EE 321

Introduction to Communication
CHAPTER 4
Amplitude Modulations and Demodulations

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 0

Baseband vs. Carrier Communication

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 1

Baseband vs. Carrier Communication

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 2

 Modulation
Modulated Carrier

 t   A t  cos  ct   t 

 
AM: PM: FM:
A t   m t     t   m t   t   m t 

• Modulation is a process by which baseband (low-frequency) information is

included in the properties of a high-frequency sinusoidal carrier signal.
• Modulation causes a shift in the range of frequencies of a message
(information) signal.
• In Amplitude Modulation (AM), the information is included in the
amplitude of a sinusoidal carrier.
• In Frequency Modulation (FM), the information is included in the
frequency of a sinusoidal carrier.
• In Phase Modulation (PM), the information is included in the phase of a
sinusoidal carrier.

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 3

 Modulation Modulated Carrier

 t   A t  cos  ct   t 

 
AM: PM: FM:
A t   m t     t   m t   t   m t 

m(t) : Information Signal Acos ct    : Unmodulated Carrier

Message Signal
A : Carrier Amplitude
Baseband Signal
Modulating Signal c  2 fc : Carrier Frequency
A2 A2 A2R
Carrier Power  Pc  or or
2 2R
 2
signal power signal is a voltage signal is a current
in Amp2 or Volt2 across an antenna through an antenna
of impedance R of impedance R
Unit is Watt Unit is Watt
2
 g t 
Power dissipated in R1  lim 
1 T /2
i1 t  R1dt  lim 
2 1   R dt  Pg
T /2

T  T T  T

T /2 R
 1
T /2
 1  R1

1 T /2 1 T /2
Power dissipated in R2  lim 
2
2
i t  R2dt  lim  g 2 t  R2dt  R2Pg
T  T T /2 T  T T /2

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 4

 Double-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier (DSB-SC)
Amplitude Modulation
DSB-SC t   m t  cos 2 fct 

1
DSB-SC  f   M  f  f   M  f  f  
2  c c 

m t  M f 
m t  DSB-SC t   m t  cos c t 
Modulating Signal Modulated Carrier 2K

cos ct 
t (carrier) f
B B
Modulator

 t   m t  cos ct  DSB-SC  f  LSB= Lower Sideband

m t 
USB LSB USB= Upper Sideand

t f
fc fc

Two sidebands è Double Sideband 2B

No carrier term (no impulse at fc) è Suppressed carrier
m t 

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 5

Double-Sideband Supressed-Carrier (DSB-SC) : Demodulation

DSB-SC t   m t  cos ct  DSB-SC t   m t  cos ct 

e t  Low-Pass 1
m t 
Filter 2
Demodulation is the process of recovering the
information signal from the modulated carrier cos ct 

e t   DSB-SC t  cos ct  Synchronous Demodulator or Detector

E f 
 m t  cos ct  cos ct 
 LPF
DSB-SC t  K
 m t  cos2 ct  K /2

1 1 B
 m t   m t  cos 2ct  2 fc 2 fc
f
2 2
1 1
E  f   M  f   M  f  2 fc   M  f  2 fc 
2B 2B
2 4 

fc
2 fc  B
Conditions :
 2 fc  B  B  fc  B
 Usually, fc  B
 Filter cutoff frequency must be between B and 2 fc  B
EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 6
 DSB-SC: Tone Modulation Case
Tone Modulation : Message Signal is sinusoid
e.g. m t   am cos mt   am cos 2 fmt 
M f 
1
M  f   am   f  fm     f  fm 
2  
a m
/ 2 a m
/ 2
DSB-SC t   m t  cos ct 
f
 am cos mt  cos ct  fm fm

a
  
 m  cos c  m t  cos c  m t 
2    DSB-SC  f 

a m
/ 4 a m
/ 4 a m
/ 4 a m
/ 4

f
fc  fm fc fc  fm fc  fm fc fc  fm

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 7

 DSB-SC: Tone Modulation Case
M f 
Demodulation :
e t   DSB-SC t  cos ct  a m
/ 2 a m
/ 2
 am cos mt  cos ct  cos ct 
f
 am cos mt  cos2 ct  fm fm

