Antecedent

• Are factors that paved the way for the presence of advanced ad

sophisticated scientific and technological innovations.

Ancient Times

• These are following problems encountered during the ancient times:

• Transportation and Navigation

• Communication

• Security and Protection

• Health

• Architecture and Engineering

• Mass Production

• Aesthetic

• Record Keeping

Transportation and Navigation

Transportation - is significant during that

time because people were trying to go to

places and discover new horizons. They

travelled to search for food and find better

place for their settlements. They also

travelled to surplus foods in exchange for

things that they lacked. Navigation - assisted them in their journeys

to unfamiliar and strange areas in the

world . It allowed them to return home

after they discovered new places or

completed an important trade with

another group of people.

Communication

Communication was also

essential in their endeavors to

discover and occupy new

places. They need a way to

communicate with the natives

of the areas they visited so as

to facilitate trade and prevent

possible conflicts.

Security and Protection

Weapons and Armors

• important in the discovery of new places and establishment of new alliances

with other tribes. • at that time, there is always a risk of conflict when people met others with

different culture and orientations. • Conflicts are common especially if different groups struggled to
contol vital

resources. • Stronger nations tended to invade weaker ones so they could take much

needed resources. • As such, the development of weapons and armors for security and protection

was considered a major achievement.

Health

Conservation of Life

• The early people might have been

successful in harnessing the rich resources

that the world could provide, but their

survival posed a great problem. • Different illnesses and diseases, both

natural and man-made, hampered the full

potential of a human being. • Given this predicament, science and

technology playeda major role in the

discovery of cures to, if not the prevention

of, illnesses.

Architecture and Engineering

Architecture
• elaborate architectural designs were signs of technological advancement of

particular civilization

• In the generations to come, architecture would be considered a status

symbol among natuons of how advanced their technology is. • It may also establish the identity of a
nation. Engineering

• In order to integrate their needs - for better transportation, establishment

of structures for protection from human attacks and natural disasters, and

construction of bigger and stronger infrastructures, the people ventured

the field of engineering. • it allowed humans to build structures that would address their specific

needs and wants

Mass Production

• The increase in size and number of nations

connoted to INCREASE DEMAND FOR FOOD

AND OTHER BASIC NECESSITIES. • Also implied that people must produce food at

a given time and space since resources were

getting unusual as more people struggled to

share the basic necessities. • The people need a form of technology that

would enable them to increase food supplies

and other survival needs without them

travelling more or working harder.

AESTHETIC

• The people were not contented on

beautifying only the

infrastructures and sorroundings,

being able to prolong life

technology, as well as raise the

quality of life by making

complicated and difficult tasks

easier, humans later on developed

people looked more visually

PRESENTABLE and APPEALING by

adding some features and

decorations in their body.

Record-Keeping

• This is also important since they needed

to remember the places they had been to

and document the trades they made with

each other . • It was als vital to keep records of their

histor y and culture so they could

establish their identities as they tried to

relatewithotherculturesand

civilizations.

ANCIENT TIMES

• Major Technological Advancement

• SUMERIANS

• cooperative, developed many things connected with science and

technology

• BABYLONIANS

• great builders, engineers and architects

• EGYPTIANS

• infrastructures, engineering technology

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

• Cuneiform

• URUK City

• The Great Ziggurat of Ur

• Irrigation and Dikes

• Saliboats

• Wheel
• Roads

Cuneiform

• First writing system

• utilizes word pictures and

triangular symbols which are

carved on clay using wedge

instruments and then left to dry. • allows the Sumerians to keep

records of things with great

historical value or their everyday

life

Uruk City

• First True City in the World

• Built using mud or clay from the

river mixed with sun-baked

bricks

• they used bricks to make houses

that protected them from the

harsh weather

• They build a wall around the city

that prevented wild animals and

neighnoring raiders from

entering.

The Great Ziggurat of UR

• also called “The Mountain of

God”

• built in the same manner as the

city of Uruk

• served as the sacred place of

their chief god, where only their

priests were allowed to enter.

Irrigation and Dikes

• As population increased, so did

the demand for food. • They created dikes and irrigation

canals to bring water to

farmlands and at the same time

control the flooding of the rivers

• Dikes and canals were able to

enjoy year-long farming and

harvesting, which increase food

production.

Sailboats

• Wheel was not yet invented; the

main mode of transportation

was through waterways such as

rivers and seas

• They needed a mode

transportation that did not

require much human resources. • Sailboats were essential in

transportation and trading as

well as in fostering culture,

information and technology

Wheel

• The first wheels were not made

for transportation but to farm

work and food processes. • With the use of wheel and axle,

mass production was made

easier. Farmers were able to mill

grains with less effort in less

time.

The Plow

• invented to dig the earth in a

faster pace. • As the plow breaks the ground,

the farmer would just drop the

seeds and farm work would

already be done. • Using this tool, farmers could

cultivate larger parcels of land

faster, enabling them to mass

produce food without taking so

much effort and time.

