee responsible for the application of a prescribed health
measure in a local political subdivision.
o For PROVINCIAL LEVEL, the Local Health Authority is the GOVERNOR.
o For CITY or MUNICIPAL LEVEL, the Local Health Authority is the
MAYOR.
MISBRANDING
o Indicates all possible conditions of fraud, mislabeling, imitation, or mis-
interpresentation of food products.
RESTAURANT
o All eating or drinking establishments in which food or drink is prepared for sale
elsewhere or as part of a service of a hospital, hotel, motel, boarding house,
institution caring for people and other similar establishments.
READILY PERISHALBLE FOOD
o Any food of such type or in such condition as may spoil.
o Consists in whole or in part of meat, poultry, fish, shellfish, milk product, eggs, or
other ingredients capable of supporting the progressive growth of microorganisms
which can cause food injection or food intoxication.
o Does not include products in hermetically sealed containers processed by heat to
prevent spoilage, dehydrated, dried, or powdered products so low in moisture
content as to produce development of microorganisms.
SANITIZE
o Effective bactericidal treatment to render surfaces of utensils and equipment free
of pathogenic microorganisms.
SARI-SARI STORE
o Convenient store where a variety of food and food materials and other household
merchandise are sold in small scale.
SINGLE SERVICE ARTICLES
o Utensils, packaging materials, and other similar articles which are made wholly or
in part from paper, paperboard, molded pulp, foil, wood, synthetic, and other
readily destructible materials which are intended to be discarded after use.
UTENSILS AND EQUIPMENT
o Kitchenware, tableware, glassware, cutlery, containers, stoves, sinks, and other
equipment used in the storage, preparation, distribution, or serving of food.
VERMIN
o Group of insects or small animals that are vectors of diseases.
SANITATION REQUIREMENTS FOR OPERATING A FOOD
ESTABLISHMENT
o HEALTH CERTIFICATES AND FOOD HANDLERS
No person shall be employed in any food establishment without a health
certificate issued by the city or municipal health officer.
This certificate shall be issued only after the required physical and medical
examinations and immunizations.
Briefing shall be provided by the local health office prior to the issuance
of the health certificate to the recipient.
HEALTH CERTIFICATE shall be renewed AT LEAST EVERY
YEAR or as often as required by local ordinance.
HEALTH CERTIFICATES are NON-TRANSFERRABLE.
o FOOS HANDLERS shall observe GOOD PERSONAL HYGIENE and
PRACTICE such as:
Wearing clean working garments and hair restrain.
Washing arms, hands, and fingernails before working.
Must be REPEATED during working hours and after smoking,
visiting the toilet, coughing, sneezing, or as often as may be
necessary to remove contaminants.
Using, chewing, or smoking tobacco in any form while engaged in food
preparation or service, or while in the equipment and utensils washing or
food preparation areas is not allowed.
o REQUIREMENTS REGARDING FOOD HANDLERS
No person shall be allowed to work in food handling and preparation
while afflicted with a communicable disease or a carrier of such disease,
which includes boils or inflected wounds, colds or respiratory infection,
diarrhea or gastrointestinal upsets, and other related illnesses.
The manage or person-in-charge of the establishment shall notify the
health officer or the company physician if any when any employee is
known to have a notifiable disease.
o QUALITY AND PROTECTION OF FOOD
All foods must be obtained from sources approved by the LOCAL
HEALTH AUTHORITY.
FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS
All meats shall come from duly licensed slaughterhouse inspected
and approved by the veterinarian or regulatory authority.
Processing of meat products shall be done as per existing
regulation and in an approved manner.
Fish, shrimp, prawns, and other seafoods, brackish water foods,
surface water foods, and food from aquaculture farms or ponds
shall not come from sources in any manner polluted by sewage,
chemicals, radioactive waste, and other toxic substances.
Vegetables and fruits shall come from safe sources where the soil
is not contaminated by night soil, sewage, and toxic chemicals.
No meat products, fish, vegetables, and other foods shall be
procured from sources of areas known to have been contaminated
with a large amount of radioactive fallout.
All milk and milk products shall come from an approved source
and shall meet the standards and quality established by the
regulatory authority.
TRANSPORTING OF FOOD AND FOOD MATERIALS
All food and food materials shall be transported in sanitary
transporting facilities inspected and approved by the LOCAL
HEALTH OFFICER.