1 1
 am cos mt   am cos mt  cos 2ct  DSB-SC  f 
2
 2
 
1 centered at 2 fc
m t 
2 suppressed by LPF a m
/ 4
a m
/ 4 a m
/ 4
a m
/ 4

f
fc  fm fc fc  fm fc  fm fc fc  fm
E f 

a m
/ 8
a m
/ 8 a m
/ 4 a m
/ 4 a m
/ 8
a m
/ 8

f
2 fc  fm2 fc2 fc  fm fm fm 2 fc  fm 2 fc 2 fc  fm
1
Suppressed by LPF M f  Suppressed by LPF
2
EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 8
 DSB-SC: Modulators

Analog
Multiplier
m t   t   m t  cos ct  cos ct   m t  cos ct 

cos ct  Gain  m t 

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 9

 DSB-SC: Modulators
x t  NL y t   ax t   bx 2 t 

 x 1 t  y1 t 
m t   NL1
  z t  BPF 4bm t  cos ct 
  @ fc
x 2 t  
cos ct 
 
NL2
y2 t 
Nonlinear Modulators
 NL1 and NL2 must be identical (balanced modulator)
x 1 t   cos ct   m t  x 2 t   cos ct   m t 
2
NL1 : y1 t   ax 1 t   bx t   a  cos ct   m t   b  cos ct   m t 
2
1    
 am t   bm t   a cos ct   2bm t  cos ct   b cos ct 
2 2

2
NL2 : y2 t   ax 2 t   bx t   a  cos ct   m t   b  cos ct   m t 
2
2    
 am t   bm t   a cos ct   2bm t  cos ct   b cos ct 
2 2

z t   y1 t   y2 t   2am t   4bm t  cos ct 

 
rejected by passed by BPF
BPF
EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 10
 DSB-SC: Modulators m t  M f 
Switching Modulators
 w t  is periodic with fundamental frequency fc
 Trigonometric Fourier Series: t f
B

1 n  
w t    C n cos n ct  where C n  sin   w t  W f 

n  n  2  
Tc  2 / c  1 / fc

1 2  1  n   C 
   sin   cos n ct 
0
C 1
/ 2 C 1
/ 2

2  n 1 n  2  t f
fc 0 fc
n odd

1 2  1 1  m t  w t  
 m t  w t  
  cos ct   cos 3ct   cos 5ct   
2   3 5 

BBPF

 m t w t    C m t  cos n  t 
n c t f
fc 0 fc
n 
1 2
 m t   m t  cos ct  cos  t 
c
D3 D4
2 
 
  Series-
rejected by BPF DSB-SC Bridge  BPF
km t  cos ct 
Modulator  
m t D1 D2 m t  w t 
   @fc

2 1 1 
  m t  cos 3ct   m t  cos 5ct    cos ct 

  
3 5
 
Shunt-
  Bridge D1 D3  BPF
rejected by BPF rejected by BPF km t  cos ct 
Modulator  
m t m t  w t 

 Conditions: D2 D4  @fc
 C 1  0  BBPF  2B  fc  BBPF / 2  3 fc  B Diode-Bridge Modulators
EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 11
 DSB-SC: Modulators
Switching Modulators

D1

D4 BPF
m t  km t  cos ct 
D2 @fc
D3



cos ct 

Ring Modulator

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 12

 DSB-SC: An Application
Frequency Mixing or Frequency Conversion or Heterodyning
 Shifting the carrier frequency of any modulated signal from fc to fI
Mixer x t  BPF
m t  cos ct  m t  cos I t 
@ fI

