1

EN 606 – Country Assignment

Report on
Study of Energy balance of Sweden

Under the guidance of

Prof. Rangan Banerjee
Department of Energy Science and Engineering, IIT Bombay

Group no. 10
Country - Sweden
Submitted by –
Bibhutinand Jha (213171005)
Kapil Dev Kumawat (20i170010)
Datta Kisan Wakshe (214173001)
G R Uday Kumar Reddy (213170007)
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Contents

1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………..4
1.1 Economy of Sweden……………………………………………………………………4
1.2 Environment conditions ………………………………………………………………..4
2. Energy Scenario of Sweden ……………………………………………………………….5
2.1 Energy balance table for year 2000 & 2018……………………………………….....6-7
2.2 Sankey diagrams for year 2000 & 2018……………………………………………….8
2.3 PECSS diagrams for year 2000 & 2018………………………………………………..9
3.Analysis of Significant changes in energy scenario between 2000 & 2018………………..10
4. Analysis based on CAGR ……………………………………………………………...11-12
5. Analysis based on KAYA Identity …………………….................................................13-15
6.Covid Impact analysis …………………………………………………………………......16
7. Major policies implemented by Sweden …………………………………………………..17
7.1 Barriers and bottle necks to policy implementation…………………………………...18
7.2 Things India should learn from Sweden……………………………………………….18
7.3 Things Sweden should learn from India ………………………………………………18
8. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………19
9. References………………………………………………………………………………….21
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List of Figures

1. Energy balance table for Sweden in 2000 …………………………………………6

2. Energy balance table for Sweden in 2018………………………………………….7
3. Sankey diagram for Sweden in 2000……………………………………………….8
4. Sankey diagram for Sweden in 2018……………………………………………….8
5. PECSS diagram for Sweden in 2000……………………………………………….9
6. PECSS diagram for Sweden in 2018……………………………………………….9
7. Comparison table of different parameters using CAGR calculation……………...11
8. Table for Short term & Long term CAGR % calculation…………………………11
9. Table of Parametric comparison based on Kaya Identity…………………………13
10. Short term and long term analysis using bar graphs………………………………14
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1. Introduction

Sweden is a Nordic country located in Northern Europe. It is the largest country in Northern
Europe with an area of 450, 295 square kilometers. It is also the third largest country in European
union. Sweden has a total population of 10.4 million with a low population density of 25 people
per square kilometers. Majority of Swedish population live in the urban areas. It is surrounded by
Norway in the west and north, Finland in the east and Denmark in the south west. Stockholm is
the capital city of Sweden [1].

1.1 Economy of Sweden

With a GDP per capita of 51,615.02 USD in 2019,Sweden is the 16th richest country in the world.
Sweden relies heavily on international export for its economic growth . Hydropower, timbe ,iron
ore etc are some of its major resources . Engineering sectors account for more than 50 % of exports
while some other sectors like automotive industries, pharmaceutical industries , arms and
ammunitions are also of great importance . Sweden enjoys high income equality . At 0.25, its
income gini co-efficient is one of the lowest among the developed nations . Swedish citizens enjoy
a very high standard of living and the cities of Sweden have high livability index as well .
However, the wealth inequality in Sweden is one of the highest among the developed countries
with wealth gini co-efficient of 0.85 .The Swedish Krona (SEK) is the currency maintained by
Sweden itself after rejecting euros .It has one of the lowest average inflation rates among other
developed European countries[1].

1.2 Environment conditions

The country of Sweden lies at roughly same latitude as Alaska making it one of the farthest
country from equator . It’s geography can be divided into three major regions : “Gotaland”, the
broad plateau in southern Sweden , “Svealand” the lake filled central hilly region and “ Norland”
the northern mountainous region . Most of the land in Sweden is covered by forest and only 10 %
of land is available for agriculture . Sweden is also rich in water resource with almost 9 % of its
countryside being covered by lakes . It acts as a major resource to provide hydropower electricity
to the factories . Sweden is one of the most sustainable country in the world because of its high
use of renewable resources and low carbon emissions [1].
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2. Energy Scenario of Sweden