In the TRANSPORT, all food shall be in covered containers,
wrapped, or packed, to be protected from contamination.
All PERISHABLE FOODS shall be kept at 7C (45F) or below;
or 6C (14F) or above during transport.
Exporting and importing of food and food materials shall be
covered by existing regulations of the BUREAU OF FOOD AND
DRUGS and other regulatory agencies.
PREPARATION, STORING, AND SERVING OF FOOD AND
DRINK
All food, while being displayed, stored, prepared, served, or sold,
shall be protected from contamination.
All meats, fish, shellfish, and other sea, brackish water, surface
water, or aquaculture food products shall be properly washed
before cooking and serving.
Milk shall be stored in a refrigerator.
Canned or packaged milk shall be refrigerated after the container
has been opened.
Food to be served cold shall be kept at a temperature below 7C
(45F).
All readily perishable foods shall be stored at 7C (45F) below.
Cooked food intended to be served HOT shall be kept at a
temperature NOT < 60C (140F) and, if possible, be placed over
hot conveyor or food warmer to keep it hot.
Raw fruits and vegetables shall be thoroughly washed with
disinfecting solution if necessary before they are used and cooked.
Tongs, forks, spoons, spatulas, and other suitable utensils shall be
provided and used by the employees to reduce hand contact with
food to a minimum.
Cracked / chipped glasses or cups should be discarded.
o REQUIREMENTS REGARDING THE USE OF FOOD SERVICE SPACES
Plans of proposed food spaces shall be subjected to the approval of the
LOCAL HEALTH OFFICE.
No person shall use any room or place for or in connection with the
preparation, storage, handling, or sale of any article of food:
Which is at anytime used or in direct communication with a
sleeping apartment or toilet.
In which any animal is kept, display of any live animals in the food
areas is strictly prohibited.
Poultry should be kept in caged separate from the food preparation
and serving areas.
FOOD STALLS
Adequate ventilating hood shall be installed in the cooking areas.
Hand washing and dishwashing facilities shall be provided.
All for sale and in storage shall be maintained hot (NOT < 60C) or
cold (NOT > 7C) as the case may be.
All other requirements of a regular restaurant shall be imposed in
the operation of food stalls.
Those that are proposed to be operated outside of the LOCAL
HEALTH OFFICER.
FOOD CARTS
Shall be located preferably inside the fast food area.
Design and construction materials shall be in accordance with the
standard set forth in these implementing rules and regulations.
Foods shall be protected from contaminants by displaying and
storing food for sale in showcase cabinets, showcase refrigerators,
and other similar equipment that will maintain the food either cold
(NOT > 7C) or warm (NOT < 60C).
RESTAURANTS AND OTHER FOOD ESTABLISHMENTS
Shall operate only in accordance with the set sanitation standard as
stipulated in DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH ORDER NO. 258-
B, S. 1991.
o STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS
No sanitary permit shall be issued for any premises to be used for the
preparation, handling, and sale of food unless is constructed in accordance
of the following requirements:
FLOORS
o Shall be constructed of concrete or other impervious or
easily cleaned material that is resistant to wear and
corrosion and shall be adequately graded and drained.
o All angles between the floor and walls shall be rounded off
to a height of NOT < 7.662 CENTIMETERS (3
INCHES) from the floor.
o Constructed of wood with dovetailed or tongue and groove
floorboards laid on a firm foundation and tightly clamped
together with all angles between the floor and walls
rounded off to a height of 7.62 CENTIMETERS (3
INCHES).
o Mts or duckboards, if used shall be constructed as to
facilitate being cleaned and shall be kept clean.
o Weighing scale for wet products shall be provided at the
receiving area and shall always be kept clean.
o Walking and driving surfaces of all exterior areas where
food is served shall be kept clean and free of debris and
shall be properly drained so that water does not accumulate.
o Floor drains shall be provided.
o Floors which are water flushed for cleaning or which
receive discharge of water or other fluid waste form
equipment shall be graded to drain.