2 cos mixt   2 cos c  I t  fI  fc  up-conversion
Local Oscillator
fI  fc  down-conversion

 
x t   m t  cos ct  2 cos mixt   m t  cos c  mix t  m t  cos c  mix t  

to be rejected by BPF


   
m t  cos 2c  I t  m t  cos I t , if mix  c  I

 c 
m t  cos 2   t  m t  cos  t ,
I I
if mix  c  I
 to be rejected by BPF

fI fI

f
fI 2 fc  fI 2 fc 2 fc  fI

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 13

 DSB-SC: Demodulation
e t 
DSB - SC Demodulation m t  cos ct   
Low-Pass 1
m t 
Filter 2
 Any modulator can be converted to We must have
c  c and    
a demodulator by replacing the BPF
cos ct   
with a LPF
Synchronous Demodulator or Detector
 For this demodulator to work, the frequency c 
and phase ( ) of the signal generated by the
oscillator in the receiver must be the same as the frequency c  and phase  
of the carrier in the recevied signal.
 Such a demodulator is called synchronous or coherent or homodyne recevier.
 If     and c  c , the output will be
1 1
2
  
m t  cos c  c t       m t  cos  t  
2

 If   0 and    / 2, the output will be zero, i.e. no information signal is
recovered from the received signal.
 If   0 and   0, the output will be 1 / 2m t  cos  t  
EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 14
 DSB-SC: Demodulation
Series-Bridge Demodulator
D D
cos  t 
c
3 4

Switching Demodulators 
m t  cos ct  D1 D2 m t  cos  t  w t 
LPF km t 
 Assuming ideal diodes: 
c

1 2  1  n  
 w t     sin   cos n ct 

2  n 1 n  2  Shunt-Bridge DeModulator
cos  t 
n odd c

1 2   D1 D3 
1 1
  cos ct   cos 3ct   cos 5ct    m t  cos ct  m t  cos ct  w t  LPF km t 
2   3 5 

D2 D4 

1 2 
 1 1  
 m t  cos ct  w t   m t  cos ct  
   cos  c  3  c  5  c  
 t  cos 3  t  cos 5  t   
 2    

1 2  1 1 
 m t  cos ct   m t  cos ct   m t  cos ct  cos 3ct   m t  cos ct  cos 5ct   
2

2   3 5 

1 2 2
 m t  cos ct   m t  cos2 ct   m t  cos ct  cos 3ct   
2  3
1 1 1 2
 m t   m t  cos 2ct   m t  cos ct   m t  cos ct  cos 3ct   
  2 3

rejected by LPF

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 15

 Problems with DSB-SC
 Although DSB  SC is simple to generate, it requires coherent
demodulation, i.e. the local carrier generated at the receiver must have
the same frequency and phase as the received carrier.
 The distance travelled by the signal results in an unknown  time delay
or phase shift.
 Also, relative motion between the transmitter and receiver causes
(Doppler) frequency shift. Equivalently, a time-varying phase corresponds
to a frequency shift.
 Moreover, oscillators are not perfect and there is always an error in the
frequencies generated at the transmitter and receiver.

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 16

 Problems with DSB-SC
 The received signal will look like :
r t   Acm t  t0  cos c   t  t0   Acm t  t0  cos c   t  d 
   
where   frequency shift due to relative motion between transmitter and receiver
 
d  c   t 0
t 0  time delay  distance between Tx and Rx divided by speed of light
 So, the frequency and phase of the received signal is usually unknown to
the receiver and the receiver needs to estimate them from the recevied
signal. This process is called "carrier synchronization."
 This may be complex and costly, particularly for broadcasting systems
which have many receivers for every transmitter, e.g. radio broadcasting.
 One alternative is to transmit a sample (pilot) of the "pure" carrier with
the transmitted signal.
 Another (very common) alternative is to transmit a "large" carrier.

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 17

 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
or
Double-Sideband Large-Carrier (DSB-LC)
1
AM t   A cos ct   m t  cos ct  AM  f   M  f  f   M  f  f 
 2  c c 
 A  m t  cos ct  A
     f  fc     f  fc 
2 
A  m t  M f 
m t 
2K

mp
t t carrier

m p AM t  B B
envelope
A  m t  AM  f 
USB A / 2 LSB LSB A / 2 USB

t K

f
fc fc

2B

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 18

 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
AM t   A cos ct   m t  cos ct   A  m t  cos ct 
 

 AM t  is identical to DSB-SC t  with A  m t  as the modulating signal

(instead of m t  )

