PUBLIC HEALTH

 Science and art of PREVENTING diseases, PROLONGING life, and PROMOTING

health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations,
public and private communities, and individuals.
 Ecological in perspective, multisectoral in scope and collaborative in strategy.
 Aims to improve the health of communities through an organized community effort.
 PUBLIC HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURES
o Need to reflect that it is an INTERDISCIPLINARY pursuit with a commitment
to equity, public participation, sustainable development, and freedom from war.
o It is part of global commitment and strategy.
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
 Addresses physical, chemical, biological factors external to a person, and related factors
impacting behavior.
 Assessment and control of environmental factors that can potentially affect the health.
 Preventing diseases and creating health-supportive environments.
 Excludes any behavior that is not related to environment.
 Protection against environmental factors that may adversely affect human health or
ecological balances that are essential for long term environmental quality.
 Studies how environment influences human health and disease.
 This is applicable to both natural environment, social environment, and man-made
environment.
 Deals with the consequences of human alteration to the natural environment.
 DIFFERENT SCOPES:
o Water Supplies
o Wastewater Treatment
o Waste Management
o Vector Control
o Prevention and Control of Land Pollution
o Air Quality Management
o Environmental Radiation Hazards
o Occupational Health and Safety (ESE133-2)
o Accommodation Establishments
o Environmental Impact Assessments
o Poor Health
o Accident Prevention
o Public Recreation and Tourism Environmental Health
o Environmental Health Measures
o Establishment of an Effective Environmental Health Surveillance and Information
System
 o Research on environmental Health Issues

ENVIRONMENT
 Things that are found in the natural environment.
 Physical, chemical, biological, and social features of our surroundings.
 Contains many trace substances at a wide range of concentrations
 Under different temperature and pressure conditions.
 Everybody’s business and leads to a great number of difficulties.
FACTORS AFFECTING ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
 Physical
 Biological
 Social / Psychosocial / Socioeconomic
HEALTHY / HARMONIOUS ENVIRONMENT
 Clean Air
 Safe and Sufficient Water
 Sa, Nutritious, and Accessible Food
 Safe and String Settlements
 Stable Global Environment
EARTH
 Main reaction vessel.
 Complex reactions take place.
 A closed system where atoms and molecules are neither created nor destroyed, and where
balance is maintained.
SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
 Industry and Energy Supply
 Dust
 Agricultural Practices
 Household Energy
 Waste Management
 Transport
SOURCES OF SOIL POLLUTANTS
 Industrial (Heavy Metals)
 Land Disposal
 Irrigation (Treated Wastewater)
 Sea and Surface Water (Salt Intrusion)
 Domestic / Municipal (Surfactants)
  Atmosphere (Acid Rain)
 Agrochemicals (Pesticides)
SOURCES OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
 Leakage
 Disposal Well / Injection Well
 Irrigation
 Percolation
 Pumping Well
FOOD CHAIN TRANSPORT
 Consumption of contaminated products may be a significant pathway of human
exposures to contaminants.

TAKE NOTE:
 Humans impact the physical environment in many ways.
 Changes may trigger climate change, soil erosion, poor quality of air, and poor quality of
water.
 Negative impacts may affect HUMAN BEHAVIOR.
 Negative effects may also prompt MASS MIGRATIONS or BATTLES OVER
CLEAN WATER.
 AIR POLLUTION (both OUTDOOR and HOUSEHOLD) is a SILENT KILLER.
o A child who is exposed to unsafe levels of pollution can face a lifetime of health
impacts.
o Most impacted:
 Children
 Women
  Outdoor Workers
 Forest comprises 31% of the total landmass of the Earth. They are vital for the
absorption of carbon dioxide emissions to filter the air we breathe. They are also
responsible to produce vital oxygen essential or living organisms.
 HEAVY METALS cause NEUROTOXICITY.
 GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE fuels the spread of INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
 SOUND ENVIRONMENT is also important to human health.
 RELEASE = CONTAMINANTS

DISEASE CAUSATION AND IMMUNITY

INFECTIOUS DISEASE
 Microorganisms that can sometimes make us sick with infectious diseases and it is called
PATHOGENS.
PATHOGENS
 Can be found in various compartments of the body, where they must be combated by
different host defense mechanisms.
 All have an EXTRACELLULAR PHASE where they are vulnerable to antibody-
mediated effector mechanisms.
 INTRACELLULAR PHASE is not accessible to antibody and are attacked by T
CELLS.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIANGLE
 HOST
o Organisms that gets the disease.
o Infected reservoir host that carry the pathogen.
o Which a parasite obtains its nutrition and/or shelter itself.
o They can be environment or human beings.
o Final link in the chain of infection is the SUSCEPTIBLE HOST.
 AGENT
o Disease causing organisms.
o Infectious microorganisms or pathogens.
o Virus, bacterium, parasite, or other microbe.
o Must be present for disease to OCCUR.
 VECTOR
o Living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from
animals to humans.
o Many are BLOODSUCKING INSECTS.
 ENVIRONMENT
 o Realm that which the interaction between the host and agent transpires.
o Sometimes it is considered a HOST.
CHAIN OF INFECTION
 TRANSMISSION occurs when agent leaves its reservoir or host through a PORTAL
OF EXIT.
 Enters through an appropriate PORTAL OF ENTRY to infect SUSCEPTIBLE HOST.
 PORTAL OF EXIT
o Path by which a pathogen leaves its host.
o Usually corresponds to the site where the pathogen is localized.
o Some bloodborne agents can exit through cuts or needles in the skin
(HEPATITIS B) or blood sucking arthropods (MALARIA).
 MODES OF TRANSMISSION
o DIRECT TRANSMISSION
 Infectious agent is transferred from a reservoir to a susceptible host.
 Occurs through skin to skin contact, kissing, and sexual intercourse.
 Contact with soil or vegetation harboring infectious organisms.
 Direct contact.
 DROPLET SPREAD
 Spray with relatively large, short range aerosols produces by
sneezing coughing, or talking.
o INDIRECT TRANSMISSION
 Transfer of an infectious agent from a reservoir to a host by suspended air
particles, inanimate objects, or animate intermediaries.
 AIRBORNE
 Infectious agents are carried by the dust or droplet nuclei
suspended in the air.
 Droplet nuclei are dried residue of < 5 MICRONS in size.
 VEHICLEBORNE
 May indirectly transmit an infectious agent include food, water,
biological products, and fomites.
 May passively carry a pathogen.
 May provide an environment in which agent grows, multiplies, or
produces toxin.
 VECTORBORNE
 MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION
o Such as flies carrying Shigella on their appendages.
o Fleas carrying Yersinia pestis in their guts.
 BIOLOGICAL TRANSMISSION
 PORTAL OF ENTRY
o Way pathogen enters a susceptible host.
 o Must provide access to tissues in which the pathogen can multiply, or a toxin can
act.
o Infectious agents use the same portal to enter a new host that they used to exit
source host.

SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
 Organisms that have weak immunity system.
RESERVOIR
 Habitat in which the agent LIVES, GROWS, and MULTIPLIES.
 Humans, animals, and environment.
 MAY or MAY NOT be the source from which an agent is transferred to a host.
HUMAN RESERVOIR
 Most common reservoir of common infectious diseases.
 Diseases that are transmitted person with intermediaries.
ANIMAL RESERVIOR
 Humans are also subject to diseases that have animal reservoirs.
 Many of these diseases are transmitted from animal to animal, with humans as
INCIDENTAL HOSTS.
 ZOONOSIS
o Infectious disease that is transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate
animals to humans.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESERVOIRS
 Plants, soil, and water in the environment are also reservoirs for some infectious agents.
 Many fungal agents live and multiply in the soil.
IMMUNITY
 Network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body.
IMMUNE RESPONSE
 INNATE IMMUNITY
o Occurs IMMEDIATELY when circulating the innate cells recognize a problem.
 ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
o Occurs LATER as it relies on the coordination and expansion of specific adaptive
immune cells.
IMMUNE MEMORY
  Follows the ADAPTIVE RESPONSE, when mature adaptive cells, highly specific to
the original pathogen, are retained for later use.
MACROPHAGES
 Principal phagocytic components of the immune system.
 Ingest and destroy foreign particles.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
 Network of tissues and organs.
 Help rid the body of toxins, waste, and other unwanted materials.
 Transports LYMPH throughout the body.
o A fluid that contains infection fighting white blood cells.
ANTIGEN, ANTIBODY, AND LYMPHOCYTE
 Phagocytic cells destroy viral and bacterial antigens by eating them, while B CELLS
produce antibodies that bind to and inactivate antigens.
VACCINATION
 Also known as IMMUNIZATION.
 Way to train your immune system against a specific pathogen.
 Achieves immune memory without an actual infection.
 Effective vaccine source will optimally activate both the INNATE and ADAPTIVE
RESPONSE.
 The goal of VACCINE DESIGN is to select immunogens that will generate the most
effective and efficient memory response against a pathogen.
IMMUNOGEN
 Used to activate the adaptive immune response so that specific memory cells are
generated.
EPIDEMMIOLOGY
 Comes from the Greek words
o EPI
 On or upon.
o DEMOS
 People.
 Study of what befalls a population.
 Method used to find the causes of health outcomes and diseases in populations.
 PATIENT is the community.
 INDIVIDUALS are viewed collectively.
  Study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in specified
populations.
 Application is the control of health problems.
 Basic science of public health.
 Method of casual reasoning based on developing and testing hypotheses grounded in such
scientific fields.
 Integral component of public health.
 Provides foundation for directing practical and appropriate public health action based on
this science and causal reasoning.
 Originally focused exclusively on EPIDEMICS of communicable diseases but
subsequently expanded to address ENDEMIC communicable diseases and
noncommunicable infectious diseases.
HISTORY OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RELATED DISEASES
 CIRCA 400 BC
o HIPPOCRATES
 Attempted to explain disease occurrence from a rational than a
supernatural viewpoint.
 Environmental and host factors such as behaviors might influence the
development of disease.
 1662
o JOHN GRAUNT
 London councilman published a landmark analysis of mortality data in
1662.
 First to qualify patterns of birth, death, and disease occurrence, noting
disparities between males and females, high infant mortality, urban and
rural differences, and seasonal variations.
 1800
o WILLIAM FARR
 Considered to be the FATHER OF MODERN VITAL STATISTICS
AND SURVEILLANCE.
 Developed many of the basic practices used today in vital statistics and
disease classification.
 1854
o JOHN SNOW
 Anesthesiologist.
 Considered to be the FATHER OF FIELD EPIDEMIOLOGY.
 Conducted studies of CHOLERA OUTBREAKS to discover the causes
and prevent its recurrence.
 TH TH
19 AND 20 CENTURIES
o MID- and LATE- 1800
 Investigation of disease occurrence, focusing on acute infectious diseases.
 o 1930 - 1940s
 Epidemiologists extended their methods to non-infectious diseases.
o 1960 – EARLY 1970s
 Health workers applied epidemiologic methods to eradicate naturally
occurring smallpox worldwide.
 Achievement in applied epidemiology of unprecedented proportions.
o 1980s
 Extended to the studies of injuries and violence.
o 1990s
 Related field of molecular and genetic epidemiology took root.
 TH
20 CENTURIES
o Public health workers accept the use of epidemiology regularly to characterize the
health of their community and to solve day to day problems, large and small.
ENVIRONMENT RELATED DISEASES
 AIRBORNE DISEASES
o Kills an estimated 7 MILLION people worldwide every year.
o According to World Health Organization, 9 OUT OF 10 people breathe air
containing HIGH LEVELS of pollutants.
o Has a DIRECT NEGATIVE EFFECT on human health.
o Results to cardiac and respiratory diseases, bronchitis, pneumonia, and death.
 WATERBORNE DISEASES
o Even our clearest streams, rivers, and lakes can contain chemical pollutants.
o HEAVY METALS can produce severe organ damage.
o Some chemicals can interfere the development of organs and tissues, causing birth
effects.
o Some of the waterways also contain human and animal wastes.
o Caused by variety of microorganisms, biotoxins, and toxic contaminants.
o Leads to devastating illnesses such as CHOLERA, SCHISTOSOMIASIS, and
OTHER GASTROINTESTINAL PROBLEMS.
 CHOLERA
 Acute diarrheal disease that can kill within hours if left untreated.
 Each year there are 1.3 MILLION to 4 MILLION cases.
 21,000 to 143,000 deaths worldwide.
 80% can be successfully treated with ORAL REHYDRATION
SOLUTION (ORS).
 EPIDEMIOLOGY:
o Provision of safe water and sanitation is critical to control
the transmission.
o Safe oral cholera vaccines should be used with
improvements in water and sanitation to control outbreaks.
 o A global strategy on cholera control with a target to reduce
cholera deaths by 90% was launched in 2017.
o It is an extremely virulent disease that can cause SEVERE
WATERY DIARRHEA.
o Takes between 12 HOURS and 5 DAYS for a person to
show symptoms after ingesting contaminated food or water.
o It can be ENDEMIC or EPIDEMIC.
 CHOLERA ENDEMIC AREA
 Were confirmed cholera cases were detected
during the last 3 YEARS with evidence of
LOCAL TRANSMISSION.
 Outbreak can be SEASONAL or
SPORADIC.
 Represents a greater than expected number
of cases.
 In a country where cholera does not
regularly occur, outbreak is defined by the
occurrence of AT LEAST 1 confirmed case
of cholera with evidence of LOCAL
TRANSMISSION in an area where there is
not usually cholera.
 CHOLERA OUTBREAK / EPIDEMIC
 Both endemic countries and countries where
cholera does not regularly occur.
 PREVENTION AND CONTROL:
o Combination of surveillance, water sanitation, hygiene,
social mobilization, treatment, and oral cholera vaccines
are used.
o GLOBAL ROADMAP:
 EARLY DETECTION AND QUICK
RESPONSE TO CONTAIN OUTBREAKS
 Focuses on containing the outbreaks through
early detection and multisectoral response.
 TARGETED MULTISECTORAL APPROACH
 Focuses on prevention of cholera recurrence.
 Calls on countries and partners to focus on
cholera hotspots.
 EFFECTIVE MECHANISMS OF
COORDINATION FOR TECHNICAL
SUPPORT, ADVOCACY, RESOURCE
MOBILIZATION, AND PARTNERSHIP AT
LOCAL AND GLOBAL LEVELS
TAKE NOTE:
 Microorganisms capable of causing disease that usually enter human bodies through
mouth, eyes, nose, or urogenital openings, or through wound or bites.
 MOSQUITOES are best known disease vector.
 BOTULISM INFECTION is improperly canned food containing C. BOTULINUM
SPORES.
 HUMANS were the only reservoir for the smallpox virus.
 SOIL is common “playground” of pathogens because it has nutrients and other factors
that makes the pathogens exist.
 Outbreaks of LEGIONNAIRE’S DISEASE are often traced to water supplies in cooling
towers.
 YEARSINIA PESTIS
o Causative agent of plague.
 Susceptibility of a host depends on GENETIC or CONSTITUTIONAL FACTORS,
SPECIFIC IMMUNITY, and NONSPECIFIC FACTORS that affect an individual’s
ability to resist infection or to limit pathogenicity.
 Individual’s genetic makeup may either increase or decrease susceptibility.
 Portals of exit and entry, and modes of transmission provides a basis for determining
appropriate control measures.
 CONTROL MEASURES
o Usually directed against the segment in the infection chain that is most susceptible
to intervention.
 DROPLET NUCLEI = 5 MICRONS
 Water could serve as a vehicle for transmitting cholera.
 Cholera transmission is closely linked to INADEQUATE ACCESS to CLEAN
WATER and SANITATION FACILITIES.

HISTORY OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE PHILIPPINES

 PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
o Ancient Filipinos regarded health as a harmonious relationship with the
environment, both natural and supernatural.
o Early Filipinos were good physicians who used medicinal herbs.
o Filipinos boasted an extensive knowledge of medicinal botany, making the
Spanish historian MIGUEL DE LOARCA report that the natives were good
physicians and had a remedy for every poison.
o Rural faith healer would prescribe WELL MASTICATED BETEL NUT
LEAVES and ARECA NUT LEAVES.
 SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
o Philippine health system formally evolved.
 o Introduced health infrastructures like hospitals and water systems.
o First hospital was built in CEBU in 1565 was later transferred in MANILA as the
seat of the colonial government to cater to the need of the Spanish army and navy.
o 1578
 FR. JUAN CLEMENTE established the first medical institutions:
 SAN JUAN DE DIOS HOSPITAL
o Treats the disabled, abandoned, and poor.
 SAN LAZARO HOSPITAL.
o Care for LEPERS.
o 1583
 First recorded outbreak of CHOLERA.
 BERI BERI DISEASE was discovered
o Spain introduced a SMALLPOX VACCINE.
o Introduced QUARANTINE.
o Introduced the first medical school in the Philippines, UNIVERSITY OF
SANTO TOMAS FACULTY OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY.
o SEÑOR CARRIEDO
 Introduces the construction of WATER SYSTEM.
 Introduces PIPED WATER.
 CARRIEDO WATERWORKS.
o Introduced medical education and different types of medical infrastructures.
o Started the examination of foods, laboratories, and forensic medicine.
o Introduced vaccination but Filipinos fund it ineffective.
 PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION AND AMEROCAN COLONIAL PERIOD
o EMILIO AGUINALDO
 Introduced PUBLIC SANITATION.
 Introduced BUREAU OF PUBLIC HEALTH.
o Provided for better healthcare by building more hospitals and implementing
measures.
o Formal medical education and more medical benefits were given to Filipinos.
o EARLY PRE-OCCUAPTION OF THE AMERICANS WITNESSED THE
FOLLOWING:
 CONTROL OF EPIDEMICS
 FIGHT AGAINST OTHER COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
 ESTABLISHMENT OF HEALTH ORGANIZATION,
ADMINISTRATION, AND GENERAL SANITATION
o Introduced CREMATION.
o Vaccination is much more effective than the Spanish vaccination.
o Introduced GOOD DIETARY PRACTICE and PROPER PERSONAL
HYGIENE.
 o Introduced INCINERATION OF WASTES, sanitary method of HUMAN
WASTE DISPOSAL.
TAKE NOTE:
 Public health is not exclusive to one discipline.
 Malaria, dengue, and schistosomiasis were endemic to Southern China. They were
brought to Philippine shores by the Chinese traders.
 CHOLERA worst epidemic in the Philippines.