WALLS
o Internal surface of walls shall have a smooth, even,
nonabsorbent surface capable of being readily cleaned
without damage to the surface and constructed of dust
proof materials.
o Walls, subjected to wetting or splashing shall be
constructed of impervious, nonabsorbent materials to a
height of NOT < 2 METERS (79 INCHES) from the
floor.
o Internal walls shall be painted in light colors or treated with
such other wall finish as the health officer prescribes.
o Wall covering materials used shall be attached and sealed
to the wall or ceiling as to leave no open space or cracks
which would permit accumulation of grease and debris or
provide harborage for vermin.
o Local decorative materials shall be allowed only in
particular area of the establishment subject to the approval
of the local health officer before installation.
CEILINGS
o All ceilings, or if no ceiling is provided, the entire
undersurface of the roof shall be dust proof and washable.
o Shall be smooth, nonabsorbent, and painted in light color.
LIGHTING
o General standards of illumination provided shall permit
effective inspection and cleaning and shall be of sufficient
intensity and appropriate to the purpose for which any
room or place is used.
o Illumination shall be supplied by a source of light which is
constant, without fluctuation or oscillation except in
nightclubs and the like, that may cause eye fatigues.
o In rooms where food is PREPARED or PACKED or in
which utensils or hands are WASHED, there shall be a
minimum illumination intensity of 20 FOOT CANDLES
(215.2 LUX).
o In premises where food is CONSUMED, there shall be a
minimum illumination intensity of 5 FOOT CANDLES
(53.8 LUX).
o At OTHER AREAS or working surface:
100 FOOT CANDLES (1076 LUX)
Seeing tasks requiring discrimination of fine
detailed under conditions of fair contrast and
where the nature of work is very exact and
prolonged.
50 FOOT CANDLES (538 LUX)
Seeing tasks requiring discrimination of
details over prolonged periods of time and
under conditions of moderate contrast.
10 FOOT CANDLES (107.6 LUX)
Casual seeing tasks not involving
discrimination of fine details.
5 FOOT CANDLES (53.8 LUX)
Rough seeing tasks not requiring critical
seeing.
Supplemental or local lighting shall be added where
the tasks require lighter than is provided by the
general illumination, or where direction of light is
indicated in the form of a low place fixture or a
“spotlight” type of light.
o Lighting fixtures used in areas exposed to extreme
temperatures shall be the type approved by the LOCAL
HEALTH OFFICER.
o Use of COLOR LIGHTS or BULBS in the display of
food or food materials is strictly prohibited.
VENTILATION
o Shall be provided which shall be effective and suitable to
maintain comfortable condition.
o NATURAL AIR SUPPLY in any workroom shall in no
instance be < 0.005 CUBIC METER PER SECOND
PER PERSON.
o In WORKROOMS in which the work is DEMANDING,
a ventilation rate of 0.015 CUBIC METER PER
SECOND PER PERSON is required.
o Shall be adequate to prevent the air from becoming
excessively heated, prevent condensation, and the
formation of excess moisture on walls, ceilings, and for the
removal of objectionable odors, fumes, and impurities.
o TOILETS shall be provided with MECHANICAL
EXHAUST VENTILATION by which the air in such
rooms is changed NOT < 6 TIMES PER HOUR.
o Amount of air circulated in WORKROOMS shall bot
exceed 75%, and in DINING ROOMS shall not exceed
50%.
o In all WORKROOMS, OUTSIDE AIR shall be provided
at the rate of 0.008 CUBIC METER PER SECOND PER
PERSON, or ONE-HALF AIR CHANGE PER HOUR
which is greater.
o Air circulated in workrooms shall be supplied through air
inlets arranged, located, equipped so that the workers are
not subjected to air velocities exceeding 1.02 METER
PER SECOND.
o Effective provision shall be made for securing and
maintaining a reasonable temperature.
o Ideal temperature in all work areas is 26.67C (80F).
CHANGEROOMS
o Shall be provided adequate and suitable lockers or other
facilities for the orderly storage of clothing and personal
belongings of employees or persons engaged or employed
in the premises.
o Shall be situated and arranged that there is no
contamination of food by contact with clothing.
TOILET FACILITIES
o MINIMUM HEIGHT OF CEILING
2.5 METERS
o LIGHTING
NOT < 10 FOOT CANDLES (107.6 LUX)
o NATURAL VENTILATION
Window space shall be AT LEAST 10% of the
floor area of toilet room.
o MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Use of exhaust fans.
TAKE NOTE:
DIFFERENT FOODS have DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE to maintain.