Among the IEA countries, Sweden has the lowest share of fossil fuels in its primary energy supply
and second lowest CO2 emissions per capita . Electricity generation has been practically
decarbonized by using only non-fossil fuels like nuclear energy, hydropower, wind, solar etc.
Energy policies in Sweden have been aimed towards a sustainable future by use of 100 percent
renewables, increasing energy efficiency and cutting down emissions . We can have a better picture
of the energy scenario and how it has evolved over the period by comparing situations at two
different time period through energy balance diagrams, Sankey diagrams and PECSS diagrams .
These diagrams depict the scenario in 2000 and 2018.
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2.1 Energy balance table for year 2000 & 2018

Energy Balance Table for 2000
In petajoule (PJ) on a net
calorific value basis
Primary Energy Secondary Energy Sectoral Energy Consumption End-Use
Energy
Consumption
Parameter Value Parameter Value Parameter Value Parameter Value
Coal Electricity Industrial Residential
production 6.77808 production 0 Coal 30.334 Coal 1.12968
Import 101.58752 Import 65.85616 Oil products 128.57432 Oil products 36.65184
Export -0.92048 Export -49.0365 Natural gas 12.67752 Natural gas 3.17984
Total 107.44152 Total 16.81966 Heat 14.39296 Geothermal 0.2092
,solar, etc.
Crude Oil Oil products Biofuel/waste 181.33456 Heat 87.06904
production 0 production 0 Electricity 204.84864 Biofuel/waste 25.77344
Import 880.85752 Import 238.19512 Total 572.162 Electricity 151.16792
Export -24.6856 Export -436.0983 Total 305.18096
Total 856.17232 Total -197.9032 Commercial and
public services
Nuclear Heat Transport Coal 0.12552
production 624.83856 production 14.93688 Oil products 297.39872 Oil products 43.84832
Import 0 Import 0 Natural gas 0.4184 Natural gas 1.38072
Export 0 Export 0 Biofuel/waste 0 Geothermal 0
,solar, etc.
Total 624.83856 Total 14.93688 Electricity 11.63152 Heat 46.77712
Hydroelectr Biofuel/waste Total 309.44864 Biofuel/waste 0.54392
icEnergy
production 282.71288 production 345.76576 Electricity 91.33672
Import 0 Import 0 Total 164.30563
Export 0 Export 0 Residential Agriculture and Forestry
Total 282.71288 Total 345.76576 Coal 1.12968 Coal 0
Geotherma All 179.6191 Oil products 36.65184 Oil products 10.6692
l,solar, etc., sources
total
production 1.8828 Natural gas 3.17984 Natural gas 0.92048
Import 0 Geotherma 0.2092 Geothermal 0
l,solar, etc ,solar, etc.
Export 0 Heat 87.06904 Heat 0.29288
Total 1.8828 Biofuel/waste 25.77344 Biofuel/waste 13.63984
Natural gas Electricity 151.16792 Electricity 4.26768
production 0 Total 305.18096 Total 29.79008
Import 32.46784 All sources total 1186.7916 Others

Fig 1. Energy Balance table for Sweden in 2000[2]

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Energy Balance table for Sweden (2018)

In petajoule (PJ) on a net calorific value basis
Sectoral Energy
Primary Energy Secondary Energy
consumption End use energy consumption
Parameter Value Parameter Value Parameter Value Parameter Value
Commercial & public
Coal Electricity Industrial services
Production 6.7 Production 0 Coal 27.3 Coal 0.08
Import 85.96 Import 43.92 Oil products 41.62 Oil products 9.59