Roads

• In order to facilitate faster and easier

travel, they developed the first roads

using sun-baked bricks that they laid

on the ground. • They later poured bitumen, a black

sticky substance similar to asphalt, to

smoothen the roads. • This invention is very useful especially

during the rainy season when

traveling in soft and muddy roads

proved to be too difficult.

Babylonian’s Contribution

• Hanging Gardens of Babylon

• One of the seven wonders of the ancient world

• Made up of layers of plants, trees and vines

• According to legends, the great Babylonian King

Nebuchadnezzar II built the gardens for his wife,

Queen Amytis

• However, no physical evidence has been found to

prove it’s existence. • It’s exact location is unknown. Many said it was

just a product of creative imagination. If it really

existed, it must have been destroyed by war,

erosion or an earthquake and considered as one

of the greatest engineering and architectural

achievement of the world that is almost

impossible to replicate.

Egyptian’s Contributions

• Papyrus or paper

• Wig

• Water clock /Clypsedra

• Hieroglyphics

• ink

• cosmetics

Papyrus/ Paper

• Papyrus was a plant that grew abundantly

along the Nile River in Egypt

• This invention was a major

accomplishment in Egyptian recod- keeping and communications

• It was easy to carry and store than clay

tablets

• They were able to send letters or

correspondence anywhere in the world

• It was easier to keep them away from

raiders who often destroyed records of

the nations they invaded

Ink

• When Egyptians, invented the

papyrus, engraving concluded to

be used in writing. • They invented ink by combining

the soot with different chemicals

to produce ink of different colors. • In must withstand the elements

of nature since it was used to

record history, culture, and

codified laws. • It must be tamper-proof so that

people could not simply tinker

with those written down by

authorities.

Hieroglyphics

• System of writing developed by

Egyptians using symbols. • They believed that this writing

system was provided to them by

their gods. • It was a language that tells the

modern world of the history and

culture of the ancient Egyptians

Cosmetics

• Their functions was for health

and aesthetic reasons

• Egyptians wear Kohl arouns the

eyes to prevent and even cure

eye diseases. • Kohl was created by mixing soot

or malachite with mineral galena

• They also believed that a person

wearing make-up was protected

from evil and that beauty was a

sign of holiness

Wig

• Worn for health and wellness

rather than aethetic purposes

• Used to protect the shaved

heads of the wealthy Egyptians

from the harmful rays of the sun. • Prevent accumulation of head

lice, and it allows heat to escape

rather than scarf.

Water Clock/ Clepsydra

• This device utilizez gravity that

affects the flow of water from

one vessel to the other. • The amount of water remaining

in the device determines how

much time has elapsed since it

was full. • In the process, time is measured.

Greek Contribution

• Alarm Clock

• Its purpose was just to tell an

individual when to stop and when

to start

• They made use of water (or small

stones or sand) that dropped into

drums which sounded the alarm. • Plato was believed to to have

utilized an alarm clock to signal

the start of his lecture

Water Mill

• Commonly used in agricultural

processes like milling of grains

which was necessary for processing

of food during that time. • Mass production of rice, cereals,

flours and the like became

common. • They only required access to rivers

or flowing water where a

mechanism of a large wheel with

small “buckets” of water attached

to it could be installed.

Roman Civilization

• Roman Empire was perceived to

be the strongest political and

social entity in the west. • Considered to be the cradle of

politics and governance during

that period. • They were considered as the

model in terms of legislation and

codified laws

Roman Civilization Contributions

• Newspaper

• Bound Books or Codex

• Roman Architecture

• Roman Numerals

Newspaper

• The first newspaper known as

gazettes, contained the

announcements of the Roman

Empire to the people. • Made before the invention of

paper, gazettes where engraved

in metal and stone tablets and

then publicly displaced

• When paper was invented, it

became easier for the Romans to

“publish” matters that needed

the attention of the Roman

Citizens

Bound books or Codex

• The earlier covers were made of

wax but were later on replaced

by animal skin which proved to

be stronger and longer-lasting. • With the papyrus pages

bounded together and covered

by animal skin, the ancient

Roman Empire was able to

produce first books or codex

Roman Numerals

• Although number systems had

already been established before the

Roman numeral, these old systems

could not keep up with high

calculation requirements due to

increasing rate of communication

and trade among nations

• To specifically address the need for

standard counting method that

would meet their increasing

communication and trade concerns

• No longer widely used today due to

its inherent limitations

Roman Architecture

• One of the most visual contributions of the

ancient Roman empire to the world

• Considered to be the continuation of Greek

Architecture, hence the resemblance

• Fully funded and supported by the Roman

government so they were able to implement

major projects such as large churches,

aqueducts, coliseums, amphitheaters and

even residential houses

• It’s quality can be seen by the way they

withstood time and harsh elements of the

environment.