For every food, especially meat, there is a MAXIMUM TIME for it when it is out of the
freezer or even inside it.
DEVIAION and PRODUCT DISPOSITION PROCEDURES must be documented in
the HACCP RECORD KEEPING.
WORKING INSTRUCTIONS and PROCEDURES should be developed which define
the tasks of the operating personnel to be stationed at each CRITICAL CONTROL
POINT.
FOOD HANDLERS must do their medical YEARLY.
SANITARY ENGINEER can be a SANITARY INSPECTOR.
BUREAU OF FOODS AND DRUGS and other regulatory agencies should CONTROL
the entrance of food, especially fake, to the market.
For every specific TYPE OF JOB, there is a PRESCRIBED ILLUMINATION.
Adequate and sanitary toilet facilities shall be provided for the customers
and personnel.
TOILET FACILITIES shall be easily accessible to the customers
and employees.
Adequate HAND-WASHING FACILITIES shall be provided
within or adjacent to the toilet room.
Adequate water for hand-washing purposes shall be provided.
TOILET ROOMS shall be completely enclosed, properly lighted, and
ventilated.
The number of water closet and wash-hand basins to be provided shall be
in accordance with the following:
BARBER SHOPES, BEAUTY PARLORS, AND
TATTOOING SHOPS
o For every 5 CHAIRS, there shall be AT LEAST ONE
HAND-WASHING FACILITY and ONE WATER
CLOSET.
SLENDERIZING SALONS
o Provide ONE WATER CLOSET for each gender for
every 30 CUSTOMERS (WORK-OUTERS).
o Provide ONE SHOWER ROOM for each gender for
every 30 CUSTOMERS (WORK-OUTERS).
o Provide ONE DRINKING FOUNTAIN for each gender
for every 50 CUSTOMERS (WORK-OUTERS).
MINIMUM TOILET SPACE REQUIREMENT:
WATER CLOSET
o 1.50 SQUARE METERS / UNIT
LAVATORIES
o 1.11 SQUARE METTERS / UNIT
URINALS
o 1.11 SQUARE METERS / UNIT
MINIMUM HEIGHT of CEILING is 2.50 METERS
LIGHTING should not be < 10 FOOT CANDLES (107.6 LUX)
NATURAL VENTILATION
Window space shall be AT LEAST 25% of the floor area of the
toilet room.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Provide a 15.24 CENTIMETER DIAMETER EXHAUST FAN
PER 10 CUBIC METER ROOM VOLUME.
MECHANICAL EXHAUST SYSTEM shall be connected to the
light circuits of windowless toilet and bathroom.
o WASH-HAND BASINS
Shall be installed in convenient places and as near as practicable to the
persons for whose use such are provided for or in such locations as maybe
otherwise prescribed.
Installation of wash-hand basins shall be in accordance with the provisions
of the NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES.
Shall be maintained in good repair and in clean condition.
It should be supplied with adequate running water while the premises are
being used.
Soap, nail brush, and clean towels, or other hand drying facilities shall be
provided.
o FIRST AID KITS
All establishments shall be required to provide a first-aid facility or
medical kit for accidents and any sterile material that may be used to stop
flow of blood in cases of wounds.
MASSAGE CLINIC AND SAUNA BATH ESTABLISHMENTS
CHAPTER XIII of PD 856
SANITARY REQUIREMENTS
o Sanitary handwashing, bath, and toilet facilities shall be available.
For every 5 MASSAGE TABLE there should be AT LEAST 1
HANDWASHING FACILITY with HOT and COLD WATER, 1
SHOWER ROOM, and 1 WATER CLOSET.
o 1 SHOWER ROOM, 1 WATER CLOSET, 1 LAVATORY, and 1 URINAL
shall be provided for every 5 CUSTOMERS in the SAUNA BATH.
INDIVIDUAL LOCKERS shall likewise be furnished.
o Customers shall be provided with soap, clean towels, sufficient clean bed linen,
and sanitized rubber or plastic slippers.
They shall be required to take a thorough bath before massage.
Cabinets for supplies shall be provided adjacent to toilet room.
o All plumbing connections and fixtures shall be in accordance with the
NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE OF THE PIHILIPPINES.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Every room shall be provided with AT LEAST 2 REFUSE RECEPTACLES or
CONTAINERS made of impervious materials.
o 1 BIODEGRADABLE WASTE with swing cover.
o 1 NONBIODEGRADABLE WASTE with swing cover.