 AM t  is a bandpass signal and can be represented as

AM t   x c t  cos ct   x s t  sin ct 
where x c t   A  m t  and x s t   0

 The envelope of AM t  is

E t   x c2 t   x s2 t   x c2 t   x c t   A  m t 

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 19

 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
AM t   A cos ct   m t  cos ct   A  m t  cos ct 
 
m t 
Case : A + m t  ≥ 0
mp
 envelope E t   A  m t   A  m t 
t
 m t  can be recovered from the envelope m p
 This envelope of a modulated signal can be recovered
using a very simple demodulator called A  m t   0 for all t A  m t   0 for all t

“the envelope detector ” A  m t  A  m t 

 The envelope detector is a circuit whose output is

the enevelope of the input bandpass signal.
t t

Case : A + m t  ≥ 0 AM t 
envelope
AM t 

 envelope E t   A  m t  A  m t 
envelope

 m t  cannot be recovered from the envelope A  m t 

 The envelope detector cannot be used t t

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 20

 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Case : Message Signals m t  with Zero Offset
m t 
 m max  m min  m p  0
  
where m max  max m t  , m min  min m t   mp
t
 Envelope detector can be used if m p
A  m t   0  A  m min  0  A  m min  m p
A  m t   0 for all t A  m t   0 for all t
i.e. A  mp
0 1  1
 Define the “Modulation Index” as A  m t  A  m t 

m
 p
A
 For m t  to be recoverable from the enevelope of t
t
the modulated carrier, we need AM t  AM t 
envelope
0   1
A  m t 
   1 is equivalent to A  m p .
envelope
A  m t 
This case is called “overmodulation." In this case, t
t
m t  cannot be recovered from the modulated carrier
by an envelope detector.

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 21

 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
m t 
Case : Message Signals m t  with Nonzero Offset m max
 m max  m min
t
 Define the “Modulation Index” as m min
C D m max  m min
  A  m t   0 for all t
C D 2A  m max  m min A  m t   0 for all t
 1
 For m t  to be recoverable from the enevelope of
0 1
A  m t  A  m t 
the modulated carrier, we need
0   1
 If   1 (overmodulation), t t
m t  cannot be recovered from the modulated carrier AM t  AM t 
by an envelope detector. envelope
A  m t 
envelope

C  2 A  n max 

D  2 A  n min 
A  m t 

t t

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 22

 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Tone Modulation
 m t   am cos m t 
 m p  am
am
  am  A
A
 AM t   A  m t  cos ct   A 1   cos mt  cos ct 

 
A 1  cos m t 
 
A 1  0.5 cos m t  1
  0.5
A
A/2
A/2
A A A

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 23

 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Sideband and Carrier Power
AM t   A cos ct   m t  cos ct 
 
carrier sidebands
useful (information-carrying) part 
Carrier Power  Pc  A2 / 2
1
Sideband Power  Ps  m t  cos ct  
2 2 1
m t   Pm
2 1
2
 2

Pm

useful power Ps Pm
Power Efficiency :     2
total power Pc  Ps A  Pm 1
3
For tone modulation case:
 m t   am cos mt   A cos mt  1


 Pm  am2 / 2  2A2 / 2
 
2 1
  0
(no information) 0
2  2 2 / 2  1
 To use envelope detector, we must have   1    1 / 3  33% 0.3 4.3%
0.5 11.1%
The price paid for using enevelope detector is reduced efficiency 1 33.3%
Maximum possible efficiency obtainable with envelope detector is 
1
33% which is obtained when   1 (full modulation) (DSB-SC)

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 24

Amplitude Modulation (AM) – Modulators
DSB-SC Modulator

m t  AM t   A  m t  cos ct 

 

A cos c t 

 Any DSB-SC modulator can be used as an AM modulator by adding a dc

term to m t  before modulation or adding a carrier term to the modulated
carrier

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 25

Amplitude Modulation (AM) – Modulators

Switching Modulators  
m t 
 Let c  m t  , then  BPF
v t  vo t 
v t   m t   c cos ct  w t   @ fc
 
c cos c t 
1 2  1 1   
 w t    cos ct   cos 3ct   cos 5ct    
2   3 5 

 v t   m t   c cos ct  w t 
 
 
 1 2  1 1  
  
 m t   c cos ct    cos ct   cos 3ct   cos 5ct    

  2   3 5 
   
c 2  c 1 
 cos ct   m t  cos ct    m t   other terms of frequecy 2 fc or higher

2   2 
 
 A 
   
2  c c 1
  cos ct   m t  cos ct     m t   other terms of frequecy 2 fc or higher
4  
 2
 



 
 rejected by BPF
AM

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 26

Amplitude Modulation (AM) – Demodulators
1
A  m t 
2   1
A  m t  cos  t  m t 
DSB-SC DC
  c Demodulator Block 2