NATIONAL CODES, LAWS, AND REGULATIONS

 PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1096
o THE NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
 SECTION 102. DECLARATION OF POLICY
 Policy to safeguard life, health, property, and public welfare,
consistent with the principles of sound environmental management
and control.
 Provide all buildings and structures a framework of their location,
site, design quality of materials, construction, use, occupancy, and
maintenance.
o RULE IX – SANITAITON
 SECTION 901. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
 All erected, altered, remodeled, relocated, or repaired buildings
shall be provided with an adequate and potable water supply,
plumbing installation, and suitable wastewater treatment or
disposal system, storm water drainage, pest and vermin control,
noise abatement device, and such other measures required for the
protection and promotion of health of every individuals.
 SECTION 902. WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
 Potable water requirements for a building used for human
habitation shall be supplied from existing municipal or city
waterworks system.
 Quality of drinking water from meteoric, surface, or underground
sources shall conform to the criteria set in the latest approved
National Standards for Drinking Water Standards.
 Design, construction, and operation of deep wells for the
abstractions of groundwater shall be subjected to the provisions of
the Water Code of the Philippines (PD 1067).
 Design, construction, and operation of independent water work
systems of private housing or industrial estates shall be governed
by existing laws of relating to local waterworks systems.
  Water piping installation for water supply and distribution to each
fixture shall conform to the provision of the Revised National
Plumbing Code of the Philippines.
 SECTION 903. WASTEWATER DISPOSAL SYSTEM
 Sanitary sewage from buildings and neutralized or pretreated
industrial wastewater shall be discharged directly into the nearest
street sanitary sewer main of existing municipal or city sanitary
sewerage. In accordance to Code on Sanitation of the Philippines
and Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
 All buildings located in areas where there are no available sanitary
sewerage system shall dispose their sewage to “IMHOFF” or
septic tank and subsurface absorption field or to a suitable
wastewater treatment plant or disposal system. In accordance to
Code on Sanitation of the Philippines and Revised National
Plumbing Code of the Philippines.
 Sanitary and industrial plumbing installations inside buildings and
premises shall conform to Revised National Plumbing Code of the
Philippines.
 SECTION 904. STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM
 Rainwater drainage shall not discharge to the sanitary sewer
system.
 Adequate provisions shall be made to drain rainwater from low
areas in buildings and their premises.
 Drainage pipe installation and sewerage system of any premises
and/or connection with any public disposal or any acceptable
terminal shall conform to Revised National Plumbing Code of the
Philippines.
 SECTION 905. PEST AND VERMIN CONTROL
 All buildings with hollow and/or wood construction shall be
provided with RAT-PROOFING.
 Garbage bins and receptacles shall be provided with ready means
for cleaning and with positive protection against entry of pests and
vermin.
 Dining rooms for public use without artificial ventilation shall be
properly screened.
 SECTION 906. NOISE POLLUTION CONTROL
 Industrial establishments shall be provided with positive noise
abatement devices to tone down the noise level of equipment and
machineries to acceptable limits. In accordance to Department of
Labor and Employment and Department of Environmental and
Natural Resources.
  Noises as unwanted sound both in QUALITY, INTENSITY, and
EXCESSIVE VIBRATION shall conform to acceptable limits.
 SECTION 907. PIPES MATERIALS
 All pipe materials to be used shall conform to the standard
specifications of the Bureau of Product Standards (BPS) and
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI).
 REPUBLIC ACT 6969. TOXIC SUBSTANCES, HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR
WASTE CONTROL ACT OF 1990
o Import, manufacture, processing, handling, storage, transportation, sale,
distribution, use, and disposal of all unregulated chemical substances and
mixtures in the Philippines.
 REPUBLIC ACT 8749. PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999
o Comprehensive air quality management policy and program which aims to
achieve and maintain healthy air for all Filipinos.
 REPUBLIC ACT 9003. ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT
OF 2000
o For the efficient solid waste management, for the volume reduction of the waste,
its environment friendly disposal, composting, recycling, reuse, recovery, green
charcoal process.
o For collection, treatment, and disposal in environmentally sound solid waste
management facilities whereas it shall be possible to correctly dispose the proper
segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment, and disposal of solid waste.
 REPUBLIC ACT 9275. PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004
o Protects the country’s water bodies form pollution land-based sources.
o To improve water quality and prevent pollution through comprehensive and
integrated water management.
o First attempt of the Philippine government in consolidating different laws
concerning water resources management as well as water supply and sanitation.
o TO IMPROVE SANITATION AND WASTEWATER TREAMENT IN THE
COUNTRY.
 DOH ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 2017-0010. PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATEROF 2017
o Revisions are made to update the drinking water standards to prevent waterborne
diseases.
 REPUBLIC ACT 1378. THE PLUMBING LAW OF THE PHILIPPINES (1955,
AMENDED IN 1959)
o This became THE NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
1999
o BASIC PRINCIPLES:
 PRINCIPLE NO. 1
 All premises for human habitation, occupancy, or use shall be
provided with a supply of pure and wholesome water.
  Neither connected with unsafe water supplies nor subject to
hazards of backflow or back-siphonage.
 PRINCIPLE NO. 3
 Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum
quantity of water consistent with proper performance and cleaning.
 PRINCIPLE NO. 5
 Every building having plumbing fixtures installed and intended for
human habitation, occupancy, or use on premises abutting on a
street, alley, or easement where there is a public sewer, shall be
connected to the SEWER SYSTEM.
 PRINCIPLE NO. 6
 Each family dwelling unit on premises abutting on a sewer or with
private sewage disposal system shall have AT LEAST ONE
WATER CLOSET and ONE KITCHEN TYPE SINK.
 Lavatory and bathtub or shower shall be installed to meet the basic
requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene.
 PRINCIPLE NO. 7
 Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-absorbent material,
free from concealed fouling surfaces and shall be in the ventilated
enclosures.
 PRINCIPLE NO. 8
 Drainage system shall be designed, constructed, and maintained to
safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging, and with
adequate cleanouts so arranged that the pipes may be readily
cleaned.
 PRINCIPLE NO. 10
 Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be
equipped with WATER SEALED TRAP.
 PRINCIPLE NO. 11
 Drainage piping system shall be designed to provide adequate
circulation of air free from siphonage, aspiration, or forcing of trap
seals under ordinary use.
 PRINCIPLE NO. 12
 Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to preempt
clogging and the return of foul air to the building.
 PRINCIPLE NO. 13
 Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to effectively
disclose all leaks and defects in the workmanship.
 PRINCIPLE NO. 14
 No substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive
mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints or interfere unduly with
 the sewage disposal process shall be allowed to enter the building
drainage system.
 PRINCIPLE NO. 15
 Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of
food, water, sterile goods, and similar materials by backflow of
sewage.
 Fixture, device, or appliance shall be connected indirectly with the
building drainage system.
 PRINCIPLE NO. 16
 No water closet shall be in a room or compartment which is not
properly lighted and ventilated.
 PRINCIPLE NO. 17
 If water closets or other plumbing fixtures are installed in buildings
where there is no sewer within a reasonable distance, suitable
provisions shall be made for disposing of the building sewage by
some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal.
 PRINCIPLE NO. 18
 Plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of sewage,
suitable provisions shall be made to prevent its overflow in the
building.
 PRINCIPLE NO. 22
 Sewage or other waste from a plumbing system shall not be
discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless first
rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of
treatment.
 PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 1067, s. 1976 THE WATER CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
o ARTICLE 2. THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS CODE
 Establish the basic principles and framework relating to the appropriation,
control, and conservation of water resources to achieve the optimum
development and rational utilization of resources.
 Define the extent of the right and obligations of water users and owners.
 Adopt a basic law governing the ownership, appropriation, utilization,
exploitation, development, conservation, and protection of water resources
and rights to land related thereto.
 Identify the administrative agencies which will enforce this Code.
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6234 OF 1971. AN ACT CREATING THE
METROPOLITAN WATERWORKS AND SEWERAGE SYSTEM DISSOLVING
THE NATIONAL WATERWORKS AND SEWERAGE AUTHOTIY; AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES
o SECTION 1. DECLARATION OF POLICY
  Establishments, operations, and maintenance of such systems must be
supervised and controlled by the state.
 Ensure proper operation and maintenance of waterworks system.
 PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 198. THE PROVINCIAL WATER UTILITIES
ACT OF 1973
o Declaring a national policy favoring local operation and control of water systems.
o Authorizing the formation of local water districts and providing for the
government and administration of such districts.
o Chartering nation administration to facilitate improvement of local water utilities.
o Granting said administration such powers as are necessary to optimize public
service from water utility operations and for other purposes.
 PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 856. THE CODE ON SANITATION OF THE
PHILIPPINES
o “BIBLE” of Environmental and Sanitary Engineers.
o Empower the Department of Health with the following powers and functions
o Undertake promotion and preservation of the health of the people and raise the
health standards of individuals and communities throughout the Philippines.
o Extend maximum health services to the people in rural areas and provide medical
care to those who cannot afford it.
o Develop, administer, and coordinate various health activities and services.
o Upgrade the standards of medical practice, quality of health services and
programs.
o Assist local health agencies in developing health programs.
o Issue permits to establish and operate government and private hospitals, clinics,
dispensaries, schools of nursing, midwifery, and other paramedical course,
puericulture centers, clinical laboratories, and blood banks.
TAKE NOTE:
 NATIONAL STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER STANDARDS REVISIONS
are dependent on the quality of water.
 Every wastewater should have its own piping system.
 DOH continuously review and revise the standards of needed.
 When you make a settlement for people who cannot afford house, you have to make sure
that it has a proper water supply system and wastewater system.

SYSTEMS APPROACH TO SANITATION: GOALS, COVERAGE, STRATEGIES,

BENEFICIARIES
 BENEFITS OF IMPROVING SANITATION
o Reducing the risk of diarrhea.
 Reducing the spread of intestinal worms, schistosomiasis, and trachoma.
  Reducing the severity and impact of malnutrition.
 Promoting dignity to women.
 Promoting school attendance.
 Potential recovery of water, renewable energy, and nutrients from fecal
waste.
 GOALS AND BENEFICIARIES
o Ensure availability and sustainable management of water sanitation for all
especially the poorest of the poor.
o SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL TARGET 6.1
 Universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water.
 Tracked with the indicator of safely managed drinking water services.
 SANITATION COVERAGE
o WATER SUPPLY
 Water has unparalleled necessity to all lives existing in the planet.
 Safe and readily available water is important for public health.
o SEWERAGE
o FOOD SANITATION
o VERMIN CONTROL
o INDUTRIAL HYGIENE
o SWIMMING POOL SANITATION
o NUISANCES
 STRATEGIES
o PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
 Fragmentation among water-related agencies is evident in THREE
AREAS OF CONCERN:
 Water Supply and Distribution
 Economic and Resource Regulation
 Planning and Policy Formulation
 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL
RESOURCES
 Checks the quality of water and enforce environmental protection
and pollution control regulations.
 Pretreatment of water.
 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
 Drinking water quality regulation and supervision of general
sanitation activities.
o ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK
 STRATEGY 2030 sets the course for the ADB to respond effectively to
the region’s changing needs.
 Catalyst and knowledge provider
 Catalyzes and mobilizes financial resources for development.
  Strengthens collaboration with multilateral, bilateral, and private sector
partners, seeking finance from commercial and concessional sources.
 Collaborates with civil organizations in designing, implementing, and
monitoring projects.


o WORLD BANK
 World’s largest multilateral source of financing for in developing
countries.
 Offers loans, grants, and technical assistance to governments to support
expanding or improving water infrastructure, improving management
practices, and ensuring community engagement
o UNICEF
 Strikes a balance between thorough research and practical solutions for
children.
 Partnerships across every sector make all of UNICEF’s work for children
and young people possible.
 Work in emergencies and our programs in schools.
o WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
 Internal authority on public health.
 Leads global efforts to prevent transmission of diseases, advising
governments on health-based regulations.
o SANITATION FOR THE POOR (S4P) PROGRAM
 Initiative under the Strategic Impact Evaluation Fund in the Philippines
 Evaluates the current integration of sanitation to the Pantawid Pamilyang
Pilipino Program (4Ps), a Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT), to provide
evidence in overcoming barriers to adoption of sanitation for poor
households in the Philippines.
 Leveraging an existing poverty targeting system to identify households in
need of financial support.
 Designed to scale up access to improved sanitation among the poorest
household in the rural areas of the Philippines.
TAKE NOTE:
 Many people lack basic HAND HYGIENE services
o 4 / 10 households do not have soap and water on premises.
o 5 / 10 schools do not have soap and water available to students.
o 4 / 10 healthcare facilities do not have soap and water or hand sanitizer at points
of care.
 3 / 10 people lack access to safely managed drinking water services.
 In 2017, 45% of the global population used a safely managed sanitation service.
 31% of the global population used private sanitation facilities connected to sewers from
which wastewater was treated.
 14% of the global population used toilets or latrines where excreta were disposed in situ.
 673 MILLION still defecate in the open.
 74% of the world’s population used at least a basic sanitation service.
 2 BILLION people still do not have basic sanitation facilities.
 AT LEAST 10% of the world’s population is thought to consume food irrigated by
wastewater.
 CROPLANDS in PERI-URBAN areas irrigated by mostly untreated urban wastewater
is estimated to be approximately 36 MILLION HECTARES.
 POOR SANITATION IS LINKED TO TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES.
  POOR SANITATION reduces human well-being, social and economic development.
 POOR SANITATION CONTRIBUTES TO MALNUTRITION.
 SANITATION and HYGIENE shows the inequality.
 Elimination of OPEN DEFECATION is difficult to attain.
 BUILDING INFRASTRUCTURES IS MUCH EASIER THAN TO CHANGE
ONE’S BEHAVIOR.
 Key knowledge gap in the sector is how best to address the financial constraints the
poorest face in acquiring sanitation products and services

WATER SUPPLY SANITATION

 CHAPTER 2 of PD 856.
o SECTION 1: SCOPE
 The implementing rules and regulations shall apply to all public and
private water supply system project planned by any government agency or
instrumentality.
o SECTION 2: DEFINITION OF TERMS
 ARTESIAN WELL
 Where water is confined under hydrostatic pressure between two
relatively impervious layers such as rock formations.
 Between LOWER CONFINING BED and UPPER
CONFINING BED.
 BORED WELL
 Constructed by manually driven augers into the ground.
 CISTERN
 Water-tight tank used to store water.
 Before, usually located underground, which is prone to
microbiological contamination.
 COLIFORM ORGANISMS
 Any rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, gram negative bacteria
capable of growth in the presence bio salts, or other surface-active
agents with similar growth inhibiting properties which are
cytochrome oxidase negative.
 Able to ferment lactose at either 350C or 370C with the production
of acid, gas, and aldehyde within 24 – 48 HOURS.
 COMPLETE TREATMENT
 Series or combination of water treatment processes.
 Includes:
o SCREENING
 Removes particles >1mm.
o COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION
  It forms larger and heavier clump because it needs
to settle in the sedimentation tank.
o ADSORPTION
o SEDIMENTATION
 Larger and heavier clumps settle to the bottom of
the sedimentation tank and then removed.
 When removed, it is called SLUDGE.
o SLOW AND RAPID SAND FILTRATION
 Removes smaller particles.
o DISINFECTION
 Water is disinfected using ozone or chlorine.
o AERATION
 Supplies oxygen to release gases present in the
water.
 It can be a SEDIMENTATION BASIN.
 Treats DOMESTIC WASTES.
o CHLORINATION
o BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVATED CARBON
 Most expensive treatment.
 Used as an extra treatment, especially for those who
recycle the wastewater.
o RESIDUAL TREATMENT
 Treated water is dosed with lime to balance the pH
of water, and chlorine and ammonia to maintain
water quality in the distribution system, and fluoride
to protect our teeth.
o CLEAR WATER TANK
 Treated water is stored in a clean water tank.
 CONTAMINATION
 Introduction of materials not normally found in water that makes
the water less desirable or unfit for its intended use.
 DEEP WELL
 Well with depth >20 METERS.
 Constructed in areas characterized by aquifers or water-bearing
formations generally located at a depth >20 METERS below
ground surface.
 DEPARTMENT
 Department of Health
 DISINFECTION
 Water treatment processes designed to destroy disease causing
organisms.
  Efficacy of disinfection is often assessed by measuring the
COLIFORM GROUP of indicator organisms.
 DOUBTFUL SOURCE
 Water supply facility or source that is subject to recontamination.
 DRILLED WELL
 Constructed by percussion or rotary drills.
 DRIVEN WELL
 Constructed by driving an iron pipe with a well point at the lower
end into the ground bearing stratum.
 DRINKING WATER
 Water intended for direct human consumption or for use in food
preparation.
 DUG WELL
 Normally circular or rectangular in shape.
 DIAMETER = 1m – 1.5m
 After the well is dug, it is necessary to put a lining made of
permanent materials which will serve as protection against surface
or outside contamination.
 OPEN DUG WELL
o Dug manually or mechanically to draw water by use of
bucket or any container attached to a rope.
 GROUNDWATER
 Portion of rainwater which percolated into the earth to form
underground deposits called AQUIFERS.
 LOCAL HEALTH AUTHORITY
 Government official or employee that is responsible for the
application of prescribed health measure in local political
subdivision.
 PROVINCIAL GOVERNOR, CITY / MUNICIPAL MAYOR.
 LOCAL HEALTH OFFICER
 PROVINCIAL HEALTH OFFICER.
 CITY / MUNICIPAL HEALTH OFFICER.
 MOST PROBABLE NUMBER
 Also known as MPN.
 Statistical method of determining microbial populations.
 Used in COLIFORM.
 MULTIPLE DILUTION TUBE TECHNIQUE
o Utilized with a standard medium.
o Observations are made for specific individual tube effects.
 RESULTANT CODING
 Translated by mathematical probability tables in population
numbers.
 PIPELINES
 Pipes used to transport water.
 POLLUTED WATER
 Water whose physical, chemical, bacteriological, biological, and
radioactive properties have been altered due to the presence of
domestic sewage, industrial waste, or other substances in water
that are possibly objectionable or harmful to human lives.
 POTABLE WATER / SAFE DRINKING WATER
 Water free from disease producing bacteria or pathogens.
 Does not possess undesirable taste, odor, color, levels of
radioactivity, turbidity, or chemicals.
 Should pass the standards of the PHILIPPINES NATIONAL
STANDARDS FOR DRINKING WATER.
 PUBLIC / PRIVATE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
 Government or private owned system for the provision of potable
water for human consumption.
 System should include:
o Any collection, treatment, storage, and distribution
facilities under the control of the operator of such system
and used primarily in connection thereto.
o Any collection, treatment, or storage facilities not under the
control of operator of the system which are used primarily
in connection with such system.
 RESERVOIR
 Designed for storage, regulation, and control of water.
 SANITARY ENGINEER
 Person duly registered with the Board of Examiners for Sanitary
Engineers (RA 1364).
 Heads the sanitation division or section or unit of the provincial /
city / municipal health office or employed with Department of
Health or its regional field health units.
 SANITARY SEAL
 Mixture of cement and water placed in the annular space of the
well casing and drill hole to seal space and about 3 METERS deep
to prevent the intrusion of water.
 SANITARY SURVEY
 Activity to inspect and investigate the existing environmental
conditions around the water source which may affect the quality of
the water.
 SANITATION INSPECTOR
 Government official or personnel employed by the national,
provincial, city, or municipal government.
 
Enforces sanitary rules, laws, and regulations.