All receptables or containers shall be provided with tight fitting lids or covers, so
constructed and maintained as to be VERMIN-PROOF and easily cleaned.
Receptacles or containers shall be lined with BLACK COLORED trash bags for
NONBIODEGRADABLE and GREEN COLORED trash bags for
BIODEGRADABLE WASTES.
All public areas in the establishment shall be provided with refuse receptacle with
separate compartment for cigarette butts.
Garbage and other putrescible animal and vegetable wastes shall be collected and
stored in a watertight container with tight-fitting cover, which shall be disposed as
frequent as necessary in an approved manner.
Storage of refuse shall be done in such way that it shall be inaccessible to vermin to
avoid becoming a potential insect and rodent attractant and harborage and cause of
nuisance.
Segregation, collection, storage, and disposal of refuse shall be in accordance with
acceptable sanitary procedures and regulations.
Separate storage room / bin for dry and wet refuse shall be provided.
Refuse storage areas shall always be MAINTAINED and CLEANED.
All refuse shall be disposed ONCE A DAY or MORE FREQUENTLY when
necessary through the collection system or by any approved sanitary method and in
such manner as to prevent nuisance.
All refuse containers or receptacles shall be thoroughly cleaned inside and outside
with water, soap, and brush after every use.
SHARPS shall be disposed in PUNCTURE PROOF CONTAINER and PRE-
TREATED prior to disposal.
VERMIN CONTROL
Owners, operators, or administrators of the establishment shall maintain a vermin
abatement program in the buildings and its surroundings.’
If it fails, neglect or refuse to maintain a vermin abatement program, the LOCAL
HEALTH AGENCY will undertake the work at the expense of the owners, operators, or
administrators.
Guest rooms, bathrooms, and other openings to outdoor space shall be effectively
screened, unless air-conditioned.
All below grade openings, as well as openings in the exterior walls, fountains, ground, or
first floor, and roof, shall be RAT-PROOFED.
o In case of HEAVY RAT INFESTATION, wooden exterior doors shall be
covered with cuff and chain sheet metal and equipped with an automatic closing
device.
Growth of bush, weeds, and grass outside or in the surrounding area of the establishment
shall be controlled to prevent harborage of ticks, bugs, and other noxious insects.
All derating, disinfection, and disinfecting operations shall be handled by
ACCREDITED URBAN PEST CONTROL APPLICATOR under the supervision of
the LOCAL HEALTH OFFICE at the expense of the owner.
PROCEDURE and FREQUENCY of VERMIN ABATEMENT PROGRAM shall be
determined and approved by the LOCAL HEALTH OFFICE.
ARTICLE OF BEDDING
Rooms shall be allocated with clean and freshly laundered fabric and supply materials.
o 3 Single Size Mosquito Nets (If not Air-Conditioned and Screened)
o 6 Bedsheets
o 6 Bedspreads
o 6 Blanket (Where Applicable in Cold Areas)
o 2 Pillows
o 12 Pillowcases
o 6 Bath Towels
o 12 Face Towels
For EACH BED, 2 SHEETS shall be furnished:
o LOWER SHEET
Shall be of sufficient length to fold under both ends of the mattress, where
contour sheets are not used.
o UPPER SHEET
Shall be of sufficient length to fold under the mattress at the lower end and
folded over the cover for AT LEAST 15 CENTIMETERS at top end.
o All sheets shall be changed for each new occupant.
o All bed linens and furnishing shall be kept clean and in good repair / condition.
LIGHTING
All areas in the establishment shall be properly lighted, both natural and artificial.
The minimum standard of illumination that shall be observed:
o
TAKE NOTE:
Ideally, DISINFECTION in establishments should be done TWICE A DAY and
FREQUENLY TOUCHED SURFACES AT LEAST EVERY 2 HOURS.
ESTABLISHMENT WATER SUPPLY shall always be potable because users used in
for hygiene.
It is recommended not to have CROSS-CONNECTION of water supply, especially if
you own TWO or MORE sources to easily identified what sources is contaminated.
WATER PRESSURE shall be maintained at 1.406 KILOGRAM PER SQUARE
CENTIMETERS or 20 PSI.