Export -0.25 Export -105.9 Natural gas 14.15 Natural Gas 3.27
Total 92.41 Total -62.01 Electricity 182.6 Biofuels/Waste 5.07
Crude oil Oil products Heat 21.81 Electricity 100.80
Production 0 Production 0 Biofuel/waste 177.9 Heat 172.66
Import 880.06 Import 355.21 Total 465.4 Total 291.47
Export -53.09 Export -666.4
Agriculture &
Total 826.97 Total -311.2 Forestry
Natural Gas Heat Transportation Oil products 11.93
Production 0 Production 9.29 Oil products 227.7 Natural Gas 0.25
Import 43.38 Import 0 Natural gas 0.46 Biofuels/Waste 8.96
Export -0.59 Export 0 Biofuel/waste 62.05 Electricity 4.27
Total 42.79 Total 9.29 Electricity 9.25 Heat 0.29
Nuclear Total 299.5 Total 25.7
Production 747.8
Import 0 All sources total -363.9 Residential Fishing
Export 0 Coal 0.08 Oil products 1.13
Total 747.8 Oil products 7.87 Biofuels/waste 0.46
Hydropower Natural gas 1.38 Total 1.59
Production 223.95 Electricity 162.2
Import 0 Heat 107.8 Non-energy use
Export 0 Biofuel/waste 33.83 Coal 0.54
Total 223.95 Wind, solar etc 0.46 Oil products 76.33
Wind, solar etc Total 313.7 Natural Gas 14.44
Production 61.76 Total 91.31
Import 0 Others 172.7
Export 0
Total 61.76
Biofuels & Waste
Production 471.6
Import 83.28
Export -15.62
Total 539.26
All total sources 2534.94 Total 1251 Total of all end use 1661.07

Fig.2 Energy Balance table for Sweden in 2018[3]

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2.2 Sankey Diagrams for year 2000 & 2018

Fig.3 Sankey diagram for Sweden in 2000[4]& [5]

Fig. 4 Sankey diagram for Sweden in 2018[4] & [5]

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2.3 PECSS Diagram for year 2000 & 2018

Primary energy source End use energy consumption

Fig.5 PECSS diagram for Sweden in 2000

Primary energy source End use energy consumption

Fig.6 PECSS diagram for Sweden in 2018

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3.Analysis of Significant changes in energy scenario between 2000 & 2018

From the Energy balance table, Sankey diagrams and PECSS diagram, we can see that the total
primary energy supply has increased from 2000 to 2018. This increase can be attributed to increase
in population, industrial sectors and economic growth of Sweden.
Increase in CO2 and energy taxes in the last two decade and significant policy changes to make a
shift towards renewable energy we can see that the share of fossil fuels in primary energy resources
has decreased over the decades. Sweden does not have any oil reserves, so all the oil and oil
products consumed are from the imports. Therefore, in order to increase the energy security,
reliance on oil imports had to be decreased and a move towards renewable energy was made in the
early 20th century. Similar approach was made to reduce coal imports as well Transportation has
been one of the major end use sector for oil products. Due to shift towards electrical mobility and
increase in energy efficiency of transportation sector, the quantities of crude oil and oil products
import has decreased over the period.
Introduction of a green certificate system in 2003 has led to increase in electricity production from
renewables in Sweden. Almost all of electricity produced in 2018 is from the renewables.
Electricity consumption by industrial sectors has no significant increase because of the
introduction of energy efficient manufacturing processes. Use of fossil fuels for heating and
electricity in residential sector has decreased and that of renewables has increased due to
introduction of policies like performance standard requirement of new buildings.
Sweden has a rich supply of moving water and biomass, which contributes to the country’s high
share of renewable energy. Hydropower (water) and bioenergy are the top renewable sources in
Sweden – hydropower mostly for electricity production and bioenergy for heating. Sweden is a
net exporter of electricity .
Initially District heating (DH) was supplied by oil, which later shifted to biomass and waste fuels
.Biomass and waste fuels accounted for around two-thirds of DH generation in 2016 . An attractive
option for DH is municipal waste and since 2001,it is extensively used in this sector .EU’s Rural
development programme has been supporting bio-gas production by farmers . The Swedish
government and the European union finances the budget for biogas –investment.
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4. Analysis based on CAGR

CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) is a highly efficient and effective method used for
measuring the country's average annual growth and development in all aspects. It takes into
account a number of factors, including population, GDP, Total primary energy consumption,
energy import and export, CO2 emissions, installed power, GDP per capita, and GDP-based
emission.
𝟏
𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝑵𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒀𝒆𝒂𝒓𝒔
𝐶𝑨𝑮𝑹 = [(𝑩𝒆𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆) − 𝟏] 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟎 %

The following equation CAGR values are calculated for different variables. For example, the
below table shows a CAGR comparison between India, Sweden and the world.
Country
Parameters Sweden India World
2000 2010 2018 2000 2010 2018 2000 2010 2018
Population (Million) 8.86 9.34 10.1 1056.6 1234.3 1352.6 6114.3 6921.9 7591.9
GDP ($ Billion) 262.84 495.81 555.46 468.4 1,675.62 2,713.17 33,623.60 66,125.90 86,439.40
Primary Energy Use
1277.76 1375.19 1521.1 14686.7 21092.42 24013.72 419726.19 535955.44 603784.75
(PJ)
Import of Energy (PJ) 1319.84 1418.48 1492.34 4196.55 1195.04 17338.25 158528.82 207254.42 242102.71
Export of Energy (PJ) -511.08 -583.13 -841.83 -368.43 -2623.07 -2785.1 -159712.43 -205057.11 -247685.93
CO2 Emission (Mt) 51.99 46.81 33.75 889.83 1572.14 2241.01 23241.21 30582.36 33513.25
Installed Power (MW) 30324.47 35710 37350 105046 198977 353000 1150000 1660000 2350000
GDP per Capita
29,625 52,869 54,589 443 1,358 2,006 5,499 9,553 11,386
(Current US $)
CO2 Emission per
5.86 4.99 3.33 0.84 1.27 1.71 4.03 4.75 4.79
capita (tons)
Fig.7 Comparison table of different parameters using CAGR calculation [7] & [8]

CAGR (In %)
Parameters Sweden India World
Short Term Long Term Short Term Long Term Short Term Long Term
Population (Million) 0.5290 0.7304 1.5666 1.3815 1.2483 1.2098
GDP ($ Billion) 6.5522 4.2446 13.5941 10.2506 6.9973 5.3857
Primary Energy Use (PJ) 0.7375 0.9732 3.6860 2.7692 2.4746 2.0406
Import of Energy (PJ) 0.7234 0.6847 -11.8040 8.2003 2.7163 2.3803
Export of Energy (PJ) 1.3276 2.8113 21.6874 11.8935 2.5306 2.4677
CO2 Emission (Mt) -1.0441 -2.3718 5.8567 5.2653 2.7830 2.0542
Installed Power (MW) 1.6482 1.1644 6.5964 6.9656 3.7388 4.0502
GDP per Capita (Current
5.9630 3.4539 11.8535 8.7528 5.6782 4.1263
US $)
CO2 Emission per capita -3.0911
-1.5943 4.2203 4.0282 1.6574 0.9644
(tons)
Fig.8 Table for Short term & Long term CAGR % calculation [7] & [8]
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Even though India's population is much larger than Sweden's in the shorter term, India's GDP is
higher by 48 % and 41 % in the long term, respectively. Sweden has a relatively low CAGR for
primary energy consumption in the short term compared to India and the world. Also, it has
demonstrated steady growth in the long term run. On the other hand, India's primary energy
consumption CAGR is increasing compared to Sweden and the world in the long term. Sweden
has a slightly higher short-term CAGR for energy imports than India, where India shows a negative
CAGR for energy imports. However, compared to Sweden and the rest of the world, India's CAGR
figure indicates a significant rise over time. In the short term, India exports more energy than
Sweden and the world. In the long run, however, CAGR indicates that India's export energy has
decreased by half, while Sweden's export energy has slightly risen. The CO2 emissions are linked
with counties development, demonstrating the environmental degradation tendency. In Sweden,
lower CO2 emissions have a positive impact on the country's development. CO2 emissions, on the
other hand, continue to rise in India and across the world. It is feasible to estimate a reduction in
Swedish home CO2 emissions using the amount of CO2 emissions per capita. In both the short
and long term, it is clear that the amount of CO2 in Sweden has decreased significantly. In India,
CO2 emission per capita reached its maximum in the short term but began to decline in the long
term. The installed power capacity in India is increasing at a slower rate than in Sweden and the
rest of the globe, and it is much too large. GDP per capita in India, Sweden, and the world has
declined in the long run, decreasing by 26 %, 42 %, and 27% for India, Sweden, and the world,
respectively.
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5. Analysis based on KAYA Identity