Implements environmental sanitation activities under the
supervision of the provincial / city / municipal health officer /
sanitary engineer.
 SECRETARY
 Secretary of Health.
 SHALLOW WELL
 Measured from the natural ground surface with a depth <20
METERS.
 SPRINGS
 Groundwater seepage visible at the earth’s surface due to
hydrostatic gradient or head.
 SURFACE WATER
 Mixture of surface runoff and groundwater.
 Includes rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, and impounding reservoirs.
 TEST WELL
 Excavation made to determine the QUALITY and QUANTITY of
water.
 WATER HAULER
 Person, firm, or company who transports, stores, delivers, and
operates equipment used to transport or deliver water for human
consumption.
 WATER SUPPLIER
 Entity, government, or private company that is responsible for the
source development, water abstraction, treatment, and distribution
of water.
 WELL
 Manmade hole used for recovering groundwater from the water
bearing strata by digging, boring, drilling, or by any other method.
 WELL DRILLER
 Individual, partnership, corporation, cooperative, and the tike who
undertake well drilling work or activities for the purpose of
extracting groundwater.
o SECTION 3: PRESCRIBED STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES
 STANDARD PARAMETERS AND VALUES FOR DRINKING
WATER
 It should pass the criteria on standard parameters and values for
bacteriological, physical, chemical, biological, and radiological
quality set by PNSDW.
 WATER TREATMENT
 Necessary to render water supply potable.
 Degree and manner of treatment will DEPEND on the QUALITY
OF RAW WATER.
 BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY shall be used as the main
criterion.
 No water supplier shall be allowed to operate water system for
public use unless necessary treatment has been provided.
 CRITERIA TO BE USED:
o GROUP I: WATER REQUIRING DISINFECTION
ONLY
 Water from underground or surface sources subject
to a low degree of contamination
 Having an MPN of coliform organisms not
exceeding 50 PER 100 MILLILITERS.
o GROUP II: WATER REQUIRING COMPLETE
TREATMENT
 Water from underground or surface source having
an MPN 50 PER 100 MILLILITERS to not >
5,000 PER 100 MILLILITERS.
 WATER DISINFECTION
 Disinfection of Water Supply Facilities shall be required for the
following:
o Newly constructed water supply facilities.
o Water supply facility that has been repaired / improved.
o All existing water facilities that exceeded the
bacteriological value set by PNSDW.
o All water facilities that require CONTINUOUS
DISINFECTION.
o Drinking water collected from a doubtful source.
 DISINFECTANT
o CHLORINE shall be used as a main water disinfectant.
o Other disinfectant shall be used if it has RESIDUAL
EFFECT to ensure disinfecting capacity in the distribution
system.
 RESIDUAL EFFECT
o Provide a “RESIDUAL” level of protection against
waterborne pathogens.
o Low level of disinfectant remaining in water after its initial
application.
 RESPONSIBLE AGENCIES
o PUBLIC LEVEL I (WELLS AND SRPINGS)
 

o PUBLIC LEVEL II & III (WELLS AND SPRINGS)

and PRIVATE WELLS


 REQUIREMENTS FOR CHLORINATION OF LEVEL II

AND III OF WATER SUPPLIES
o Appropriate chlorination equipment shall be installed to
ensure continuous and effective disinfection.
 Chlorination equipment shall have a capacity of AT
LEAST 50% greater than the highest expected
dosage to be applied at any time to attain
satisfactory operation.
 Automatic proportioning of chlorine dosage to the
rate of flow of treated water shall be provided at all
plants where rate of flow varies > 50% above or
below the average flow. MANUAL CONTROL is
permissible when rate of flow is RELATIVELY
UNIFORM, or an attendant is present to effect
dosage adjustments.
 Appropriate chlorination equipment shall be
installed to ensure continuous and effective
disinfection.
 Devices and instruments for the determination of
the amount of daily chlorine dosage and chlorine
residual shall be provided.
 Suitable gas masks or self-contained type breathing
apparatus and a small bottle of fresh ammonia
solution to test for chlorine leakage.
 Safety measures for gas chlorination equipment and
chlorine storage.
 Adequate floor level ventilation.
 Free residual chlorine shall be maintained between
0.3 – 1.5 PPM until water reaches the consumer
and farthest point in the distribution system.
 REQUIREMENTS FOR CHLORINATION OF LEVEL I OF
WATER SUPPLY FACILITIES
o 50 – 100 PPM chlorine solution shall be used in
DISINFECTING LEVEL I water supply facility.
o Person who will conduct the chlorination shall observe
personal hygiene and must be free from communicable
disease.
o PRECEDURES IN DISINFECTING:
 IMPROVED DUG WELL
 Scrub interior of the casing or lining and
splash with chlorine solution 50 – 100 PPM.
 Wash the exterior surface of the pump
cylinders and drop pipe with chlorine
solution.
 Return cover of the well and pour chlorine
solution through manhole or pipe sleeve
opening before inserting the pump cylinder
and drop pipe assembly. After setting the
pump, draw out water from the well until
strong odor of chlorine is noted.
  After 12 HRS, flush out well water by
pumping water to waste until drawn water is
free from chlorine odors. Rinse exterior
surface and pump cylinder with potable
water.
 DRILLED, DRIVEN, AND BORED WELLS
 Allow chlorine solution to remain in the
well for 12 HRS.
o For DEEP WELL, a special method
maybe employed:
 Place the granulated calcium
hypochlorite in a cut short
pipe capped at both ends.
Small holes are drilled at
each cap or sides of the pipe.
One cap is fitted with an eye
for cable attachment.
Disinfecting agent is diffused
by vertical movement of the
cut short pipe.
 After 12 HRS, draw out well water. Pump is
to be operational when pumped water is free
from chlorine odor.
 SPRING
 Disinfection of SPRING INTAKE BOX is
like the procedure used for improved dug
wells.
 If the flow cannot be controlled, continuous
supple of disinfectant shall be provided.
 Intake box must be provided with a
watertight cover which extends over the top
edge of the spring box AT LEAST 50
MILLIMETERS.
 Drainpipe with an exterior valve is to be
placed close to the spring box near the
bottom. It shall extend horizontally to clear
the normal ground level at the point of
discharge by
 CISTERN
 Shall be thoroughly cleaned by using a stiff
brush or broom to clean interior wells.
 Drain and cover the cistern.
 Fill it with adequate potable water and add
50 – 100 PPM chlorine solution.
 Pump water from the cistern and note the
presence of strong chlorine odor in the entire
water distribution.
 Retain the disinfectant in the cistern for 24
HRS then examine for residual chlorine and
drain.
 Flush the system with potable water to
remove all trace of chlorine.
 HOUSEHOLD CONTAINERS
 Prepare a stock solution by dissolving 1
TEASPOON of powdered chlorine
compounds (65% - 75% available chlorine)
to 1 LITER of water. This stock is available
only for 1 WEEK.
 Add 2 TEASPOON of stock solution to 5
GALLONS (20 LITERS) of water. Mix
thoroughly and let it stand for AT LEAST
30 MINS before using.

 GROUND WATER SOURCE
 WELL
o No well sites shall be located within a distance < 25
METERS RADIUS on flat areas from sewage treatment
plant, sewage wet well, sewage station, or drainage ditch.
o Drilling of water well WITHIN 50 METER distance from
a CEMETERY is prohibited.
o DURING DRILLING OPERATION OBSERVED
REQUIREMENTS
 Premises, materials, tools, and drilling should be
properly maintained to minimize contamination of
underground water.
 Water used in drilling operation shall be potable.
 Slush pit shall be constructed and maintained to
minimize contamination of the drilling mud.
 Approved type of pit privy or toilet facilities for use
of drilling personnel shall be provided. The
facilities shall be located 25 METERS from the
well being drilled.
 No temporary and permanent toilet facilities shall
be maintained within 25 METERS from the well
 being constructed unless they are of the sealed or
leak proof types.
o Casing materials used in the construction of public wells
shall conform with the AMERICAN STANDARDS FOR
TESTING MATERIALS (ASTM).
o Annular space between the casing and the drill be sealed
with neat cement grout to the MINIMUM DEPTH of 3
METERS for SHALLOW WELLS and 10 METERS for
DEEP WELLS.
 Safest is 12 METERS.
o Provide concrete apron AT LEAST 2 SQUARE METER
around the wellhead, sloped not < 2% to drain away excess
water.


o Provide vent with #16 MESH corrosion resistant screen,
faced downward and elevated to minimize drawing of
contaminants into the well.
o Seal wellheads and pump bases using gaskets, sealing
compound, and proper venting to prevent possible
contamination to the well water.
o Complete physical and chemical analysis of water from a
new well shall be conducted after 36 HRS of pumping
water is done.
o If BACTERIOLOGICAL POSITIVE, appropriate water
treatment facilities shall be provided, otherwise the well
shall be ABANDONED.
o The well shall be disinfected in accordance with the
standard requirements set by these implementing rules and
regulations.
o Collect TWO WATER SAMPLES for TWO-WEEK
interval for bacteriological analysis.
o If CONTAMINATION is confirmed and the sources of
contamination if known but cannot be removed, the well
MUST BE CONDEMNED.
 o PUMP SITE, RAPID PUMP ROOM LOCATION,
AND PUMP INSTALLATION:
 All completed well units shall be preferably
protected to prevent possible contamination or
damage of facilities by trespassers.
 Well sire shall be properly graded to ensure proper
ground maintenance and to draw off surface water
effectively from the well.
LEVELS OF WATER SUPPLY
 LEVEL I
o Also known as POINT SOURCE.
o Protected well or a developed spring with an outlet but WITHOUT distribution
system.
o Adaptable to rural areas where the houses are thinly scattered.
o Facilities normally serve around 16 HOUSEHOLDS.
 LEVEL II
o Also known as COMMUNAL FAUCET SYSTEM or STAND POST
o System composed of a source, reservoir, piped distribution network, and
communal faucets.
o Suitable for rural and urban fringe areas where houses are clustered densely to
justify a simple piped system.
o 1 FAUCET = 4 – 6 HOUSEHOLDS.
 LEVEL III
o Also known as WATERWORKS SYSTEM or INDIVIDUAL HOUSE
CONNECTIONS.
o System composed of a source, reservoir, piped distribution network, and
household taps.
o Suited for densely populated urban areas.

WATER QUALITY ASSURANCE

 WATER SOURCES
o Characteristic of row water.
o 41 TESTS.
 TREATMENT PLANT
o Effective and efficient treatment process.
o 50 TESTS.
 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
o Potability of the treated water.
o 25 TESTS.
TAKE NOTE:
  FLUORIDE is added to the treated water to protect the user’s teeth.
 The treatment of water (WATER SOURCE, TREATMENT PLANT,
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM) is adjusted until the standards are attained.
 POST CHLORINATION
o Provides residual chlorine to maintain the quality of the water being distributed.
 RESIDUAL DISINFECTANT is important to maintain the quality of water.
 DRINKING WATER should have a 0 NUMBER OF COLIFORM.
 If the WATER IS CLEAR, it does not mean that it is safe to drink and free from
contamination.
 Domestic Wastewater have high BOD.
 Construction of reservoirs is difficult because the flow of water is uncontrollable.
 Do not put water refilling stations anywhere. You need to know first the location.
 Drains shall not be directly connected to storm or sanitary sewers.
 1 ppm = 1 mg/L

EXCRETA AND WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT DISPOSAL

 CHAPTER 17 of PD 856
 APPROVED EXCRETA DISPOSAL FACILITIES
o FLUSH TOILET is connected to:
 COMMUNITY SEWER
 IMHOFF TANK
 Primary treatment technology for RAW WASTEWATER.
 Designed for solid-liquid SEPARATION and DIGESTION of
the settled sludge.
 Consists of a V-SHAPED settling compartment above a tapering
sludge digestion chamber with gas vents.
 GAS VENTS
o Used to release METHANE GAS.
 In DIGESTION CHAMBER, settled solids are
ANAEROBICALLY digested generating BIOGAS.
 Gas is deflected by BAFFLES to the gas vent channels to prevent
it from disturbing the settling process.
 Used by SMALL COMMUNITIES.
 Land use is very limited because it is constructed underground.
 Investment costs are low and the operation, as well as
maintenance, is simple.
 Treatment EFFICIENCY is low and secondary treatment of
effluent is required.
 Tanks must be DE-SLUDGED regularly.
 ADVANTAGES:
 o Stabilizes sludge.
o Resistant against organic shock loads.
o Small space requirements.
o Effluent remains fresh.
o Low operating costs.
o Suitable for small settlements and house clusters.
o Standardized designs are available.
o Simple operation and maintenance.
 DISADVANTAGES:
o Very high infrastructure.
o Depth may be a problem in case of high groundwater table.
o Requires expert design and construction.
o Low reduction of pathogens.
o Requires desludging.
o Inefficient treatment option if not regularly de-sludge.
o Odor occurs from escaping gases.
o Effluent, sludge, and scum require further treatment.
o Less simple than septic tank.
 HEALTH ASPECTS / ACCEPTANCE
o As effluent is almost odorless, it is good option for primary
treatment if subsequent treatment takes place.
o Removal of pathogens is not high, entire tank is usually
below the surface, so users do not encounter any of the
wastewater.
o Adequate protective clothing is necessary for workers who
may get in contact with the effluent, scum, or sludge.
o Vacuum truck should be used to empty the sludge, if no
outlet installed.
 


 SEPTIC TANK
 It has a standard size.
 Its size is dependent on the number of individuals in the house,
usage, household, and location.
 Efficiency is about 30%.
 Water-tight receptacle which receives the discharge of plumbing
system or part thereof.
 It should be CLOSED.
 Designed to accomplish the PARTIAL REMOVAL and digestion
of the suspended solid matter in the sewage through a period of
detention.
 Basic sewerage storage and treatment facility.
 Commonly found in unsewered domestic developments.
 Stores wastewater.
 Breaks down solids through SETTLING and ANAEROBIC
PROCESSES.
 BAFFLES
o Slows down the flow of water.
 ADVANTAGES:
o Can be built and repaired with locally available materials.
o No real problems with flies or odors if used properly.
o Simple and robust technology.
o No electrical energy is required.
o Little space required due to underground construction.
o Low operating costs.
o Long service life.
o Small land area required.
 DISADVANTAGES:
o High cost compared to dry or composting toilet systems.
o Constant and enough piped water required to bring the
waste to the treatment unit.
o Low reduction in pathogens, solids, and organics.
o Regular desludging must be ensured.
o Only suitable for low density housing in areas with low
water table and not prone to flooding.
o Manual cleaning is highly hazardous and inhumane task.
o Mechanical cleaning requires sophisticated instruments.
o Effluent and sludge require further treatment and / or
appropriate discharge.
 HEALTH ASPECTS / ACCEPTANCE
o Under normal operating conditions, users do not encounter
the effluent or influent.
o Problems regarding septic tanks arise because there is no
adequate consideration is given to the disposal of the tank
effluent.
o EFFLUENT of the septic tank is ANAEROBIC, it is
likely to contain large numbers of pathogens, which can be
a potential source of infection.
 o Effluent, scum, and sludge must be handled with care as
they contain high levels of pathogenic organisms.
 WHY IT IS NECESSARY TO PUMP OUT A SEPTIC
TANK?
o As the system accumulates wastes, the VOLUME of the
tank is REDUCED.
o Sewerage stored can produce disease causing parasites and
microorganisms which can be detrimental to health and
safety.
o To prevent diseases from spreading.
o To handle household wastes effectively and safely.
 HOW OFTEN SHOULD A SEPTIC TANK BE PUMPED
OUT?
o On average, home septic tanks should be pumped out every
2 – 5 YEARS to ensure that the system is functioning at
peak condition.
o It DEPENDS on how many LITERS your septic tank
holds, and how many PEOPLE are in your household.
o PERIODIC SEPTIC TANK PUMPING WILL HELP
IN:
 Eliminating bad odors.
 Preventing sewer and drain blockages.
 Minimizing discharge of raw sewerage.
 Preventing damage to pumps and/or sand filters
clogging.
 Preventing slow draining showers and sinks, and
toilets that will not flush.
 WARNING SIGNS OF AN UNHEALTHY SEPTIC TANKS:
o Strong and unpleasant smells (rotten egg-like gas).
o Toilets and drains are struggling to clear.
o Grass around the septic tank area is darker green and
thriving well.
o Liquid waste overflows.
o Wet areas near or top of the septic tank.
 HOW TO MAINTAIN SEPTIC TANKS?
o Do not put harsh chemicals or paint down the drain.
o Avoid planting trees and shrubs with deep roots near your
septic tank system.
o Use a trained technician to pump the system.
o Do not flush items down the toilets to maintain and
efficient system.
o Allow as little fat and grease into drains.
 o Regularly maintaining and pumping your home septic tanks
is paramount in preventing long term sewerage issues.
o Conserve water through ENERGY STAR appliances.
o Fix leaking faucets and repair running toilet to maintain an
efficient system.


 DIGESTER TANK
 Same as septic tank, but it can be used as BIOGAS.
 Conversion of the waste into energy is not yet approved in the
Philippines due to Clean Air Act.
 This can be used for supplying electricity.
 ADVANTAGES:
 o Eco-friendly and maintenance-free system to manage
human wastes.
o Converts the organic waste into METHANE and
CARBON DIOXIDE which inactivates pathogens
responsible for waterborne diseases.
o All fecal matter is converted into liquid, which is
PATHOGEN-FREE, unlike the pit system which can
contaminate the ground water.
o Water can be allowed to either seep into the ground or be
collected for gardening acting as an effective liquid
fertilizer.
o Odor-free effluent water contains RICH NUTRIENTS.
o Reduces soil and water pollution.
 DISADVANTAGES:
o Experts are required for the design of the reactor.
o Skilled labor is required for the construction of a GAS-
TIGHT TANK.
o Frequent sludge removal for settlers that are not designed
for anaerobic processes.
o Effluent, sludge, and scum require further treatment.
o Short circuiting can be a problem.
o Slurry may have to be further treated before reuse.
o Gas production at low temperatures is not interesting from
an economic point of view.
o TS and BOD content, as well as C/N ration need to be
appropriated.
 HEALTH ASPECTS / ACCEPTANCE
o Prevent the release of odorous gases, frequent sludge
removal is necessary.
o Sludge and scum must be handled with care as they contain
high levels of pathogenic organisms. It requires further
treatment and adequate disposal.
o Appropriate protective clothing is necessary for worker s
who may encounter the effluent, scum, or sludge.
o State of hygienisation if the effluent slurry of biogas
digesters STRONGLY DEPENDS on the effluent
concentration in pathogenic microorganisms, retention
time, temperatures, and mixing of antipolo sludge with the
fresh one.
o /\ TEMPERATURE = /\ HYGIENIC
o > 55C were achieved for one to a few days inactivation can
be considered as efficient.
 o Enhance the stabilization of the remaining sludge before
reuse, aerobic composting is an adapted post-treatment.


 CHEMICAL TANK
 Portable tanks.
 Can be used for events and travels.
 ADVANTAGES:
o Mobility is one of the biggest advantages.
o Completely INDEPENDENT to the local sanitary
facilities.
o Can be used in a private location at any time without being
disturbed.
 DISADVANTAGES:
o Chemical toilets have many additives that can cause lasting
damage to nature and our health.
o Contents cannot be disposed anywhere.
o Toilet should be emptied after THREE DAYS at the latest.
o PIT PRIVY such as:
 VENTILATED IMPROVED PIT (VIP) LATRINE
 Can be either single pit or an alternating twin pit.
 Should be lined with open joined brick work or prefabricated
concrete rings.
 Lining prevents the soil to collapse during emptying operations or
heavy rains.
 Open joints allow liquid to infiltrate into the soil.
 Cover slab, usually of reinforced concrete, which covers the pit
and has two holes:
o Squat Holes
o Vent Pipe
 Superstructure for privacy and protection from rain and sun, which
can be built according to the choice of the uses.
 Vent pipe and the fly screen which keeps the latrine free from flies,
mosquitoes, and unpleasant odors.
 ADVANTAGES:
o Controls odor and insects.
o Minimum health risk.
o Low cost.
o Easy construction and maintenance.
o Minimum water requirement.
o Twin pit VIP Latrine System offers a long-term solution.
 DISADVANTAGES:
o Potential for groundwater pollution.
o Lack of space for relocating the pit in densely populated
areas.
o Difficulty of construction in rocky and high-water table
areas.

o
 
 PIT TYPE
 Consists of a hand dug hole in the ground covered with either a
squatting plate or a slab provided with riser and seat.
 Excreta drop through the hole to enter the dry pit.
 Pit is often lined but the bottom remains open to allow drainage of
liquid into the soil and leaving the solids behind.
 ADVANTAGES:
o Effective sanitation systems because they isolate human
excreta form the surrounding environment and prevent the
transmission of fecal orally transmitted diseases.
o Do not require water so are appropriate in areas where there
is no adequate water supply.
o Squatting is normal to many people and thus acceptable to
users.
o Alternating double pits will allow the excreta to drain,
degrade, and transform into a nutrient-rich, safe humic
material that can be used to improve soils.
o Avoid contamination to surface water and topsoil if
properly installed and maintained.
o Can be constructed with minimum cost using local material
and local skills.
o Presence of properly constructed slabs will allow easy
cleaning and avoid flies and unsightliness.
 DISADVANTAGES:
o Foul odor from the pit.
o Favorable place for breeding of flies and mosquitoes.
o When single pits are full, new pit needs to be dug.
 o Susceptible to failure / overflowing during floods.
o Usage of water for anal cleansing shall be avoided because
it may affect the decomposition rate of human excreta.


 “ANTIPOLO” TOILET
 Elevated toilet house or shallow pit is extended upwards.
 Closed pit type of toilet facility without a water-sealed bowl.
 Depository is constructed usually of large circular tubes made of
concrete or clay with a top cover and small opening.
 May or may not have a box for sitting or squatting over the
opening.