BOTTLED DRINKING WATER shall be served in its ORIGINAL SEALED
CONTAINER.
ALL ESTABLISHMENT must comply to the CHAPTER XVII – SEWAGE
COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL, EXCRETA DISPOSAL AND DRAINAGE.
SQUAT TYPE TOILET is more effective in releasing the waste in our body, but SEAT
TYPE TOILET is preferred in establishments.
REQUIREMENTS for the number of fixtures shall be revised by the DEPARTMENT
OF HEALTH.
It is required to have a REST SPACE in a workplace.
DRINKING FOUNTAINS or its equivalent shall be readily available.
PLUMBING CONNECTIONS and FIXUTURES is applicable to all establishments.
FIRST-AID KITS shall be provided in all the establishments.
It is recommended to use TIGHT-FITTING BINS to avoid any contact to
contamination.
WET and DRY REFUSES should be stored separately.
Do not put any SHARPS inside the plastic bottles because there is a possibility for it to
puncture the bottle.
VENTILATION and LIGHTING is also important in every establishment.
1 FOOT CANDLE = 10.76 LUX
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
AMERICAN CONFERENCE OF GOVERNMENTAL INDUSTRIAL
HYGIENISTS
o Also known as ACGIH.
o Most of the time they come up standards for exposure, threshold limit values,
sometimes in toxicity, and other similar standards.
o Authority to recommend to the federal agency in the United States like OSHA.
ANNUAL EXAMINATION
o It is the regular PHYSICAL EXAMINATION done ONCE A YEAR.
o Usually this is done by the employees.
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD INSTITUTE
o Also known as ANSI.
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
o Also known as DENR.
DEPARTMENT
o Refers to the DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (DOH).
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT
o Also known as DOLE.
DRY STANDING AREA
o Refers to platform, false floor, and mats.
EFFLUENT
o Refers to discharges known sources which goes into a body of water or land, or
wastewater flowing out from an industrial establishment.
o
EMERGENCY CLINIC
o Enclosed area, room, or building located within the premises of the establishment
and equipped with the necessary medical facilities and supplies, where workers
may be brought for examination and treatment of their injuries or illnesses in case
of emergency.
o Where more elaborate instruments and equipment are made available for the
workers and where the services of a more competent medical staff are provided.
o May handle or treat a few simple cases of injuries or illnesses needing short term
confinement.
o May refer such cases to hospitals.
EMERGENCY CLINIC FACILITY
o Enclosed area or room equipped with the necessary medical facilities and
supplies.
o Located within the premises of the industrial establishment where workers may be
brought for examination and treatment of their injuries or illness in cases of
emergency.
ERGONOMICS
o Scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among
humans and other elements of a system.
o Profession that applies theory, principles, data, and methods to design to optimize
human well-being and overall system performance.
o
FIRST AIDER
o Person trained and duly certified or qualified to administer first-aid by the
PHILIPPINE RED CROSS (PRC) or by any organization recognized by the
DEPARTMENT.
o Trained for resuscitation.
FIRST-AID TREATMENT
o Adequate, immediate, and necessary medical and / or dental attendance or remedy
given in case of injury or sudden illness suffered by the workers, irrespective of
whether or not such illness / injury is occupational in nature, before more
extensive medical and / or dental treatment can be secured.
o Does not include follow-up treatment for and injury or illness.
GLARE
o Excessive luminance in the field of vision which disturbs the adaptation process
of the retina produced by excessive light stimuli.
HAZARD
o Potential source of harm or adverse health effect on a worker.
HEALTH AND SAFETY COMMITTEE
o Industrial establishment’s planning and policy-making group in charge of all
matters pertaining to occupational health and safety.
o Composition of which shall be in accordance with the rule as stated in the
DOLE’S OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY STANDARDS, as
amended.
o Recommends to workers that are necessary for their health and safety.
HIERARCHY OF HAZARD CONTROL
o System used in industrial establishment to minimize or eliminate exposure to
hazards.
o ELIMINATION
Physically removing the hazard.
o SUBSTITUTION
Replacing hazardous raw materials to lesser or nonhazardous materials.
o ENGINEERING CONTROL
Instituting appropriate engineering measures to minimize or control
hazard.
o ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
Limiting or preventing workers’ exposure to the hazards.
o PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
Garments/ equipment that are designed to protect the workers’ body and
body extremities from occupational hazards.