Professor Yoichi Kaya, an energy economist and Nobel Prize winner, presented the idea of the
Kaya identity. Developing future emissions projections plays a fundamental part in the Kaya
identity. When such carbon emissions are applied to models of the carbon cycle and global
warming, the projections give rise to future CO2 concentrations and future global warming. The
scenarios provide a variety of possible situations under which the four inputs may evolve in the
future. The data of GDP per capita trends and population growth forecasts are available separately
from demographic studies, while the charts of energy intensity and emission levels are obtained
from economic data and econometrics. Population, GDP per capita, energy per unit GDP, and
emissions per unit energy are important to keep in mind while calculating emissions. One may
take measures to decrease emissions, particularly with respect to energy intensity and emissions
per unit energy, in the global economy.
𝐺𝐷𝑃 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐶𝑂2
𝐹 = 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝐺𝐷𝑃 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝐺 𝐸 𝐹
𝐹=𝑃𝑋 𝑋 𝑋
𝑃 𝐺 𝐸
Where,
P is global population
G/P is the GDP per capita
E/G is the energy intensity of the GDP
F/E is the carbon footprint of energy
F is global CO2 emissions from human sources

Year
Kaya Identity 2010 2018
Sweden India World Sweden India World
CO2/ TPES (t CO2/ toe) 0.920 0.678 2.243 2.437 2.381 2.347
TPES/ GDP (toe/$) 0.0001027 0.0004182 0.0001942 0.0000896 0.0003389 0.0001652
GDP/Capita ($) 42,494 4,181 9,553 54,589 6,675 11,386
Population (Million) 9.34 1234.30 6921.90 10.10 1352.60 7591.90

CO2 Emission
0.04 1.46 28.82 0.12 7.28 33.51
(G tonne)

Fig.9 Table of Parametric comparison based on Kaya Identity

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According to the statistics in the given figure, Sweden's results are described as excellent since
there was a reduction in CO2 emissions from 2000 to 2018. However, CO2 emissions in India
and across the globe are expected to increase over the next several years. The result is apparent
when one considers Sweden's population, which is much lower than India's. Due to these
advantageous conditions, Sweden is making advances toward long-term sustainability and energy
balance in the energy domain. In 2010, Sweden had 0.134 % of the world's population, whereas
India had 17.83 %. India has 132 times more people than Sweden. Because of this, carbon dioxide
emissions rise, and the GDP per capita decreases. Carbon intensity of the energy sector
(CO2/TPES) and Energy intensity (TPES/GDP) has shown increased values all across the globe,
including Sweden and India. The result is apparent when one considers Sweden's population,
which is much lower than India's. Due to these advantageous conditions, Sweden is making
advances toward long-term sustainability and energy balance in the energy domain.

Analysis of CAGR and KAYA Identity

Fig.10 Short term and long term analysis using bar graphs
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The two graphs above illustrate a comparison of short-term and long-term Compound Annual
Growth Rate. The short term period is 2000 to 2010 (10 years), while the long term period is
2000 to 2018 (18 years).The Indian population is increasing faster than the global population,
whereas Sweden's population growth rate is extremely low, with just a marginal increase in long-
term CAGR. This GAGR value has a shown a significant effect on GDP. In comparison to short-
term GDP CAGR, long-term GDP in India, Sweden, and the world has dropped by 35%, 24%,
and 23%, respectively. In terms of energy, Sweden's primary energy consumption has risen
somewhat during the short period, but its export energy has increased. Where India reduced its
primary consumption by 24% w.r.t. to short term of CAGR export of energy by 50% CAGR
value. As per the CAGR of CO2 emission and The kaya identity we can say Sweden has less
CO2 emission as compared to India and world. Sweden is making strides toward long-term
sustainability and energy balance in the energy sector as a result of these favorable
circumstances.
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6. Covid Impact Analysis