 CHEMICAL PRIVY
 Fecal matter is deposited into a tank containing a caustic chemical
solution to prevent septic action while the organic matter is
decomposed.
 
 COMMUNAL EXCRETA DISPOSAL SYSTEM
o Excreta disposal system serving a group of dwelling units.

o
 DIGESTIVE CESSPOOL
o Pit for the reception or detention of sewage.
 o
 DISTRIBUTION BOX
o Small concrete receptacle between the SEPTIC TANK and the DRAIN FIELD
from which lines of drain tiles extend and which acts as surge tank to distribute
the flow of sewage equally to each line of drain tiles.

o
 DISTRIBUTION LINE OF A LEACHING TILE SYSTEM
o Pipe from within the distribution box to the drain field.
 o
 DOMESTIC SEWAGE
o Sewage containing human excrement and liquid household waste.
o Also known as SANITARY SEWAGE.
o Combination of kitchen wastes and toilet wastes.
 DRAINAGE SYSTEM
o Drainage pipes of a plumbing system taking the wastewater from the plumbing
fixtures and delivering it to the sewer or some other outlet.
 FREEBOARD
o Also known as AIRSPACE OF A SEPTIC TANK
o Distance as measured
o from the liquid level line to the inside top of the septic tank.

o
 HOUSE SEWER
o Pipeline conveying sewage from the house or building to the septic tank or to any
point of discharge.
 INDIVIDUAL EXCRETA DISPOSAL SYSTEM
o Excreta disposal system serving a dwelling unit.
o Sewage disposal system serving a dwelling unit / building.
 PRIVY
o Structure that is not connected to a sewerage system.
o Used for RECEPTION, DISPOSITION, AND STORAGE of feces or other
excreta from the human body.
 PUBLIC SANITARY SEWER
o Common sewer to which all abutters have equal rights of connections.
o Anybody can connect if that person has capacity to pay for the treatment that will
be charged by the company.
o The treated wastewater must be discharged far from the source of drinking water.

o
 PUBLIC TOILET
o Facility located at public places.
 SEPTAGE
o Sludge produced on individual onsite wastewater disposal systems, principally
SEPTIC TANKS and CESSPOOLS.
 o
 SEPTIC TANK ABSORPTION BED
o Also known as DRAIN BED.
o Underground system of pipes leading from the outlet of the septic tank.
o Consists of open jointed or perforated pipes distributed so that the effluent from a
septic tank is oxidized and absorbed by the soil.

o
 SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
o System of collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal od sewage.
 o

 SEWAGE
o Means waterborne human or animal wastes removed from residences, buildings,
institutions, industrial, and commercial establishments together with such
groundwater, surface water, and storm water.
o Excluding oil wastes.
 SEWER PIPE
o Conduit or channel intended to convey sewage.
 SEWERAGE
o Also known as SEWERAGE WORKS.
o System or network of pipelines, ditches, channels, or conduits.
 Including:
 Pumping Stations
 Lift Stations
 Force Mains
 Service Connections
o It includes the transport, pumping, and treatment of sewage to a point of disposal.
 SLUDGE
o Any solid, semi-solid, or liquid wastes or residue generated from a wastewater
treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or water control pollution facility or
any other such as having similar characteristics and effects.
 WASTEWATER
o Waste in liquid state containing pollutants.
 WATER POLLUTION
o Any alteration of the physical, chemical biological, or radiological properties of a
water body resulting in the impairment of its purity or quality.
SEWAGE MANAGEMENT
 ROTATING BIOLOGICAL CONTACTOR (RBC)
o Also known as ROTATING BIOLOGICAL FILTERS.
o Fixed-bed reactors consisting of stacks of rotating disks mounted on a horizontal
shaft.
o Partially submerged and rotated as wastewater flows through.
o Used in conventional wastewater treatment plants as secondary treatment after
primary sedimentation of domestic grey- or blackwater, or any other
biodegradable effluent.
o Microbial community is alternately exposed to the atmosphere and wastewater,
allowing both AERATION and ASSIMILATION of dissolved organic
pollutants and nutrients for their degradation.
o Adapted for urban areas.
o Land requirements are low, but continuous and consequent energy supply as well
as semi-skilled labor are indispensable.
o ADVANTAGES:
 High contact time.
 High effluent quality (both BOD and NUTRIENTS).
 High process stability.
 Resistant to shock hydraulic or organic loading.
 Short contact periods are required because of the large active surface.
 Low space requirement.
 Well drainable excess sludge collected in clarifier.
 Process is relatively silent compared to dosing pumps for aeration.
 Low sludge production.
o DISADVANTAGES:
 Continuous electricity supply required.
 Contact media not available at local market.
 High investment as well as operation and maintenance costs.
 Must be protected against sunlight, wind, and rain, as well as freezing in
cold climates.
 Odor problems may occur.
 Requires permanent skilled technical labor for operation and maintenance.
 ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS
o Multi-chamber reactor unit that makes use of highly concentrated microorganisms
to degrade organics and remove nutrients from wastewater to produce a high-
quality effluent.
o Continuous and well-timed supply of oxygen is required to maintain the aerobic
conditions and to keep the activated sludge suspended.
o ADVANTAGES:
 Resistant to organic and hydraulic shock loads.
 Can be operated at a range of organic and hydraulic loading rates.
 
High reduction of BOD and PATHOGENS up to 99% at after secondary
treatment.
 High nutrient removal possible.
 Can be modified by adding tanks to meet specific discharge limits.
o DISADVANTAGES:
 High energy consumption.
 Constant source of electricity is required.
 24/7 operation.
 High capital and operating costs.
 Requires operation and maintenance by skilled personnel.
 Prone to complicated chemical and microbiological problems.
 Not all parts and materials may be locally available.
 Sludge and possibly effluent require further treatment and/or appropriate
discharge.
o

INDIVIDUAL EXCRETA DISPOSAL SYSTEM

 Every household / building to be constructed shall be provided with plan and
specifications for excreta disposal system approved by the local health authority prior to
construction. City or municipal Building Official shall refer all applications for
SANITARY (PLUMBING) PERMIT to the local health authority for checking of
sanitary facilities. Prior to the issuance of the building permit.
 All house/buildings without an approved excreta disposal system shall be required to
construct such facilities under the supervision of the local health officer.
 The privy recommended for use is the SANITARY PRIVY.
o MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS
 Shall consists of an earthen pit, floor covering, and water sealed bowl.
  Shall be constructed in order so that fecal matter and urine be deposited
into the earthen pit which shall be completely fly proof.
 Pit shall be AT LEAST 1 SQUARE METER.
 Floor should cover the pit tightly to prevent the entrance of flies.
 Shall be constructed of concrete or other impervious material.
 Water sealed bowl shall be joined to the floor to form a water-tight and
insect proof joint.
 Suitable enclosure shall be constructed to provide comfort and privacy for
the users of the privy.
 Wooden floors and seat risers shall not be used.
 INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS:
o Public sanitary sewer is not available in any street abutting such as lot or
premises, wastewater piping from any building or works shall be provided with
individual sewage disposal system of approved type and design.
o Public sanitary sewer may be considered as not being available when such public
sanitary sewer is located > 100 METERS from any proposed building on any lot
or premises.
o Shall not be installed, maintained, or operated on property accessible to public
sanitary system.
o Sanitary (Plumbing) Permit shall not be issued for installation, alteration, or repair
of any private sewage disposal system.
o Each individual sewage disposal system shall serve a dwelling on an individual
lot and shall be properly maintained in good working condition by the owner.
o Failure to provide and properly maintain such a system or to discharge all the
sewage from the premises into the disposal system maybe declared a public health
hazards by the local health authority
o Whenever an approved public sanitary sewerage system is applicable to the
property, any individual sewage disposal system shall be connected to the public
sewer.
 DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE:
o Untreated sewage and effluent of the septic tank or other putrescible or offensive
wastes shall not be discharges onto the surface of the ground or body of water.
o Sewage and effluent of a septic tank or other putrescible, impure, or offensive
wastes shall not be discharged into an abandoned water supply well, spring, or
cistern or into other bodies of water.
o Individual sewage disposal system utilizing leaching fields, leaching beds, or
leaching wells shall not be permitted where the depth to normal groundwater or
rock strata is < 1.20 METERS.
o Leaching system shall not be installed in an area where the texture, structure, and
porosity of the soil are not suitable as determined by a percolation test performed.
o No leaching tile field or bed shall be installed where percolation rate is < 2.54
CENTIMETERS (1 INCH) fall in water level in the test holes in 60 MINUTES.
 o No seepage pit or leaching well shall be installed where the percolation rate is <
2.54 CENTIMETERS (1 INCH) fall in water level in the test holes in 30
MINUTES.
o No person shall install individual household sewage disposal system in a new
subdivision unless site is impracticable and inadvisable to install a public sewage
collection system with the required treatment.
TAKE NOTE:
 When cleaning sewage compartments, use TECHNOLOGY, rather than manually
cleaning it by going inside the manhole.
 SLUDGE is being syphoned.
 SOLIDS carry more pathogens than the LIQUIDS.
 AIR removes GAS (AEROBIC METHOD).
 All treatment facilities need DESLUDGING.
 When putting chemicals in the sewage compartments, it should be microorganisms
friendly.
 Microorganisms also help in decomposition or treat the sludge or wastewater.
 If microorganisms are killed, the wastewater will be more septic.
 If your soil is SATURATED, leaching field is not required.
 SEWAGE TREATMENT always has a GOOD BACTERIA to further treat the
sewage.
 Mixture of OLD SLUDGE and FRESH SLUDGE should be balance.
o If the mixture is all FRESH SLUDGE, it lacks strength to kill bad
microorganisms.
o If the mixture is all OLD SLUDGE, it does not have strength to kill bad
microorganisms.
o CHOCOLATE BROWN color in aeration tank means that the mixtures of
SLUDGES are good.
o LIGHT GRAY / LIGHT BROWN color means lacks OLD SLUDGE.
o DARK GRAY / DARK BROWN color means lacks FRESH SLUDGE.
 DESLUDGING
o Removing of sludges.
 It is normal to septic tank to overflow or become blocked.
 70% - 80% of water is used for agriculture.
 TWO-CHAMBERED septic tanks are the minimum design, which provides an effective
and efficient treatment system.
 PHILIPPINES 2015 DATA
o 10% of wastewater is treated.
o 58% groundwater is contaminated.
o 5% of total population is connected to a sewer network.
o Domestic wastewater is discharged without treatment.
 o 48% inadequately treated wastewater or sewage.
o 37% agricultural wastewater.
o 15% industrial wastewater.
o LEACHATE
 Non-point sources such as rain and groundwater runoffs from solid waste
or garbage deposits.
o Some estimates point to household wastewater as contributing as much as 60% of
water pollution.
o 80% of water provided to households becomes wastewater.
o In METRO MANILA
 11% of the total population is DIRECTLY / INDIRECTLY connect to a
sewerage system.
 85% are served by over 2 MILLION ill-maintained septic tanks.
 4% of the population has no toilet.
 Septic tanks provide only 10% treatment (without desludging).
o SEPTIC TANKS ARE PREVALENT:
 > 85% in MANILA.
 > 70% in PHILIPPINES.
o GENERAL CONDITIONS:
 Undersized, many are single-chambered, commonly the bottom is
“UNLINED”, and regular desludging is not practiced.
o Most of the time discharge is DIRECTLY to the drainage canals.
 Buildings beyond 4-STOREY, Registered Sanitary Engineer sign the plan because
wastewater treatment is needed.
 SUBDIVISIONS should have a CENTRALIZED WASTEWATER TREATMENT.

REFUSE MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL

 CHAPTER XVIII of the PD NO. 856
 REFUSE
o Solid Wastes.
 AGRICULTURAL WASTE
o Waste generated from planting or harvesting of crops, trimming, or prawning of
plants and wastes or runoff materials from farms or fields.
 o
 ASHES
o Residue from the burning of wood, coal, or other solid combustible materials.

o
 BIODEGRADABLE WASTES
o Any material that can be reduced into finer particles by microbiological
organisms or enzymes.
o Can be degraded or decomposed.

o
 CHEMICAL WASTE
o Comprises of discarded solid, liquid, and gaseous chemicals.
o CHEMICAL WASTES MAY BE:
 HAZARDOUS
 When it is toxic, corrosive, flammable, reactive, or genotoxic.
 Considered nonhazardous if it consists of chemicals other than
those described above.
 NONHAZARDOUS

o
 COMMERCIAL REFUSE
o Refuse resulting from the use or occupation of any commercial or business
establishments or premises where any business of work is carried out, other than a
manufacturing process.

o
 COMPOSTING
o Process of biological degradation under controlled conditions.
o Process of biodegradable waste by mixing them with the soil, water, biological
additives, or activators and air.
o One way to reduce the waste that we are disposing in the sanitary landfill.
o TYPES
 AEROBIC COMPOSTING
 Decomposition of organic matter in the PRESENCE of
OXYGEN with a range temperature BEYOND 60C for a certain
length of time.
 Less smelly compared to the ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING.
 


 ANAEROBIC COMPOSTING
 Decomposition of organic matter in the ABSENCE of OXYGEN.


 Each type uses MISCROORGANISMS.

 CONTAMINATION
 o Presence of pathogenic organisms in an inanimate article or substance.
o They are suspended air emissions, heavy metals, chemicals, and other pollutants.

o
 DISPOSAL AREA
o Any site, location, tract of land, or structure used for refuse disposal.

o
 DOMESTIC REFUSE
o Refuse from households.
o Distinguished from industrial, commercial, and institutional wastes.

o
 ECOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
o Method of handling wastes that facilitates their sanitary retrieval, reuse, or
recycling without degrading the environment nor polluting are, water, and soil.
 GARBAGE
o Wastes or rejected food constituents which have been produced.

o
 GARDEN REFUSE
o Waste from cutting or loping of grasses, trees, bushes, shrubs, flowers, seeds, or
other similar materials.
o Biodegradable wastes.
 GENERAL WASTES
o DOMESTIC TYPE of waste and other waste materials or substances that do not
require special handling.
 HAZARDOUS WASTE
o Waste that is potentially dangerous to environment and health because of
chemical reactivity, flammability, and explosiveness.
o This should not be disposed as a regular waste.
o It should be transported by a DENR ACCREDITTED transporter.
o The regulation for this waste is REPUBLIC ACT 6969.
o Contamination can be remediated through:
 BIOREMEDIATION
 By use of microorganisms or enzymes that eat chemicals.
 Expensive.
 CHEMICAL REMEDIATION
 o
 HEALTH CARE FACILITY
o Includes hospital, clinics, laboratories, research institutions, and other similar
establishments.
 INCINERATION
o Controlled process by which combustible wastes are BURNED and CHANGED
into gases and residues that contain little or no combustible.

o
 INDUSTRIAL REFUSE
o Solid wastes resulting from industrial processes and manufacturing operations.
o Scraps and does not have any value anymore.
 o
 INFECTIOUS WASTE
o Includes cultures and stocks of infectious agents from laboratory work, waste
from surgery, and autopsies of patients with infectious diseases, waste from
infected patients in isolation wards, waste from potentially infected cases, waste
that has been in contact with infected patients undergoing hemodialysis, and
waste that has been in contact with animals inoculated with an infectious agent or
suffering from an infectious disease.
o

o INFECTIOUS WASTE DISPOSAL:



 

o MOST COMMON TECHNOLOGIES AND PROCESSES FOR

TREATMENT:
 THERMAL
 Relies on high heat to destroy pathogens.
 CHEMICAL
 Most suitable in treating blood, urine, stools, and sewage.
 It is also used in treating infectious wastes that contains pathogens.
 IRRADATION
 Treats wastes that are containing potentially infectious
microorganisms.
 MAIN ELEMENTS
o Identification of Contaminated Wastes
o Collection
o Sterilization
o Final Disposal or Recycling
 BIOLOGICAL PROCESS
 Usage of enzyme mixtures to decontaminate health care waste.
 Resulting by-product is put through tan extruder to remove water
for sewage disposal.
  ENCAPSULATION
 Filling up of containers with waste, adding, and immobilizing,
material, and sealing the containers.
 Uses cubic boxes made of HIGH-DENSITY POLYEHYLENE
or METALLIC drums that are THREE QUARTERS filled with
sharps or chemical or pharmaceutical residues.
 The containers are then filled up with medium.
 ADVANTAGE of this process is that it is very effective in
reducing the risk of SCAVENGERS gaining access to the health
care waste.
 INERTIZATION
 Involves the mixing of the waste with cement and other substances
before disposal.
 Minimizes the risks of toxic substances contained in the waste
migrating into surface water or groundwater.
 Inexpensive and can be performed using relatively unsophisticated
equipment.
 TYPICAL PROPORTION
o 65% Pharmaceutical Waste
o 15% Lime
o 15% Cement
o 5% Water
 JUNK DELAER
o Any person, firm, agency, or entity engaged in the collection, transportation,
sorting, segregation, storing, exchange, or sale of waste matter, or rubbish, or of
any old, used, or secondhand materials of any kind.
 NIGHT SOIL
o Refuse material composed WHOLLY or PARTLY of HUMAN
EXCREMENT.
o Properly digested and dried sewage SLUDGE from public sewage treatment plant
shall not be included.

o
 ELECTRONIC WASTE
 o Also known as E-WASTE.
o HMR SUPER SURPLUS BODEGA
 Buyer, seller, and reseller of repurposed office electronics that are in mint
condition.
o ENVIROCYCLE
 DENR ACCREDITED TREATMENT, STORAGE, and DISPOSAL
(TSD) FACILITY capable of handling not just e-waste but a variety of
other hazardous waste.
 Their vehicles are DENR REGISTERED HAZARDOUS WASTE
TRANSPORTER (TP4A-34-00250).
o E-WASTE MANAGEMENT (PHILIPPINES)


 NON-BIODEGRADABLE WASTE
o Wastes that are non-compostable and non-putrescible.
 OFFAL
o By-products, organs, glands, and tissues other than meat of the food animal which
may or may not be edible.
 o
 OPEN DUMPSITE
o Site used for the disposal of refuse where waste is exposed in the open.

o
 PATHOLOGICAL WASTE
o Includes tissues, organs, or body parts from surgical operations, biopsy and
autopsy, remains, aborted fetus, animal carcass, and blood and bloody fluids.
o It has no impervious linings.
 PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE
o Includes spoiled, spilled, banned, expired, contaminated, or used pharmaceutical
products, drugs, and chemical that are to be discarded because they are no longer
necessary.
 PRESSURIZED CAN OR CONTAINER
o Includes innocuous or inert gas and aerosol can or container that may explode
when incinerated or accidentally punctured.
 o
 RADIOACTIVE WASTE
o Waste that is contaminated with radioactivity generated from hospital nuclear
medicine section, research institution, nuclear plant, radioactive implant,
diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and the paraphernalia used.

o
 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
o Also known as REFUSE MANAGEMENT
o Integrated system, approach, or process on the generation, segregation, storage,
collection, transport, processing, recycling, recovery, and final disposal or
containment of solid waste.
 RESOURCE RECOVERY
o Extraction of materials or energy from wastes.
 RUBBISH
o NON-PUTRESCIBLE solid waste constituents.
 RECYCLABLE WASTE
o Waste materials that can be retrieved and reused as feeds, factory returnables,
fuel, fermentables, fine crafts, or filling materials.
 REFUSE
o Also known as SOLID WASTE
o ORGANIC or INORGANIC non-liquid and non-gaseous portions of the total
waste mass.
 o consists of all PUTRESCIBLE and NON-PUTRESCIBLE solid materials
EXCEPT for body wastes.
 REFUSE DISPOSAL
o Also known as SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
o Complete final discarding of waste materials that cannot be reused and recycled.
 SANITARY LANDFILL
o Land disposal site employing an engineered method of disposing solid wastes on
land in a manner that minimizes environmental hazards.
o DONE BY:
 SPREADING the solid wastes in thin layers.
 COMPACTING solid wastes to the smallest practical volume.
 APPLYING cover material at the end of each operating day.
o This should be properly maintained to prevent its effects to the biodiversity.