LEAST OPTION.
o
HIGHLY HAZARDOUS WORKPLACE
o Establishment where any or all the following CONDITIONS EXIST:
Nature of work exposes the workers to dangerous environmental elements,
contaminants, or work conditions.
Workers are engaged in construction work, logging, firefighting, mining,
quarrying, and other similar work.
Workers are engaged in the manufacture or handling of explosive, and
other pyrotechnic products.
Workers use or are exposed to power driven or explosive powder actuated
tools and equipment.
Workers are exposed to biological agents.
INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENT
o Workplace, which is either engaged in the manufacture, storage, sale, distribution,
treatment, and disposal of goods or processing or raw materials into end products
except mining and quarrying operations.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
o Science and art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of
those environmental factors or stresses, arising in or from the workplace which
cause sickness, impairs health and inefficiency among workers, as well as the
surrounding communities.
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENIST
o INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE PRACTITIONER involved with the monitoring and
analytical methods required to detect the extent of exposure, employing
engineering, and other methods for hazard control.
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
o Any solid, semi-solid, liquid, or gaseous waste material with no commercial value
released by industrial establishment other than excluded material.
LARGE SCALE INDUSTRIES
o Industrial establishments employing 200 WORKERS or MORE.
INVESTMENT PROMOTION AGENCY
o Also known as IPA.
o Authority managing Economic Zones, Freeport Zones, Industrial Estates, and
Retirement Areas as identified by the DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND
INDUTRY (DTI).
LESS HAZARDOUS WORKPLACE
o Industrial establishment where none of the conditions under highly hazardous
workplace exists in its principal activity.
LUX
o Unit of measurement for ILLUMINATION which is equivalent to 1 LUMEN
OER SQUARE METER.
MEDICAL STAFF
o Industrial establishment’s physicians, nurses, dentists, and first-aiders with
adequate training on occupational health and safety.
o FULL TIME
Service rendered for 8 HOURS PER DAY, 48 HOURS PER WEEK.
o PART IME
Service rendered for AT LEAST 4 HOURS PER DAY, 24 HOURS
PER WEEK.
MEDIUM SCALE INDUSTRIES
o Industrial establishments employing 51 – 199 WORKERS.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PRACTITIONER
o OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH WORKER duly licensed to practice his
profession in the Philippines and possessing all the additional qualifications
required by the DEPARTMENT and / or DOLE.
ORALLY FIT
o Condition of a worker who is certified by the occupational dentist found to have
healthy gums with no calculus, all unsavable teeth extracted, and all carious teeth
with temporary or permanent fillings at the time of employment.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES
o Services entrusted with essentially preventive functions and responsible for
advising the employer, workers, and their representatives in the establishment of
the following:
Requirements for establishing and maintaining a safe and healthy working
environment which will facilitate optimal physical and mental health in
relation to work.
Adaptation of work to the capabilities of workers in the light of their state
of physical and mental health.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH WORKERS
o Qualified first aider, nurse, dentist, or physician, whose service have been
engaged by the employer in order to provide occupational health service in the
industrial establishments.
OUTFALL
o Outlet of a drain or sewer.
o
PRE-EMPLOYMENT MEDICAL EXAMINATION
o Physical and diagnostic examination conducted before an applicant is accepted or
hired for employment.
RISK
o Chance or probability that a worker will be harmed or experience an adverse
health effect if exposed to a hazard.
SAFETY DATA SHEET
o Also known as SDS.
o Also known as MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS).
o Document that describes the identity of a substance which includes the following:
Composition / Information on Ingredients
Hazard Identification
First-Aid Measures
Firefighting Measures
Accidental Release
Handling and Storage
Exposure Controls and Personal Protection
Physical and Chemical Properties
Stability and Reactivity
Toxicological Information
Ecological Information
Disposal Considerations
Transport and Regulatory Information
o
SANITARY SEWAGE
o Domestic sewage containing human excrement and household liquid.
SEPARATION EXAMINATION
o Physical examination conducted prior to the resignation or termination of the
employment of the workers.
SEPTIC TANK
o Water-tight receptacle which receives the discharge of a plumbing system or part
thereof.
o Designed to accomplish the partial removal and digestion of suspended solid
matter in the sewage through a period of detention.