Coherent Methods
 In principle, a DSB-SC can be used to demodulate AM synchronously
(coherently).
 However, if we use a synchronous detector, there is no need to have
large carrier (large carrier wastes power)

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 27

 Amplitude Modulation (AM) – Demodulators
dc blocking capacitor

  
Non-Coherent Methods A  m t  cos  t 
  c v t  LPF vo t 
  
Rectifier Demodulator
 Let A  m t  for all t, then
 
v t   A  m t  cos ct  w t 
 
1 2 1 1 
 w t     cos ct   cos 3ct   cos 5ct   
2   3 5 




 
 v t   A  m t  cos ct  w t 

 1 2  1 1 



 
 A  m t  cos ct    cos ct   cos 3ct   cos 5ct    
 
  
 2   3 5 

2  1 
   
 A  m t  cos2 ct    A  m t  cos ct   other high-frequency terms
2  
 
 
1   1 1 
  A 
 blocked by
 m t  
   2 
 A  m t 

   c   
cos  t  A  m    c 
t  cos 2  t  other high-frequenc y terms 

 
  
 capacitor  rejected by LPF

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 28

 Amplitude Modulation (AM) – Demodulators
Non-Coherent Methods
Envelope Detector  
 Requirement:   1, fc  B A  m t  cos  t  C R vo t 
  c

 Very simple demodulator (cheap)  

 Maximum attainable efficiency is 33% (waste of power)
 output  A  m t   ripple of frequency fc
 Ripple may be reduced by a LPF
 dc must be blocked by "dc block"
1
 RC is chosen such that B   fc
2RC

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 29

 Bandwidth-Efficient Amplitude Modulations
Single Sideband (SSB) Modulation
m t  2DSB-SC t  m t  HPF USB t  m t  LPF LSB t 
@ fc @ fc

2 cos ct  2 cos ct  2 cos ct 

M f 
 Since the two sidebands contain the same 2K
information, we can transmit one side alone f
B B
and still be able to retrieve the information.
2DSB-SC  f 
 The resulting type of amplitude modulation
2K
is called "Single Sideband Modulation (SSB)"
f
 SSB requires half the bandwidth required by fc
USB  f 
fc

DSB
2B

2K
(i.e. SSB is more bandwidth efficient than DSB)
f
 SSB can be modulated using a synchronous fc
LSB  f 
fc
B
detector (or DSB-SC modulator) plus
2K
a "sideband filter."
f
fc fc
B

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 30

 Hilbert Transform
 The Hilbert transform x h t  of a signal x t  is defined as
1 1  x  
 
x h t    x t  
t
 x t   
  t 
d

So, the Hilbert transform is the output of an LTI system with impulse
reponse 1 / t

 In frequency domain, we have

 1 
X h  f      X  f 
 t 
 j sgn  f  X  f 
jX  f , f  0
 
 jX  f , f 0


EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 31

 Hilbert Transform
h t   1 / t
x t  H  f   j sgn  f 
x h t 

Hilbert Transformer
 The Hilbert transformer is a LTI system with impulse response
1 H f 
h t  
t 1
and transfer function
H  f   j sgn  f  f
h  f 
 Magnitude Response:
H  f   1 for all f /2
 Phase Response: f
 / 2, f  0  / 2
H  f   h  f   
 / 2, f 0

 The Hilbert transformer shifts the phase of positive-frequency components by   / 2
and the negative-frequency components by  / 2

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 32

 SSB – Time-Domain Representation
1 1
M   f   M  f u  f   M  f  1  sgn  f   M  f   jM h  f 
2   2 
1 1
M   f   M  f u f   M  f  1  sgn  f   M  f   jM h  f 
2   2 
The USB spectrum USB  f  can be expressed as M f 
2K
USB  f   M   f  fc   M   f  fc 
f
B B
1 1
 M  f  fc   M  f  fc   M h  f  fc   M h  f  fc  2DSB-SC  f 
2  2j  
The inverse transform of this equation yields 2K