1. Effect on energy consumption

In the comparison of 2000 and 2018, the pandemic year has less total energy consumption
(approximately reduced by 6% of the total energy consumption in 2018). This type of same
reduction trend can be observed in Oil products consumption and coal consumption. But in the
case of natural Gas consumption, The 2020 year has greater consumption than the other two years.
Electricity consumption decreased by 3.8 % in 2020. However, It is noteworthy that pandemic
year has a much larger share of renewable energy in electricity production compared to 2000 and
2018. The country easily achieves the 49% share of renewable in final consumption in 2020 and
put a new goal of 60% share of renewable in power consumption [9].

2. Effect on Pollution Index

Sweden implements a soft policy based on "principles of responsibility." It is observed that there
are significant reductions of CO2 emissions in 2020 by the 82% reduction of air traffic and 8%-
10% reduction of road traffic. Air quality index (AQI) is 21 during the covid time while PM2.5
concentration in Sweden air is not too significant, results in 103 rank in the worst air quality/ air
pollution in 2020 . According to the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, in 2020, GHG
emission contracted by 6.8% and lowered by 1.7% per year since 2000[10].

3. Effect on economic growth and employment

Swedish statistics office indicated that the country did better than other EU nations which had kept
lockdown. However, the Swedish economy faced an 11.9% contraction during the Pandemic.
Sweden's economy is highly dependent on exports, which decreased due to less demand from a
foreign country. [11] Sweden also had faced a "rising of long-term unemployment". It was
informed that unemployment among foreign- born workers is 18% in the fourth quarter of the 2020
year while Swedish-born workers faced 4.1% unemployment.[12]
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7. Major policies implemented by Sweden

1. CO2 and Energy taxation : Sweden has been taxing energy sources since 1920 . A new tax
called Carbon tax was introduced in 1991. Initially the tax system was implemented to generate
revenue for the state but now it is being increasingly used to meet environmental objectives
.”“Green tax reform” was introduced between 2000 & 2004 to significantly increase carbon tax
and reduce energy tax in order to moderate fuel prices for the customer .C02 tax is adjusted
annually with inflation and economic growth . Energy and CO2 tax exemption are implemented
to solid and liquid biomass fuels for heating as well as high blend biofuels used in transport to
encourage the use of these technologies and reduce GHG emissions

2. Climate Investment Support programme – Climate leap : Climate leap was introduced in
2015 as a subsidy programme to support local and regional investments to reduce GHG emissions
. Administered by Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA , the programme supports
projects that have large emission reductions with respected to the amount invested in SEK. Among
the majority of supported projects are EV charging stations ,energy conversion projects and biogas
production plants . It is estimated to save 0.88 MtCO2 annually for a lifespan of 16 years through
this investment programme.

3. The Swedish Pump Act : As a measure to reduce emissions from road transport , The Swedish
Pump Act was introduced in 2005 . The act obliged the large filling stations owner to supply at
least one renewable fuel . The act has led to increase in availability of bio-fuels at filling stations .
Majority of station owners have chosen ethanol as an alternative renewable fuel made available at
their stations because of its low cost . The objective of the act is to increase the availability of
renewable fuels and remove a major obstacle to reduce GHG emissions by road transport.

4.Performance standards for new buildings : The National Board of Housing, Building &
Planning (NBHBP) has introduced performance standards that apply to new building as well as
renovation in some cases . The requirements set limitations to the maximum value of primary
energy consumption , installed electric heating capacity, air leakage and thermal transmittance of
a building . The performance requirement vary with the types of residential buildings and also
accommodate for geographical factors i.e buildings in colder regions are allowed to have higher
value of energy consumption .
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7.1 Barriers to implementation of these policies and bottle necks imposed by

them :