o
 SANITARY PERMIT
o Permission or certification in writing issued by the CITY or MUNICIPAL
HEALTH OFFICER or SANITARY ENGINEER that the establishment
complies with the existing minimum sanitation requirements upon evaluation or
inspection.
o It is conducted in accordance with PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO 522 and
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 856 and LOCAL ORDINANCES.
 SCAVENGER
o Person engaged in the business of collection, recover, and transportation of
recyclable refuse by specific hire or contract with another individual, firm,
corporation, public agency, or institution.
o Does not include public agency responsible by law for the collection of refuse in
each jurisdiction.
 SHARPS
 o Needles, syringes, scalpels, saws, blades, broken glass, nails, and other that can
cause a cut or puncture.
 SWILL
o Garbage, which is wholly or nearly so, edible, usable as food and having food
value for animals or fowls, accumulating from animal, vegetable, or other matter
wasted from households or food establishments.
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR REFUSE MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL
 OPERATING PERMIT
o This is should be received from a REGIONAL HEALTH OFFICER.
o Refuse Collection Service.
o Refuse Disposal Area and Facilities.
o REQUIREMENTS
 Letter of Application
 Project Description
 Locational Plans
 Technical Specifications / Descriptions of Facilities / Equipment
 SANITARY PERMIT
o No person, firm, corporation, local government unit, public agency, or institution
shall operate or manage a refuse collection service, refuse disposal area and
facilities, swill collection, junk dealership, private scavenging, or swine feeding
platform without a sanitary permit issued by LOCAL HEALTH OFFICER.
o Any extension or additional construction or alteration in an establishment shall
require a NEW SANITARY PERMIT before it could be operated.
 NOTING PERMIT
o If there is a CHANGE in OWNERSHIP of the establishment, the new owner
shall apply to the city / municipal health officer within 14 WORKING DAYS to
have such change noted in the records and permit certificate and shall pay the
corresponding fee for such nothing.
 VALIDITY
o Sanitary permit shall be valid on the day of issuance until the LAST DAY of
DECEMBER of the same year.
o Shall be renewed every beginning od the year.
o Sanitary permit shall be suspended or revoked for violation of any sanitary rules
and regulations.
 POSTING OF PERMIT
o Sanitary permit shall be posted in a conspicuous place of the establishment for
public information.
o It shall be available for inspection by authorized health and other regulatory
personnel.
 RECORD OF SANITARY PERMIT
 o Every city or municipality shall keep a record of all establishments that have been
issued sanitary permit and renewal thereof.
o Record shall be available at all reasonable times for inspection by any authorized
officer of the Department of Health or local government unit.
SANITARY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SEGRAGATION AND STORAGE OF
REFUSE / SOLID WASTE
 MINIMUM STANDARD AND REQUIREMENTS:
o There shall be a separate container for each type of waste in all establishments
and dwelling units.
o Refuse container shall be properly marked for on-site collection.
 It should be in BOLD LETTER with height of 5 CENTIMETERS in
size.
 Containers shall be painted with a color identifying the waste or lined with
color-coded plastic bags.
o STANDARD COLOR CODING
 BLACK
 Storage of NON-BIODEGRADABLE general waste.
 GREEN
 Storage of BIODEGRADABLE general waste.
 YELLOW
 Storage of INFECTIOUS and PATHOLOGICAL waste.
 ORANGE
 Storage of RADIOACTIVE WASTE.
 RED
 Storage of SHARPS and PRESSURIZED CONTAINERS.
 Punctured-proof containers.
 YELLOW WITH BLACK BAND
 Storage of CHEMICAL waste.
o Solid waste container shall be sufficient in number and / or size to store total
volume of refuse produced within the collection period of 2 – 3 DAYS.
 Shall be equipped with tight closing and well attached hinged lids to
prevent the escape of foul odors and entry of vermin.
 CONTAINERS WITH > 38 KILIGRAMS
 Shall be equipped with handles or designed with rollers.
 Shall be made of non-corrosive lightweight materials and leak
proof.
o Other accumulation of refuse / solid waste between the collection may be placed
in a container of any size and shape that can be easily lifted and handled without
spillage by the collector but shall be placed only at the designated collected point.
 o Collection of extraordinary accumulation or bulk of refuse / solid waste shall be
placed in appropriate containers acceptable to the collector and the local health
officer.
o Tree trimmings may be placed for collection outside of a container provided such
trimmings are secured in bundles of convenient size and weight and did not
exceed 1.20 METERS in length.
o PROPER STORAGE OF DIFFERENT WASTE
 ASHES
 Shall be placed only in PLATICS, METAL, or EQUIVALENT
CONTAINERS with covers.
 Others shall be placed in sturdy well built containers that will not break,
fall apart, rip, or tear while being handled by the collector.
o BULK HANDLING and STORAGE OF REFUSE of any character shall be
subject to review by the local health officer as recommended by the sanitary
engineer / sanitary inspector. The owner and occupant of any residential,
industrial, commercial, or business establishment shall make such provisions as
the health officer may require.
SANITARY REQUIREMENTS FOR COLLECTION OF REFUSE / SOLID WASTE
 OPERATING PERMIT
o No refuse or solid waste collection shall be allowed without an operating permit
issued by REGIONAL HEALTH OFFICER.
 SANITARY PERMIT
o No refuse or solid waste collection service shall operate without a sanitary permit
issued by the LOCAL HEALTH OFFICER.
 PERSONNEL
o All refuse collectors, drivers, and those involved in the collection of refuse shall
possess an UP-TO-DATE HEALTH CERTIFICATE issued by the LOCAL
HEALTH OFFICER.
o HEALTH CERTIFICATE
 Non-transferable.
 Shall be renewed AT LEAST 1 YEAR.
 Shall be attached to the upper portion of the refuse collector’s garment
while working.
o They shall be provided with and required to use Personal Protective Equipment.
o REFUSE COLLECTOR
 Shall be given orientation by the LOCAL HEALTH OFFICE on the
collection of refuse with emphasis on refuse storage, color-coding scheme,
handling, recycling, and disposal.
 Shall not be allowed to collect refuse that is NOT SORTED or
SEGREGATED (either by COLOR CODING or LABELING).
 OPERATION
 o Collector shall empty and return all containers to a designated collection area with
care.
o Paper and other temporary containers may be placed in collection vehicle
unemptied unless the occupant or owner requested the return of the container.
o Collector shall not dent, bent, or otherwise damage, or alter the condition of a
container.
o Container in poor condition shall not be returned unless specifically requested by
the owner.
o Collector shall inform the owner to repair or replace the container.
o Collector shall not leave behind the spilled contents of any container, or any
refuse falling out of the collection vehicle, or any refuse properly placed in the
designated collection area.
 APPROVAL
o Every vehicle used for the transportation of refuse shall be approved by the local
health officer as recommended by the sanitary inspector.
o Vehicle shall be owned by, and / or operated under the supervision of the person
who is the holder of the sanitary permit to transport refuse.
 VEHICLE COMPARTMENTS
o Vehicles shall be constructed preferable with TWO COMPARTMENTS, for
BIODEGRADABLE WASTE and NON-BIODEGRADABLE WASTE.
 In the ABSENCE of this type of vehicle, the OPTIONS ARE:
 Separate placement of refuse within the collection vehicle.
 Separate schedule for collection of refuse.
 VEHICLE WITH BUILT-INCOMPACTOR
o Only non-biodegradable wastes shall be compacted.
o Biodegradable wastes are hauled in a specially designed
compartment.
 Special types of waste shall be collected on separate vehicle with
necessary precautions.
 HAULING BODY
o Every vehicle used for the transportation of refuse shall have a hauling body
constructed a metal.
o It shall have a metal lining on the floor and all side walls.
o All joints shall be effectively closed and smooth so that no drippage or leakage of
draining water or liquid or any debris can occur.
 VEHICLE COVERING
o Every vehicle shall be provided with a means of covering the refuse to be hauled
and of keeping such refuse securely within the hauling body.
o The HAULING BODY shall be provided with:
 TIGHT METAL HOOD having adequate opening fitted with smoothly
operating loading and unloading door.
 HEAVY TARPAULIN or OTHER CANVAS COVER fitted with
proper eyes, grommets, and ties ropes which are hooked to held securely
over the loaded refuse.
o Vehicles without permanent cover shall not be loaded with refuse or solid waste
to a level ABOVE the side wall height.
 MAINTENANCE AND CLEANLINESS
o Every vehicle used for refuse or solid waste collection and transport shall be kept
well painted, clean, and in good condition.
o Every vehicle used for carrying refuse or solid waste shall be washed and be
applied with disinfectant / deodorizer as often as may be necessary to prevent
persistent odors and, in any event, shall be cleaned AT LEAST ONCE A
WEEK.
o Every vehicle used for hauling refuse or solid waste shall be cleaned and properly
disinfected before used for any other purpose.
o Provision for wash bay area for vehicles shall be approved by the LOCAL
HEALTH OFFICER.
 MARKINGS AND LOGO
o Every vehicle used for transporting of refuse or solid waste shall carry the name,
logo, and telephone number of the refuse contractor / agency collecting refuse.
o LETTERS shall not be < 10 CENTIMETERS (4 INCHES) in height.
o LETTERING and LOGO shall be painted on the sidewall of the HAULING
BODY.
o COLOR shall be contrast to the color of the vehicle.
o VEHICLE HAS OTHER USES
 Lettering and logo shall be placed on a separate durable metal or wood
plaque which shall be firmly fixed to the vehicle when used for refuse
collection and transportation.
 LOADING OF REFUSE OR SOLID WASTE
o No vehicle shall be loaded with refuse or solid waste in a manner that will permit
material to swing off, fall out, or jar loose, and dall to the ground while in motion.
o Loose paper, trash, and small materials shall be secured against any wind
dispersal, jiggling, or jarring which will allor such material to be blown or to fall
out of the vehicle.
o Whenever the vehicle is used to be for the transportation of containers holding
garbage, swill, or waste matter, the containers shall meet the requirements for
containers under these implementing rules and regulations.
FACILITIES AND OTHER WASTE PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES
 SANITARY LANDFILL
o OPERATING PERMIT
 No disposal area shall be allowed without an operating permit issued by
the REGIONAL HEALTH OFFICE concerned.
  The approval of the disposal area shall be in accordance with other
existing national laws and regulations.
o SANITARY PERMIT
 No disposal area shall operate without a sanitary permit issued by the
LOCAL HEALTH OFFICE.
 Sanitary permit application and renewal shall be in accordance with the
requirements of these implementing rules and regulations.
o CAPACITY OF DISPOSAL AREA
 Entire disposal area shall be adequate to hold all refuse accepted for the
entire period during which it is proposed to operate.
 Estimates of capacity shall be supported with competent engineering data.
o DWELLINGS AND HABITATION
 There shall be no dwelling unit close than 200 METERS to any portion of
the premises designated as a landfill area.
 No person shall be permitted to occupy the premises designated as a
disposal area for living or sleeping purposes, except for the authorized
personnel or guards.
 AUTHORIZED PERSONNEL shall only use the place for resting
purposes while working or guarding the area.
 The LANDFILL should be > 200 METERS to the RESIDENTIAL
AREA.
o DRAINAGE
 The disposal area shall be free of STANDING WATER as much as
feasible and practicable.
 No plan for new disposal area shall be approved where the area is subject
to FLOODING.
 Area shall be provided with sufficient natural or artificial drainage to keep
the disposal area free of standing water.
 Drainage from refuse or solid waster disposal shall be handled as
SEWAGE and shall be disposed in accordance with the provisions of
CHAPTER XVII – SEWAGE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL,
EXCRETA DISPOSAL AND DRAINAGE of the CODE ON
SANITATION OF THE PHILIPPINES (PD 856) and its implementing
rules and regulations.
o ACCESSIBILITY
 Disposal area shall always be accessible over a hard-surfaced roadway.
 ACCESS ROAD
 shall be kept free from all hazards to vehicles or vehicle tires by
the landfill operator.
 Shall be maintained, paved, and kept clean by the landfill operator.
o FIRE PROTECTION
 Property shall be provided with adequate facilities and equipment for
controlling and extinguishing fires.
  Where no fire water service is available from a public water system,
premises shall be provided with water supply not < 32 LITERS PER
SECOND at 276 KILOPASCALS (500 GALLONS PER MINUTE at a
pressure of 40 POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH).
 One mobile foam type extinguisher or fire truck of a design and capacity
approved by the local fire department shall likewise be provided.
o COVERING OR REFUSE OR SOLID WASTE
 All refuse or solid wastes shall be covered with fill of earth or other
material acceptable to the local health officer within 24 HOURS upon
arrival at the disposal area.
 THICKNESS and SOIL TYPE of cover shall be determined by the
SANITARY ENGINEER on the basis of the character of fill material,
but in no event shall the depth of cover be < 15 CENITMETERS (6
INCHES) soil cover free of cracks and extrusion of refuse.
 Cover materials shall be so placed that setting by weather, rain,
compaction, or decomposition will not open cracks, or allow extrusion of
refuse within 6 MONTHS time.
o EQUIPMENT
 Disposal area shall have all required or necessary equipment comprised of
bulldozer, clam, bull clam, compactor, or equivalent equipment in
sufficient capacity and of such operating quality that the fill can be
covered according to schedules required.
 All equipment shall be kept serviceable.
o RECORDING
 Character and volume of refuse to be accepted in the public disposal area
shall be listed and posted at the premises entrance or in the premises office
which shall be adjacent to the entrance.
 PREMIT HOLDER shall furnish copy of the list to the LOCAL
HEALTH OFFICE and the PUBLIC SERVICE OFFICE any other
office having jurisdiction over the disposal area.
 Person in charge permanently stationed at the disposal area shall keep a
record of the source of material and the estimated volume, or tonnage
disposed every month in such form as may be required by the LOCAL
HEALTH OFFICER or the PUBLIC SERVICES DEPARTMENT.
 Shall divide material received into sources such as private individuals,
industrial establishments, agricultural, processing plants, and local refuse
collection service.
 Shall be available for inspection by authorized personnel of the
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIT, or
OTHER GOVERNMENT REGULATORY OFFICES.
o VERMIN CONTROL
 VERMIN ABATEMENT PROGRAM shall always be maintained in the
disposal area by the operator.
 
NON-BIODEGRADABLE WASTE MATERIALS shall be compacted
to prevent harborage of vermin.
 No biodegradable waste shall be used as filling material.
o GARBAGE GRINDER
 DOMESTIC GARBAGE GRINDER shall only be permitted whenever a
sewerage system or street sewer is 20 CENTIMETERS (8 INCHES) or
larger in diameter and it shall be proportionate to the designed capacity.
 Whenever a GARBAGE GRINDER IS USED, the following design for
SEWERAGE SYSTEM shall be:
 Requirements for the SLUDGE CAPACITY in the SEPTIC
TANK or DIGESTER shall be increased at the rate of 0.23
KILOGRAM (0.50 POUND) dry solids per capita per day.
 Allowance for FLOW CAPACITY shall be increased by 2%.
 Allowance for any FILTER TREATMENT shall recognize a
25% increase in BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)
loading.
 Waste generated which has not been thoroughly macerated and pulverized
to a size passing a number 16 (1/6 INCH) WIRE MESH SCREEN no be
permitted in the house drainage system.
TYPICAL SANITARY LANFILL DESIGN

 

FACILITIES AND OTHER WASTE PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES

 RECYCLING
o Refuse shall be segregated or sorted for reuse or recycling purposes according to
the following:
 FACTORY RETURNABLE
 All non-biodegradable and non-compostable wastes shall be
segregated in separate containers.
 May be collected and returned to the factory.
 FEED MATERIALS
 All food wastes, peelings, vegie trims, fish trails, fowl innards,
spoiled fruits, leftovers, egg shells, rice washings, fish washings,
meat washings, and others shall be collected and kept in covered
containers and may be used as animal feed.
  FERMENTABLE OR FRUIT CROP PEELING
 Fruit peelings, spoiled, or over ripe fruits, juices, and others may
be processed into vinegar, wine, nata de coco, nata de piña, or
other similar fruit products.
 FERTILIZING MATERIALS
 All compostable or biodegradable materials may be processed into
compost for organic gardening.
 FILLING MATERIALS
 Materials that can be compacted that may be used for stuffing toys,
furniture, pillows, and others.
 FINE CRAFTS
 Many of the non-biodegradable waste may be as materials for
handicrafts and other processes that recycles the non-
biodegradable waste.
 FOOD MATERIALS
 Certain kinds of seeds, pulp, and peelings may be made into
pickles, sweets, or candies, or snacks.
 FUEL MATERIALS
 Saw dusts, wood shavings, rice hulls, chaff, husks, and others may
be used as fuel materials.
 BURYING
 Shall be only for temporary control such as in households and
camps.
 Only biodegradable solid wastes shall be allowed to be buried.
 May be practiced within the premises, provided the refuse
deposited in the shall not be < 1 METER deep covered with soil to
prevent the possible excavation of refuse by dogs, cats, and other
pet animals.
 Refuse or solid waste shall not be buried in a flood prone area.
 LOCAL HEALTH OFFICER shall prohibit burying of refuse or
solid waste if this is found to be a nuisance.

TAKE NOTE:
 PH < 2 is ACID.
 PH > 12 is BASE.
 Due to COVID-19, amount of ASHES increased by means of cremating the dead bodies.
 ASHES can be mixed to compost to reduce the amount.
 ZONROX
o Its CONCENTRATE should not be disposed directly to the drainage.
o Before disposing its container, make sure that it is empty.
  Most of the ENVIRONMENTALISTS prioritizes the SINGLE USE PLASTIC
disposal because it is easier to campaign on it compared to e-wastes.
 E-WASTE DISPOSAL is still a problem in the whole world.
 There is still NO PROPER TREATMENT to monitors.
 Every treatment, it should be accredited by DENR.
 OIL SPILL treatment is one of the hardest because the treatment is dependent on the
GRAVITY of the spillage.
 It can use INCINERATION if it does not emit TOXIC FUMES that can affect the air
quality.
 CLEAN AIR ACT, or even other laws, should be updated for us to use incineration of
refuse because as of now incineration devices are now “updated”.
 Most of the laws in the Philippines are copy and pasted from other countries.
 The revision should be based about the country.
 INFECTIOUS WASTE must be disinfected or neutralized before disposing it.
 The disinfection of INFECTIOUS WASTE is by using 10 LITERS of water with 500
MILLILITERS of CHLORINE or other disinfectant.
 BE RESPONSIBLE IN DISPOSING YOUR WASTES.
 BATTERIES should have a special disposal, collection, and treatment.
 INCINERATION used to be the method in treating HEALTH CARE WASTES, but
due to CLEAN AIR ACT, the use of the method is PROHIBITED.
 By eating an OFFAL, we are helping in reducing it.
 SANITARY LANDFILL is more structured than the OPEN DUMPSITE.
 As a SANITARY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER, we need to develop
treatment facilities that can extract materials or energy from wastes.
 SANITARY LANDFILL is engineered and has structure, as well as groundwater
monitoring, unlike OPEN DUMPSITE.
 Make a hard decision when getting involved to any work that could affect the
environment. MONEY VS OWN PRINCIPLE.
 The VALIDITY of SANITARY PERMIT expires during the last day of DECEMBER,
even if you renewed your sanitary permit on the first day of December.
 If you suggest something on the PUBLIC HEARING, all the “participants” should agree
to your suggestion. If one does not agree your suggestion will not be acknowledged.