USB t   m t  cos wct   mh t  sin wct  fc fc

f
USB  f 
Similarly, the LSB signal can be expressed as 2B

LSB t   m t  cos wct   mh t  sin wct 

2K

In general, the SSB signal can be expressed as fc fc

f
LSB  f 
SSB t   m t  cos wct   mh t  sin wct 
B

2K
where,
- the mins sign applies to USB fc fc
f

- the plus sign applies to LSB

B

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 33

 SSB
SSB t   m t  cos ct   mh t  sin ct 
Tone Modulation M f 

 m t   am cos mt  a m
/ 2 a m
/ 2

   f
 mh t   am cos mt    am sin mt 
 fm fm

 2  2DSB-SC  f 
 SSB t   m t  cos ct   mh t  sin ct 
a / 2 a / 2 a / 2 a / 2
 am cos mt  cos ct   am sin mt  sin ct 
m m m m





 
am cos c  m t ,  USB fc  fm fc fc  fm
USB  f 
fc  fm fc fc  fm




 m 
a cos c  m t ,  LSB a m
/ 2 a m
/ 2

f
fc  fm fc fc fc  fm
LSB  f 

a m
/ 2 a m
/ 2

f
fc  fm fc  fm fc

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 34

 SSB – Modulators
SSB t   m t  cos ct   mh t  sin ct 

Selective Filtering or Using DSB - SC Modulator m t  HPF USB t 

@ ωc
 The most commonly used method.
 The filters must have sharp cutoff to avoid cutting 2 cos ct 
parts of the desired sideband and avoid passing
m t  LPF LSB t 
parts of the undesired sideband. @ ωc

 Simpler filters can be used if there is a separation

2 cos ct 
between the sidebands, i.e. if the spectrum of the
information signal has zero or negligible content
near dc. LSB USB

 Human speech has negligible content below 300 Hz.

This results in a 600 Hz transition region between
the sidebands. LSB USB

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 35

 SSB – Modulators
SSB t   m t  cos ct   mh t  sin ct 
Phase - Shift Method (using Hilbert transformer)
 An ideal phase shifter (Hilbert transformer)is not realizable,
but it can be approximated over a finite frequency band.

DSB-SC m t  cos c t 

Modulator

cos c t 

m t   SSB t 
 / 2

sin c t 
mh t 
DSB-SC
 / 2
Modulator mh t  sin c t 
Hilbert
Transformer

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 36

 SSB – Demodulators
SSB t   m t  cos ct   mh t  sin ct 

1
SSB t 
LPF
m t 
@B 2

cos c t 

DSB-SC Demodulator
Synchronous Detector
 SSB can be demodulated using any DSB-SC Demodulator.
 This demodulation must be done coherently.
SSB t  cos ct   m t  cos2 ct   mh t  sin ct  cos ct 
1 1 1
 m t   m t  cos 2ct   mh t  sin 2ct 
2 2
 2 
rejected by LPF

 Recall that m t  and mh t  have the same bandwidth (B ).

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 37

 SSB Plus Carrier (SSB+C)
 If SSB is transmitted with a large carrier term (SSB+C), it can be demodulated
sin c t 
using an envelope detector.
SSB+C t   A cos ct   m t  cos ct   mh t  sin ct 
 A  m t  cos ct   mh t  sin ct  E t 
  mh t 
   t 

  cos c t 
 
 A  m t   mh2 t  cos ct  tan1 mh t  / A  m t  
2

  A  m t 
  
 
enevelope E t   t  
The envelope:
2
E t   A  m t   mh2 t 
 
 
2 2
 A 1  m t  / A  mh t  / A
 
2
 A 1  m t  / A if mh t   A for most t
 
 
 A 1  m t  / A
 
 
 A
  m t 
rejected by
dc block

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 38

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation – Quadrature Multiplexing
x 1 t 
m1 t  LPF m1 t 