1. There is a constant need to reduce CO2 & Energy tax deductions for certain sectors in
order to keep the industries internationally competitive
2. The Swedish Pump Act ensures the availability of renewable fuels at filling stations but it
does not ensure the consumption . It has also led to increased costs for filling stations
owners
3. .Performance standards requirements are mainly implemented to new buildings , while the
old buildings still remain a large source of energy consumption
4. Placing all non-residential building under a single building category for performance
requirement leads to efficiency losses
5. Policies for emission reductions of road transport have failed to address the issue of heavy
trucks used for freight transportation that account for almost one-fifth of greenhouse gases
emissions

7.2 Things that India can learn from Sweden

1. Implementation of Energy & Carbon taxation system to reduce carbon intensity , energy
intensity and generate revenues for renewables .
2. Use of non-conventional resources only as primary energy sources used for production
of electricity . The sources used predominantly are Nuclear , Hydro, Wind & Solar .
3. Development of EV infrastructure and charging stations through government subsidized
house charging and installation of public chargers
4. Setting strict performance standards for energy consumption of buildings to increase
energy efficiency
5. Reduction of imports of energy resources , being self sufficient and overall increasing
energy security

7.3 Things that Sweden can learn from India :

1. Despite being a developing nation and in need of energy consumption for development ,
India has set ambitious targets for emission reductions energy intensity reductions.
2. With the current rate of increase in share of renewables , the projected goal for 2030 seems
achievable .
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8. Conclusion
In this report, we have presented & compared the energy scenario of Sweden in 2018 with that in
2000 with the help of Energy balance table, Sankey diagrams & PECSS diagrams of these two
years . From these tables and diagrams we can infer that Sweden is one of the countries that is
aggressively pursuing a move towards sustainable future. By setting ambitious targets and
implementing policies it has been able to stagnate its primary energy consumption , increase the
share of renewables for electricity generation ,heating , transportation etc.
With the help of CAGR calculation, we have observed the changes in important parameters like
population, GDP, CO2 emissions, primary energy use etc. for Sweden , India and World for three
different years . CO2 emissions per capita of Sweden has been decreased while that of India and
World has increased over the period. Other parameters have increased but at a comparatively lower
rate for Sweden . Short term and long term CAGR for above mentioned parameters were also
calculated and presented for comparative analysis .
Impact of Covid on energy consumption , pollution index , economic growth and employment of
Sweden was assessed . The assessment shows that Sweden has done really well in terms of
economy growth and employment when compared to other nations. GHG emissions and pollution
index decreased while air quality increased . Energy consumption also decreased during the covid
period .
Then some major policies implemented by Sweden from 2000 to 2018 to reduce energy intensity
, carbon intensity and increase energy security were introduced .Carbon & Energy taxation being
one of the most important one . Bottlenecks imposed by these policies and barriers to
implementations were discussed. India as a developing nation has a lot to learn from Sweden on
how to handle the energy and climate change situation. Similarly there are things that Sweden can
learn from India in terms of setting ambitious targets and achieving them.
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Contributions & Learnings

Bibhutinand Jha(213171005) contributed to this report by writing an Introduction. He prepared

an Energy balance table for Sweden in 2018,wrote down the major policies implemented by
Sweden ,bottlenecks & barriers to these policies and things Sweden and India can learn from each
other. He also compiled the report and wrote conclusion to it.
GR Uday Kumar Reddy (213170007) tabulated Energy balance table for Sweden in 2000. He
prepared PECSS diagrams for Sweden in year 2000 & 2018.He also performed the analysis of
energy mix using Sankey and PECSS diagram.
Kapil Dev Kumawat (20i170010) prepared Sankey diagrams for Sweden in year 2000 & 2018.
He also did the “Covid Impact analysis” for Sweden.
Datta Kishan Wakshe(214173001) did the analysis of important parameters concerning energy
scenario of Sweden using CAGR calculation and KAYA identity . He also helped in compiling
the report and ensuring minimum plagiarism .
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9. References
[1] Wikipedia. Sweden, 2021 (accessed on 10th August, 2021)
[2] IEA. International energy agency, 2021 (accessed on August 3, 2021).
https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-
tables?country=sweden&energy=Balances&year=2000
[3] IEA. International energy agency, 2021 (accessed on August 3, 2021).
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