VERMIN CONTROL
 CHAPTER XVI of the PD 856.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
o BIODEGRADATION
 Process in which a material is decomposed by microbiological organisms
or enzymes.
o BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
 
Pest control method which utilizes predators, parasites, and natural
enemies of pest species to reduce or eliminate pest population.
o CHEMICAL CONTROL
 Pest control method which utilizes RODENTICIDES. INSECTICIDES,
LARVICIDES, and PESTICIDES.


o DISINFESTATION
 Any measure taken to kill the vermin present in land, places, buildings,
residences, conveyances, and establishments.


o ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION CONTROL

 Maintenance of cleanliness of the immediate premises and proper building
construction and maintenance to prevent access of pests into human
dwellings.
o HEALTH CERTIFICATE
 A certification in writing using the prescribed form issued by the CITY or
MUNICIPAL HEALTH OFFICER to a person after passing the
required physical and medical examinations and immunizations.
o FUMIGATION
 Act of applying, releasing, fumigating, or spraying smoke or vapor so that
it reaches the target organism primarily or wholly in gaseous state.
 

o INFESTATION
 Presence within or around a building, place, or conveyance of any insect,
rodent, or other pests.


o INSECTS
 Flies, mosquitoes, cockroaches, bedbugs, fleas, lice, ticks, ants, and other
insects that are of public health significance.
o INTEGRATED CONTROL
  controlling pests using several different methods and procedures which are
used to complement each other.
 PROCEDURES INCLUDE:
 Use of pesticides.
 Environmental sanitation measures.
 Natural control methods.
 Mechanical methods.
 Biological methods.
o LOCAL HEALTH AUTHORITY
 Official or employee responsible for the application of a prescribed health
measure in a LOCAL POLITACAL SUBDIVISION.
 In PROVINCE, the local health authority is the GOVERNOR.
 In CITY or MUNICIPALITY, the local health authority is the MAYOR.
o LOCAL HEALTH OFFICER
 Provincial, city, or municipal health officer.
o PEST
 Any destructive or unwanted insect or other small animals that causes
annoyance, discomfort, nuisance, or transmission of disease to humans
and damage to structures.
o MECHANICAL CONTROL
 Pest control method which utilizes mechanical device.
o NATURALISTIC CONTROL
 Pest control method which utilizes nature and nature’s systems without
disturbing the balance of nature.


o CULTURAL CONTROL
  This technique addresses the way we cultivate plants.
 Directed at reducing and avoiding pest problems.
 Practices that maintain plant health.
 HEALTHY PLANTS = FEWER PEST PROBLEM = /\ TOLERANT
OF PESTS.


o PESTICIDES
 Any substance or product or mixture intended to control, prevent, destroy,
repel, or mitigate directly or indirectly any pest.
o PLACE
 Land, building, residences, pier, watercraft, aircraft, or any means of
conveyance.
o PUBLIC PLACES
 Open fields and enclosed areas of public assembly.
o PUBLIC PLACES ESTABLISHMENTS
 Hotels, motels, dormitories, lodging, board housing, and other similar
institutions.
o REGIONAL DIRECTOR
 Official who heads the DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH REGIONAL
HEALTH OFFICE.
o RODENTS
 Small mammal characterized by constantly growing incisor teeth used for
gnawing or nibbling.
 

o RODENTICIDE
 Chemical or other preparations used to destroy rats.
o SAFETY
 Condition of being free from danger and hazard which may be cause
accident or disease.
o SANITATION INSPECTOR
 Government officer, employed by the national, provincial, city, or
municipal government.
 Enforces sanitary rules, laws, and regulations.
 Implements environmental sanitation activities under the supervision of
the PROVINCIAL / MUNICIPAL HEALTH OFFICER / SANITARY
ENGINEER.
o SANITARY PERMIT
 Certification in writing of the CITY or MUNICIPAL HEALTH
OFFICER or in his absence the CHIEF or HEAD of SANITATION
DIVISION.
o SECRETARY
 Secretary of Health.
o TRADITIONAL PESTICIDES
 PLANT EXTRACTS or PLANT SUBSTANCES that are used to
control pests.
o URBAN PEST CONTROL
 Pest control activities in all habitable areas but not to include agricultural
pest control activities.
o URBAN PEST CONTROL APPLICATOR
 Any individual who uses or supervises the use of pesticides or any other
methods or services for urban pest control or implementation of a vermin
abatement program.
 Registered by the DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH.
o VECTOR
 Any organism which transmits infection by inoculation into the skin or
mucous membrane by:
 Biting.
 Deposit of infective materials on the skin, food, or other objects.
 Biological reproduction within the organism.
o VERMIN
 Group of insects or small animals which are vectors of diseases.
o VERMIN ABATEMENT PROGRAM
 Series of preventive and control activities or procedures to eliminate or
reduce the presence of vermin.
o LIST OF PESTS OF SIGNIFICANT PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE
 COCKROACHES
 Controlled to halt the spread of ASTHMA, ALLERGY, and
FOOD CONTAMINATION.
 BODY, HEAD, CRAB LICE
 Surveyed for and controlled to:
o Prevent the spread of SKIN IRRITATION and RASHES.
o Prevent the occurrence of LOUSEBORNE DISEASES.
 MOSQUITOES
 Best known disease vector.
 Controlled to prevent the spread of MOSQUITOES BEARING
DISEASES.
 TICKS
 Transmit diseases such as LYME DISEASE, TICKBORNE
RELAPSIN FEVER, EHRLICHIOSIS, and ROCKY
MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER.
 BEDBUGS
 Controlled because their bites can cause ALLERGIC
REACTIONS.
 VARIOUS RATS AND MICE
 Controlled to prevent the spread of RODENTBORNE
DISEASES and FOOD CONTAMINATION.
 VARIOUS MICROORGANISMS
 Subject to control programs by public health agencies and
hospitals for the purpose of preventing the spread of numerous
diseases.
 REPTILES AND BIRDS
 Controlled to prevent the spread of diseases and direct injuries.
 VARIOUS MAMMALS
 Have the potential for direct human injury.
 Can act as disease reservoirs.
 SIGNIFICANT PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE
o PLAGUE
 Infectious disease that affects rodents, certain other animals, and humans.
 Cause by YESINIA PESTIS bacteria.
 Found in many areas if the world.
 HOW DO PEOPLE BECOME INFECTED?
 Most acquired when they are BITTEN by a FLEA infected with
the PLAGUE BACTERIA.
 Can also become infected from DIRECT CONTACT with
infected tissues or fluids while handling an anima that is sick with
or that has died from plague.
 Can become infected from INHALING respiratory droplets after
close contact with CATS and HUMANS with PNEUMONIC
PLAGUE.
 THREE FORMS:
 BUBONIC PLAGUE
o Patients develop sudden onset of FEVER, HEADACHES,
CHILLS, and WEAKNESS and > 1 SWOLLEN,
TENDER, and PAINFUL LYMP NODES (called
BUBOES).
o Usually the result of an INFECTED FLEA BITE.
o Bacteria multiply in the LYMPH NODE closest to where
the bacteria entered the human body.
o If not treated with proper antibiotics, the bacteria can
spread to other parts of the body.
o When left UNTREATED, the plague bacteria can invade
the BLOODSTREAM.
o They spread rapidly throughout the body and cause severe
and often fatal condition called SEPTICEMIC PLAGUE.
o It can also progress into an infection of the lungs, causing
PNEUMONIC PLAUE.
 SEPTICEMIC PLAGUE
o Patients develop FEVER, CHILLS, EXTREME
WEAKNESS, ABDOMINAL PAIN, SHOCK, and
 possibly BLEEDING into the SKIN and OTHER
ORGANS.
o Skin and other tissues may turn black and die, especially
for fingers, toes, and nose.
o Can occur as the first symptoms of plague.
o May develop from UNTREATED BUBONIC PLAGUE.
o Results of bites of INFECTED FLEAS or from handling
an INFECTED ANIMAL.
 PNEUMONIC PLAGUE
o Patients develop FEVER, HEADACHE, WEAKNESS,
and RAPID DEVELOPING PNEUMONIA with
shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and sometimes
bloody or watery mucus.
o May develop from INHALING INFECTIOUS
DROPLETS or from UNTREATED BUBONIC or
SEPTICEMIC PLAGUE that spreads to the lungs.
o Pneumonia may cause respiratory failure and shock.
o MOST SERIOUS form of the disease.
o Only form that can spread from PERSON TO PERSON
(by INFECTIOUS DROPLETS).


 BASIC TRANSMISSION CYCLE

 Fleas become infected by feeding on rodents that are infected with
the bacterium YERSINIA PESTIS.
 Fleas transmit plague bacteria to humans and other mammal during
a subsequent feeding.
 Plague bacteria survive briefly in the blood of rodents and for
longer periods in the fleas.
 HUMAN-TO-HUMAN transmission is rare and typically requires direct
and close contact with the person with pneumonic plague.
 INCUBATION PERIOD
  Person usually becomes ill with bubonic plague for about 2 – 6
DAYS after being infected.
 Someone exposed to YERSINIA PESTIS through AIR would
become ill within 1 – 3 DAYS.
 DIAGNOSTIC
 First is the EVALUATION by a health worker. ‘
 When health worker suspects plague, samples of the blood,
sputum, or lymph node aspirate are sent to a laboratory.
 Once laboratory receives the samples, the preliminary results can
be ready in <2 HOURS.
 Laboratory confirmation will take longer, usually 24 – 48
HOURS.
 Presumptive treatment with antibiotics will start as soon as
samples are taken if plague is suspected.
 TREATMENT
 Can be successfully treated with ANTIBIOTICS.
 Patients that are suspected to have a plague should be hospitalized
and medically isolated (if case of PNEUMONIC PLAGUE is
present).
 Laboratory tests should be done. It INCLUDES:
o Blood Culture for Plague Bacteria.
o Microscopic Examination of LYMPH NODE, BLOOD,
and SPUTUM SAMPLES.
 ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT should begin as soon as possible
after laboratory specimens are taken, preferably within 24 HOURS
of the first symptoms.
 SANITARY PERMIT REQUIREMENTS
o No URBAN PEST CONTROL OPERATOR shall be engaged in urban pest
control activities WITHOUT a sanitary permit issued by the LOCAL HEALTH
OFFICER.
o Establishment shall employ an accredited urban pest control applicator as a
requirement for the issuance of sanitary permit.
o Any extension or additional construction in an establishment shall require a
sanitary permit before it could be operated.
o APPLICATION OR RENEWAL
 Application or renewal of sanitary permit shall be filed with the CITY /
MUNICIPAL HEALTH OFFICER having jurisdiction over the
establishment.
 Sanitary permit shall be issued only upon compliance to at least a
SATISFACTORY RATING utilizing the sanitary inspection form (EHS
FORM NO. 103-A).
  Fees shall be paid upon application, renewal, and noting of sanitary
permit.
 Amount of fees shall be set through city or municipal ordinance.
o NOTING OF PERMIT
 If there is a CHANGE OF OWNERSHIP of the establishment, the NEW
OWNER shall apply to the city / municipal health office within 14 DAYS
to have such change noted in the records and permit certificate and shall
pay the corresponding fee in respect of such noting.
o VALITDITY
 Sanitary permit shall be valid for 1 YEAR, ending on the LAST DAY OF
DECEMBER of each year.
 Shall be renewed every BEGINNING of the year.
 Upon the recommendation of the local health officer to the local health
authority, sanitary permit shall be SUSPENDED or REVOKED upon
violation of these rules and regulations.
o POSTING OF PERMIT
 Sanitary permit shall be posted in a CONSPICUOUS PLACE of the
establishment for public information.
 It shall be available for inspection by health and other regulatory
personnel.
o RECORD OF SANITARY PERMIT
 Every city / municipality shall keep a record of all establishment which
have been issued sanitary permit and renewal thereof.
 Shall in every case show the following:
 NAME and ADDRESS of the HOLDER of the sanitary permit.
 LOCATION of establishment.
 NATURE or KIND of business for which the permit has been
issued.
 DATE the first permit was issued and of any renewal.
 CHANGE OF OWNERSHIP of the establishment since the first
permit was issued.
 SANITARY CONDITION under which the permit was issued, or
renewal thereof granted.
 REVOCATION of sanitary permit.
 Shall be available at all reasonable times for inspections by any authorized
officer of the DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH or LOCAL
GOVERNMENT UNIT.
o HEALTH CERTIFICATES
 No person shall be employed by the urban pest control operator without
first securing a health certificate (EHS FORM102-B) from the CITY /
MUNICIPAL HEALTH OFFICER of the locality where the
establishment is located.
 
Shall be CLIPPED visibly in the UPPER LEFT FRONT portion of the
uniform and bear the picture of the employee while working.
 Shall be renewed AT LEAST EVERY YEAR.
 NON-TRANSFERABLE.
 ACCREDITATION AND LICENSIN OF URBAN PEST CONTROL SERVICES
o LICENSING
 Establishments which are engaged in commercial application of pesticides
for purposes of urban pest control shall be licensed, as currently practiced,
in accordance with the requirements of PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO.
1144 (CREATING THE FERTILIZER AND PESTICIDE
AUTHORITY AND ABOLISHING THE FERTILIZER INDUSTRY
AUTHORITY), its implementing rules and regulations and specific
guidelines and procedures.
o ACCREDITATION
 PESTICIDE APPLICATORS in establishments which are engaged in
urban pest control service shall be accredited, as currently practiced, in
accordance with the requirements of PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO.
1144, its implementing rules and regulations and specific guidelines and
procedures.
 Accredited urban pest control applicator must have direct supervision over
the service technicians and workers.
 Actual presence of accredited applicator shall be required during
application of pesticides by the service technicians or workers.
 Establishments, institutions, or entities with in-house capability for urban
pest control services as well as national and local government agencies
providing such services as part of their functions, programs, or strategies
shall have their designated staff accredited as required.
 GENERAL HEALTH AND SAFETY PROVISIONS
o URBAN PEST CONTROL OPERATOR shall be required to provide:
 Annual medical check-up for its urban pest control applicator, technician,
workers, and other personnel.
 Personal Protective Equipment for personnel engaged in urban pest
control services.
 First aid and pesticides safety training at the beginning of employment
followed by training programs at regular intervals.
 Advanced plans and procedures for handling or referral of accidents and
casualties.
 Area for first aid procedures, emergency facilities, equipment, and
supplies.
 Separate storage facilities for pesticides in all its branches.
 Adequate water supply and washing facilities for cleaning the premises
and equipment as well as enough lavatories and bathrooms for the
workers.
 o No poison baits shall be exposed in food processing, food manufacturing, food
establishment, food storage, and other places selling and serving or storing food.
o Spraying with chemicals or pesticides shall be done only on approved and defined
sprayable surfaces or areas.
o Urban pest control applicators employed by the operator shall provide
TECHNICAL SUPERVISION to technician and workers during pest control
operation.
o Pesticides and their containers shall be disposed by the process of CHEMICAL
ALTERATION, BURRYING, INCINERATION, and WASTEWATER
TREATMENT SYSTEMS equipped to treat such wastes.
o Pesticides shall not be FLUSHED to sanitary sewers.
o Every vehicle or conveyance transporting pesticide materials shall carry an
emergency water supply for washing off corrosive and toxic maters, facilities for
washing eyes, and other equipment.
o Every containers of pesticides shall be appropriately, permanently, and legibly
always labeled. Transfer is prohibited.
 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR VERMIN ABATEMENT PROGRAM
o At LOCAL LEVEL:
 It must be community wide and community participated.
 It must be technically coordinated.
 It must be continuing.
 It must be basically a partnership between the private and government
sectors.
 Preferably utilize indigenous technology and resources to attain self-
reliance.
o Shall include any or a combination of the following methods:
 Environmental Sanitation Control
 Naturalistic Control
 Biological and Genetic Control
 Mechanical and Physical Control
 Chemical Control
 Integrated Control
o In all establishments and places shall be maintained by the owners, operators, or
administrators.
o If they fail, neglect, or refuse to maintain a vermin abatement program, LOCAL
HELATH AUTHORITY will undertake the work at the expenses of the owners,
operators, or administrators.
o Integrated control approach or alternative use of traditional pesticides in vermin
control shall be developed and applied whenever feasible to reduce reliance on the
use of dangerous pesticides and other toxic chemicals.
o Procedure and frequency shall be determined by the LOCAL HEALTH
OFFICER.
o NATIONAL QUARANTINE OFFICE has jurisdiction in international airports
and ports of entry and shall implement the national quarantine rules and
regulations and the INTERNATIONAL HEALT HREGULATION of the
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS.
o Use of pesticides shall be carried out only under the supervision of a licensed
urban pest control operator / accredited urban pest control applicator.
o Community fogging or spraying operations shall be done on selective basis under,
but not limited to, the following circumstances:
 Epidemic or Calamities
 Evacuation Area
 Preparatory to Holding Massive Public Assemblies
 High Vermin Density Areas
o INSECTS
 LARVICIDING and other BIOLOGICAL CONTROL METHODS.
 Improvement, removal, recycling, elimination, or cleaning of potential
harborages, and breeding areas for vermin.
 Warding off and repelling adult insects by utilizing botanical, electrical,
and biological methods.
 Proper maintenance of wastewater drains, storm water canals, and
regulated logging of sewer and waterways.
 Screening or trapping of solid wastes, skimming of floating debris, and
removal of underwater debris of all tributary outlets.
 Changing of water in flower vases every 3 DAYS.
 Spraying the surface of drainage canal water, stagnant pools, or other
running water with larvicides once every 7 DAYS or as often as necessary
to prevent the propagation of mosquitoes therein.
 Filling or cleaning of potential egg laying areas.
 Destruction of adult insects by fogging, misting, residual spraying,
dusting, poisoning, trapping, and swatting.
 Covering, screening, or decanting of all water stock containers.
 Preventing the accumulation of water in containers.
 Providing insect egg traps for dark areas.
 Covering exposed foods and food materials.
 Maintenance of the general cleanliness of buildings and premises.
o RODENTS
 Rat proofing of all buildings.
 Eliminating harborages and breeding places.
 Providing simple inexpensive traps.
 Providing rat-proofed garbage containers for the disposal of solid wastes.
 Trimming all tree branches likely to harbor rats.
 Applying the rodenticide with provisions for emergency instruction in the
packaging.
 Using natural predators.
o All public places establishments shall keep a TIGHT-FITTING SCREEN for
processed foods that attract insects and shall not keep in the premises owned,
leased, or occupied by them.
o They shall use ODOT CONTROL METHODS to prevent attracting vermin.
o In public places establishments where food is handled, sold, and served, insect
and fly-proofing facilities shall be provided.


o Overflow pipe of elevated and ground level water tanks shall be covered with at
least GAUGE NO. 16 wire mesh screen.
o Septic tanks shall be watertight, and cleanouts shall be fitted with screens.
o Effluent from septic tank shall not be discharged into curbs, open canals, or storm
drainage system.
o Discharging of sullage in curbs, open canals, or street gutters is prohibited.
o All kitchen wastes shall be provided with GREASE TRAP.
 o Branches of trees growing close to a building shall be trimmed / cut to prevent
easy access of rodents.
o Biodegradable wastes shall be stored and collected in rat-proofed containers with
tight fitting lids and shall be managed, segregated, or disposed separately from
non-biodegradable wastes.
o Door and window screening or rat-proofing shall be constructed and maintained
as to exclude vermin in food establishments.
o All openings which connect to the outer air shall be effectively protected with
screen of NON-CORROSIVE GAUGE NO. 16 wire mesh or FINER, or with
the use of AIR CURTAIN.
o Door screens shall be tight-fitting and self-closing.
o During actual de-ratting, fogging, spraying, and disinfecting operations, all food
stuff, utensils, food preparations, and cleaning equipment shall be covered
properly to protect them from toxic chemical contamination.
o Provision of separate storage facilities for pesticides, soaps, and chemicals shall
be provided and located far from food and food utensils.
o Decaying vegetables and garbage shall be disposed daily.
o Proper garbage disposal shall be maintained.
o Rat-proofed garbage containers shall be provided for the disposal of solid wastes.
o Residual spraying inside the food establishments shall be made only as the need
arises.
o During emergencies, the use of physical control measures such as electrical
devices, mini flamethrowers, and flooding of exclusive breeding grounds shall be
allowed, if it will not cause nuisance and danger to the public.
o Release of vermin and dissemination of pathogenic organisms shall be undertaken
only in controlled setting as approved by concerned government agencies.
 REQUIREMENTS FOR VERMIN ABATEMENT PROGRAM IN BUILDINGS
AND RESIDENCES
o CONSTRUCTION OF NEW BUILDINGS
 Owners of buildings and residences shall have the floor of the lower story
constructed of concrete or other impervious material to render the building
vermin proofed.
 Plans for vermin proofing shall be approved by the LOCAL HEALTH
OFFICER as recommended by the SANITARY ENGINEER.
 Buildings or residences whose floor of the lower story is not made of
concrete or other impervious material shall be elevated so there will be a
clear unobstructed space of AT LEAST 50 CENTIMETERS between
the bottom of the joists and the highest point of thereunder.
o REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE OF BUILDINGS AND RESIDENCES
 No occupant, owner, contractor public, utility, company, plumber, or any
other person or entity shall remove or fail to restore in similar and proper
 condition the vermin proofing of any building or residences or make new
openings that are closed or sealed against the entry of vermin.
 Every owner or occupant of any building or residence that is infested of
vermin shall at once proceed and continue to eradicate such vermin.
 Roofs, attics, basements, cellars, or other adjacent to houses or buildings
shall be kept free from food stuff, garbage, forage, and other material
which may serve as food or harborage for vermin.
 REQUIREMENTS FOR VERMIN ABATEME PROGRAM IN PORTS,
AIRPORTS, VESSELS, AIRCRAFT, AND OTHER CONVEYANCES
o PORTS AND AIRPORTS
 QUARANTINE MEDICAL OFFICER, or in his absence, the LOCAL
HEALTH OFFICER shall take all practicable measures to help port and
airport installation free of vermin.
 Every port of entry and area within the perimeter of an airport shall be
kept free from vector of diseases of epidemiological significance.
 Disinfection, disinfestation, de-ratting, and other sanitary operations shall
be carried in such manner that will:
 Not cause undue discomfort to any person, or injury to his health.
 No produce any deleterious effect on the structure of a ship, an
aircraft, or vehicle, or its operating equipment.
 Not produce any damage to cargo, goods, baggage, and containers.