SEWER
o Pipeline conveying sewage from the building to the septic tank or to any point of
discharge.
SEWERAGE SYSTEM
o Pipeline or conduits, pumping stations, force mains constructed drainage ditched,
and all other constructions, devices, and appurtenances for collecting or
conducting sewage and industrial wastes or other wastes to a point of treatment
discharge or ultimate disposal.
SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES
o Establishments employing 50 WORKERS or LESS.
SPECIAL EXAMINATIONS
o Specific medical examinations required or the type or nature of exposure or
workers.
THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES
o Also known as TLV.
o AIRBORNE CONCENTRATION of substances.
o Represent conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be
repeated exposed daily without adverse effect.
WATERWORKS
o System of reservoirs, channels, mains, pumping, and purifying equipment by
which a water supply is obtained and distributed.
WORKERS
o Employed person regardless of nationality in the industrial establishment.
WORKPLACE
o Where workers are habitually employed.
o Shall include the office or place where the workers who have no fixed or definite
worksite, regularly report for assignment in the course of their employment.
RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYER, WORKER, AND HEALTH AND SAFETY
COMMITTEE
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE EMPLOYER
o Provides, installs, and maintains in good condition all control facilities and
protective barriers for the potential and actual hazards in the workplace.
o Capacitates all affected workers regarding the nature of the hazards and the
reasons for the control measures and protective equipment.
o Provides the following MEDICAL HEALTH EXAMINATIONS for free:
Pre-Employment Examination
Annual Periodic Examination
Return to Work Medical Examination
Transfer Examination
Exit Examination
Special Examination as related to worker’s exposure to potential or actual
hazards in the workplace.
o Provides adequate and appropriate Personal Protective Equipment free of charge.
In addition, conducts worker’s training on the proper use of PPE annually.
o Ensures strict compliance on the regular use and proper maintenance of PPE.
o Ensure compliance on the prescribed TLVs or exposure limits.
o Ensures that their contractor service providers shall also conform to the provisions
this RIRR.
o Creates, supports, and monitors the occupational health programs / activities
through the health and safety committee.
o Submits yearly reports required by the DEPARTMENT or the LOCAL
HEALTH AUTHORITY.
DOH / IH / EQRM 9.
REPONSIBILITIES OF THE WORKERS
o Strictly observe and practice the use of PPE and other control measures.
o Observe the proper use and maintenance of equipment provided to them by their
employers.
o Report potential health hazards present in the work environment to the health and
safety committee.
o Cooperate in the implementation of health and safety programs and inspections.
o All workers shall submit himself to the following health examinations:
Pre-Employment Examination
Annual Periodic Examination
Return to Work Medical Examination
Transfer Examination
Exit Examination
Special Examination as needed.
o All workers shall SECURE HEALTH CERTIFICATE from the health officer.
RESPONSIBILITES OF THE HEALTH AND SAFETY COMMITTEE
o Implements and monitors occupational health programs / activities of the
industrial establishment.
o Conduct regular health and safety meeting AT LEAST 1 MONTH.
o Review reports of inspection, accident, and illness investigations and
implementation of program.
o Submits progress reports to the manager / employer on a quarterly basis.
o Provides necessary assistance to government inspectors during the conduct of
inspection.
o Initiates and supervises health and safety trainings of workers.
o Develops and maintains a DISASTER CONTINGENCY PLAN and organizes
such emergency service units as may be necessary to handle disaster situations,
pursuant to the EMERGENVY PREPAREDNESS MANUAL FOR
INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENT OF THE OFFICE OF THE CIVIL
DEFENSE.
o Furnishes the DEPARTMENT or the LOCAL HEALTH UTHORITY a copy
of the EMPLOYER’S WORK ACCIDENT / ILLNESS REPORTS submitted
to DOLE.
SANITARY REQUIREMENTS IN THE OPERATION OF INDUSTRIAL
ESTABLISHMENTS
WATER SUPPLY
o POTABLE WATER SUPPLY shall be provided to all workers.
o Adequate potable water supply approved as to source and distribution by the
DEPARTMENT shall be provided in all places of employment.
o Approved standard type of drinking water facilities readily accessible shall be
provided to all workers in the ration of 1 FACILITY for every 50 WORKERS.