cos c t  2 cos c t 

 / 2
  / 2
QAM t 
sin c t  2 sin c t 
x 2 t 
m2 t  LPF m2 t 

 QAM t   m1 t  cos ct   m2 t  sin ct   The two signals m1 t  and m2 t 

are modulated on the same carrier
 x 1 t   QAM t  2 cos ct 
  frequency and transmitted over
 2m1 t  cos ct   2m2 t  sin ct  cos ct 
2
the same channel (multiplexing)
 m1 t   m1 t  cos 2ct   m2 t  sin 2ct 
  The two carriers are 90 out of
rejected by LPF
phase (they are in quardrature)
 x 2 t   QAM t  2 sin ct 
   The two signals are separated at
 2m1 t  cos ct  sin ct   2m2 t  sin2 ct  the receiver by using demodulators
 2m2 t  sin2 ct   2m1 t  cos ct  sin ct  at 90 phase difference
 m2 t m2 t  cos 2ct   m1 t  sin 2ct   The receiver must be "synchronous"

rejected by LPF

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 39

 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
 Multiplexing : is the process of combining several signals into one signal
so that the signals can be transmitted over the same channel
and then separated at the receiver.
 The process of separating multiplexed signals is called "demultiplexing ."
 In frequency division multiplexing, the signals are shifted in frequency
(using modulation) so that each signal occupies a separate frequency band.
 At the receiver, each signal is extracted using a suitable filter and then
shifted back to its baseband frequency using a demodulator
 Each signal may use a different type of modulation.
 The carriers used to modulate individual signals are called "subcarriers."
 The overall multiplexed signal is called the "(composite) baseband signal."
 The baeband signal is further modulated using a high-frequency carrier for
transmission. This modulation is called RF or main modulation and
the resulting signal is called the RF signal.
EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 40
 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
 Usually, SSB is used in FDM to conserve bandwidth.
 Some gaps may be left between the signals to avoid interference
(cross-talk) and simplify filtering. These gaps are called "guardbands."
 A "sample" carrier called the pilot may be transmitted with the
multiplexed signal. This pilot is used to reproduce subcarriers at the
receiver for synchronization.
 At the receiver, the received signal is first demodulated by the RF
carrier to retrieve the composite baseband signal.
 The baseband signal is then de-multiplexed to separate the different
components (channels).
 De-multiplexing is done by filtering each signal using an appropriate
filter and then demodulating it to the original signal.

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 41

FDM Example: ITU’s L-Carrier Hierarchy
 ITU=International Telecommunication Union
 The L-carrier system is used to multiplex voice channels for telephony.
 Each voice channel has a bandwidth of 4 kHz.
 Each voice channel is modulated using SSB+C (LSB).
 Twelve voice channels are multiplexed to form one signal called a "group."
 Five groups are multiplexed to form a "supergroup."
 Ten supergroups are multiplexed to form a "mastergroup."
 Six mastergroups are multiplexed to from a "jumbo group."
 A jumbo group contains 12x5x10x6=3600 voice channels.

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 42

 L-Carrier Hierarchy
ch. #1 LSB+C
Subcarrier: 108kHz

ch. #2 LSB+C

Σ
104kHz
SG 1
Group 1 Supergroup
ch. #3 LSB+C
Multiplexer
100kHz Mastergroup MG 1
Multiplexer

5 Groups
Supergroup
ch. #12 LSB+C Multiplexer SG 2
64kHz Mastergroup MG 2
10 Supergroups
Multiplexer
Group Multiplexer
Jumbogroup
Jumbogroup
Multiplexer

12 voice channels
Group Group 2
Multiplexer
Mastergroup
10 Supergroups
Multiplexer MG 6
Supergroup
5 Groups
Multiplexer SG 10

12 voice channels
Group Group 5
Multiplexer

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 43

 L-Carrier Hierarchy
Voice channels

12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Frequency, kHz
60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100 104 108

48 kHz

Group 5 Group 4 Group 3 Group 2 Group 1

Frequency, kHz
312 552

240 kHz

Supergroup 10 Supergroup 1
Frequency, kHz
564 3084

2520 kHz

EE 321:Fuad Alsaadi, KAU 44