 EVALUATION OF ESTABLISHMENTS
o SANITARY INSPECTION
 RESPONSIBLE OFFICER
 LOCAL HEALTH OFFICER
o Shall inspect and evaluate every urban pest control operator
or establishment requiring a sanitary permit for its
operations, AT LEAST EVERY 3 MONTHS.
o Shall cause as many additional inspection and reinspection,
and evaluation.
 FREQUENCY OF INSPECTION
 Shall be conducted AT LEAST EVERY 3 MONTHS.
 RECORDING OF INSPECTION
 SANITARY ENGINEER / SANITATION INSPECTOR
o shall record his findings in an inspection form (EHS
FORM NO. 103-B).
o shall furnish the original of such report to the operator of
the establishments.
TAKE NOTE:
 We can biodegrade a plastic, but there is still plastic component to it.
  Usually termites are being seen if the house is being renovated.
 HUMAN-TO-HUMAN transmission is rare and typically requires direct and close
contact with the person with pneumonic plague.
 During this pandemic, SPRAYING is NOT ALLOWED already. It should be WET and
WIPE.
 METHODS and TECHNIQUES of controlling vermin should be COMMUNITY
FRIENDLY.
 It is advisable to use the NATURALISTIC TYPE of control.
 It is a MUST to have a VERMIN CONTROL ABATEMENT PROGRAM in a
PUBLIC place.
 GARBAGE DUMPING PLACES shall have coverings to prevent the potential
harborage and breeding of vermin.
 CRACKS or CREVICES in the house can be a potential egg laying area of vermin.
 It is recommended to use mosquito net that has a NET GAUGE NO. 16.

HAZARD ANALYSIS AND CRITICAL CONTROL POINT (HACCP)

 CONTROL (VERB)
o To take all necessary actions to ensure and maintain compliance with the criteria
established in the HACCP PLAN.
 CONTROL (NOUN)
o State wherein correct procedures are being followed and criteria are being met.
 CONTROL MEASURE
o Any action and activity that can be used to prevent or eliminate a food safety
hazard or reduce it to an acceptable level.
 CORRECTIVE ACTION
o Any action to be taken when the results of monitoring at the CCP indicate a loss
of control.
 CRITICAL CONTROL POINT
o Also known as CCP.
o Essential to prevent or eliminate a food safety hazard or reduce it to an acceptable
level.
o Point, step, or procedure in a process at which it is ESSENTIAL that a control is
applied to prevent, eliminate, or reduce a hazard to a safe level.
 CRITICAL LIMIT
o Criterion which separates ACCEPTABILITY from UNACCEPTABILITY.
o One or more prescribed tolerances that must be met to ensure that the CCP
effectively controls the biological, chemical, or physical hazard. (NACMCF)
o Maximum or minimum value to which a biological, chemical, or physical
parameter must be controlled at a CCP to prevent, eliminate, or (reduce to an
acceptable level) the occurrence of the identified food safety hazard.
 o Shall, at a minimum, be designed to ensure that applicable targets or performance
standards established by FSIS, and any other requirements set forth, are met.
o DIRECT CRITICAL LIMIT
 Directly measured.
 If adequate data is available.
o INDIRECT CRITICAL LIMIT
 Used if there is no adequate measured data.
o Plot and monitor them using CONTROL CHARTS.
o BURDEN ZONE.
o WHAT MAKES A GOOD CRITICAL LIMIT?
 Easily and rapidly measurable.
 Inexpensive to measure.
 Accurate and reproducible.
 Reinforced by verification data.
 Use parameters that can be measured in real time.
 Do not interfere with or contaminate process.
 Measurement procedures are easy to teach and understood.
o REQUIREMENTS OF CRITICAL LIMIT
 Distinction between DIRECT and INDIRECT MEASUREMENTS.
 Scientifically validated.
 Data is verifiable.
 DEVIATION
o Failure to meet a critical limit.
 FLOW DIAGRAM
o Systematic representation of the sequence of steps or operations used in the
production or manufacture of food item.
 HAZARD ANALYSIS AND CRITICAL CONTROL POINT
o Also known as HACCP.
o System which IDENTIFIES, EVALUATES, and CONTROLS hazards which
are significant for food safety.
 HACCP PLAN
o Document prepared in accordance with the principles of HACCP to ensure
control of hazards which are significant for food safety in the segment of the food
chain under consideration.
 HAZARD
o Biological, chemical, or physical agent in, or condition of, food with the potential
to cause an adverse health effect.
 HAZARD ANAYSIS
o Process of collecting and evaluating information on hazards and conditions
leading to their presence to decide which are significant for food safety and
therefore should be addressed in the HACCP PLAN.
 MONITOR
 o Act of conducting a planned sequence of observations or measurements of control
parameters to assess whether a CCP is under control.
 STEP
o Point, procedure, operation, or stage in the food chain from primary production to
final consumption.
 VALIDATION
o Obtaining evidence that the elements of the HACCP plan are effective.
 VERIFICATION
o Application of methods procedures, tests, and other evaluations, in addition to
monitoring to determine compliance with the HACCP plan.
 TRAINING
o Training of personnel in HACCP principles and applications and increasing
awareness of consumers are essential elements for the effective implementation of
HACCP.
 HAZARD ANALYSIS AND CRITICAL CONTROL POINT SYSTEM
o Also known as HACCP SYSTEM.
o Science based and systematic.
o Identifies specific hazards and measures for their control to ensure the safety of
the food.
o Tool to assess hazards and establish control systems that focus on prevention
rather than relying mainly on end-product testing.
o Capable of accommodating change.
o Can be applied throughout the food chain from primary production to final
consumption.
o Implementation should be guided by scientific evidence of risks to human health.
o Enhancing food safety, implementation of HACCP can provide other significant
benefits and the application of this systems can aid inspection by regulatory
authorities and promote international trade by increasing confidence in food
safety.
o PRINCIPLES:
 PRINCIPLE 1
 Conduct a hazard analysis.
 According to NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON
MICROBIOLOGICAL CRITERIA FOR FOODS, the
OBJECTIVE of HAZARD ANALYSIS:
o IDENTIFY HAZARDS that are reasonably likely to occur
and their associated control measures.
o IDENTIFY NEEDED MODIFICATIONS to a process or
product so product safety is further assured or improved.
o PROVIDE A BASIS for determining critical control
points in the HACCP Plan.
  5 STEPS:
o IDENTIFY potential food safety hazards.
o EVALUATE whether the potential hazard is likely to
occur in the presence of properly applied pre-requisite
programs.
o JUSTIFY your decision
o IDENTIFY control measures that may control hazards
reasonably likely to occur.
o DOCUMENT each step.
 PRINCIPLE 2
 Determine the Critical Control Points (CCP).
 PRINCIPLE 3
 Establish critical limits.
 PRINCIPLE 4
 Establish a system to monitor control of the CCP.
 3 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE MONITOR
o Plan and Conduct Measurements.
o Evaluate Data according to Critical Limits.
o Document Results.
 MONITORING PLAN ADDRESSES
o Who will monitor?
o What exactly are they planning?
o How to conduct the monitoring?
o Frequency of monitoring?
 Should be REAL TIME.
 Usually does not entail MICROBIAL TESTS.
 Most common control measure is TEMPERATURE and it must
be monitored.
 It is recommended to have MONITORING DATA RECORD,
such as graph.
 

PRINCIPLE 5
 Establish the corrective action to be taken when monitoring
indicates that CCP is not under control.
 PRINCIPLE 6
 Establish procedures for verification to confirm that the HACCP
system is working effectively.
 PRINCIPLE 7
 Establish documentation concerning all procedures and records
appropriate to these principles and their application.
o GUIDELINES FOR APPLICATION
 SANITATION CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
 PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 856
 FOOD SAFETY ACT OF 2013
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10611
 LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7160
  CONSUMER ACT OF THE PHILLIPINES
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7394
o MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT FOR THE EFFECTIVE
IMPLEMENTATION OF A HACCP SYSTEM
 During hazard identification, evaluation, and subsequent operations in
designing and applying HACCP systems, considerations must be given to
the impact raw material, ingredients, food manufacturing practices, role of
manufacturing processes to control hazards, likely end-use of the product,
categories of consumers of concern, and epidemiological evidence relative
to food safety.
o The intent is to focus control at CCPs.
 REDESIGNING of operation must be considered if a hazard which must
be controlled is identified but no CCPs are found.
o Should be applied to each specific operation separately.
 CCPs identified in any given example in any CODEX CODE OF
HYGIENIC PRACTICE might not be the only ones identified for
specific application or might be of a different nature.
o HACCP application should be reviewed, and necessary changes made when any
modifications is made in the product, process, or any step.
o It is important to be flexible where appropriate, given the context of the
application considering the nature and the size of the operation.
o APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES
 ASSEMBLE MULTIDISCIPLINARY HACCP TEAM
 Food operation should assure that the appropriate product specific
knowledge and expertise is available for the development of an
effective HACCP plan.
 Where required expertise is not available on site, expert advice
should be obtained from other sources.
 DESCRIBE PRODUCT
 Full description of the product should be drawn up, including
relevant safety information such as:
o Composition
o Physical / Chemical Structure
o Microcidal / Static Treatments
o Packaging durability and Storage Conditions and Method
of Distribution
 IDENTIFY INTENDED USE
 Should be based on the expected uses of the product by the end
user or consumer.
 In specific cases, vulnerable groups of the population may have to
be considered.
 CONSTRUCT FLOW DIAGRAM
  Should be constructed by the HACCP team.
 Should cover all steps in the operation.
 When applying HACCP to a given operation, consideration should
be given to steps preceding and following the specified operation.
 ONSITE CONFIRMATION OF FLOW DIAGRAM
 HACCP team should confirm the processing operation against the
flow diagram during all stages and hours of operation and amend
the flow diagram where appropriate.
 LIST ALL POTENTIAL HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH
STEP, CONDUCT A HAZARD ANALYSIS, AND CONSIDER ANY
MEASURES TO CONTROL IDENTIFIED HAZARDS
 See PRINCIPLE 1.
 HACCP team should list all the hazards that may be reasonably
expected to occur at each step from primary production,
processing, manufacture, and distribution until the point of
consumption.
 HACCP team should next conduct a hazard analysis to identify for
the HACCP plan which hazards are of such a nature that their
elimination or reduction to acceptable levels is essential to the
production of safe food.
 In conducting the HAZARD ANALYSIS, wherever possible the
following should be included:
o Likely occurrence of hazards and severity of their adverse
health effects.
o Qualitative and / or quantitative evaluation of the presence
of hazards.
o Survival or multiplication of microorganisms.
o Production or persistence in foods of toxins, chemicals, or
physical agents.
o Conditions leading to the factors.
 DETERMINE CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS
 See PRINCIPLE 2.
 There may be > 1 CCP at which control is applied to address the
same hazard.
 Determination of a CCP in the HACCP system can be facilitated
by the application of a decision tree which indicates a logic
reasoning approach.
 Based on science driven decisions.
 Sometimes MANDATED.
 SHOULD WE PLACE IN THE BEGINNING OR END OF
THE PROCESS?
o EARLY
  We could end up on a lot of rework.
o LATE
 We could end up having many contaminations.
o Usually, however, it will be placed as late as possible in the
process so there is a terminal treatment that will cover
multiple hazards.
o DECISION TREE
 Application of a decision tree should be
FLEXIBLE, given whether the operation is for
production, slaughter, processing, storage,
distribution, or others.
 Should be used for guidance when determining
CCPs.


 Training in the application of the decision tree is recommended.

 If hazard has been identified at a step where control is necessary
for safety, and no control measure exists at that step, or any other,
then the product or process should be modified at that step, or at
any earlier or later stage, to include a control measure.
 DETERMINE CRITICAL LIMITS
 See PRINCIPLE 3.
 Must be specified and validated if possible, for each Critical
Control Point.
 In some cases, > 1 CRITICAL LIMIT will be elaborated at a
step.
 Criteria often used include measurements of temperature, time,
moisture level, pH, AW, available chlorine, and sensory parameters
such as visual appearance and texture.
 An accurate CRITICAL LIMIT is crucial to the
EFFECTIVENESS of the HACCP Plan.
 If it is NOT SUFFICIENT to control food safety hazard, the rest
of the HACCP concerning about that CPP and Critical Limit is
IRRELEVANT.
 

 ESTABLISH A MONITORING SYSTEM FOR EACH CCP

 See PRINCIPLE 4.
 MONITORING
o Scheduled measurement or observation of a CCP relative to
its Critical Limits
o Procedures must be able to detect loss of control at the
CCP.
 Monitoring procedures for CCPs will need to be DONE
RAPIDLY because they relate to online processes and there will
not be time for lengthy analytical testing.
 Physical and chemical measurements are often preferred to
microbiological testing because they may be done rapidly and can
often indicate the microbiological control of the product.
 Should ideally provide this information in time to adjust should be
made when monitoring results indicate a trend towards loss of
control at a CCP.
 Adjustments should be taken before a deviation occurs.
  Data derived from monitoring must be evaluated by a designated
person with knowledge and authority to carry out corrective
actions when indicated.
 If NOT CONTINUOUS, then the amount or frequency of
monitoring must be sufficient to guarantee the CCP is in control.
 All records and documents associated with monitoring CCPs must
be signed by the persons doing the monitoring and by a responsible
reviewing official of the company.
 ESTBALISH CORRECTIVE ACTIONS
 Actions must ensure that the CCP has been brought under control.
 Actions taken must also include proper disposition of the affected
product.
 ESTABLISH VERIFICATION PROCEDURES
 Examples of VERIFICATION ACTIVITIES include:
o Review of the HACCP system and its records.
o Review of deviations and product dispositions.
o Confirmation that CCPs are kept under control.
 Where possible, validation activities should include actions to
confirm the efficacy of all elements of the HACCP plan.
 ESTABLISH DOCUMENTATION AND RECORD KEEPING
 See PRINCIPLE 7.
 Efficient and accurate keeping is essential to the application of a
HACCP system.
 HACCP procedures should be documented.
 Should appropriate to the nature and size of the operation.
 DOCUMENTATION examples:
o Hazard Analysis
o CCP Determination
o Critical Limit Determination
 RECORD examples:
o CCP Monitoring Activities
o Deviations and Associated Corrective Actions
o Modifications to the HACCP System
FOOD ESTABLSIHMENT SANITATION
 CHAPTER III of the PD 856
o Shall be applied to all food establishments and facilities including those located in
the vessel, food container and vehicle, and food sold in the streets.
 APPLIANCE
 o Includes the whole or part of any utensil, machinery, instrument, apparatus, or
article used or intended for use in or for making, storing, preparing, or supplying
of any food.
 ADULTERATED FOOD
o Food the contains any poisonous or deleterious substances in a quantity which
may render it injurious to health.
o Has been processed, prepared, packed, or held under insanitary conditions, where
valuable nutrients have been in part or in whole omitted thereof.
 BAKERY, BAKEHOUSE, CAKE KITCHEN, OR SHOP AND SIMLAR
ESTABLISHMENTS
o Any premises in which baker’s small goods are baked or cooked for sale.
o Any portion of such premises used for storage.
 CATERER
o Any person, firm, or corporation maintaining or operating a kitchen or any similar
establishment for the preparation, purveying, cooking, or processing of food or
drink for sale or hired to serve to persons elsewhere.
 CONTAMINATION
o Presence of infectious and non-infectious agent in an inanimate article or
substance.
 DAIRIES
o Establishments for the production, sale, or distribution of milk or milk products.
 FOOD
o Any raw, cooked, or processed edible substances, beverages, or ingredients used
or intended for use or for sale or in part for human consumption.
 FOOD ESTABLISMENT
o An establishment where food or drinks are manufactured, processed, stored, sold,
or served, including those that are in vessels.
 FOOD CART
o Non-enclosed, movable food stands, with or without wheels, selling take-out
foods and / or drinks.
o Usually located in the fast food areas of malls, atriums, shopping complex, or
multipurpose establishments.
 FOOD ESTABLISHMENT OPERATOR
o Any person who, by ownership or contract agreement, is responsible for the
management of one or more food establishments.
 o

 FOOD STALL
o Permanently constructed food booth with partition walls, dividers, or equivalent,
with food showcases and food displays, counters, with or without kitchen, selling
cooked meals or snack foods.
o Usually found in fast food areas of multipurpose establishments.
o Sometime referred to as SELF-SERVICE RESTAURANTS.
 FOOD HANDLER
o Any person who handles, stores, prepares, or serves food, drinks, or ice.
o Any person who meets any eating or cooking utensils and food vending machines.
 GROCERY
o Where staple food is handled and sold.
 HEALTH CERTIFICATE
o Certification, in writing, using the prescribed form, and issued by MUNICIPAL
or CITY HEALTH OFFICER to a person after passing the required physical
and medical examinations and immunizations.
 HEALTH OFFICER
o Provincial, City, or Municipal Health Officer.
o Usually DOCTORS.
 LOCAL HEATH AUTHORITY
o Also known as LHA.
o Official or employee responsible for the application of a prescribed health
measure in a local political subdivision.
o For PROVINCIAL LEVEL, the Local Health Authority is the GOVERNOR.
o For CITY or MUNICIPAL LEVEL, the Local Health Authority is the
MAYOR.
 MISBRANDING
o Indicates all possible conditions of fraud, mislabeling, imitation, or mis-
interpresentation of food products.
 RESTAURANT
 o All eating or drinking establishments in which food or drink is prepared for sale
elsewhere or as part of a service of a hospital, hotel, motel, boarding house,
institution caring for people and other similar establishments.
 READILY PERISHALBLE FOOD
o Any food of such type or in such condition as may spoil.
o Consists in whole or in part of meat, poultry, fish, shellfish, milk product, eggs, or
other ingredients capable of supporting the progressive growth of microorganisms
which can cause food injection or food intoxication.
o Does not include products in hermetically sealed containers processed by heat to
prevent spoilage, dehydrated, dried, or powdered products so low in moisture
content as to produce development of microorganisms.
 SANITIZE
o Effective bactericidal treatment to render surfaces of utensils and equipment free
of pathogenic microorganisms.
 SARI-SARI STORE
o Convenient store where a variety of food and food materials and other household
merchandise are sold in small scale.
 SINGLE SERVICE ARTICLES
o Utensils, packaging materials, and other similar articles which are made wholly or
in part from paper, paperboard, molded pulp, foil, wood, synthetic, and other
readily destructible materials which are intended to be discarded after use.
 UTENSILS AND EQUIPMENT
o Kitchenware, tableware, glassware, cutlery, containers, stoves, sinks, and other
equipment used in the storage, preparation, distribution, or serving of food.
 VERMIN
o Group of insects or small animals that are vectors of diseases.
 SANITATION REQUIREMENTS FOR OPERATING A FOOD
ESTABLISHMENT
o HEALTH CERTIFICATES AND FOOD HANDLERS
 No person shall be employed in any food establishment without a health
certificate issued by the city or municipal health officer.
 This certificate shall be issued only after the required physical and medical
examinations and immunizations.
 Briefing shall be provided by the local health office prior to the issuance
of the health certificate to the recipient.
 HEALTH CERTIFICATE shall be renewed AT LEAST EVERY
YEAR or as often as required by local ordinance.
 HEALTH CERTIFICATES are NON-TRANSFERRABLE.
o FOOS HANDLERS shall observe GOOD PERSONAL HYGIENE and
PRACTICE such as:
 Wearing clean working garments and hair restrain.
 Washing arms, hands, and fingernails before working.
 