Chinese Civilization

• oldest civilization in Asia

• also known as the middle

kingdom

• these are the Chinese

contributions

• Silk

• Gunpowder

• Great Wall of China

• Tea Production

Silk

• One of the things that connected

Far East China to the world

• Eventhough naturally produced

by silk worms, the Chinese were

the ones of developed the

technology to harvest the silk

and process it to produce paper

and clothing. • Silk production is the creation of

a product for trade

Tea Production

• It is a beverage by pouring hot or

boiling water over crushed

leaves or shredded dried tea

leaves

• China became known for its tea

exports aside from its silk

products

• Resulted in making tea as one of

the most popular beverages in

the world today

Great Wall of China

• Considered as the only man- made strcture that could be

seen from the outer space

• It is said to be the largest and

most extensive infrastructure

that the nation built

• It was constructed to keep out

foreign invaders and control

borders of China

• made with stone, brick, wood,

earth and other materials. • showcased the extent of Chinese

engineering at that time

Gun Powder

• One of the most interesting inventions of China

• Originally developed by Chinese alchemist who aimed to achieve immortality

• Mixed with charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate, but instead of creating an elixir

of life, they accidentally invented a black powder that could actually generated
large amounts of heat and gas in an instant. • Ironically, instead of prolonging life, gunpowder is widely
used to propel bullets

form guns and cannons which cause countless deaths. • It is also used in fireworks during important
celebrations in China

Medieval/Middle Ages

• Most Innovative minds

came from this period

• Printing Press

• Microscope

• Telescope

• War Weapons

Printing Press

• Invented by Johann Guttenberg

using cast type

• He utilized wooden machines

extracted juices from fruits,

attached to them a metal

impressions of the letters, and

pressed firmly the cast metal

into the piece of paper which

then made an exact impression

on paper. • invented to address the need for

publishing book

Microscope

• Guided by the principles used

for the invention of eyeglasses in

earlier years, Zacharias Janssen

was able to develop the first

compound microscope. • With this, people were able to

observe organisms that were

normally unseen by the naked

eye

• Key to discovering new means in

preventing and curing illnesses

Telescope

• Middle Ages was also known as

the Age of Exploration, the need

for nautical inventions was high

• This invention helps in

observation of remote objects

and a great help for navigators

during this time

• Together with the telescope, the

invention of compass, oars and

rudders made sea travelling

easier and safer

War Weapons

• Wars were widespread during

the Middle Ages

• Creation of iron body armors

• However, body armors were

heavy and limit their movements,

problems were solved by the

invention of the chainmail.

Modern Times

•Pasteurization

•Petroleum Refinery

•Telephone
•Calculator

Pasteurization

• Developed by Louis Pasteur

• It is the process of heating dairy

products to kill the harmful

bacteria that allow them to spoil

faster

• Through this process, milk could

be stored and consumed for a

longer period. • Also prevented illnesses caused

by harmful bacteria.

Petroleum Refinery

• Samuel M. Kier was able to invent

kerosene by refining petroleum

• Kerosene was later on referred to as the

“illuminating oil” because it was used at

first to provide lighting to homes. • After sometime, it was applied for

heating purposes. • The development of kerosene

established the petroleum refinery

industry

• At present, petroleum is widely used in

powering automobiles, factories, and

powerplants among others

Telephone

• The more people got connected by

trade and exploration the more they

needed a way to easily maintain these

connections and communicate with

eath other in real time

• Important day-to -day decisions must

be addressed and addressed at the

fastest time possible

• Developed by Alexander Graham Bell

the telephone was one of the

important inventions of that time

Calculator

• The creation of modern

calculators did not only paved

the way for easier arithmetic

calculations, but also resulted in

the development of more

complex processing machines

like the computer.

Inventions by Filipino

Scientists

The Philippines boasts of, its own history and

tradition of scientific and technological

innovations. Filipinos have long been known for

their ingenuity. Necessity has always been the

mother of Philippine inventions.

E-Jeepney

• One of the most

recognizable national

symbols of the Philippines

and the most popular mode

of public transportation in

the country

• It is an inventive response to
criticisms to the traditional

jeepney that belched smoke,

directly causing air

pollutions which made it

unsustainable and

uneconomical.

Erythromycin

• Invented by an Ilonggo

scientist Abelardo Aguilar

out of strain of bacterium

Streptomyces erythreus.

Medical Incubator

• Invented by a Filipino

pediatrician and national

scientist Fe del Mundo

• Addressed the state of

Philippine rural communities

that had no electricity to aid

the regulation of body

temperatures of newborn

babies.

Mole Remover

• Invented by Rolando dela

Cruz

• made from the extracts of

cashew nuts (Annacardium

occidentale)

• It is accessible, affordable,

painless and scarless

procedure.

Banana Ketchup

• Invented by Filipino food

technologist, Maria Orosa

• Her invention appeals to

Filipinos who love using

condiments to go along

with their food. • A brownish-yellow in natural

color, but is dyed red to

resemble tomato ketchup.