Must be REPEATED during working hours and after smoking,
visiting the toilet, coughing, sneezing, or as often as may be
necessary to remove contaminants.
 Using, chewing, or smoking tobacco in any form while engaged in food
preparation or service, or while in the equipment and utensils washing or
food preparation areas is not allowed.
o REQUIREMENTS REGARDING FOOD HANDLERS
 No person shall be allowed to work in food handling and preparation
while afflicted with a communicable disease or a carrier of such disease,
which includes boils or inflected wounds, colds or respiratory infection,
diarrhea or gastrointestinal upsets, and other related illnesses.
 The manage or person-in-charge of the establishment shall notify the
health officer or the company physician if any when any employee is
known to have a notifiable disease.
o QUALITY AND PROTECTION OF FOOD
 All foods must be obtained from sources approved by the LOCAL
HEALTH AUTHORITY.
 FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS
 All meats shall come from duly licensed slaughterhouse inspected
and approved by the veterinarian or regulatory authority.
 Processing of meat products shall be done as per existing
regulation and in an approved manner.
 Fish, shrimp, prawns, and other seafoods, brackish water foods,
surface water foods, and food from aquaculture farms or ponds
shall not come from sources in any manner polluted by sewage,
chemicals, radioactive waste, and other toxic substances.
 Vegetables and fruits shall come from safe sources where the soil
is not contaminated by night soil, sewage, and toxic chemicals.
 No meat products, fish, vegetables, and other foods shall be
procured from sources of areas known to have been contaminated
with a large amount of radioactive fallout.
 All milk and milk products shall come from an approved source
and shall meet the standards and quality established by the
regulatory authority.
 TRANSPORTING OF FOOD AND FOOD MATERIALS
 All food and food materials shall be transported in sanitary
transporting facilities inspected and approved by the LOCAL
HEALTH OFFICER.
 In the TRANSPORT, all food shall be in covered containers,
wrapped, or packed, to be protected from contamination.
 All PERISHABLE FOODS shall be kept at 7C (45F) or below;
or 6C (14F) or above during transport.
 
Exporting and importing of food and food materials shall be
covered by existing regulations of the BUREAU OF FOOD AND
DRUGS and other regulatory agencies.
 PREPARATION, STORING, AND SERVING OF FOOD AND
DRINK
 All food, while being displayed, stored, prepared, served, or sold,
shall be protected from contamination.
 All meats, fish, shellfish, and other sea, brackish water, surface
water, or aquaculture food products shall be properly washed
before cooking and serving.
 Milk shall be stored in a refrigerator.
 Canned or packaged milk shall be refrigerated after the container
has been opened.
 Food to be served cold shall be kept at a temperature below 7C
(45F).
 All readily perishable foods shall be stored at 7C (45F) below.
 Cooked food intended to be served HOT shall be kept at a
temperature NOT < 60C (140F) and, if possible, be placed over
hot conveyor or food warmer to keep it hot.
 Raw fruits and vegetables shall be thoroughly washed with
disinfecting solution if necessary before they are used and cooked.
 Tongs, forks, spoons, spatulas, and other suitable utensils shall be
provided and used by the employees to reduce hand contact with
food to a minimum.
 Cracked / chipped glasses or cups should be discarded.
o REQUIREMENTS REGARDING THE USE OF FOOD SERVICE SPACES
 Plans of proposed food spaces shall be subjected to the approval of the
LOCAL HEALTH OFFICE.
 No person shall use any room or place for or in connection with the
preparation, storage, handling, or sale of any article of food:
 Which is at anytime used or in direct communication with a
sleeping apartment or toilet.
 In which any animal is kept, display of any live animals in the food
areas is strictly prohibited.
 Poultry should be kept in caged separate from the food preparation
and serving areas.
 FOOD STALLS
 Adequate ventilating hood shall be installed in the cooking areas.
 Hand washing and dishwashing facilities shall be provided.
 All for sale and in storage shall be maintained hot (NOT < 60C) or
cold (NOT > 7C) as the case may be.
 
All other requirements of a regular restaurant shall be imposed in
the operation of food stalls.
 Those that are proposed to be operated outside of the LOCAL
HEALTH OFFICER.
 FOOD CARTS
 Shall be located preferably inside the fast food area.
 Design and construction materials shall be in accordance with the
standard set forth in these implementing rules and regulations.
 Foods shall be protected from contaminants by displaying and
storing food for sale in showcase cabinets, showcase refrigerators,
and other similar equipment that will maintain the food either cold
(NOT > 7C) or warm (NOT < 60C).
 RESTAURANTS AND OTHER FOOD ESTABLISHMENTS
 Shall operate only in accordance with the set sanitation standard as
stipulated in DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH ORDER NO. 258-
B, S. 1991.
o STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS
 No sanitary permit shall be issued for any premises to be used for the
preparation, handling, and sale of food unless is constructed in accordance
of the following requirements:
 FLOORS
o Shall be constructed of concrete or other impervious or
easily cleaned material that is resistant to wear and
corrosion and shall be adequately graded and drained.
o All angles between the floor and walls shall be rounded off
to a height of NOT < 7.662 CENTIMETERS (3
INCHES) from the floor.
o Constructed of wood with dovetailed or tongue and groove
floorboards laid on a firm foundation and tightly clamped
together with all angles between the floor and walls
rounded off to a height of 7.62 CENTIMETERS (3
INCHES).
o Mts or duckboards, if used shall be constructed as to
facilitate being cleaned and shall be kept clean.
o Weighing scale for wet products shall be provided at the
receiving area and shall always be kept clean.
o Walking and driving surfaces of all exterior areas where
food is served shall be kept clean and free of debris and
shall be properly drained so that water does not accumulate.
o Floor drains shall be provided.
 o Floors which are water flushed for cleaning or which
receive discharge of water or other fluid waste form
equipment shall be graded to drain.
 WALLS
o Internal surface of walls shall have a smooth, even,
nonabsorbent surface capable of being readily cleaned
without damage to the surface and constructed of dust
proof materials.
o Walls, subjected to wetting or splashing shall be
constructed of impervious, nonabsorbent materials to a
height of NOT < 2 METERS (79 INCHES) from the
floor.
o Internal walls shall be painted in light colors or treated with
such other wall finish as the health officer prescribes.
o Wall covering materials used shall be attached and sealed
to the wall or ceiling as to leave no open space or cracks
which would permit accumulation of grease and debris or
provide harborage for vermin.
o Local decorative materials shall be allowed only in
particular area of the establishment subject to the approval
of the local health officer before installation.
 CEILINGS
o All ceilings, or if no ceiling is provided, the entire
undersurface of the roof shall be dust proof and washable.
o Shall be smooth, nonabsorbent, and painted in light color.
 LIGHTING
o General standards of illumination provided shall permit
effective inspection and cleaning and shall be of sufficient
intensity and appropriate to the purpose for which any
room or place is used.
o Illumination shall be supplied by a source of light which is
constant, without fluctuation or oscillation except in
nightclubs and the like, that may cause eye fatigues.
o In rooms where food is PREPARED or PACKED or in
which utensils or hands are WASHED, there shall be a
minimum illumination intensity of 20 FOOT CANDLES
(215.2 LUX).
o In premises where food is CONSUMED, there shall be a
minimum illumination intensity of 5 FOOT CANDLES
(53.8 LUX).
o At OTHER AREAS or working surface:
 100 FOOT CANDLES (1076 LUX)
  Seeing tasks requiring discrimination of fine
detailed under conditions of fair contrast and
where the nature of work is very exact and
prolonged.
 50 FOOT CANDLES (538 LUX)
 Seeing tasks requiring discrimination of
details over prolonged periods of time and
under conditions of moderate contrast.
 10 FOOT CANDLES (107.6 LUX)
 Casual seeing tasks not involving
discrimination of fine details.
 5 FOOT CANDLES (53.8 LUX)
 Rough seeing tasks not requiring critical
seeing.
 Supplemental or local lighting shall be added where
the tasks require lighter than is provided by the
general illumination, or where direction of light is
indicated in the form of a low place fixture or a
“spotlight” type of light.
o Lighting fixtures used in areas exposed to extreme
temperatures shall be the type approved by the LOCAL
HEALTH OFFICER.
o Use of COLOR LIGHTS or BULBS in the display of
food or food materials is strictly prohibited.
 VENTILATION
o Shall be provided which shall be effective and suitable to
maintain comfortable condition.
o NATURAL AIR SUPPLY in any workroom shall in no
instance be < 0.005 CUBIC METER PER SECOND
PER PERSON.
o In WORKROOMS in which the work is DEMANDING,
a ventilation rate of 0.015 CUBIC METER PER
SECOND PER PERSON is required.
o Shall be adequate to prevent the air from becoming
excessively heated, prevent condensation, and the
formation of excess moisture on walls, ceilings, and for the
removal of objectionable odors, fumes, and impurities.
o TOILETS shall be provided with MECHANICAL
EXHAUST VENTILATION by which the air in such
rooms is changed NOT < 6 TIMES PER HOUR.
 o Amount of air circulated in WORKROOMS shall bot
exceed 75%, and in DINING ROOMS shall not exceed
50%.
o In all WORKROOMS, OUTSIDE AIR shall be provided
at the rate of 0.008 CUBIC METER PER SECOND PER
PERSON, or ONE-HALF AIR CHANGE PER HOUR
which is greater.
o Air circulated in workrooms shall be supplied through air
inlets arranged, located, equipped so that the workers are
not subjected to air velocities exceeding 1.02 METER
PER SECOND.
o Effective provision shall be made for securing and
maintaining a reasonable temperature.
o Ideal temperature in all work areas is 26.67C (80F).
 CHANGEROOMS
o Shall be provided adequate and suitable lockers or other
facilities for the orderly storage of clothing and personal
belongings of employees or persons engaged or employed
in the premises.
o Shall be situated and arranged that there is no
contamination of food by contact with clothing.
 TOILET FACILITIES
o MINIMUM HEIGHT OF CEILING
 2.5 METERS
o LIGHTING
 NOT < 10 FOOT CANDLES (107.6 LUX)
o NATURAL VENTILATION
 Window space shall be AT LEAST 10% of the
floor area of toilet room.
o MECHANICAL VENTILATION
 Use of exhaust fans.
TAKE NOTE:
 DIFFERENT FOODS have DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE to maintain.
 For every food, especially meat, there is a MAXIMUM TIME for it when it is out of the
freezer or even inside it.
 DEVIAION and PRODUCT DISPOSITION PROCEDURES must be documented in
the HACCP RECORD KEEPING.
 WORKING INSTRUCTIONS and PROCEDURES should be developed which define
the tasks of the operating personnel to be stationed at each CRITICAL CONTROL
POINT.
 FOOD HANDLERS must do their medical YEARLY.
  SANITARY ENGINEER can be a SANITARY INSPECTOR.
 BUREAU OF FOODS AND DRUGS and other regulatory agencies should CONTROL
the entrance of food, especially fake, to the market.
 For every specific TYPE OF JOB, there is a PRESCRIBED ILLUMINATION.

PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY

 WORLD HEALTH EMERGENCIES PROGRAM
o WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO)
 Works with countries and partners to help build the capacities required to
rapidly detect, respond to, and recover from any emergency health threat.
o Aims to MINIMIZE the HEALTH CONSEQUENCES of outbreaks and
emergencies BY:
 Helping countries to strengthen capacities to detect, prevent, and respond
to health emergencies.
 Mitigating the risk of high threat diseases and infectious hazards.
 Detecting and assessing emergency health threats and informing public
health decision-making.
 Responding rapidly and effectively to emergencies under a coordinated
incident management system.
 Ensuring WHO’s work in emergencies if effectively managed,
sustainability financed, adequately staffed, and operationally ready to
fulfil its mission.
 PREPARING FOR AN EMERGENCY
o PLANNING, COORDINATION, AND RESOURCES
 Knowing who will do that, when, and with what resources is critical to
managing a pandemic situation.
 Successful operations occur when ACTORS:
 Know their roles and responsibilities.
 Understand how they fit into the plane and how to work together.
 Have the capacities and resources to implement the plan.
 To achieve these objectives, all stakeholders need to be involved in the
PLANNING PROCESS:
 RESPONSE PLANNING
o ESSENTIAL
 Develop or revise a national pandemic response as
part of a multi-hazard public health emergency plan.
 Should bring together many elements described in
this CHECKLIST:
 CONTEXT
 o Overview of the country, health, and
other systems.
o Multisectoral and health sector
coordination mechanisms to manage
risks of emergencies.
o Relevant legislation and policy
framework.
 AUTHORITY
o Clear authority regarding the
development, approval,
implementation, and review of the
plan.
 CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS
o Establishes roles, responsibilities,
and how organizations will work
together and coordinate at national,
subnational, and local levels of
pandemic response.
o Includes government agencies and
department, and other public private,
and nongovernmental partners.
 RISK ASSESSMENT AND RESOURCE
MAPPING
o Summary of existing risk
assessments pertaining to infectious
disease pandemics.
 ALERT, DETECTION, RAPID RISK
ASSESSMENT, AND GRADING
o Description of the processes and
responsibilities for surveillance,
early warning, and rapid
assessments.
 STAKEHOLDERS
o Description of roles and
responsibilities of the key
stakeholders in the multisectoral
aspects of pandemic preparedness,
response, and recovery.
 SCALE-DOWN
o Process for scaling down the
pandemic response and planning for
recovery.
  ENGAGE THE PRIVATE SECTOR
o In national pandemic planning
activities.
o Consider developing
ARRANGEMENTS for mutual aid
and service continuity during a
pandemic response.
o DESIRABLE
 Consider using disease pandemic scenario in regular
exercises to test plans, protocols, communication,
multisectoral coordination, decision-making, and
operational capabilities.
 Use the outcomes to update the pandemic response
plan and identify areas for capacity strengthening.
 COORDINATION
o ESSENTIAL
 Apply and strengthen multisectoral coordination
mechanisms between government ministries,
competent authorities, nongovernmental
organizations and nonstate actors involved in
pandemic activities.
 Apply and strengthen health sector coordination and
communication mechanisms with pandemic
preparedness, response, and recovery partners.
 Ensure the national INTERNATIONAL
HEALTH REGULATIONS (IHR) focal point is
always accessible, and that tested protocols are in
place to communicate with relevant sectors and
with WHO.
 Apply and strengthen a public health emergency
operations center linked to the national emergency
management structure.
 Apply and strengthen a COMMON
ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL across all sectors
of pandemic response to coordinate functions.
 Establish NATIONAL COMMITTEE, or leverage
a similar existing mechanism, to coordinate national
pandemic preparedness and response activities.
 Apply and strengthen coordination and
communication mechanisms with neighboring
countries and other international stakeholders.
 RESOURCES
o ESSENTIAL
  Assess human resource requirements to implement,
manage, and coordinate pandemic response
activities.
 Ensure that HUMAN RESOURCES are available
for essential routine services and pandemic
response.
 Commit resources to support the capacity
development for pandemic prevention,
preparedness, response, recovery, and building on
capacities for health-emergency management.
 Identify sources and funding mechanisms for
pandemic response activities at nation, subnational,
and local levels.
 Apply and strengthen SURGE CAPACITY and
DEPLOYMENT mechanisms at all relevant levels.
o DESIRABLE
 Consider including pandemic response capacities in
the national strategy for public health workforce
development and training programs.
 Review and track progress of strategy
annually.
 Consider securing access to antiviral drugs,
pandemic vaccines, diagnostics, and other products,
through measures.
 LEGAL AND POLICY ISSUES
o PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES during a pandemic are designed to reduce the
spread of the pandemic virus and save lives.
o In some circumstances, it may be necessary to overrule existing laws or
(individual) human rights to implement measures that are in the best interests of
community health.
o EXAMPLES
 Enforcement of Quarantine.
 Use of Privately Owned Buildings for Health-Care Facilities.
 Off License Use of drugs, Compulsory Vaccination, and Implementation
of Emergency Shifts in Essential Services.
o DECISIONS need LEGAL FRAMEWORK to ensure TRANSPARENT
ASSESSMENT and AUTHORITY for the measures being considered, as well
as coherence with relevant international laws.
o ESSENTIAL
 Review existing legislation, policies, or other government instruments
relevant to pandemic risk management.
 Assess the need for new or adapted instruments to implement or better
support pandemic activities.
  Asses the legal basis for all public health measures that are likely to be
proposed during a pandemic response, SUCH AS:
 ISOLATION OR QUARANTINE of infected individuals, people
suspected of being infected, or people from areas where pandemic
infection is established.
 TRAVEL OR MOVEMENT RESTRICTIONS
 CLOSURE OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUIONS
 PROHIBITION OF MASS GATHERINGS
 Assess the standing policy on, and legal basis for, vaccination of health-
care workers, workers in essential services, or individuals at high risk.
 Decide whether this policy needs to be adapted to increase uptake
during pandemic alert and pandemic periods.
 Consider the use of both SEASONAL and PANDEMIC
VACCINES for these groups.
 Assess LIABILITY for unforeseen adverse events attributed to vaccine or
antiviral drug use, especially where the licensing process for a pandemic
vaccine has been expedited.
 LIABILITY ISSUES may affect vaccine manufacturers, the
licensing authority, and those who administer the vaccine.
 Establish REGULATORY PATHWAYS to expedite the importation,
marketing authorization, and licensing of pandemic vaccine during
pandemic emergency.
 Review legislations, regulations, and institutional arrangements governing
the participation of private health-care actions in public health
emergencies.
 ETHICAL ISSUES
o During a pandemic, difficult choices will have to be made about how to secure the
best health outcomes for individuals, groups, and communities.
o It is critical that ethical considerations remain central to decision-making.
o POLICY DECISIONS may result in a conflict between the goal to protect the
health of the population and respect for individual rights and freedoms.
o Identifying in advance an ethical framework that can be used during the response
and reviewing the effects of existing laws and policies before a pandemic occurs,
can help to ensure that vulnerable populations are not harmed, and that adequate
consideration is given to ethical issues when rapid action is required.
o Establish ETHIC COMMITTEES to advise on pandemic preparedness and
response activities, coordinating with existing nationa ethics structures.
TAKE NOTE:
 COORDINATION is a must.
 LEADERSHIP also matters in PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY.
 RISK ASSESSMENT is for everything, even in our daily routines.
 We give LEAST PRIORITY to PUBLIC HEALTH.
 REVIEWS of strategies must be continuous even if pandemics or other alarming public
issues is not present.